Report of the Committee on

General Storage

Christopher T. Lummus, Chair Insurance Services Office, Inc., TX [I]

Michael T. Kroman, Secreta~ Fireman's Fund Insurance Co., CA [1]

Kerry M. Bell, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., IL [RT] Ralph E. Collins, .R.E. Collins Assoc., MA [SE] Robert B. Combs, J&H Marsh & McLeunan, WA [I] Robert C. Everson, C~'dabasb, NC [SE] Jammee: G. Gallup, RolfJensen & Assoc., Inc., IL [SE]

Golinveaux, Central Sprinkler Cgrp., PA [M] Rep. Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn.

Thomas Goonan, Tom Goonan Assoc., VA [SE] Richard Greenberg, Carteret Fire Dept., NJ [E] Richard S. Johnson, Hilton Head, SC [U]

Rep. Owens-Illinois Robert Malanga, Union Camp Corp., NJ [U] Rodney A. McPhee, Canadian Wood Council, Canada [M] ~ nnifer L. Nelson, AT&T - EH&S, NJ [U]

ichael T. Newman, Johnson &Johnson , NJ [U] Rep. NFPA Industrial Fire Protection Section

Gerald W. O'Roui'ke, O'Rourke & Co., CA [SE] Albert W. Reed, Reed Fire Protection gngr, TX [SE] Todd E. Schumann, Industrial Risk Insurers, IL [1] erry Shiner, Keepsafe Systems, Inc., Canada [SE] eter A. Smith, Int'l Paper Co., TN [U]

Robert D. Spaulding, Factory Mutual Research, MA [I] Jack Thacker, Allan Automatic Sprinkler Corp. of Southern

C~alifornia, CA [IM] Rep. Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn.

William P. Thomas, Jr., Kemper Nat'l Insurance Cos., IL [I] Terry L Victor, Tyco Int'l Ltd, MD [IM] John F. Viola, HFP Sprinkler Inc., MA [IM]

Rep. American Fire Sprinkler Assn., Inc. Susan J. Weigand, Victory Fire Protection, Inc., PA [IM]

Rep. Pmlerican Fire Sprinkler Assn., Inc.

Alternates

Donald "Don" D. Becker, Midland Automatic Sprinkler Co., Inc., MO [IM] (Alt. to J. F. Viola)

William M. Care),, Underwriters Laboratories hlc., IL [RT] (Alt. to K. M. Bell)

Stephen A. Clark, Jr., Fireman's Fund Insurance Co., NC [I] (Air. to M. T. Kroman)

J. Grayson Gilbert, Industrial Risk Insurers, GA [I] (Alt. to T. E. Schumann)

Salvatore Gitto, J&H Marsh & McLennan, NY [I] (AIt. to P~ B. Combs)

Joseph B. Hankins, Jr., Factory Mutual Research Corp., MA [I] (AIt. to R. D. Spaulding)

Stephen R. Hoover, Kemper Nat'l Insurance Companies, IL [I] (AIt. to W P Thomas)

Roland J. Huggins, American Fire Sprinkler Assn., Inc., TX [IM] (Alt. to S.J. Weigand)

Richard E. Hughey, ISO Commercial Risk Services, NJ [I] (/kit. to C. T. Lummus)

Kenneth E. lsman, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn., IVY [IM] (Alt to J. Thacker)

Steven G. Krone, Scltirmer Engr Corp., "IX [SE] (Voting Ah. to SEC Rep.)

Donald C Moeller, RolfJensen & Assoc., Inc., CA [SE] (AIt. to J. G. Gallup)

Peter Thomas, The Viking Corp., MI [M] (Alt. to J. Golinveaux)

Nonvoting

Martin M. Rrown, Laguna Hills, CA Sultan M. Javeri, AXA Global Risks, France

Staf Liaison: Milosh T. Puchovsky

Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primar); responsibility for documents on safeguarding general warehousing and commodities stored indoors or outdoors against fire. This committee does not cover storage specifically covered by other NFPA standards.

This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the text of this edition. Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the front of this book.

The Report of the Technical Committee on General Storage is presented for adoption in 5 parts.

