RENNAISSANCRENNAISSANCEE

The 5 W’sThe 5 W’s

WhatWhat is the Renaissance? is the Renaissance?THE ”REBIRTH” OF CIVILIZATION AFTER THE ”REBIRTH” OF CIVILIZATION AFTER

1000 YEARS OF THE MIDDLE AGES ALSO 1000 YEARS OF THE MIDDLE AGES ALSO REFERED TO AS THE DARK AGES. REFERED TO AS THE DARK AGES.

RebirthRebirth refers to both a rediscovery of refers to both a rediscovery of ancient classical texts and learning (mostly ancient classical texts and learning (mostly ancient Greek and Roman) , and to the ancient Greek and Roman) , and to the widespread revitalization of European widespread revitalization of European culture resulting from the application of this culture resulting from the application of this classical knowledge in the arts and classical knowledge in the arts and sciences. Thus sciences. Thus RenaissanceRenaissance can refer to this can refer to this rebirth of classical learning and knowledge rebirth of classical learning and knowledge or to the ensuing rebirth of European or to the ensuing rebirth of European culture. culture.

WHYWHY Did It Happen? Did It Happen? The Black Plague theory The Black Plague theory for the rise of the for the rise of the

RenaissanceRenaissanceIn the 14th Century, it is estimated that up to one-third or more of the In the 14th Century, it is estimated that up to one-third or more of the

population of Europe died of the plague. population of Europe died of the plague. • The plague was indiscriminate; it affected kings and serfs, priests The plague was indiscriminate; it affected kings and serfs, priests

and peasants, the pious and the sinful. and peasants, the pious and the sinful. • Fervent Christian beliefs did provided protection from it.Fervent Christian beliefs did provided protection from it.• This led people to think more about life rather than the afterlife. This led people to think more about life rather than the afterlife.

During the Middle (Dark) Ages the people of Europe believed their During the Middle (Dark) Ages the people of Europe believed their time on earth was to prove there worth for entering heaven. There time on earth was to prove there worth for entering heaven. There emphasis was more on the hereafter than the here and now.emphasis was more on the hereafter than the here and now.

• This, together with the invention of the printing press by Gutenberg This, together with the invention of the printing press by Gutenberg (1450s) and the rediscovering of the humanistic philosophies from (1450s) and the rediscovering of the humanistic philosophies from the Ancient Greek Roman era ( such as Aristotle, Plato and the Ancient Greek Roman era ( such as Aristotle, Plato and Socrates) created the intellectual climate for the emergence of Socrates) created the intellectual climate for the emergence of Humanism- the interest in man and his relationship with the world Humanism- the interest in man and his relationship with the world around him.around him.

More on the More on the WHY WHY and some of and some of the the WHEREWHERE-The Dawn of a New -The Dawn of a New

AgeAge• About 1450, European scholars became more interested in About 1450, European scholars became more interested in studying the world around them. Their art became more studying the world around them. Their art became more true to life. They began to explore new lands -to seek life true to life. They began to explore new lands -to seek life and new civilizations-to boldly go where no man has gone and new civilizations-to boldly go where no man has gone before . These are the stories of explorers like: Bartholomeu before . These are the stories of explorers like: Bartholomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus-this was the Dias, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus-this was the beginning of the Age of Exploration.beginning of the Age of Exploration. Handbooks, guides, Handbooks, guides, and charts, along with the invention of more sophisticated and charts, along with the invention of more sophisticated and practical nautical instruments. Crucial to these and practical nautical instruments. Crucial to these innovations were Muslim and Jewish contributions in innovations were Muslim and Jewish contributions in mapmaking and navigational instruments.mapmaking and navigational instruments.

• The Renaissance began in northern Italy and then spread The Renaissance began in northern Italy and then spread through Europe. Italian cities such as Naples, Genoa, and through Europe. Italian cities such as Naples, Genoa, and Venice became centers of trade between Europe and the Venice became centers of trade between Europe and the Middle East. Arab scholars preserved the writings of the Middle East. Arab scholars preserved the writings of the ancient Greeks in their libraries. When the Italian cities ancient Greeks in their libraries. When the Italian cities traded with the Arabs, ideas were exchanged along with traded with the Arabs, ideas were exchanged along with goods. These ideas, preserved from the ancient past, goods. These ideas, preserved from the ancient past, served as the basis of the Renaissance. When the served as the basis of the Renaissance. When the Byzantine empire fell to Muslim Turks in 1453, many Byzantine empire fell to Muslim Turks in 1453, many Christian scholars left Greece (and Constantinople) for Italy. Christian scholars left Greece (and Constantinople) for Italy.

HumanismHumanism• Many Renaissance scholars looked to the past for Many Renaissance scholars looked to the past for

inspiration. In the works of the classics they found a inspiration. In the works of the classics they found a spirit similar to theirs that valued innovation in this spirit similar to theirs that valued innovation in this world rather than looking forward to the next world world rather than looking forward to the next world after death. after death.

• A person who studied the classics was called a A person who studied the classics was called a humanist. Humanists recreated classical styles in art, humanist. Humanists recreated classical styles in art, literature, and architecture. Humanists believed that literature, and architecture. Humanists believed that by studying the classics, they could understand people by studying the classics, they could understand people and the world better. One humanist wrote, “To each and the world better. One humanist wrote, “To each species of creature has been allotted a peculiar and species of creature has been allotted a peculiar and instinctive gift. To horses galloping, to birds flying, instinctive gift. To horses galloping, to birds flying, comes naturally. To man only is given the desire to comes naturally. To man only is given the desire to learn.” learn.”

• The humanists emphasized the importance of human The humanists emphasized the importance of human values instead of religious beliefs. Renaissance values instead of religious beliefs. Renaissance humanists were often devout Christians, but their humanists were often devout Christians, but their promotion of secular, or non-religious, values often put promotion of secular, or non-religious, values often put them at odds with the church. them at odds with the church.

• Today we refer to the study of literature, philosophy Today we refer to the study of literature, philosophy and art as the humanities. and art as the humanities.

