report book 2015.docx

7/23/2019 report book 2015.docx

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THE ELASTICITY OF RUBBERSJK (T) LADANG BLUE VALLEY CAMERON

HIGHLANDS, 39007

1.0 Objective

Rubber is an example of a natural polymer. The chains of molecules in rubber

have a natural elasticity: they can stretch when pulled. When the pulling force is removed, the

elastic polymers in rubber spring back to their original length. A polymer with elastic

properties like this is sometimes called an elastomeric. The molecular chains of an

elastomeric basically act like springs. When a rubber band is stretched out, there are not as

many ways the individual molecules can arrange themselves as they are when the rubber

band is not stretched. They have to be lined up. These links between the chains are called

cross links. f too much force is applied these cross links will break and the rubber band will

snap.

When there are more ways to arrange the molecules, the entropy is higher.

When a rubber band is stretched, entropy dictates that the rubber band will want to contract

again. When the temperature is higher, the molecules are more excited, and want even more

to be in a random state. This makes the rubber band easier to stretch out. At a constant

temperature, a rubber band obeys !ooke"s #aw: The force, f $ % &'( % (o) where & is a

constant, '( % (o) is the elongation and the sign in negative because the force is in the

direction opposite to the extension. That is the force, f, is trying to pull the rubber band back

to its e*uilibrium length, (o.

While experimenting, we have to keep in mind the different variables involvedin the range of elasticity of the rubber band. +ulcaniation of the rubber will allow it to be

stretched further without breaking '-- /001). 2y making sure the water level is a constant

variable we will be able to tell how dependent the rubber bands elasticity is on the change of

temperature. When implied force is put on the rubber band an increase and decrease of

temperature will show its elasticity effect '3c4raw%!ill /005). To preserve the longest life

span of the rubber band when not using it, it6s best to place it in a refrigerator, where no force

is put on it. n addition, we must take into account the condition of the rubber band as the

temperature increases in order to decrease the probability of error. 7Whether a material

expands or contracts when it is heated can be ascribed to a property of the material called its

entropy8 '9hakhashiri). sing the theory on entropy in connection with the elasticity of the

rubber band, it can be said that the higher the temperature the higher the entropy level and

lower the orderliness of the molecules that make up the rubber. Rubber bands in general

stretch more in the presence of heat as ;rye states, 7rubber contracts when it gets colder. The

molecules in the rubber band get closer together. This affects the elasticity


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

make sure that all these factors remain constant throughout the experiment to present the

most valid results.

2.0 Question before the experiment

/.5 What is the hypothesis of this experiment=

/./ !ow to find information regarding rubber= With who must ask idea=

/.> !ow to observe the elasticity of rubber=

/.? !ow to calculate the elasticity of rubber in number form=

/.@ 3ust use which e*uipment to measure the elasticity of rubber=

/. What material must use to build the measurement e*uipment=

/.1 What apparatus and materials must use to do the experiment=

/.B What is the scientific method used in this experiment=

/.C s it this experiment help students in their daily life=

/.50 What information that the students learned from this experiment=

/.55 What is the safety precaution applied during this experiment=/.5/ Does the experiment effective for the students=

/.5> s there any similar experiments base on this investigation=

f we could get answers for the *uestion above that shows we are achieve the obEective of our

investigation.

3.0 Problem in experiment


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After gone through all the experiment the end, we found our topic. ven

though we face a lot of difficulties and problems to measure the elasticity of rubber band yet

we still able to do so many experiment regarding to this investigation. We spend about five

weeks to make our new e*uipment to find out the elasticity of rubber band.

We used hair dryer, bulb, refrigerator, oven and hot water to find out the

elasticity of rubber. 2ut this way couldn6t give us the accurate result. ven though we didn6t

feel disappointed but try it again and again. 9o that, we asked for more information regarding

the elasticity to physic teacher and physic university students . Than only we found some

idea regarding the measurement e*uipments.

