MATERIALS USED IN MASONRY WORKSBy

Kunwar KharbandaA13567214037Report submitted for the fulfilment of the requirement for the course BBA -CM

MSFW100-FIELD WORK Under the guidance of

Mr. Nihar Nanyam

School of Construction, RICS SBE,Amity University, Noida

CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that the report entitled Materials Used in Masonry Works is a bonafide record of the work carried out by Kunwar Kharbanda, in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the course Field Work. He has worked under my supervision and guidance in the School of Construction, RICS SBE, Amity University and has fulfilled the requirements for the submission of his report.The content of this report have not been submitted in part or full to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Nihar Nanyam Assistant Professor

School of Construction RICS School of Built Environment

Amity University

Uttar Pradesh 201313DATE: 13th April, 2015DECLARATIONI Kunwar Kharbanda hereby declare that this project report entitled Materials Used in Masonry Works submitted to Amity University, is a record of the original work done by me under the guidance of Prof. VPS Nihar Nanyam, faculty member at RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University. This project work is submitted in the fulfilment of the requirements for the course Field Work. The results embodied in this work have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree.Kunwar Kharbanda A13567214037

13thApril, 2015ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to VPS Nihar Nanyam for his guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for his support in completing the project.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member of my group for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

April 2015 Kunwar KharbandaABSTRACTThis report is an in depth study of construction materials used in masonry works. It includes history composition manufacturing process specifications applications brands market availability of each of these materials. Following are the materials.

1. Stucco 2. Gypsum plaster3. Drywall4. Wall putty

5. Solid concrete blocks

6. Lightweight blocks OBJECTIVES /SCOPE In-depth study on various building materials - History, composition, manufacturing process, properties, tests & application

Field work involving the market availability of various building materials manufacturers, brands, product lines, size, shape, finish & cost information

Analysis of materials used in above system & recommendations for similar projects

STUCCOINTRODUCTION

Stucco, the basic term for Portland concrete plaster, is a popular exterior finish for structures. It gives a sparing hard surface that is spoil, rust, and heat proof, which can be coloured and completed in an extensive variety of compositions to embellish any compositional style. HISTORY "Plaster" an antiquated Greek application term signifying "to Daub on" is utilized to depict inside plaster going back to 500 BC. When it got to be prevalent to apply plaster on the outside of structures the expression "Stucco work", meaning outside plaster, was created to depict it as the inside items/materials would not withstand the components. The principal materials utilized as of now were either lime or mud/earth with straw and sand, until 1824 when Joseph Aspin a bricklayer in Leeds, England, developed Portland bond by transforming and cooking lime and mud together in his kitchen turned research centre. Joseph named the item Portland bond in light of the fact that it took after a stone quarried on the Isle of Portland off the British Coast. Earlier the Egyptians used a plaster mix of gypsum, lime, sand and water to provide a smoother base for hieroglyphs that still tell their stories in the ruins of the pyramids.COMPOSITIONThe main components present in the traditional stucco are lime, water and sand while the modern stucco is made up of Portland cement, sand and water. In modern stucco we add lime to improve its permeability and workability. Moreover, we add acrylics or glass fibers to improve its structural properties.MANUFACTURINGStucco and Plaster are made economically utilizing calcination equipment of a variety of types to create hemihydrate for utilization in gypsum board plants and mortar factories.The manufacturing of stucco can be done on site by using by using primary materials which consists of Portland cement, lime, plasticizers, sand and water and then mixing these materials properly so that every patch of it has same consistency.GENERAL PROPERTIES OF STUCCOHardness - The stucco is generally very hard and durable. It is long lasting and is impact resistant.Weather resistance- The stucco is very resistant to climate conditions like it is resistant to rain penetrations, snow, rain or extreme thermal changesPhysical Properties- The physical properties of stucco are as follows: High Compressive strength i.e. about 1,500 - 2,800 psi Tensile strength of 200pounds Thermal resistance is 15ohmWeight per square foot, average 1/2" thick 5-6 lbs 3/4" thick 8-9 lbs 1" thick 11-12 lbs

Fire Resistant- Stucco is also fire resistant as it is incombustibleThickness- The traditional stucco follows 3 coating system where each coat have different purpose and thickness

Scratch coat- Its thickness is around 3/8inc which is 9.525mm

Thick coat- Its thickness is around 3/8inc which is 9.525mm

Finish coat- Its thickness is around 1/8inc which is 3.175mm

The total thickness is around 2.22 cmThe coverage for ten 80 pound stucco bag will be 90-100 square feet.That is 800 pound stucco can cover 100 square feet approx which means 8 pound of stucco covers 1 sq. feet.