Part I of this Report was prepared by the Technical Committee on General Storage, and proposes for adoption a withdrawal to NFPA 46-1996, Recommended Safe Practice for Storage of Forest Products. NFPA 46-1996 is published in Volume 10 of the 1998 National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form.

Part I of this Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on General Storage, which consists of 27 voting members. Tile results of the' balloting, after circulation of any negative votes, can be found in the report.

Part II of this Report was prepared by the Technical Committee on General Storage, and proposes for adoption NFPA 230, Standard Procedures for Cleaning Or Safeguarding Small Tanks and Containers Without Entry, which consists of a compilation and redesignation of the nonsprinlder related portions of NFPA 231, NFPA 231C, NFPA 231E, NFPA 231F, and-NFPA 46.

Part II of this Report has been submitted to letter ballot of tile Technical Committee on General Storage, which consists of 27 voting members. The results of the balloting, after circulation of any negative votes, can be found ill the report.

Part Il l of this Report was prepared by the Technical Committee on General Storage, and proposes for adoption a withdrawal to NFPA 231-1998, Standard for General Storage. NFPA 231-1998 is published in Volume 5 of the 1998 National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form.

Part IIl of this Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on General Storage, which consists of 27 voting members. The results of the b'alloting, after circulation of any negative votes, can be found in the report.

Part IV of this Report was prepared by the Technical Committee on General Storage, and proposes for adoption a withdrawal to NFPA 231E-1996, Recommended Practice for the Storage of Baled Cotton. NFPA 231E-1996 is published in Volume 10 of the 1998 National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form.

Part IV of tltis Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on General Storage, which consists of 27 voting members. The results of the balloting, after circulation of any negative votes, can be found in the report.

Part V of this Report was prepared by the Technical Committee on General Storage, mad proposes for adoption a withdrawal to NFPA 23117-1996, Standard for the Storage of Roll Paper. NFPA 231F-1996 is publisbed in Volume 6 of the 1998 National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form.

Part V of dais Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on General Storage, which consists of 27 voting members. The results of the balloting, after circulation of any negative votes, can be found in the report.

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N F P A 4 6 / 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

PART I

• (Log #CP1) ' 46- 1 - (Entire Document ) : Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Commi t t ee on General Storage R E C O M M E N D A T I O N : Tile Technical Commi t t ee on General Storage proposes the withdrawal of NFPA 46, R e c o m m e n d e d Safe Practice for Storage of Forest Products. S U B S T A N T I A T I O N : This Commi t t ee Proposal is p r o m p t e d by a Standards Council directive. At their July 1997 meet ing, die Standards Council approved an initiative to centralize all r equ i r emen t s per ta in ing to die design and. instal la t ion of sprinkler systems. The directive calls for the relocation of those port ions of NFPA 24, NFPA 231, and NFPA 231(; per ta in ing to spr inkler systems and fire mains into NFPA 13, and for the withdraw,'d of these documen t s . Those por t ions of NFPA 231 and NFPA 231C riot per ta in ing to sprinkler systems are to be addressed by die Technical Commi t tee on General Storage and redes lgnated as NFPA 230, S tandard for the Fire Protection of Storage. While the directive does no t specifically include NFPA 46, the Technical Commi t t ee on General Storage believes that it should as it is consis tent with the overall initiative.

Since NFPA 46 conta ins no informat ion on sprinkler systems, the Technical Commi t t ee on General Storage is r e c o m m e n d i n g that this d o c u m e n t be incorpora ted into NFPA 230, Standard on the Fire Protection for Storage. See the repor t on NFPA 230 in the Annua l 1999 Repor t on Proposals. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 27 VOTE ON C O M M I T T E E ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 23 NEGATIVE: 1 N O T RETURNED: 3 0 ' R o u r k e , Shiner , T h o m a s

EXPLANATION OF NEGATIVE: MALANGA: The cur ren t version of NFPA 230 flint is p roposed

for adopt ion has not been adequate ly reviewed nor revised by the commi t tee in order to e l iminate conflicts that have occurred via the consol idat ion of NFPA 46, NFPA 231, NFPA 231C, NFPA 231D, NFPA 231E, and NFPA 231F, and the extraction of sprinkler provisions dlere f rom into NFPA 13. Because of tltis, the individual s tandards shou ld no t be widldrawn until the p roposed NFPA 230 d o c u m e n t can s tand on it's own without conflict.