Then only we found some information regarding the experiment. 9o, we start

our experiment. To measure elasticity of rubber, we make a very simple device to measure

elasticity of rubber. 2efore that, we prepare some materials and apparatus for this experiment

such as 5000ml measuring cylinder '@), rubber band '@) all of the same sie and width,

thermometer, /00gram hook steel weight '@), different temperature of water '/0 oc, ?0oc, 0oc,

B0oc and 500oc), electrical cattle '/), permanent marker '/), hook '@), stopwatch, measuring

tape, lab notebook and graph paper.

;inally we able to find the accurate result though the e*uipment we prepared. We not

only find out the elasticity of rubber with temperature also research about how the mass of

the load effect the elasticity of load. We also find out how the temperature of a rubber band

affects the distance it stretches when submersed in water and supporting a constant weight.

We get more information regarding elasticity of rubber band in many sources such as

magaine, internet and reference book. Fur teachers also help us in this experiment. They

teach us the way of writing the log book.

Fur last problem is the presentation in science fair. We feel fear because this is our

first time to present in front of genius Eudges like this. 9o that our teacher always gave us

encourage and teach us the way of presentation. Fur fear also decreases day to day.

4.0 Preparation of experiment

4.1 Problem


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We can"t measure the elasticity of rubber band by our naked eyes. At the same

time we can"t identify the accurate reading base on the elasticity of rubber band. We can"t use

some words such as long and short according to the length of rubber. This kind of result will

be reliability in our experiment device to measure the elasticity of rubber band with accurate

reading.

4.2 Aim

To investigate the relationship between the temperature and elasticity of rubber.

4.3 Hpothesis

We believe that, as the temperature of the water increases, the rubber band will

become more elastic, and therefore it will stretch further. The temperature of the water is the

independent variable, and the length of the band is the dependent variable. &nowing that the

rubber bands are made out of natural rubber, we think that they will stretch further under

warmer temperatures without breaking.

The elasticity of the rubber band is going to increase as the temperature

increases in our experiment. lasticity of the rubber band is defined as the maximum length

the rubber band stretches from its initial length when weight is placed on it. 'Dependent

+ariable) Temperature is defined as the temperature of the water that the rubber band is

submerged in 'ndependent +ariable). The type and sie of rubber band and time of rubber

band submerged in water will be controlled.

!.0 "hec# $ist

@.5 What materials need in this investigation=

We need hot water, stop watch, beaker and thermometer, measuring cylinder, rubberband, hook steel weight, ruler and measuring tape.

@./ What is kept same in this experiment=


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

The volume of water, mass of hook steel weight, sie and width of rubber band, the

metric unit of ruler, and the sie of measuring cylinder is kept same in this

experiment.

@.> What is change in this experiment=

The temperature of water is change in this experiment.

@.? What is observing in this experiment=

The distance stretches when submersed in water and supporting a constant weight

by the rubber band.

@.@ Amount of water, sie and width of rubber band and the mass of hook steel weight

should be same in this experiment to get an accurate result of strength of the tea.

Groblem in these things will be reliability in this experiment.

@. The experiment begins.

@.1 We should do five times for each experiment to find out the fre*uency of the elasticity

of rubber. This kind of result will be reliability in this experiment.

%.0 Apparatus

&u

m

&ame of apparatus Quantit Pictures


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5 3easuring cylinder '5000ml) @

/ Thermometer 5

> 3easuring Tape @

? 9topwatch 5

@ 2eaker /

'.0 (aterial

&u &ame of material Quantit Pictures


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

m

5 Rubber band with same sie

and width

@

/ /00g hooked steel weight @

> !ot water @

? lectric kettle 5

@ !ook @

Germanent marker 5


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

1 #ab notebook 5

B 4raph paper 50

).0 Proce*ures

).1 +xperimental Proce*ure

&u

m

,teps

5 !ung a rubber band on the hook.

/ !ung the hook steel weight on the end of the rubber band.

>

#abel five 5H@ with the masking tape and permanent marker. The five cylinder will hold the

following samples:

-ylinder 5%50oc

-ylinder /% >0oc-ylinder >%@0oc

-ylinder ?%10oc

-ylinder @%C0oc


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

?Fbserve the 5000ml beaker and convert the distance the rubber band could stretch from ml to cm

using measuring tape.

@ 3easure the water temperature with thermometer for 50oc.

;ill the cylinder 5 with 50oc of water.