TESTS1) Preliminary Visual Evaluation- In this test well walk through the property and observe visual confirmation of cracking, staining and key installation details, furthermore search for the unlucky deficiency or incorporation of specific components head flashing above windows and kick out flashing at the roof-wall convergence. At the point when these (and other) components are not present, its a sign that these areas may be vulnerable so we know we have to give careful consideration as we push ahead through the assessment.

2) Invasive testing / moisture probe testing- This test requires us to drill 2 little holes, about an inch apart from each other, and roughly the diameter of a pencil at the suspect areas. Through these holes we embed a moisture meter to test the moisture content of the substrate behind the stucco, or the wooden piece of the home. We're mainly concerned with testing portions of the home that are above the foundation and/or on a wooden substrate. We ordinarily need to test and guide out the most exposed areas on every divider area, for example, the lower infiltrations/first carpet windows, and additionally the rooftop divider crossing points and some other regions of the development that are helpless taking into account how the house was initially planned and constructed.

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://homesmsp.typepad.com/.a/6a00e550bbaeb38834014e5fcfc117970c-500wi" \* MERGEFORMATINET 3) Destructive Testing- This is the test where portions of the stucco/cladding are removed and evacuated in place for an inspector to see the flashing and construction details, and in addition potential harm and any prominent development deficiencies.MANUFACTURES:- These are few suppliers and manufactures of stucco near Delhi Mittal Udyog in Gurgaon

Paridhi Udyag in Delhi

Devish Enterprises in Noida

Geetanjali traders in Jaipur

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://3.imimg.com/data3/LO/AG/MY-7750680/pop-powder-250x250.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET PRODUCT LINES STO CORP ACH FOAM TECHNOLOGIES CLARK DIETRICH METALS K-LATH FORTIFIBER TEXSTON ARCUSTONE DUPONT TYVEK

SHAPEThe stucco is an external wall plaster and does not have a definite shape. The shape of stucco depends upon the shape of wall on which the stucco is plastered.COST INFORMATIONStucco Cost

Non-reduced retail cost for regular, mid-grade stucco siding.Stucco Labor

Direct work costs to install stucco. Incorporates The stucco is not cost effective costing around 10$ per sq. feet that is Rs 600 approx. It includes cost of everything like labour, material, cleanup etc. However, stucco adds up to the value of property overtime.

GYPSUM PLASTERINTRODUCTION

Gypsum plaster is a white freezing material is which finished by fractional lack of hydration of the mineral gypsum, customarily with exceptional hardeners or retarders. HISTORYGypsum plaster entered the photo in the mid 1900's primarily because of the new manufacturing processes which made it more readily available in the US. This gave an ocean change to gypsum plaster because of the fact that it was soon understood that it set quicker and results in a harder finish. This obviously eased a portion of the sympathy toward long development delays, on the grounds that relying upon conditions the plaster was totally dried out and ready for finish decoration in as little as two to three weeks.

In historic remodel, it is regularly hard to figure out if the item utilized was lime based plaster or gypsum based. The simplest strategy for Determination is taking a little sample and embedding it into a dilute solution of muriatic acid. If gypsum is the main ingredient then a white residue will come alongside with the remaining parts of whatever sand was exhibit as the sample disintegrates in the solution.Gypsum has been utilized for many years: The first cases of its utilization as a plaster showed up in what is currently Syria more than 9,000 years back. Its utilization is likewise decently recorded in the pyramids of the antiquated Egyptians who plastered over woven straw lath and decorated with wall paintings made out of tinted plaster.COMPOSITIONGypsum plaster is composed of H2O and mineral called gypsum which consists of elements like hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur and calcium.. MANUFACTURINGGypsum plaster is created by heating gypsum at about 300 F i.e. 150 C