Islam and the RenaissanceIslam and the Renaissance• We have underestimated the importance of 800 years of Islamic society and culture We have underestimated the importance of 800 years of Islamic society and culture

in Spain between the 8th and 15th centuries. The contribution of Muslim Spain to in Spain between the 8th and 15th centuries. The contribution of Muslim Spain to the preservation of classical learning during the Dark Ages, and to the first flowering the preservation of classical learning during the Dark Ages, and to the first flowering of the Renaissance, has long been recognized. But Islamic Spain was much more of the Renaissance, has long been recognized. But Islamic Spain was much more than a mere larder where Hellenistic knowledge was kept for later consumption by than a mere larder where Hellenistic knowledge was kept for later consumption by the emerging modern world. Not only did Muslim Spain gather and preserve the the emerging modern world. Not only did Muslim Spain gather and preserve the intellectual content of ancient Greek and Roman civilization, it also interpreted and intellectual content of ancient Greek and Roman civilization, it also interpreted and expanded upon that civilization, and made a vital contribution of its own in so many expanded upon that civilization, and made a vital contribution of its own in so many fields of human endeavour … Islam nurtured and preserved the quest for learning. fields of human endeavour … Islam nurtured and preserved the quest for learning. In the words of (the Prophet's) tradition "the ink of the scholar is more sacred than In the words of (the Prophet's) tradition "the ink of the scholar is more sacred than the blood of the martyr." Cordoba in the 10th century was by far the most civilized the blood of the martyr." Cordoba in the 10th century was by far the most civilized city of Europe. We know of lending libraries in Spain at the time King Alfred was city of Europe. We know of lending libraries in Spain at the time King Alfred was making terrible blunders with the culinary arts in this country. It is said that the making terrible blunders with the culinary arts in this country. It is said that the 400,000 volumes of its ruler's library amounted to more books than all the of the 400,000 volumes of its ruler's library amounted to more books than all the of the rest of Europe put together. That was made possible because the Muslim world rest of Europe put together. That was made possible because the Muslim world acquired from China the skill of making paper more than four hundred years before acquired from China the skill of making paper more than four hundred years before the rest of non-Muslim Europe. Many of the traits on which Europe prides itself came the rest of non-Muslim Europe. Many of the traits on which Europe prides itself came to it from Muslim Spain. Diplomacy, free trade, open borders, the techniques of to it from Muslim Spain. Diplomacy, free trade, open borders, the techniques of academic research, of anthropology, etiquette, fashion, alternative medicine, academic research, of anthropology, etiquette, fashion, alternative medicine, hospitals, all came from this great city of cities. Mediaeval Islam was a religion of hospitals, all came from this great city of cities. Mediaeval Islam was a religion of remarkable tolerance for its time, allowing Jews and Christians to practice their remarkable tolerance for its time, allowing Jews and Christians to practice their inherited beliefs, and setting an example which was not, unfortunately, copied for inherited beliefs, and setting an example which was not, unfortunately, copied for many centuries in the West. many centuries in the West. http://www.twf.org/Library/Renaissance.htmlhttp://www.twf.org/Library/Renaissance.html

• Northern Italy was divided into a Northern Italy was divided into a number of warring city-states, the number of warring city-states, the most powerful being Milan, Florence, most powerful being Milan, Florence, Pisa, Siena, Genoa, Ferrara, and Pisa, Siena, Genoa, Ferrara, and Venice. Venice.

• Northern Italy was further divided by Northern Italy was further divided by the long running battle for the long running battle for supremacy between the forces of the supremacy between the forces of the Papacy and of the Holy Roman Papacy and of the Holy Roman Empire. Each city aligned itself with Empire. Each city aligned itself with one faction or the other, yet there one faction or the other, yet there was internal divisions within the was internal divisions within the cities. They used mercenaries.cities. They used mercenaries.

• There were also wars with France There were also wars with France (supporter of the Emperor) 1494(supporter of the Emperor) 1494

• The Sack of Rome by Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V 1527.(Spanish German troops)

Sounds lovely this must have Sounds lovely this must have been a peaceful time….been a peaceful time….NOT !NOT !City-states in Italy-City-states in Italy-WhereWhere the Renaissance the Renaissance

started.started.

•It was a time of the bloody It was a time of the bloody Inquisition of the marranos Inquisition of the marranos and Jews of Spain 1478-92and Jews of Spain 1478-92

The Italian City-States• At the time of Renaissance, Italy was made up of numerous city-

states that were geographically situated to benefit from the revival of trade that had developed as a result of the Crusades.

• The northern city-states of Florence, Venice, and Genoa acted as middlemen in the lucrativetrade with the East. These Northern independent city-states marketed goods such as wool, silk, and other products to countries in Europe and Asia. They became prosperous centers of banking, trade, and manufacturing.

• The cities of Northern Italy also benefited from being able to absorb stimulating new ideas from their advanced Byzantine and Muslim neighbours on the Mediterranean Sea. By 1350, the city-states of Florence, Venice, and Genoa were urban regions with a population of about 100,000, a large figure by medieval standards. The conditions were right for these cities to undergo a cultural explosion.

VeniceVenice• Venice was founded in the fifthVenice was founded in the fifth century by people fleeing fromcentury by people fleeing fromAttila the Hun. They settled on a Attila the Hun. They settled on a group of islands on the north-easterngroup of islands on the north-eastern edge of the Italian peninsula. edge of the Italian peninsula. Shipbuilding was the primary industry Shipbuilding was the primary industry in Venice. During the Crusades, in Venice. During the Crusades, Venetian ships provided transportation Venetian ships provided transportation to the Holy Land. By the 13th century,to the Holy Land. By the 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city Venice was the most prosperous city in Europe. The city became rich by collecting taxes on all in Europe. The city became rich by collecting taxes on all

merchandisemerchandisebrought into its harbour. Venice built huge warships that protected brought into its harbour. Venice built huge warships that protected

thethevaluable cargo of its merchant ships from pirate raids. With the vastvaluable cargo of its merchant ships from pirate raids. With the vastwealth from trade, many of the leading families of Venice vied with wealth from trade, many of the leading families of Venice vied with

oneoneanother to build the finest palaces or support the work of the another to build the finest palaces or support the work of the

greatestgreatestartists. artists.

