report - nutrient deficiency
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
1/81
Inorganic Nutrition of Plants
MEJIA, MINA, PASCUAL
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
2/81
INTRODUCTION
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
3/81
The Soil
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
4/81
Cation Exchange & Uptake
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
5/81
Essential Nutrients
Life cycle
Biological role(structural, physiological,biochemical, osmoregulatory)
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
6/81
Essential Nutrients
Macronutrients (9) Micronutrients (8)
Required quantity 0.1 to 45%( >10 mmole kg-1 dry
weight)
1x10-3 to 1x10-2 %(< 10 mmole kg-1 dry
weight)
Roles Structural Co-factors Activators
Nutrients N, C, O, H, P, S, K,Mg, Ca
Cl, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu,Ni, Mo
Mobile (8) Immobile (5)
Symptoms first seenin
Older parts Younger parts
Nutrients N, K, Mg, P, Cl, Na,
Zn, Mo
Ca, S, Fe, B, Cu
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
7/81
When does a mineral become deficient?
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
8/81
Mineral Deficiencies
Deficiency in mineral = specific symptom
o Morphological
o Anatomical
o Physiological
o
Biochemical
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
9/81
Common Morphological Symptoms
Chlorosis
Yellowing
Degradation of chlorophyll
Necrosis
Tissue death
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
10/81
Stunted growth
Common Morphological Symptoms
Biomass accumulation
(Hermans et al., 2006)
Shoot-to-root ratio
Modifications to shoot
metabolism or carbohydratetranslocation
Increase in areas responsiblefor accumulation
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
11/81
Nutritional Studies
Hydroponics
Nutrient solution
(Hoaglands solution) Individual nutrients removed
Effect on growth and development
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
12/81
Nutritional Studies
Aeroponics
Nutrient film
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
13/81
Objectives and Limitations
Determine specific morphological aberrations permineral deficiency
Compared against control grown in Hoaglandssolution
Limitations:
Only 6 of the 17 essential minerals No foliar application
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
14/81
METHODOLOGY
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
15/81
METHODOLOGY
Mung beans (Vigna radiata)
(+) easy accesibility
(+) low maintenance in growth
Surface sterilization with bleach
(+) to avoid possible contamination from the outercovering of the seeds
(+) removal of inviable seeds
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
16/81
METHODOLOGY
Hydroponic culture or solution
(+) to lessen complexity of soil
(+) more controlled environment
Nutrient or Hoagland solution
(+) appropriate concentrations to avoid toxicity or stress
due to salinity
(+) highest concentrations for sustainability, lessreplenishment
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
17/81
METHODOLOGY
Measure pH level
(+) consistency of different solutions
(+) to avoid changes in concentrations
Aeration
(+) to ensure supply of oxygen formaximum growth
Oxygen aerobic respiration
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
18/81
MAGNESIUM
DEFICIENCYMgSO47H2O NH4Cl
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
19/81
Magnesium
Macronutrient
Mobile
Biochemically: Group 3
Assimilated and restored as Mg2+
Reservoir: soils
Depletion: acidic, sandy soils
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
20/81
Roles of Magnesium
Phosphotransferase co-factor(photosynthesis, respiration, nucleic acid synthesis,ATP synthesis)
Enzyme activator(PEP & ribulose bisphosphatecarboxylase)
Stabilization of ribosome structure
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
21/81
Roles of Magnesium
Central component of chlorophyll
Porphyrin ring
Site of electron transfers
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
22/81
Symptoms of Magnesium Deficiency
Intervenal chlorosis
Yellow to white
Necrosis
Premature leaf abscission
Older shoots
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
23/81
Failure of sucrose-loading
Mg-ATP: substrate for H+ pump
Biomass accumulated in leaves Lowered carbohydrate translocation to roots
Modified root metabolism
Downregulation of Cab2-encoding genes Chlorophyll a/b binding protein
Delayed chlorophyll reduction
Reduced photosynthesis
Symptoms of Magnesium Deficiency
f
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
24/81
Magnesium DeficiencyData
0
5
10
15
20
25