CaSO42H2O + heat CaSO4.0.5H2O + 1.5H2O The set of original plaster begins at about 10 mins after mixing and is finished in around 45 minutes; however not completely set for 72 hours. When plaster or gypsum is excited above 392F i.e.200C, anhydrite is formed, which will likewise re-form as gypsum if mixed with water.PROPERTIESMalleability- When gypsum plaster combines with water, the plaster becomes malleable and simple to shape.Fire Resistance- Gypsum contains almost 50% H2O, which represents gypsum plaster's resistance to fire. In gypsum particles, water forms crystals that don't melt like ice, but only escape at high temperatures. It is this high concentration of H2O in gypsum that records for its resistance to fire. At high temp. , gypsum does not readily burn because it first discharges its H2O particles. This quality of resistance to fire adds to gypsum's attractive quality in building and development. Fast Setting- Gypsum mortar sets, or dries, rapidly.Strength- Gypsum plaster is basically reconstituted rock and outstandingly hard. At the point when combined with gypsum plaster board, it also adds lateral stability to the gathering.Sound Control-The finished plaster wall is denser than a typical wall finished with drywall. Due to this it has a greater resistance to the passage of sound. Wear Resistance- A conventional gypsum plaster wall provides superior spot and wear resistance to that of drywall. This is particularly important in high traffic environments like hospital anywhere where person contact can be an issue.

Air Barrier Characteristics- Because of its monolithic nature, conventional gypsum plaster gives esteem value in keeping unconscious winter drafts.TESTS1. The method for testing the quality of gypsum plaster is by taking a small pinch of the powder between the finger and thumb and gently rubbing it, if tiny particles of it are felt, grit indicates that the parts of the plaster have already absorbed water, and it is therefore unfit for use. 2. Take a pinch of the powder and place the fingers under water, and then rub it. If, however, in both of these tests no grit is felt, and under water a thin creamy substance is found, which is easily rubbed off the fingers, the plaster is in a proper condition for useBENEFITS

1. No shrinkage splits on walls and roofs.2. Reduction in the time needed for plastering and this helps in timely ownership of homes. 3. Flawlessly lined, leveled, smooth walls.4. Saving money on power utilized for cooling as gypsum has low thermal conductivity.

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.in.all.biz/img/in/catalog/269928.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET ADVANTAGES It is lighter in weight and more durable. It has low thermal conductivity. It is great heat resistant and consequently a decent heat insulating material. It doesn't shrink while setting. Consequently, it doesn't create cracks on heating or setting. It has great bond on fibrous materials. It gives a firm surface on which the colors can settle. It does not cause acid attack and can easily be moulded into any shape.

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bMv-dPFYECQ/Up2aV3x97jI/AAAAAAAAId8/eJtFa7XTpa8/s1600/IMG_0833.JPG" \* MERGEFORMATINET DISADVANTAGES Gypsum plaster is not suitable for exterior finish as it is marginally soluble in H2O. It is more expensive than cement or cement lime plaster. It can's be utilized in moist situations. Skilled labours are needed for precise application and thus labour cost for applying gypsum plaster is high.MANUFCTURES/SUPPLIERS SHIVA ENTERPRISESRI BAEARTH GYPSUM PLASTER BONDLAMURUGAN INDUSTRIES

TRINITY CALCIUMVINAYAK GYPSUM & INTERIORS PVT. LTD. SHAPE

The gypsum plaster is a wall plaster and does not have a definite shape. The shape of gypsum plaster depends upon the shape of wall on which it is plastered.

COST INFORMATIONThe gypsum plaster is cost effective costing around 5$ per sq. feet that is Rs 300 approx. It includes cost of everything like labour, material, cleanup etc.PUTTYINTRODUCTION

Putty is a material with high plasticity and similar in texture to. Putties is also be used for fire stopping if it is made in tumescent. It can also be used for padding of electrical outlet boxes in fire resistance rated drywall assemblies. In the latter case endothermic reaction is produced due to hydrates in putty to mitigate heat transfer to the unexposed side.

Putty is utilized as a part of coating for settling and fixing sheets of glass into wooden frames. Its utilization diminishes with increasing popularity of polyvinyl chloride.