……ever heard of Marco Polo?ever heard of Marco Polo?

FlorenceFlorence• Florence, the “city of flowers,” was located in the hill Florence, the “city of flowers,” was located in the hill

country of north-central Italy. It prospered because country of north-central Italy. It prospered because of the wool industry. Sheep were raised in the rock of the wool industry. Sheep were raised in the rock hill country of central Italy, and Florence was a hill country of central Italy, and Florence was a center of wool processing. During most of the center of wool processing. During most of the Renaissance, wealthy merchants dominated Renaissance, wealthy merchants dominated Florence. Florence.

• The merchants competed with one another by The merchants competed with one another by building grand palaces for themselves. The building grand palaces for themselves. The merchants were patrons of the arts. Patron comes merchants were patrons of the arts. Patron comes from the Latin word for father. They hired artists to from the Latin word for father. They hired artists to fill their homes with beautiful paintings and fill their homes with beautiful paintings and sculptures. Patrons bought rare books and paid sculptures. Patrons bought rare books and paid scholars to teach their children. The money and scholars to teach their children. The money and encouragement of patrons together with that of the encouragement of patrons together with that of the church, made the masterpieces of Renaissance art church, made the masterpieces of Renaissance art possible.possible.

WHAT WHAT was the influence of the was the influence of the Renaissance on the ARTS?Renaissance on the ARTS?

• The Renaissance was much more than simply studying the work of The Renaissance was much more than simply studying the work of ancient scholars. It influenced painting, sculpture, and architecture. ancient scholars. It influenced painting, sculpture, and architecture. Paintings became more realistic and focused less often on religious Paintings became more realistic and focused less often on religious topics. Rich families became patrons and commissioned great art. topics. Rich families became patrons and commissioned great art. Artists advanced the Renaissance style of showing nature and Artists advanced the Renaissance style of showing nature and depicting the feelings of people. depicting the feelings of people.

• Learning and the Arts began to flourish during the RenaissanceLearning and the Arts began to flourish during the Renaissance• Crusaders returned to Europe with a newfound understanding of the Crusaders returned to Europe with a newfound understanding of the

world. world. • The invention of the printing press encouraged literacy and helped to The invention of the printing press encouraged literacy and helped to

spread new ideas. spread new ideas. • Wealthy families (usually merchants/successful businessmen and Wealthy families (usually merchants/successful businessmen and

bankers) and the church had amassed enough wealth to become bankers) and the church had amassed enough wealth to become patrons. patrons.

• The development of financial techniques such as bookkeeping and The development of financial techniques such as bookkeeping and credit allowed merchants to prosper.credit allowed merchants to prosper.

•flourishing of artistic and scientific activities beginning in Italy in the mid 1300s

•The rise of the individual (The great invention of the Italian Renaissance was the creation of the "individual," the notion that human experiences and abilities should not be trivialized but in fact celebrated—that man was, in fact, "the measure of all things.)"

•a reconnection of the west with classical antiquity

• the absorption of knowledge: mathematics, science- (Copernicus and the Heliocentric Universe-1514 )

and Inventions (Gutenberg’s printing press-1448)

•The awakening of a desire for beauty

•Start of the age of exploration

•a focus on the importance of living well in the present

Points to RememberPoints to Remember

Renaissance- Renaissance- WHEN and WHEN and WHERE was it again?WHERE was it again?

The Renaissance has no set starting The Renaissance has no set starting point or place; it happened gradually point or place; it happened gradually in different places at different times. in different places at different times. Generally it can be divided into three Generally it can be divided into three periods:periods:

Early Renaissance- Early Renaissance-

High Renaissance-High Renaissance-

Northern Renaissance-Northern Renaissance-

Early Renaissance Early Renaissance The start of the Renaissance is almost universally The start of the Renaissance is almost universally

ascribed to Central Italy, however, especially the city ascribed to Central Italy, however, especially the city of of Florence- (Florence- (remember the wool capital-remember the wool capital-Medici Medici controlledcontrolled).).

This 'Florentine Enlightenment' was a major This 'Florentine Enlightenment' was a major achievement. It was a classical, classicizing culture achievement. It was a classical, classicizing culture which sought to live up to the which sought to live up to the republicanrepublican ideals of ideals of Athens and Rome. Sculptors used Roman models and Athens and Rome. Sculptors used Roman models and classical themes. This society had a new relationship classical themes. This society had a new relationship with its classical past — it felt it owned it and revived with its classical past — it felt it owned it and revived it. Florentines felt akin to 1st century BC republican it. Florentines felt akin to 1st century BC republican Rome.Rome.

Italian Social ClassesItalian Social Classes• The people of Renaissance Florence, The people of Renaissance Florence,

like most city–states of the era, like most city–states of the era, were composed of four social were composed of four social classes. The nobles owned much of classes. The nobles owned much of the land, and lived on large estates the land, and lived on large estates outside the city walls. They behaved outside the city walls. They behaved according to the rules of chivalry according to the rules of chivalry and distained the merchants. and distained the merchants.

• The merchants were the newly rich, The merchants were the newly rich, who gained wealth in industries like who gained wealth in industries like wool processing, boat making and wool processing, boat making and banking. The merchants sought to banking. The merchants sought to protect their wealth by controlling protect their wealth by controlling the government and marrying into the government and marrying into noble families. They became noble families. They became patrons of great artists in order to patrons of great artists in order to gain public favour. The middle class gain public favour. The middle class of Florence was composed of of Florence was composed of shopkeepers and professionals shopkeepers and professionals

• At the lowest level were the workers, who did not have job protection At the lowest level were the workers, who did not have job protection and were very dependent on their employers. Workers who violated and were very dependent on their employers. Workers who violated rules could have their wages withheld or could be discharged from their rules could have their wages withheld or could be discharged from their jobs. As difficult as their lives were, however, these urban workers were jobs. As difficult as their lives were, however, these urban workers were better off than the peasants who lived in rural areas. better off than the peasants who lived in rural areas.