P A R T II

(Log #CPI) 230- 1 - (Entire Document ) : Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Commi t t ee on General Storage RECOMMENDATION: Redesignate those por t ions of NFPA 46, NFPA 231, NFPA 231C, NFPA 231E, and NFPA 231F no t per ta in ing to sprinkler systems m NFPA 230, S tandard for the Fire Protection of Storage ,as indicated. Also, copy tbose por t ions of NFPA 231D not per ta in ing to sprinkler systems into NFPA 230 using NFPA's Extract Policy. S U B S T A N T I A T I O N : This proposal is p r o m p t e d by a Standards Council directive. At thelr July 1997 meet ing, tile Standards Council approved an initiative to centralize all r equ i rements per ta in ing to tile des ign and ins ta l la t ion of au tomat ic sprinkler systems into NFPA 13. The new project calls for the relocation of those por t ions of NFPA 24, NFPA 231, and NFPA 231C per ta in ing to spr inkler systems and fire mains into NFPA 13. Additionally, the project calls for the review of all NFPA s tandards conta in ing sprinkler system requ i rements to de te rmine how they can best be centralized.

The Standards Council also directed that non-spr inkler system por t ions of NFPA 231 and NFPA 231C be addressed by tile Technical Commi t t ee on General Storage. T h e Teclmlcal Commi t t ee on General Storage proposes that d/ose port ions of NFPA 231 a~nd NFPA 231C no t per ta in ing to sprinkler systems be redesignated as NFPA 230, S tandard for tile Fire Protection of Storage.

In addi t ion to incorpora t ing non-spr inkler system related informat ion from NFPA 231 and NFPA 231C, this proposal also r e c o m m e n d s tha t tllose non-spr inkler system related port ions of NFPA 46. NFPA 231E, and NFPA 231F also be redes ignated as part of NFPA 230. While NFPA 46, NFPA 231E, and NFPA 231F where not specifically addressed by tile Standards Council directive, the commit tee believes that they should be and has made a reques t to the Standards Council asking dlat fllose port ions of NFPA 231E and NFPA 231F address ing spr inkler systems be ass igned to tile Sprinkler Project. NFPA 46 contains no sprinkler system informat ion. Additionally, the commit tee has r e c o m m e n d e d that NFPA 46, NFPA 231E, and NFPA 231F be withdrawn. See the repor t for NFPA 46, NFPA 231E, and NFPA 231F in f i le /Mmual 1999 Report on Proposals.

This proposal also r e c o m m e n d s tha t die non-spr inkler system related por t ions of NFPA 231D, S tandard for the Storage of Rubber Tires, be copied into NFPA 230 us ing NFPA's extract policy. This act ion provides consis tency with what is being proposed for the o ther storage documen t .

Tile in format ion f rom NFPA 46, NFPA 231, NFPA 231C, NFPA 231[), and NFPA 231E, and NFPA 231F dlat is being redesignated as NFPA 230 or being copied into NFPA 230 is identified in parendlesis following the new section number . Informat ion f rom NFPA 46 and NFPA 231E is be ing moved to tile append ix of NFPA 230 because NFPA 46 and NFPA 231E are r e c o m m e n d e d practices providing advisory informat ion only. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 27 VOTE ON C O M M I T T E E ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 21 NEGATIVE: 1 ABSTENTION: 1 NOT RETURNED: 4 Everson, O 'Rourke , Shiner , T h o m a s

EXPLANATION OF NEGATIVE: MALANGA: Tile cu r r en t version of NFPA 230 tha t is p roposed

for adopt ion has not been adequately reviewed nor revised by the commi t tee in order to e l iminate conflicts that have occurred via tile consol idat ion of NFPA 46, NFPA 231, NFPA 231C, NFPA 231D, NFPA 231E, and NFPA 231F, a n d tile extraction o f sprinkler provisions there f rom into NFPA 13. Because of rills, the individu,'d s tandards should not be withdrawn until d ie proposed NFPA 230 d o c u m e n t can s tand on it's own widlout conflict. C O M M E N T ON AFFIRMATIVE:

SMITH: Fire testing and fire exper ience demons t ra te s that tile probability of control l ing a fire in a s torage facility tha t falls widlin the cu r ren t scope of NFPA 230 without au tomat ic sprinkler protect ion is very low.