HISTORY

Alan Holloway a laboratory researcher was working for sealant manufacturer Rally Bondite of Waterlooville, England in 1970 and he inadvertently produced a product that was useless as a sealant, but pliable and semi- elastic.

COMPOSITION Metal hydroxyl ethyl cellulose for water holding skill. Dispersible residue polymer is actually a polymer binder which gives workability power and elasticity. Speciality cellulose fibres for crack prevention in thickner and exterior application. Silane centred hydrophobic agent for water repellence and reduced water concentration. Ingredients: white cement +polymers + fillers to make it smooth and reduce the need of curing.

PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES

It is very suitable for old and new surfaces.

It has a very good bond strength.

It is water resistant.

It can be applied directly over concrete and cement plaster

Helps in filling fine hair line type cracks and pin holes

It can be applied to 1mm to 2mm of thickness per coat. It is very economical.

FEATURES It has high tensile strength

It sets gradually.

Provides smoother finish.

It has Adhesive strength

It is very durable.

It is waterproof

APPLICATIONS Used as stuffing in dyes It is used for giving smoothness to wall surface It is used for improving the presence of paints It is used for improving durability of paints

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSIDEAL COVERAGE AREA IS 20-22sq.ft./kg

BRANDS

1. Birla putty

2. JK white putty

3. Jensolin putty by Jenson and Nicholson

4. Asian paints white cement putty

5. British paints

6. SIKAMANUFACTURERS

1. Perma construction Aids pvt. Ltd, Sarigam INA

2. Aggarwal paints, Indore

3. Atk enterprices, Chennai

4. Excel enterprices, Ahmedabad

5. Neocon industries, Ahmedabad

6. A. H. & COMPANY, Jodhpur

7. Shubham gypsum , Bikaner

8. Visalam paints, Madurai

9. Taj mahal Paints, New Delhi

10. Turbo coating products, Hyderabad

COST INFORMATIONThe wall putty is very cost effective costing around 1.12$ per sq. feet that is Rs 68 approx. It includes cost of everything like labour, material, cleanup etc. SOLID CONCRETE BLOCKS

HISTORY Peoples have utilized concrete since antiquated times, however the solid piece was not designed until the 1830s.the main manufactures of concrete block began in 1900s due to this the popularity of concrete grew rapidly and due to this concrete blocks used in numbers of projects Antiquated Romans or Greeks are generally viewed as the innovators of cement from around the first century B.C., building it from lime, volcanic sand and cinder, small stones, and water. Romans utilized cement broadly as a part of structures, for example, the Pantheon, the inside of the Coliseum and reservoir conduits. The first precast solid squares were thrown in wooden casings, dried like blocks into a strong structure, and after that laid in mortar like blocks, also. Numerous individual foremen were making these precast pieces by the mid-1800s. The primary house in the United States assembled altogether of these squares was built in 1837 on Staten Island, New York. In 1900, Harmon S. Palmer made the first business machine that could be utilized to make solid stone work units, CMUs. The concrete blocks that Harmon's machine delivered were made out of Portland cements, total, and water and were 30'x8"x10". Since the pieces were so huge, they must be set up by a hand wrenched machine. Then again, with the shortage of different assets and the expense of materials at the time, solid squares turned into the principle wellspring of building materials and the business became quickly. The formation of the business process for assembling solid pieces has prompted the job of solid squares for a wide range of building and designing capacities since CMUs can keep going drawn out stretches of time, are vitality proficient, require insignificant upkeep and are fire and decay safe. COMPOSITION

Solid concrete blocks are the mixture of powdered Portland cement, H2O, sand, and rock. Main components of solid concrete blocks are:

Water

Portland cement

Aggregates Water

The water in the solid blend ought to be clean and free of polluting influences. The amount of water with respect to the measure of bond changes how effectively the solid streams, it also influences the last quality of the cement. More water makes more easily flowing concrete cement, but also makes for lower quality cement after curing.

Portland cementCement hardens when blended with water, which ties the majority of the ingredient together. Portland concrete is the most well-known bond utilized and is made out of alumina, silica, lime, iron, and gypsum. Little measures of different fixings are additionally included.