The Medicis-(Rise of the The Medicis-(Rise of the Merchants)Merchants)

• In the 15th century, the leading families of In the 15th century, the leading families of Florence decided they needed a strong person Florence decided they needed a strong person in charge to lead them against the growing in charge to lead them against the growing threat of rival cities. They chose Cosimo de threat of rival cities. They chose Cosimo de Medici, a wealthy banker, to take control of Medici, a wealthy banker, to take control of the government (the original business of the the government (the original business of the Medicis was pharmaceuticals which are Medicis was pharmaceuticals which are reflected in their coat fo arms). Cosimo reflected in their coat fo arms). Cosimo maintained the appearance of republican maintained the appearance of republican government, but he appointed his relatives government, but he appointed his relatives and people he could control to important and people he could control to important positions. When Cosimo died in 1464, his son positions. When Cosimo died in 1464, his son and grandson continued his policies. The and grandson continued his policies. The Medici maintained control by exiling people Medici maintained control by exiling people who disagreed with them and encouraging who disagreed with them and encouraging other Italian cities to form alliances with other Italian cities to form alliances with Florence. Florence.

•The best known of the Medicis was Cosimo’s grandson, The best known of the Medicis was Cosimo’s grandson, Lorenzo, who was known as “Lorenzo the Magnificent.” Lorenzo Lorenzo, who was known as “Lorenzo the Magnificent.” Lorenzo was not only a shrewd banker and clever politician; he was also was not only a shrewd banker and clever politician; he was also a scholar and a poet. Under Lorenzo’s leadership, Florence a scholar and a poet. Under Lorenzo’s leadership, Florence became one of the most beautiful and prosperous cities in Italy, became one of the most beautiful and prosperous cities in Italy, as well as a center of the Renaissance.as well as a center of the Renaissance.

Who- the ArtistsWho- the Artists

• The Renaissance patrons wanted art The Renaissance patrons wanted art that showed joy in human beauty and that showed joy in human beauty and life’s pleasures. Renaissance art is more life’s pleasures. Renaissance art is more lifelike than in the art of the Middle lifelike than in the art of the Middle Ages. Renaissance artists studied Ages. Renaissance artists studied perspective, or the differences in the perspective, or the differences in the way things look when they are close to way things look when they are close to something or far away. The artists something or far away. The artists painted in a way that showed these painted in a way that showed these differences. As a result, their paintings differences. As a result, their paintings seem to have depth.seem to have depth.

Remember the beauty of the Greek Remember the beauty of the Greek and Roman sculptureand Roman sculpture

I remember, I saw them close I remember, I saw them close this summer.this summer.

The world went from the expression of idealized The world went from the expression of idealized beauty of Greek sculpture and the realism of Roman beauty of Greek sculpture and the realism of Roman sculpture to the symbolic and decorative (?) art of sculpture to the symbolic and decorative (?) art of

the Middle Agesthe Middle Ages..

Art is going to evolve Art is going to evolve bringing back the beauty, bringing back the beauty, proportions and realism of proportions and realism of

the classics.the classics.

Retro Greek/Roman art with a Retro Greek/Roman art with a modern humanistic twistmodern humanistic twist

The following slides illustrate The following slides illustrate the evolution from Gothic art the evolution from Gothic art

to Early Renaissance.to Early Renaissance.

• An artist from Florence named Giotto was one of the first to paint in this new style. Giotto lived An artist from Florence named Giotto was one of the first to paint in this new style. Giotto lived more than a century before the beginning of the Renaissance, but his paintings show real emotion. more than a century before the beginning of the Renaissance, but his paintings show real emotion. The faces are more individual and realistic. The bodies look solid( more shading as well), and the The faces are more individual and realistic. The bodies look solid( more shading as well), and the background of his paintings shows perspective. The art produced during the Renaissance would background of his paintings shows perspective. The art produced during the Renaissance would build upon Giotto’s style.build upon Giotto’s style.

GIOTTOGIOTTOCimabue Gothic-Madonna of Sana Trinita•1280 Byzantine-

•gold background (symbol of heavenly light)

•Flat chair

•All the angels have the same faces and the prophets have the same faces -they play the same role

•Modonna face not natural (looks like an alien)

Madonna-1310

Giotto was an apprentice to Cimbue

Student beats the Master

Giotto-The student beats the Giotto-The student beats the master (just a little story)master (just a little story)• Giotto was born in poverty in the countryside near Giotto was born in poverty in the countryside near

FlorenceFlorence, the son of Bondone, a peasant, and was , the son of Bondone, a peasant, and was himself a shepherd. himself a shepherd.

• The legend (as reported by The legend (as reported by Giorgio VasariGiorgio Vasari in his in his Lives of Lives of the Artiststhe Artists) holds that at the age of 12, whilst his father ) holds that at the age of 12, whilst his father was tending the sheep, Giotto was drawing on rocks was tending the sheep, Giotto was drawing on rocks with chalk. The artist with chalk. The artist CimabueCimabue happened along and saw happened along and saw young Giotto drawing a sheep, so natural and so young Giotto drawing a sheep, so natural and so perfect that Cimabue immediately asked Giotto's father perfect that Cimabue immediately asked Giotto's father if the boy could come with him as an apprentice to if the boy could come with him as an apprentice to study art. His father agreed, and thus Giotto's career study art. His father agreed, and thus Giotto's career would have started in Cimabue's would have started in Cimabue's bottegabottega. Another story . Another story in Vasari's in Vasari's LivesLives depicts Giotto as a playful apprentice, depicts Giotto as a playful apprentice, painting a fly on the nose of a figure with such skill that painting a fly on the nose of a figure with such skill that his teacher Cimabue made numerous attempts to brush his teacher Cimabue made numerous attempts to brush the fly away. This legend foreshadows the life-like the fly away. This legend foreshadows the life-like painted figures that would come to characterize painted figures that would come to characterize Giotto's work.Giotto's work.