Accordingly, if tile stated purpose of tltis s tandard is to provide a reasonable degree of protect ion based on sound eng inee r ing principles, test da ta and field exper ience, tile scope of tills s tandard should provide a c leaner and more consis tent approach regard ing protection. Currently, the general ,and roll paper chapters of the s tandard exclude unspr ink le red bui ldings by scope whereas the rack s torage chapter is s i lent on rills issue. EXPLANATION OF ABSTENTION:

COLLINS: I am a new m e m b e r on this connni t tee (NFPA 230/NFPA 231) and missed my f i~ t mee t ing as I was on business travel in South ,Mnerica.

6 0 4

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

N F P A 2 3 0

Standard for the Fire Protection of Storage

1999 Edition

NOq~ICE: An asterisk (*) following dee num ber or letter- designating a paragraph indicates explanatory material on that paragraph in Appendix A.

A dagger (10 following the num ber or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Appendix (2.

Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 7 and Appendix D.

Chapter 1 In t roduct ion

1-1 Scope.

1-1.1 This standard shall apply to tile indoor and outdoor storage of materials represent ing the broad range of combustibles, including plastics, forest products, rubber tires, baled cotton and roll paper. Storage configurations include pelletized, solid-piled, in bin boxes, on shelves, or on racks.

1-1.2 This standard shall not apply to dee following:

(a) Storage of commodities daat, wid~ d~eir packaging and storage aids, would be classified ,as noncombust ible .

(b) Unpackaged bulk materials such as grain, coal, or similar commodit ies .

equ ipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services and whose listing states either that the equipment, material, or service meets identified standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose.

Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement .

Should. Indic~ttes a recommendat ion or that which is advised but not required.

Standard. A document, the main text of wltich contains only mandatory provisions using the word "shall" to indicate requirements, which is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions shall be located in an Appendix, foomote, or fine-print note and are not to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard.

1-4.2 (231-1-3) General Storage Definitions. Unless expressly stated elsewhere, for tbe purpose of this standard, the terms in this section shall be defined ,as follows:

Available Height for Storage.* The maximum height at wlfich commodities c:m be stored above the floor and still maintain adequate clearance from structural members and the required clearance below sprinklers.

Bin B o x S t o ~ . , . Storage in five-sided wood, metal, or cardboard b o ~ - ' ~ . . : . o p e n face on dee aisles flint are self- suppor t ing ..~..:'~pporied by a structure so des gned dtat ttle or no horizontal..:.~Y'~ti.cal space exists a round boxes.

::.:-:.:. ..:.:.:.:~-:~

Cei.l~:;ii~Jeigfi'~%i!i~|~e distance between the floor and the un~ . . .~ !k~- 'd~e c e r ~ : ~ v e (or root" deck) within tile storage a .r.gA" ... "~'i-:iU" ....:!'!i..;.. ""i~!::. .--'i- :~:"

.::.-'.".:::::::'i::::i::~a~$.e. Tlie ~s tance from die top of storage to die ceiling sp ~ " d'6~l ectors. Exception: Wood-chips and saw dust are addressed in Appendix E.