Aggregates

The larger part of a solid mixture is comprised of both coarse and fine totals, which help to enhance the nature of the cement past what bond can give all alone. Sand, rock, and little stone are utilized as totals. Reuse materials, including impact heater slag, glass, and ground-up solid are beginning to be utilized as solid totals.MANUFACTURING

The manufacturing of concrete blocks consist of four major steps:

Mixing

Moulding

Cubing

CuringMixing

The sand and little stones are secured outside in burdens and are moved into limit containers in the plant by a floor covering lift as they are required. The Portland security is secured outside in expansive vertical storage spaces to keep saves from soaked quality. As an era run begins, the obliged measure of sand, shake, and bond are exchanged by gravity or by mechanical arrangements to a weigh batcher which measures the best possible measure of every material` The dry materials then stream into a stationary blender where they are joined for several minutes. There are two sorts of blenders for the most part utilized. One sort, called a planetary or dish blender, takes after a shallow compartment with a top. Blending forefronts are connected with a vertical turning shaft inside the blender. The other sort is known as a level drum blender. After the dry materials are mixed, a little measure of water is added to the blender. In the event that the plant is seen in an air subject to temperature extremes, the water might first experience a radiator or chiller to manage its temperature. Diverse things like Admixture chemicals and cooling tones may similarly be incorporated. The strong is then blended for six to eight minutes.

Moulding

At point when weight of the solid is totally diversified, it is abandoned into a slanted container transport and transported to a lifted holder. The blending of rotation initiates again for the accompanying weight.

The solid is gone on to another holder on top of the piece machine at a deliberate stream amount. In the piece mechanism, the solid is send downwards into molds. The molds embody an outer mold box containing a couple mold linings. The linings center the outer condition of the square and the internal condition of the piece pits. 15 pieces made at ones.

Curing

The beds of squares are gone on to a robotized loader which place them in a preserving stand. Every stand holds an extensive number of pieces. Exactly after a stand is full, it is moved on a situated of bars and moved into a curing kiln. There are mainly 2 types of kilns: low-pressure steam kiln

high-pressure steam kiln also known as autoclave

Cubing

The blocks go through a cuber which adjusts every block and after that stacks them into a cube three blocks crosswise over by six blocks profound by 3 or 4 block high. These cubes are conveyed outside with a forklift and set away.

PROPERTIES Durable

High strength

Fire resistant

TESTSThe test which done on concrete blocks are:-

Compressive Strength Test Water Absorption TestCompressive Strength Test

Strength test tells us the quality of our concrete once it solidifies. The compressive strength test is performed by evaluating the power expected to break solid barrels in fluctuating levels of hardness. At the point when utilizing cement for structures or different structures, the compressive quality of the solid must conform to the Building Code Requirement for Reinforced Concrete.

Water Absorption Test

Place the test block on the scales and record the weight as accurately as possible. Place the same block in a bucket of water, so it is partially submerged, and leave it there for one minute. Remove the block from the H2O and remove any surface water by tapping it dry with a towel. Place the block on the scales and record the new weight, again measuring as accurately as possible. Deduct the first "dry" weight figure from the last "wet" weight figure to determine the weight of water absorbed by the block during the test period. For example, if the dry block weighed 1,000 grams and the wet block weighed 1,050 grams, then the block absorbed 50 grams of water. MANUFACTURERS

This is few manufacturers who make solid concrete blocks

Shiv Raj International Private Limited Vijarnia Buildcon Private Limited Dynamic Building Concepts Pvt Ltd TYPES AND SIZES

There are different types of sizes and shape of blocks. Mainly there are

12 inch blocks, 8 inch blocks, 16 inch and 10 inch blocks, 6 inch and 10 inch blocks and rockface blocks

12 solid blocks

Size of this block is 12*8*16 fha top size of this block is 12*4*16 solid cap

8 solid block

Size of this block is 8*8*16 fha top filled Size of this block is 8*4*16 solid cap

16and 10

Size of this block 10*8*16 fha top filled

Rockface

The size of this block is 4*8*16 rockface l corner Rock face cap size of this block is 8*4*16

The size of this block is 8*4*16 rockface fill top COST INFORMATION

The solid concrete block wall is not cost effective costing around 11$ per sq. feet that is Rs 660 approx. It includes cost of everything like labour, material, cleanup etc. DRYWALL

Introduction

Drywall is a panel which is made up of gypsum plaster that is pressed between the two thick sheets of paper and is used to make interior walls and ceilings. It is an alternative to traditional lath and plaster.