Root A Root B Shoot A Shoot B Leaf LengthA
Leaf LengthB
Leaf WidthA
Leaf WidthB
A
veragedMeasurements(cm
)
Plant Part
Magnesium Deficient
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
25/81
SULFUR DEFICIENCYMgSO47H2OMgCl2
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
26/81
Sulfur
Macronutrient
Immobile
Biochemically: Group 1
Organic moleculecomponent
Reservoir: soils & atmosphere Decomposition
Fossil fuels
Natural phenomena (volcanic eruptions,
geysers, sulfur springs, acid rain)
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
27/81
Sulfur Assimilation
SO42- Cysteine
Cysteine
Glutathione
MethionineVacuole S-pools
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
28/81
Roles of Sulfur
Disulfide bonds
Protein tertiary structure
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
29/81
Symptoms of Sulfur Deficiency
Reduced protein synthesis
Reduced chlorophyll-protein
complexes
Chlorosis of young leaves
Reduction in photosynthesis
Reduction inribulosebiosphosphate(respiration)
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
30/81
Production of:
non-sulfur or low-sulfur compounds(-gliadi)
High molecular weight subunits of glutenin
Symptoms of Sulfur Deficiency
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
31/81
Roles of Sulfur
Component of:
Coenzyme A(respiration & fatty acid metabolism)
Pyrophosphate (PPi)
Ferrodoxin (electron transport)
Secondary metabolites(glucosinolates, thiocyanates,
isothiocyanates)
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
32/81
N:S ratio increases
High nitrogen: no release of S from vacuoles
Young shoots: unable to support growth with proteinstores
Growth inhibited
Symptoms of Sulfur Deficiency
N S
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
33/81
Adaptations to Sulfur Deficiency
Depression in root hydraulicconductivity
Signal to aerial regions
Stomatal closure
Reduce CO2 assimilation
reduce S requirement
S lf D fi i D t
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
34/81
Sulfur Deficiency Data
0
5
10
15
20
25
Root A Root B Shoot A Shoot B LeafLength A
LeafLength B
Leaf WidthA
Leaf WidthB
AveragedMeasurements(cm
)
Plant Part
Sulfur Deficient
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
35/81
Phosphorus DeficiencyNH4H2PO4NH4Cl
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
36/81
Phosphorus
Macronutrient
Mobile
Group 2 -- energy storage and structural integrity
Availability may vary depending on soil pH
Acidic (< 6.8) most readily absorbed
Neutral (6.8 -7.2) less readily absorbed
Basic (> 7.2) unavailable
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
37/81
Role of Phosphorus
Nucleotides DNA, RNA
Sugar phosphates photosynthesisand respiration
Phospholipids (membranes) structural integrity
S t f
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
38/81
Symptoms ofPhosphorus Deficiency
Rapid leaf senescence
Death of old leaves
Due to mobility
Presence of P exported to youngLack of P old parts affected first
S t f
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
39/81
Symptoms ofPhosphorus Deficiency
Stunted growth
Production of slender, shorter stems
Lack of sugar phosphates
Decrease in ATP and NADPH
Inefficient photosynthesis, respiration(oxidative phosphorylation)
S t f
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
40/81
Symptoms ofPhosphorus Deficiency
Stunted growth
Production of slender, shorter stems
Lack of sugar phosphates
Decrease in ATP and NADPH
Inefficient photosynthesis, respiration(oxidative phosphorylation)
S t f
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
41/81
Symptoms ofPhosphorus Deficiency
Dark green coloration of malformed leaves
Necrotic spots
Lack of P for phospholipid membranes
Increase in content of chlorophyll per leaf area
w/o photosynthetic capability
Reduced rate of cell and leaf expansion, but samerate of chlorophyll formation
S mptoms of
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
42/81
Symptoms ofPhosphorus Deficiency
Excess production of anthocyanin pigments
Stress response for photoprotection
to safeguard cells against strong light
Symptoms of
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
43/81
Symptoms ofPhosphorus Deficiency
Increase root branching,
Decrease shoot growth
Stress response to search for P
with highly branched root system, more
root hairs, more lateral roots, butdecreased primary root length
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
44/81
P- deficient
Slender stem
Dark green malformed leaves
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
45/81
NH4H2PO4NH4Cl
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Root A Root B Shoot A Shoot B Leaf LengthA