• He stands as the key link between the He stands as the key link between the Byzantine artByzantine art of of the late middle ages, and the more realistic and the late middle ages, and the more realistic and humanistic art which flowered in the humanistic art which flowered in the RenaissanceRenaissance. .

Gentile Da Gentile Da Fabriario-Fabriario-Adoration of the Adoration of the MajiMaji

• Painted for the Strozzi Painted for the Strozzi family, another family, another merchant family in merchant family in Florence (textiles) and Florence (textiles) and rivals of Medici. Strozzi rivals of Medici. Strozzi was exiled from was exiled from Florence by Cosimo Florence by Cosimo Meici.Meici.

• Fabriario lived three Fabriario lived three years in of the years in of the Strozzi’s houses while Strozzi’s houses while painting this painting this commission commission (remember the artists (remember the artists worked for worked for commission, they had commission, they had little say in the subject little say in the subject manner).manner).

• The painting is very The painting is very vibrant with real gold vibrant with real gold and silver in a relief and silver in a relief form ( this image does form ( this image does not do it justice). not do it justice). Carved plaster would Carved plaster would first be placed on the first be placed on the painting, then gold painting, then gold leaved. The painting leaved. The painting would happen after.would happen after.

1423 3mx 2.8m-1423 3mx 2.8m-Tempra on woodTempra on wood

• Landscape is paintedLandscape is painted

• Realistic- real animalsRealistic- real animals

• Depth- spatial Depth- spatial perspective and some perspective and some lineal perspectivelineal perspective

• Mary is in blue- shows Mary is in blue- shows importance, blue was importance, blue was made from ground Lapis made from ground Lapis Luzure from Luzure from Afghanistan-extremely Afghanistan-extremely expensiveexpensive

• Commissioned by Commissioned by Strozzi so the Magi are Strozzi so the Magi are wearing the rich clothes wearing the rich clothes from their company (a from their company (a very expensive ad- you very expensive ad- you want to be important want to be important enough to meet the enough to meet the Virgin Mary wear Strozzi Virgin Mary wear Strozzi fabrics)fabrics)

• The artist is looking The artist is looking forward, and the patron forward, and the patron is beside him holding a is beside him holding a birdbird

Masaccio- Tribute Money Masaccio- Tribute Money (1427)-Fresco(1427)-Fresco

• use of linear perspective in the buildings•The figures are arranged according to horizontal lines, but the overall disposition is circular( three separate scenes of the story)•The characters are entirely classical: dressed in the Greek fashion

Paolo Uccello : Battle of San Paolo Uccello : Battle of San RomanoRomano, , c. 1455, tempera on wood, 3.2 x 1.8 m, National Gallery, London.c. 1455, tempera on wood, 3.2 x 1.8 m, National Gallery, London.

•Where the Florentines beat the Duke of Milan (fighting between city-states)•Use of Perspective and Foreshortening

Paolo Uccello : Battle of San Paolo Uccello : Battle of San RomanoRomanoc. 1438, tempera on wood, 2.2 x 1.8 m, Uffizi c. 1438, tempera on wood, 2.2 x 1.8 m, Uffizi Gallery, Florence.Gallery, Florence.

Commisioned by Cosimo Medici

Flippo Lippi (what a Flippo Lippi (what a character)character)• Parents died when he was young and he was brought up by his aunt Parents died when he was young and he was brought up by his aunt from the ages of 2- 8 years oldfrom the ages of 2- 8 years old

• She couldn’t handle him so she sent him off to the monastery to She couldn’t handle him so she sent him off to the monastery to become a monkbecome a monk

• It is also said that-Early on he was captured by Moors whilst out It is also said that-Early on he was captured by Moors whilst out boating and sold into slavery in Africa, then later freed and returned boating and sold into slavery in Africa, then later freed and returned to Italyto Italy

• He was not a very good monk- he had many, many, girlfriendsHe was not a very good monk- he had many, many, girlfriends• But he was an excellent artist, but he could not stick to it (ADD?). But he was an excellent artist, but he could not stick to it (ADD?).

Cosimo (the elder) Medici commissioned a painting by Flippo it took Cosimo (the elder) Medici commissioned a painting by Flippo it took hem 7 yearshem 7 years

• Once Cosimo locked him in his room for days but he climbed out of Once Cosimo locked him in his room for days but he climbed out of the window using sheets to visit his love- Lucrezia Buti (who was the window using sheets to visit his love- Lucrezia Buti (who was also a nun)also a nun)

• It’s said they had two children togetherIt’s said they had two children together

This was the patron- he died before Flippo finished so he looks dead-it reads in latin- “He finished the work”

John the Baptist-patron saint of Florence and chosen personal saint of the patron (always wears fur)

We’re suppose to be looking att he Virgin Mary above, but we are drawn to the woman looking at us on the bottom right (also many

angels are looking at her- that’s Lucrezia Buti , his lover (also wearing the same colours as Mary)

The bored Monk is Flippo,

bored of the painting,

what else?