1 Wait for > minute and observe how far the rubber band has stretched and take note.

B 3easure the water temperature with thermometer for >0oc.

C ;ill the cylinder / with >0oc of water.


55 3easure the water temperature with thermometer for @0oc.

5/ ;ill the cylinder > with @0oc of water.

5> Wait for > minute and observe how far the rubber band has stretched and take note.

5? 3easure the water temperature with thermometer for 10oc.

5@ ;ill the cylinder ? with 10oc of water.


51 3easure the water temperature with thermometer for C0oc.

5B ;ill the cylinder 5 with C0oc of water.5C Wait for > minute and observe how far the rubber band has stretched and take note.

/0 ;inally, plot the data from the five trials and observe how the rubber band"s elasticity changed

with the different temperatures. 2y graphing the results, it is easier to determine if the hypothesis

was correct or not.

).2 Proce*ure to measure the elasticit of rubber

&u

m

,teps

5 2efore pour hot water into the cylinder, calculate the initial stretch of rubber band after hung by

hook steel weight.

/ After > minute observe how far the rubber band has stretched.

> -alculate the length of the rubber band using measuring tape that paste on the cylinder.

?Remember to record all data in your lab notebook.

@ Repeat the step to cylinder /%@.

To get accurate reading we measure the length of rubber band for @ times in each temperature and

find out the average reading.


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

-.0 esult

/ea#er ater temperature +lastic of rubber ban* mm Avarae

result

mm

5sttry /ndtry >rdtry ?th try @th try

5 50o- C@ C C? C C@ C@./

/ >0o- C1 CB CC C1 C1 C1.

> @0o- CC 500 CC CC CB CC

? 10o- 50 50@ 50@ 50 50 50@.

@ C0o- 55B 55C 5/0 55B 551 55B.?

able 1

able 1 sho5s the result of the experiment.

he 5a to fin* out the averae elastic of rubber ban*

5) 2eaker 5 '50o-) H95+96+94+96+95

5=476

5=95.2

/) 2eaker / '>0o-) H97+98+99+97+97

5=

488

5=97.6

>) 2eaker > '@0o-) H99+100+99+99+98

5=495

5=99

?) 2eaker ? '10o-) H106+105+105+106+106

5=528

5=105.6

@) 2eaker @ 'C0o-) H118+119+120+118+117

5=592

5=118.4


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

0

20

0

!0

"0

#00

#20

#0Elasticity Of Rubber Band (mm)

T$%&$'*'$ + -$' D$/'$$ C$1*1

S)'$)34

+,E0(

1)23

R*55$'B(67


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

0

20

0

!0

"0

#00

#20

#0

Avarage Elasticity of Rubber Band

When we immersed the rubber band with load of /5@gram in temperature of water

50 Degree -elsius, the average stretch of elastic rubber is C@./mm. When we immersed the

rubber band with load in temperature of water >0 Degree -elsius, the average stretch of

elastic rubber is C1.mm. The different between 50 Degree -elsius and >0 Degree -elsius is

about /.>mm.

When we immersed the rubber band with load of /5@ gram in temperature of water

@0 Degree -elsius, the average stretch of elastic rubber is CCmm. When we immersed the

rubber band with load in temperature of water 10 Degree -elsius, the average stretch of

elastic rubber is [email protected]. The different between @0 Degree -elsius and 10 Degree -elsius is

about .mm. ;inally, when we immersed the rubber band with load of /5@ gram intemperature of water C0 Degree -elsius, the average stretch of elastic rubber is 55B.?mm.

Different elasticity of rubber band between 50 Degree -elsius and C0 Degree -elsius

is />./mm. 9o that we conclude that when the temperature is increase, the elasticity of rubber

band also increases.

10.0 ,"6+&676" (+HO8,


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

10.1 Observation

The length of rubber band will increase when the temperature of water is increase.

10.2 6nference

Rubber bands are unusual because they are made from loosely%packed chains of atom.

These long molecules behave in a special way because of a property in physics that we

call ntropy. ntropy is a way of measuring the amount of disorder in a system. f all the

chains are neatly lined up in rows, we say that the entropy is high. We even have ways of

calculating actual numbers for the entropy. 2ut all we need to know here is the messier

the system, the higher the entropy.