Leaf Length BLeaf Width A Leaf Width B
Averaged
Measurements(c
m)
Plant Part
Phosphorous Deficient
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
46/81
Calcium DeficiencyCa(NO3)2NaNO3
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
47/81
Calcium
Macronutrient
Immobile
Group 3 remain in ionic form
low or acidic pH abundance as a basic cation
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
48/81
Role of Calcium
Crosslinked in peptic chain ofmiddle lamella of cell wall
Polymerization of
microtubules in mitosis
Membrane attracted to thenegatively charged phosphategroups
Secondary messenger thatinteract with calmodulin
Symptoms of
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
49/81
Symptoms ofCalcium Deficiency
Stunted growth or premature death
middle lamella of cell wall
Phospholipid layers of membrane
Secondary messenger
Symptoms of
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
50/81
Symptoms ofCalcium Deficiency
cell wall loosenfor to extend for
growth
Auxin inducesacidification
apoplast route
replace ofcalcium ions
naturally
breakcompartmen-
talization
leakage ofrespiratory
substrates fromvacuole
malfunction ofrespiratory
enzymes in thecytoplasm
Stunted growth or premature death
Crosslinked in peptic chain of middle lamella of cell wall
Symptoms of
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
51/81
Symptoms ofCalcium Deficiency
Stunted growth or premature death
attracted to (-) phosphate groups of membranelipids
insufficiency cause constraints in membranespermeability to hydrophilic solutes
Cause stress due to salinity
Symptoms of
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
52/81
Symptoms ofCalcium Deficiency
Stunted growth or premature death
secondary messenger that interact withcalmodulin
balance of ions, expression of genes, metabolism of
carbohydrates and even mitosis
Accelerated by stimuli from the environment
Indirect changes = affect biological process
Symptoms of
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
53/81
Symptoms ofCalcium Deficiency
Deformation of young leaves
hooked downward
Immobility = symptoms in young plant tissues
Accumulate in leaves disrupt xylem transport
distributed only at a certain distance
Symptoms of
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
54/81
Symptoms ofCalcium Deficiency
No leaf expansion
Polymerization of microtubules in the process ofmitotic
Inefficient mitotic process abnormal celldivision
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
55/81
Ca- deficient
Deformation of young leaves
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
56/81
Ca(NO3)2NaNO3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Root A Root B Shoot A Shoot B Leaf Length A Leaf Length B Leaf Width A Leaf Width B
Avera
gedMeasuremen
ts(cm)
Plant Part
Calcium Deficient
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
57/81
NITROGEN DEFICIENCYKNO3 KCl
NH4H2PO4NaH2PO4Ca(NO3)2 CaCl2
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
58/81
Nitrogen
Macronutrient
Mobile
Group 1: Organic Molecule Component
Atmosphere (Acid Rain), Fertilizers, Organic matter
Easily taken up as nitrogenous compounds (NH4and NO3-) by plants
Deficiency due to nutrient robbing and leachingout
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
59/81
AmmonificationNitrification Dentrification
(Organic matterNH4NO2- NO3
- NON2)
Symbiotic Nitrogen
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
60/81
Symbiotic NitrogenFixation
Symbiosis withbacteria for built inNitrogen source
Occurs in legumefamily
Bacteria involved is
Rhizobium; differentstrains = differentspecies
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
61/81
Roles of Nitrogen
Considered as themineral most requiredin greatest amounts
For protein, amino acid,nucleic acid synthesis
Component of
chlorophyll
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
62/81
Symptoms and Effects of
Nitrogen Deficiency on
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
63/81
Growth
Chlorosis- leaves may become tan and fall-off (leafsenescence)
Provoked by lipid peroxidation and pigment loss
Growth inhibition
Less biomass production
Decrease in dry weight
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
64/81
Photosynthesis
Low photosynthetic rate
Reduced Rubisco activity
Change in source-sink balance
Disrupt chloroplast structure when carbohydrateaccumulation is high; thus, less CO2 uptake
Carbohydrate
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
65/81
CarbohydrateAccumulation
Increase in carbohydrate storage
Carbon assimilates provide skeleton for amino acid