Coronation of the Virgin – 1439-47

Filippo Lippi and Assistance

Filippo Lippi- Filippo Lippi- Madonna with Madonna with Child and Two Child and Two Angels-1465Angels-1465•Belief that the young Belief that the young woman is Lucrezia , the woman is Lucrezia , the num scandalously loved num scandalously loved by the friar/painter, who by the friar/painter, who gave him a daughter gave him a daughter and a son (it has been and a son (it has been suggested the little boy suggested the little boy angel is Filipino who angel is Filipino who grew up to be a famous grew up to be a famous painter himself)painter himself)•Notice how they are Notice how they are stepping out from the stepping out from the frameframe•Very delicate Very delicate compositioncomposition•The background The background (painting within a (painting within a painting) seems to painting) seems to anticipate the future anticipate the future expressive landscapes expressive landscapes of Leonardo da Vinciof Leonardo da Vinci

Fashionable look in the Renaissance Fashionable look in the Renaissance Duke and Duchess of Urbino 1472 (realism of Rome-Duke and Duchess of Urbino 1472 (realism of Rome-

Humanism)Humanism)

•High forehead (plucked or shaved hairline•Blonde hair (dyed hair using________)•Pale skin (the high class did nto work in the field) used white makeup with______•She was unusually pale because she was already dead and he was using her death mask

Piero della Francesca

Andrea Mantega- Dead Christ Andrea Mantega- Dead Christ ((c. 1490Tempera on canvas, 68 x 81 cm, Milanc. 1490Tempera on canvas, 68 x 81 cm, Milan

•He used extreme foreshortening. (Parts get smaller as the recede in space)•Looking in we see an almost monstrous spectacle: a heavy corpse, seemingly swollen by the exaggerated foreshortening. At the front are two enormous feet with holes in them; as well as the nail holes in the hands; on the left, some tear-stained, staring masks.•Strong realism-the wrinkled face of Christ

Sandro Botticelli- Sandro Botticelli- Florentine painter neglected Florentine painter neglected for centuries but now probably for centuries but now probably the best-loved painter of the the best-loved painter of the Early Renaissance. Early Renaissance. Sandro trained with Filippo Sandro trained with Filippo Lippi, who was the most Lippi, who was the most important influence on his important influence on his style. By temperament he style. By temperament he belonged to the current of late belonged to the current of late 15th-century art whose art 15th-century art whose art sometimes bordering on sometimes bordering on sentimentality, a feminine sentimentality, a feminine grace, and an emphasis on grace, and an emphasis on the ornamental and evocative the ornamental and evocative capabilities of line. capabilities of line.

Adoration of the Maji- 1475 1.11m x 1.34 m

1.  Lorenzo the Magnificent2.  Poliziano3.  Pico della Mirandola4.  Gaspare Lami (a broker who footed the bill)5.  Cosimo the Elder6.  Piero the Gouty (Lorenzo's Dad)7.  Guiliano de' Medici  (Lorenzo's younger brother, later murdered in the Pazzi Conspiracy)8.  Giovanni de' Medici (younger brother of Piero the Gouty)9.  Filippo Strozzi10.  Joannis Argiropulos11.  Sandro Botticelli12.  Lorenzo Tornabuoni

Who’s who- If you’re a Medici your’re good enough to meet the Holy Family (remember the Strozzi’s commissioned artwork on the same theme)

Botticelli-PrimeveraBotticelli-PrimeveraUffizi Gallery FlorenceUffizi Gallery Florence(1481-82)- Tempra on (1481-82)- Tempra on woodwood 2.0 m x 3.1 m 2.0 m x 3.1 m

Three Graces- may be a symbol of Liberality

Venus as a symbol of spring, being adorned with the flowers of the three Graces

Winged Zephyrus who chased and possessed the nymph Chloris and them married her giving her the gift of germinating flowers

Smiling figure – transformation of Chloris into Flora, the Roman goddess of Spring

Cupid- blidfolded god of LoveMercury- herald of Jove- symbol of knowledge-wisking away the clouds of winter

• Example of the Roman/Greek culture on the Renaissance- not a Christian related theme

• It’s seen as the return to a golden age in Florence

Botticelli- Birth of Venus Botticelli- Birth of Venus (1482)- Tempra on (1482)- Tempra on canvascanvas 1.8 m x 2.8 m 1.8 m x 2.8 m

•Scene based on traditional mythology. The god of the winds, Zephyr, Scene based on traditional mythology. The god of the winds, Zephyr, and the breeze Aura are in a tight embrace, and are gently driving Venus and the breeze Aura are in a tight embrace, and are gently driving Venus towards the shore with their breath. She is standing naked on a golden towards the shore with their breath. She is standing naked on a golden shining shell, which reaches the shore floating on rippling waves. There, a shining shell, which reaches the shore floating on rippling waves. There, a Hora of Spring is approaching on the tips of her toes, in a graceful Hora of Spring is approaching on the tips of her toes, in a graceful dancing motion, spreading out a magnificent cloak for her. More creative dancing motion, spreading out a magnificent cloak for her. More creative than realistic, she looks more like a statue.than realistic, she looks more like a statue.•Pastel colours (added white alabaster to paint) SERENE and GRACEFUlPastel colours (added white alabaster to paint) SERENE and GRACEFUl

Sculpture- Donatello Sculpture- Donatello (the first of our Ninja (the first of our Ninja

Turtles)Turtles)• Donatello’s bronze Donatello’s bronze "David" is believed to be "David" is believed to be the first free-standing the first free-standing nude statue since Greco-nude statue since Greco-Roman times. Roman times.

• Almost Life size (1.6 m)Almost Life size (1.6 m)• "David's" stance "David's" stance

suggests a new self-suggests a new self-awareness of his awareness of his physical form a physical form a combination of classic combination of classic style and renaissance style and renaissance expression (pride, expression (pride, dignity)dignity)

• Symbolizes the victory Symbolizes the victory of the small and self of the small and self sufficient against the sufficient against the brute force of the larger brute force of the larger opponentsopponents

• Sculpted in the Greek’s Sculpted in the Greek’s contraposta style (the contraposta style (the weight of the on one leg, weight of the on one leg, the shoulders and the the shoulders and the hips counterbalanced hips counterbalanced each other in a natural each other in a natural way so the figure does way so the figure does not fall over). not fall over). •David (1430-1432)- David (1430-1432)-

BronzeBronze

Architecture- Architecture- (or Mrs. Amor’s trip (or Mrs. Amor’s trip to Florence)to Florence)

The Cathedral or The Cathedral or Duomo of Florence Duomo of Florence as we see it today as we see it today is the end result of is the end result of years of work that years of work that covered over six covered over six centuries of centuries of history..history..