10.3 9ariables

10.3.1 :ept the same

The volume of water, mass of hook steel weight, sie and width of rubber band, the

metric unit of ruler, and the sie of measuring cylinder is kept same in this

experiment.

10.3.2 manipulate* variables.

The temperature of water is change in this experiment.

10.3.3 espon*in 9ariables.

The length stretches when submersed in water and supporting a constant weight by

the rubber band.

10.4 ren* Of +xperiment50.?.5 ncrease. When the temperature is increase the length of rubber band also

increase.


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0

80

#00

#80

Avarage Elasticity of Rubber Band

10.! elationship

When the temperature of water is increase the elasticity of rubber band also increase.

10.! "onclusion

The reading of rubber band length is based on the temperature of water.

10.% 8iscussion

The hypothesis was supported by our experiment. The heated rubber bands

were the most elastic. The rubber bands in freeing water were the opposite, the results

were consistent, providing a reliable conclusion to the proEect. Thermal expansion caused

the rubber bands to react as they did. When the rubber bands were heated, the particles

stretched out, making them more elastic and able to withstand greater force. When froen,

the particles contracted, adding strength and increasing resistance to force.

Fur results also showed that the effect temperature had on the elasticity of the

rubber bands was amplified under more weight. At lower temperatures the difference

between light and heavy weights was significantly less than the difference between the

same amounts of weight at higher temperatures.

9ome of the sources of error were the initial elasticity of the rubber bands.

After a rubber band was tested at a certain temperature, it could no longer be used.

Therefore, we had to use different rubber bands every time. To reduce this error we made

sure that all of the rubber bands had the same initial stretchI however, there is stillpossible error. Another source of error would be the temperature of the water and rubber

band. t was harder to maintain the same temperature for a period of time. The

temperature could have fluctuated during our experiment, varying out results.

f we were to conduct this research again, we would not control the amount of

weight used to stretch the rubber bands. Jext time, we could make the model so that the

Temperature could be consistent throughout the measurement process. Also, we would

use as much weights as it takes for the rubber band to snap. We might try to use different

types of rubber bands in more temperature values as well.

The applications of this study at first seem obscure. 2ut, when viewed in

broad terms, it opens *uestions to how changes in temperature affect specific materials.


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Although the snap of a rubber band is not usually a cause of worry, the collapse of an

operating bridge is. The experiment also points out the maEor weakness of a rubber band:

increased entropy with increased temperature.

Rubber is made of polymers 'long chain molecules). When the elastic band is

not stretched, these molecules are all tangled up with each other and have no particular

direction to them, but when you stretch the elastic they all become lined up with one another,

at least to some extent. The polymer molecules themselves are not stretched, they"re Eust

aligned differently. To a first approximation there"s no difference in the energyof these two

different ways of arranging the polymers, but there"s a big difference in the entropy. This Eust

means that there"s a lot more different ways that the polymers can be arranged in a tangled up

way than an aligned way. 9o when you release the elastic band, all the polymers are Eiggling

around at random due to thermal motion, and they tend to lose their alignment, so they go

back towards the tangled state, and that"s what makes the elastic contract. This is called

anentropic force.

Jow, said earlier that there isn"t any difference in energy between thestretched 'aligned) and un%stretched 'tangled) states. 2ut it takes energy to stretch the elastic

%% you"re doing work to pull the ends apart, against the entropic force that"s trying to pull them

back together. That energy doesn"t go into stretching the individual polymer molecules, but it

has to go somewhere,so it ends up as heat. 9ome of this heat will stay in the elastic 'making

the polymer molecules Eiggle around a bit faster) but some will be transferred to the

surrounding air, or to your skin.

The reverse happens when you let the elastic contract. The molecules are Eiggling around at

random and becoming more and more tangled, which makes them contract. 2ut to contract
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_force


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

they have to do work on whatever"s holding the ends of the elastic apart. That energy has to

come from somewhere, so it comes from heat.