History

In 1888 in Rochester,Kent UK the first plasterboard plant was opened. In 1894 Sackett and Fred Kane invented Sackett board. They made it by layering the plaster within four piles of wool felt paper. Thickness of sheets was 36*36*1/4 with untapped (open) edges.

Gypsum board was invented between 1910 and 1930 with wrapped board edges and inner two layers of felt paper was eliminated. Later air entrainment agents made boards lighter and less brittle.Composition and Manufacture

Drywall consist of gypsum plaster which is pressed among two coats of paper. CaSo4.2H2o is intense to evaporate the water and then rehydrated to form hemihydrate of CaSo4.1/2H2O. Plaster is then mixed with accelerators like fibre, foaming agents, plasticizers, finely grounded crystals of gypsum), retarders (EDTA, starch), and increases the fire resistance, wax emulsions or silanes for lower water absorption. Then the mixture is sandwiched between the 2 thick sheets of fibreglass mats or heavy paper

Specifications

Panels of drywall are manufactured in following various sizes:

1. 48-inch or 1.2m wide panels in varying lengths.

2. 54-inch or 1.4m wide panels in varying lengths.

3. 96-inch or 2.4m widespread sheets in variable lengths.

1. Some common panel thicknesses:

2. 12-inch (13mm)

3. 58-inch (16mm)

4. 14-inch (6.4mm)

5. 38-inch (9.5mm).

Water damage and mold

When drywall comes in contact with water at base wicking can occur. By capillary action the moisture will spread several inches or feet above the ground making ceiling drywall tape to separate from ceiling. This will soften drywall about the bolts.Drywall can be water proofed by covalent water proofing but if water proofing is absent then water will penetrate and bacteria and molds will start germinating and multiplying. Paper present in drywall supports the growth of molds. It is for this reason green board and cement board is used in rooms, kitchens, bathrooms where humidity level is high.

High sulphur drywall illness and corrosion issues

Emission of sulphurous gases from drywall causes foul odour, corrosion of metal within the structure, health problems. Volatile sulphur compounds including H2S are emitted from drywall.MANUFACTURERS1. Sound of silence, Mumbai

2. Fibrecrafts India , Pun

3. Onyx infrastructure, Bengaluru

4. Rags acoustic solutions, Ghaziabad

5. Ananya enterprices , DelhiBRANDS

1. SHEETROCK

2. GYPROC

3. GYPROCK

4. GIB, UK

COST INFORMATION

The installing of drywall is cost effective costing around 2$ per sq. feet that is Rs 120 approx. It includes cost of everything like labour, material, cleanup etc.

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKSINTRODUCTIONLightweight concrete block is an unique product which has strength of concrete and yet very light in weight. It has amazing durability with silica sand & high dosage of fly ash which makes it an economical and eco friendly product. Lightweight concrete block is mainly utilized in the construction business.

HISTORY

Lightweight pieces was climaxed in the mid-1920s by the Swedish modeler and originator Dr. Johan Axel Eriksson, working with Professor Henrik Kreger at the Royal Institute of Technology. It went into time in Sweden in 1929 in a gathering plant in Hllabrottet and rapidly persuaded the chance to be particularly acclaimed. Siporex was made in Sweden in 1939 and promptly licenses and has plants in 35 territories far and wide. In the 1940s, the trademark Ytong was displayed, and was reliably proposed as "blue solid" in Sweden in perspective of its light blue tinge. This alteration of Ytong was passed on from alum shale, whose ignitable carbon substance made it gainful to use in the period process. The doing combating solid brand Siporex passed on in Tuzla, Bosnia, utilized other grungy materials. "Ytong" acquired Siporex and today makes "Siporex" under "Ytong" weigh in Tuzla, Bosnia advanced office. Shockingly, the slate stores utilized for Ytong in addition contain uranium, which makes the material give off radioactive radon gas to the building. In 1972, the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority brought up the unacceptability of a radon-exuding change material, and the utilization of alum slate in the creation of Ytong stopped in 1975. Ytong passed on after 1975 has utilized unpleasant materials without the uranium content.COMPOSITIONLightweight blocks are a mixture of powdered Portland concrete, water, extended mud, shale or slate. MANUFACTURINGExtended stone, shale, and slate are created by pulverizing the crude resources and warming them to about 2000F. On this temp. The material bloats, or puffs up, as an aftereffect of the fast era of gasses made by the burning of little amounts of natural material caught inside. A commonplace light-weight square weighs around 22-28 lb (10.0-12.7 kg) and is used to fabricate non-load-bearing dividers and allotments. Extended impact heater slag, and also regular volcanic materials, for example, pumice and scoria, is additionally used to make Lightweight Square.