Its basic architectural project was designed and constructed at Its basic architectural project was designed and constructed at the end of the 13th century; the cupola that has made it a symbol the end of the 13th century; the cupola that has made it a symbol for the whole of Florence was created by that genius of the for the whole of Florence was created by that genius of the Renaissance, Renaissance, Filippo BrunelleschiFilippo Brunelleschi, while the facade that , while the facade that completed it was carried out as late as the late 19th centurycompleted it was carried out as late as the late 19th century

The building of the DomeThe building of the Dome• They had designed the cathedral so large that it was They had designed the cathedral so large that it was

beyond their knowledge how to construct a large dome beyond their knowledge how to construct a large dome over the top, and the area was already built up so there over the top, and the area was already built up so there was no room for Flying Buttresses.was no room for Flying Buttresses.

• Bruneschelli had lost the commission for the Gates of Bruneschelli had lost the commission for the Gates of Paradise (next slide) he was so upset he went to Rome Paradise (next slide) he was so upset he went to Rome to study architecture (he knew they would have to build to study architecture (he knew they would have to build the dome eventually. He studied the Pantheon in Rome the dome eventually. He studied the Pantheon in Rome and with his new knowledge he came upon a solution- and with his new knowledge he came upon a solution- a Double Dome. An inner dome of lightweight material, a Double Dome. An inner dome of lightweight material, and an outer shell of heavier wind- resistant materialand an outer shell of heavier wind- resistant material. .

• To support the dome Brunelleschi devised an ingenius ring and To support the dome Brunelleschi devised an ingenius ring and rib support from oak timbers. Although this type of support rib support from oak timbers. Although this type of support structure is common in modern engineering, his idea and structure is common in modern engineering, his idea and understanding about the forces needed to sustain the dome understanding about the forces needed to sustain the dome was revolutionary. The rings hug both shells of the dome, and was revolutionary. The rings hug both shells of the dome, and the supports run through them.the supports run through them.

• Another fear that a lot of people observing the construction Another fear that a lot of people observing the construction had was how to actually get the bricks on the dome to stay up had was how to actually get the bricks on the dome to stay up in the dome, and not fall to the ground during the in the dome, and not fall to the ground during the construction. Once again, Brunelleschi had an ingenious idea construction. Once again, Brunelleschi had an ingenious idea that is common practice today, but revolutionary in its time. that is common practice today, but revolutionary in its time. He created a herringbone pattern with the bricks that He created a herringbone pattern with the bricks that redirected the weight of the bricks outwards towards the redirected the weight of the bricks outwards towards the dome's supports, instead of downwards to the floor. By dome's supports, instead of downwards to the floor. By observing carefully the curve of the dome as it took shape, observing carefully the curve of the dome as it took shape, Brunelleschi was able to place this bricks in key areas.Brunelleschi was able to place this bricks in key areas.

• It took 16 years to build the dome with 50 It took 16 years to build the dome with 50 workers working 16 hour days. Working on workers working 16 hour days. Working on scaffolding that had washroom and food scaffolding that had washroom and food stations on top.stations on top.

The Bell TowerThe Bell TowerThe BaptisteryThe origins of the temple dedicated to St. John the Baptist, later patron saint of the city, are still uncertain. According to tradition, it was founded in Roman times and dedicated to the god Mars.

Gates of Paradise Gates of Paradise (on the Baptistery door)(on the Baptistery door)

• Lorenzo Ghiberti- (1425-52)Lorenzo Ghiberti- (1425-52)• All panels depict stories of the All panels depict stories of the

Christian Old testament or Christian Old testament or Jewish Bible (Torah) (some are Jewish Bible (Torah) (some are in the Koran as well) in the Koran as well)

• gilded cast bronze, each gilded cast bronze, each panel of the doors is about panel of the doors is about 79.4 cm square79.4 cm square

• This sculpture employs linear This sculpture employs linear perspective, differences in perspective, differences in figure size, overlapping, and figure size, overlapping, and varying depths of relief, to varying depths of relief, to create the illusion of great create the illusion of great space.space.

• The panels show clearly the The panels show clearly the brilliant modeling technique brilliant modeling technique and perfect perspective, so and perfect perspective, so that the figures stand out that the figures stand out against the architectural against the architectural background and the work background and the work seems almost a painting in seems almost a painting in bronzebronze..

Genesis

Cain and Abel

Noah

Abraham and Issac

Issac

Joseph

Moses

David

Solomon

YOUR PROJECTYOUR PROJECT

Bas Relief Sculpture of a unified moral Bas Relief Sculpture of a unified moral topictopic

You are to pick on of You are to pick on of

“ “the seven virtues” or the “ seven the seven virtues” or the “ seven sins”sins”

pride, greed, lust, envy, gluttony, wrath, sloth.

humility, generosity, chastity, kindness, abstinence , patience (peace), diligence

Patience-Peace

WRATH

ENVY

LUST

Grade 11 SCULPTURE –BAS RELIEFName:_________________________

CriteriaIncomplete(0-50%)

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

Technical Use of Material

It blew up

0-6-clay work looks sloppy, not properly attached, looks unfinished, cracks where items have been attached

6.5 7 7.5

Clay is adequately used. All items appear to be attached well- evidence of scoring and slipping

8 8.5 9

Evidence of proper technique-attached items appear as part of the sculptureGood craftsmanshipEvidence of texture

9.5 10 10.5

Sophisticated use of clay in a complete manner (variety of texture, finished-look, detail work)

11 11.5 12

/12

Composition-Evidence of Depth

No depth, flat

0-5Two levels of depth

5.5 6.0

Three levels of depth

6.5 7.0

Three levels of depth, easily distinguished

7.5 8 8.5

Deep visual depth done in a sophisticated manner ( use of perspective, many levels etc)

9 9.5 10 /10

Visual Composition

A mish mash of objects.No consideration has been given to the arrangement of components of the sculpture. The images are very simple and under developed.

0-4

The composition is dull. Little consideration has been given to the arrangement of components of the sculpture. The images are somewhat developed but appear unfinished and still a bit two dimensional

4.5 5

Some consideration has been given to the arrangement of the image. Images are clear and somewhat developed but appear unfinished and still a bit two-dimensional.