At first this might seem to run against thermodynamics % normally you can"t

Eust cool something down without heating something else up. 2ut remember that the state

with the tangled molecules has higher entropy than when they"re aligned. 9o you"re taking

heat out of the air, which reduces its entropy, but this reduction in entropy is countered by the

increase in entropy of the elastic itself, so the second law is safe.

11.0 ,A7+; P+"A We use water proof glove when handling the experiment.

55.5.? 2e careful when handling electrical appliances.

55.5.@ !aving a specific skill to make the bar chart and table.

55.5. Fn the science fair when pupils use hot water make sure teachers with

them.


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

11.0 7


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

m

5 !ung a rubber band on the hook.

/ !ung the hook different steel weight on the end of the rubber band.

>

#abel five 5H@ with the masking tape and permanent marker. The five cylinder will hold

the following samples:

-ylinder 5%0 gram

-ylinder /% C0 gram

-ylinder >%5/0 gram

-ylinder ?%5@0 gram

?Fbserve the 500ml beaker with C00- and convert the distance the rubber band could

stretch from ml to cm using measuring tape.

@ 3easure the water temperature with thermometer for C0oc.

;ill all measuring cylinders with C0oc of water.

1 Wait for > minute and observe how far the rubber band has stretched and take note.B ;inally, plot the data from the five trials and observe how the rubber band"s elasticity

changed with the different temperatures. 2y graphing the results, it is easier to determine

if the hypothesis was correct or not.

11.% esult

"lin*er (ass of loa* +lastic of rubber ban* mm Avarae

result

mm

5sttry /ndtry >rdtry ?th try @th try

5 0 gram C C1 C C1 C@ C./

/ C0 gram C1 C CB C1 C1 C1

> 5/0 gram CC CB CC CB CC CB.?

? 5@0 gram 500 505 CC 500 505 500./

able 1

able 1 sho5s the result of the experiment.

he 5a to fin* out the averae elastic of rubber ban*

5) 2eaker 5 '0 gram) H96+97+96+97+95

5=481

5=96.2

/) 2eaker / 'C0 gram) H97+96+98+97+97

5=485

5=97

>) 2eaker > '5/0 gram) H99+98+99+98+98

5=492

5=98.4


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

?) 2eaker ? '5@0 gram) H100+101+99+100+101

5=501

5=100.2

!0 /'% 90 /'% #20 /'% #80 /'%92

93

9

98

9!

97

9"

99

#00

#0#

#02Elastic Of Rubber Band (Mm)


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

!0 /'(% 90 /'(% #20 /'(% #80 /'(%

9

98

9!

97

9"

99

#00

#0#

Avarage Elasticity of Rubber Band According To The Load

11.' 8iscussion

Rubber has some strange elastic properties. t is a polymer that means that the

rubber molecules are made of long chains of atoms. When a rubber band is unscratched

'relaxed state) the molecule chains are all twisted up ';igure 5'a)). As the rubber is

stretched they begin to untangle themselves as shown in ;igure 5'b).

;inally they are all lined up ';igure 5'c)). At this point the rubber changes its

appearance the surface looks rougher and whiter. At the start it was *uite easy to stretch

the rubber band but now it becomes much more difficult to stretch. This is because up to

this point you have simply been untangling the long chain molecules but when the

molecules are straight they cannot be untangled anymore and what you are now doing is

trying to actually stretch the molecules themselves.


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

Kou may notice that when a rubber band is stretched it gets slightly warmer.

Kou can test this by taking a rubber band, holding a short length of it, stretching it

*uickly and then holding it against your lips H it feels warmer. Kou may notice that when

a rubber band is stretched it gets slightly warmer. Kou can test this by taking a rubber

band, holding a short length of it, stretching it *uickly and then holding it against your

lips H it feels warmer. When the rubber band is stretched its molecules get straightened.

This means a decrease in volume. This causes its temperature to increase Eust

like an ideal gas, which heats up when it is compressed. f you then let it cool down

while stretched and release it, it will get colder than room temperature. This is because its

volume has increased, so the temperature drops Eust like an ideal gas. As the rubber is

stretched the bonds between adEacent chains are broken. These bonds are relatively weak

compared with the bonds along each chain molecule.f you stretch a rubber band and record the extension against load and

carefully take the load off again still recording the extension you can plot a graph like

that shown in ;igure /.