synthesis
Excess of soluble carbohydrates unable to be used inamino acid synthesis accumulate in plant parts
May cause woody stems
Damping-out of Circadian
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
66/81
Damping out of CircadianRhythm in stem diameter
Immediately after deficiency, Kanai et al. (2008) sawan increase in stem diameter in tomato plants
Increase in sugar assimilates, increases water flux,maintaining turgor
Suspected to have high phloem turgor to increasestem diameter
Relieved when roots depressed water potential andhigh sugar concentration cannot be held for too long
d h h l
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
67/81
Oxidative Phosphorylation
During N-deficiency-induced senescence
Rise in reactive oxygen species leading to oxidativestress
Superoxide ion
Hydrogen peroxide
Prevented by cytokinins
Overexpression of genes
l
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
68/81
Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Root A Root B Shoot A Shoot B Leaf LengthA
Leaf LengthB
Leaf Width A Leaf Width B
Measurements(cm)
Plant Part
Nitrogen Deficient CaCl2 Substitute
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
R l
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
69/81
Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Root A Root B Shoot A Shoot B Leaf LengthA
Leaf Length B Leaf Width A Leaf Width B
Measurements(cm)
Plant Part
Nitrogen Deficient NaH2PO4Substitute
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
R l
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
70/81
Results
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Root A Root B Shoot A Shoot B Leaf Length A Leaf Length B Leaf Width A Leaf Width B
AveragedMeasurements(cm)
Plant Part
Nitrogen Deficient KCl Substitute
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
71/81
POTASSIUM
DEFICIENCYKNO3 NaNO3
P i
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
72/81
Potassium
Macronutrient
Mobile
Group 3: Retained in IonicForm K+
Naturally occurs in soil
Deficiency attributed toleaching out
R l f P i
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
73/81
Roles of Potassium
Regulates water potential
Used in ion-gate channels for transport
Enzyme activator in processes such as glycolysis,carbohydrate and protein synthesis
Involved in protein, amino acid, nucleic acid
synthesis
Symptoms and Effects of
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
74/81
Symptoms and Effects ofDeficiency
Chlorosis- marginal
Necrosis- at leaf tips, margins then to bases
Roots more susceptible to root-rotting fungi
Inhibit root growth, especially lateral root
Due to negative photosynthetic rate andphotosynthane transportation
When spread, may lead to lodging
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
75/81
Decreased photosynthesis
Decreased CO2 uptake
Decreased leaf expansion and transport of carbonassimilates
Evident after stem expansion was down-regulated
Due to impaired root water uptake and leaftranspiration rates
Kanai et al. (2010) tested effect of N deficiency inrelation to aquaporin and K-channel inhibition
R lt
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
76/81
Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Root A Root B Shoot A Shoot B Leaf LengthA
Leaf LengthB
Leaf WidthA
Leaf WidthB
M
easurements(cm)
Plant Part
Potassium Deficient
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
77/81
CONCLUSION and
RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
78/81
CONCLUSION
Essential nutrients are required for growth anddevelopment found in the environment andcannot be synthesized by an organism.
Deficiency of an essential nutrient leads tolapses in morphological, physiological orbiochemical process.
The experiment was partially successfulquantitatively, but victorious qualitatively.
P ibl f
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
79/81
Possible sources of error
Human error
Inconsistent measurements
Solution preparation
Limitation of set up
Environmental factors
RECOMMENDATION
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
80/81
RECOMMENDATION
More appropriate environment must be providedfor the seedlings such that constant source of lightand protection from external factors like predation
are available Consistent measurement of pH level
Mechanical aeration
Application of other techniques such as aeroponicsand nutrient film growth may further confirm thequantitative and qualitative symptoms that aresupposed to be observed
-
7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency
81/81
Inorganic Nutrition of Plants
MEJIA, MINA, PASCUAL