5.5 6

The composition is well planned and interesting. Consideration has been given to the arrangement of the components of the artwork. Images are well executed and three-dimensional.

6.5 7

The composition is sophisticated and innovative. Sophisticated thought has been given to the arrangement of the components of the image. Images are extremely well executed and detailed.

7.5 8

/8

Theme-Artwork related to the seven virtues and vices

No relation to seven vices and virtues

0-6

Some relation to the seven vices and virtues (with explanation)

6.5 7 7.5

With explanation the theme is evident in this artwork

8 8.5 9

Theme is easily recognized and content relates directly to the theme.Treatment of the theme is appropriate

9.5 10 10.5

Theme is directly conveyed in a sophisticated and complete manner. Detailed web map included.

11 11.5 12 /12

Glazing technique

Glaze did not enhance the artwork at all, sloppily done…or...Glazing was not done

0-4

Glazing was adequately done.Glazing did not enhance the artwork.

4.5 5

Glazing was adequately done.Glazing emphasized the texture.

5.5 6

Glazing was well done and emphasizes the texture and added to the artwork.

6.5 7

Glazing enhanced the original artworkExcellent glazing technique

7.5 8

/8 /50 /100

Renaissance tidbitsRenaissance tidbits

• Did you know that the last non-Italian pope until Did you know that the last non-Italian pope until John Paul II served during the Renaissance? John Paul II served during the Renaissance? Unfortunately, Adrian VI was so unpopular that, Unfortunately, Adrian VI was so unpopular that, after he died, happy Romans carried his doctor after he died, happy Romans carried his doctor through the streets because they thought he had through the streets because they thought he had helped to kill the pontiff. helped to kill the pontiff.

• Did you know that, in wars between Italian city-Did you know that, in wars between Italian city-states, hardly anyone was hurt, let alone killed? states, hardly anyone was hurt, let alone killed? Renaissance cities hired mercenary armies to do Renaissance cities hired mercenary armies to do their fighting for them, and mercenary captains their fighting for them, and mercenary captains fought not to lose soldiers, whom they considered fought not to lose soldiers, whom they considered to be investmentsto be investments

• Ironically, in Humanist republics like Florence and Ironically, in Humanist republics like Florence and Venice, where political freedom was greatest, social Venice, where political freedom was greatest, social and personal freedom for women was most and personal freedom for women was most restricted. Most Humanist authors advised that restricted. Most Humanist authors advised that women not be taught classical languages, rhetoric, women not be taught classical languages, rhetoric, and other Humanist skills. But in principalities, noble and other Humanist skills. But in principalities, noble fathers often found it beneficial to educate their fathers often found it beneficial to educate their daughters in order to attract a suitor. In addition, daughters in order to attract a suitor. In addition, duchesses or princesses often ruled when husbands duchesses or princesses often ruled when husbands were away at war, a role unimaginable in Florence or were away at war, a role unimaginable in Florence or Venice. Venice.

• In Renaissance cities, women had four options: In Renaissance cities, women had four options: marriage, domestic service as a maid, the convent, marriage, domestic service as a maid, the convent, or prostitution. Florence ran state-approved brothels or prostitution. Florence ran state-approved brothels so that "honest" women would not be assaulted. so that "honest" women would not be assaulted. Many women chose the convent because of a fear of Many women chose the convent because of a fear of childbirth childbirth

• In Venice, trials were held secretly, and most of the In Venice, trials were held secretly, and most of the sentences were carried out at night. If you were sentences were carried out at night. If you were accused of a capital offense, of which there were accused of a capital offense, of which there were many, you would often just disappear. You'd be sewn many, you would often just disappear. You'd be sewn in a sack and, at midnight, dropped over the side of a in a sack and, at midnight, dropped over the side of a boat. boat.

• In the Italian Renaissance, you will also study a period in In the Italian Renaissance, you will also study a period in which popes tended to be truly extraordinary, both in their which popes tended to be truly extraordinary, both in their accomplishments and in their personal behavior. They accomplishments and in their personal behavior. They include: include:

• Sixtus IV, who probably did more than anyone to rebuild Sixtus IV, who probably did more than anyone to rebuild Rome, and for whom the Sistine Chapel is named. But he Rome, and for whom the Sistine Chapel is named. But he was also a conspirator to murder, plotting with the Pazzi was also a conspirator to murder, plotting with the Pazzi family to kill the Florentine leader Lorenzo de'Medici and his family to kill the Florentine leader Lorenzo de'Medici and his brother Giuliano at Mass during Holy Week. brother Giuliano at Mass during Holy Week.

• Innocent VIII, who presided over the marriages of his Innocent VIII, who presided over the marriages of his children in front of the high altar at St. Peter's. children in front of the high altar at St. Peter's.

• Alexander VI Borgia, who had four children with his primary Alexander VI Borgia, who had four children with his primary mistress, known as the Queen of Rome. His teenage mistress, known as the Queen of Rome. His teenage mistress convinced him to make her brother a cardinal, who mistress convinced him to make her brother a cardinal, who eventually became one of the great popes of the 16th eventually became one of the great popes of the 16th century, Paul III. (It’s also rumoured he slept with his century, Paul III. (It’s also rumoured he slept with his daughter). daughter).

• Julius II, who built the current St. Peter's Basilica, Julius II, who built the current St. Peter's Basilica, commissioned Michelangelo to paint the vault of the Sistine commissioned Michelangelo to paint the vault of the Sistine Chapel, and was probably the 16th century's greatest art Chapel, and was probably the 16th century's greatest art patron. He took his name to honor Julius Caesar, and was patron. He took his name to honor Julius Caesar, and was known as "the warrior pope." In his sixties, he would walk known as "the warrior pope." In his sixties, he would walk with common soldiers through waist-deep snow, and said he with common soldiers through waist-deep snow, and said he preferred the smell of gunpowder to the smell of incense. preferred the smell of gunpowder to the smell of incense.