To work out the energy of each section you have to find the area under the

line. This is best done by drawing the graph on a piece of graph paper and then counting

the s*uares. Kou can observe another very odd effect. 9tretching a rubber band makes it

get hot H heat energy is lost. Therefore if you put heat energy into a rubber band it will get

shorter H unlike most materials when they are heated. f you play s*uash you may have

wondered why the ball becomes much more bouncy after hitting it around for a while.

This is because it heats up, the air inside the ball also heats up, its pressure increases and it

becomes harder 'like a well blown up tyre) and so will bounce better.


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12.0 6&&O9A6O&

Jowadays kids are often going out to play if think of safety. 9o that, Fur first

valuable innovation is making bow and arrow game using rubber band. &ids can play this

at home with their siblings. The things that we needed are ice cream stick, rubber band,

gum, cutter and thread. t is very easy to make and won6t harm the kids. &ids can do it by

their own self at home. t6s very easy and cheap. This type of game will increase balance

of kids. The steps are shown in table 5.

&umber ,tep

5 -ut the ice cream stick in Lv6 shape. The inner part must be ?cm.

/ Take another ice cream stick and paste the Lv6 shape sticks on it.> Gaste another stick on it and make sure it is strong.

? nsert the ice cream stick in between and tie used rubber band.

@ Repeat step ? in another side.

se thread to tie both end of the ice cream stick.

1 Jow you can play bow and arrow.

Table 5

This is our first innovation


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

Fur second valuable innovation is 2uild a car that goes really fast and really

far 'at least four feet, that is).Fh, by the way, our main power source is a rubber band, and

your car can only have two wheels. The material that we use is / compact discs, @.@ inches

s*uare of corrugated cardboard, / faucet washers, poster putty, rubber bands of different

lengths and widths and ruler.

&umber ,teps

5 N+4 4$ 5+. T*'6 4$ '5+' 1+ 4, 1 +* 4+ :, 4$

+''*/+61 '*6 '/4 6 $ (.$., 6+ +'-' 6 5;). C* '+11 4$

+''*/+61 6 %;$ 2$ />$6 4$ '*55$' 56 &+$6 (1+'$)

$6$'/. 4$6 *6-61, 4$ ?$ 1&61 6 41 &+$6 $6$'/ 1

'61+'%$ 6+ ;6$ (%++6) $6$'/. T4$ %+'$ +* -6 4$ '*55$' 56,

4$ %+'$ $6$'/ 6 /+ + +*' '=1 -4$$16 4$ '4$' 6 1$' +*'

' /+$1.

1 Y+*=>$ *1 5* &'++&$, -44 1 6 $' >$'1+6 + &'+*. '++&$1

4$& $6/6$$'1 *6$'16 &'+*=1 1'$6/41 6 -$;6$11$1 6 4+-

%/4 5$ %&'+>$.

Diagram / -ar

Fur third valuable innovation is rubber band powered foam plate airplane. The things

that we needed is > foam plates, a piece of thin cardboard, > bendy straw, ? non bendy


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

straw, a ruler, tape, a scissor, a push pin, 5 rubber band, a model plane propeller and /

paper clip. The steps are shown below.

&umber ,teps

5

-ut the foam as shown.

/

-ut the cardboard as shown.

>

;ollow as shown in this picture.?

;ix the straw as shown in the picture.

@

;ix the plane as shown above.

1!.0 /6/$6O=APH;


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HIGHLANDS, 39007

Ref.

Number

Reference Title Referenc

e

Type

Basic

Information

Date

Published

Evaluation

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The headmaster and teachers of the 9M& 'T) #adang 2lue+alley school would like to express

our appreciation for the contributions made by the science panel group, the pupils of Kear ?

and Kear @, parents and all the teachers, in making this compilation of 9cience ;air proEect

module.

Fur special thanks also to the proEect advisor, for her continuous guidance and support. 3any

contributes are team effort. Thank you to all.

ach and every effort in this 9cience ;air has been made to give a lifelong experience to the

pupils as they deal with the investigation *uestions through hands%on experiments. !elping

them develop and demonstrate their interests and strengths in 9cience.

report book 2015.docx

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