The process of manufacturing is done in the following steps:

Mixing

Moulding

Curing

Cubing

TESTSThe tests for lightweight concrete blocks are same as that of solid concrete blocks.MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS Krishna Ashtech CLC Pvt. Ltd. V K Enterprises Kashy Infratech ARL Infratech Ltd.SHAPE AND SIZE

The shape of blocks are usually rectangular and sizes available are 2,3,4,6,8,10,12,14

COST INFORMATIONThe solid concrete block wall is not cost effective costing around 11$ per sq. feet that is Rs 660 approx. It includes cost of everything like labour , material and cleanup.CASE STUDYNAME OF THE SITE: SDS NRI RESIDENCY

NAME OF THE CONSTRUCTION GROUP: SDS INFRATECH

INTRODUCTIONSDS Group is a profoundly admired group which has its profoundly launches in Noida and Gr. Noida. This Group is very reputed and Client Centric and has figured out how to develop infrastructure on a very fast speed since this group has started. SDS has established committed name and trust in NCR Real Estate Industry in a very short period.NRI Residency, Noida

NRI Residency is 2nd venture which is dispatched by SDS Group after the astounding achievement of their GN project. This gathering lodging undertaking is spread over on 7.5 Acres of 3 side open plot at a world class zone of Sec-45, Noida. This Residency is having more than 640 luxurious pads with 3 or 4 bedrooms. It is very close to Sec-18, Greater Noida and South Delhi.

MATERIALS USED ON SITE STUCCO GYPSUM PLASTER WALL PUTTY SOLID CONTRETE BLOCK

Our group photograph with the safety manager and the project manager.

REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuccohttp://www.thegreenvalleygroup.com/stucco-inspection.htmlhttp://www.structuretech1.com/2011/03/invasive-moisture-testing-on-stucco-revisited/http://www.homewyse.com/services/cost_to_install_stucco.htmlhttp://www.stuccoguru.com/resources/article.cfm?articleID=A-01210&resourceID=3http://www.procoatsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Stucco-Line-Card-2012.pdfhttp://www.ehow.com/list_6765555_properties-gypsum-plaster.htmlhttp://mnlath-plaster.com/products/gypsum_plaster.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasterhttps://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.489041844465062.100617.188107741225142&type=3http://www.dreamhomeguide.in/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-plaster-of-paris-pophttp://www.homewyse.com/services/cost_to_apply_gypsum_plaster.htmlhttp://chestofbooks.com/homeimprovement/repairs/painting/Cyclopedia/Testing-Plaster-Of-Paris.html#.VSbE59yUez4http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Concrete-Block.htmlhttp://cbri.res.in/CSIR-800/Web%20Technologies/WebTech/TFW2-SOLID_CONCRETE.pdfhttp://homeguides.sfgate.com/test-water-absorption-paver-block-52187.htmlhttp://cbri.res.in/CSIR-800/Web%20Technologies/WebTech/TFW2-SOLID_CONCRETE.pdfhttp://www.ehow.com/how-does_4571535_disadvantages-concrete-blocks-building-houses.htmlhttp://www.homewyse.com/services/cost_to_install_concrete_block_wall.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/facts_4896028_what-drywall-made.htmlhttp://www.homewyse.com/services/cost_to_install_ceiling_drywall.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclaved_aerated_concretehttp://www.alliedconcrete.com/pdf/Blockbooklet.pdf

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