• ' . . . . . . Co'~ ~:~:ii: m.¢,med * The ri id separation of tile roducts in a (c) Inside or ontslde storage of commodmes covered by other.--: . . . . ~ I - . : . . . . , " . ~ g . . . P . . . . . . . . . . . " contalner'~''ctw~cters that torm a startle uni t under fire concanons NFPA standards, except where specifically ment ioned herein (e.g.~:iiii!ii~::#!iiii~::: . . . . . . ::....:~ ' •

pyroxylin plastics) Storage of high-hazard materials such as ~::~.,. "":'::-':~i~::v,... " ~ e r "shl " ast . . . . * - . , , . " . . ~ . . _ _ . ~:: : : : ' : : : ~ ~ p p m g , m e r , o r o u t e r c o n t a l n e r j . A

n a m m a m e nqmcts is outs oe tl'*e scope ot uus s tanoara ~torage ot "::, :i:::rece~-~:l s, o u ' I ,, ¢ • -~l a " ,a . . . . :-:-...:--::- ~..,... ,e ~r nz eflo ~ l l , )r reasol-J o , ma~erl~ uesl~n ,q.hu sucb commodmes shall be protected n accordance with .~j~:::-. ::i-&-: ~: .. . "~ , . - , - . . . . . . . ' "~, ' • . . . . . .::::::-,:.:.:.-::::::.. '-$.-" construcuon, to De sn ippe t saTely wlmout tnr tner packaging. provtmons of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combust*ble Ltqui¢~"C~;i: ",~', NFPA 30B, Code for the Manufacture and Storage o f A ~ o l P r o ~ t s : '~"-:#:" Miscellaneous Storage. Storage daat does not exceed 12 ft (3.7 NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage and Handling o f . . . ~ . e N~.~ii--i::.:." "(i-::.:-iiii::"m) in height and is inodenta l to another occupancy use group ,as Motion Picture Film.: NFPA 5.8, Liquefied Petroleum Ghs~.~FPK%i::i::ii:;.?.:iii: defined in NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Svstems. ~3~, 3"tanctardJor the t"rotectwn of Records: NFPA..::~$:O..:~.,Code~::#.e .... Such storage shall not constitute more tban 10 percent of the- ,Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers; and N .~...-~.":'~'~fle fo~!i't~::. ,...-.!i:. building area or 4000 ft ~ (372 m ~ ) of d~e sprinklered area, Storage of Ammonium Nitrate. ..::#!i . . . . . "%!i!iii!~.':. " ~ ' % ? : : whichever is greater. Such storage shall not exceed 1000 ft ~ (03 m a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~:.-"~~'~:-:. _ ~ , ::U:~i: -.:.":::.~ in one nile or area and each such nile or area shall be senarated 1-~ [Z~IIP-I"q[) r 'urpose, l n e purpose ~q:-~'~8::x~tanoaro lS::..g9 prov~ae ~ .~ , , . ¢.. - r

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t rom omer store e areas r~ at east vb It (7 6 m) a reasonable degree of protection based u ~ : . s o u n d e /~ineer ing "g " " Y . . . . .

~ n ~ l ~ / e ~ s tiestt'e~d~de~ aonrdesfiteld t expe t 7 3 C e o l ~ e ' ~ r ~ : t e "- tbaN~ncomtbgS]ltbl~urCOml~i~delr~ateS,Pa.~lCkn~l~i~eg~Or:tol~leg e baiea~ted

arrangements, provided d~at the level of protect i~!~ ' rescr ibed by to 'a temperature of 1380°F ~749°C x for 5 minutes the standard is not lowered. .#::" • V' ~ ~/ - •

1-3 (2311:-1-3) Retroactlvity Clause. The provisions of this document shall be considered necessary to provide a reasonable level of protection from loss of life and property from fire. They reflect situations and the state of the art at tlae time the standard was issued.

Unless otherwise noted, it is not intended that the provisions of this document be applied to facilities, equipment , structures, or installations that were existing or approved for construction or installation prior to the effective date of tiffs document.

Exception: In those cases where it is determined t~'t the authorit~ having jurisdiction that the existing situation involves a distinct hazard to life or property° this standard shall apply.

1 - 4 D e f i n i t i o n s .

1-4.1 (1.'~1-4.1) NFPA Definitions.

Approved.* Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.

Authority Having Jurisdiction.* Tile organization, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment , an installation, or a procednre.

Listed.* Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an organization acceptable to the authority having

jurisdiction and concerned with evahlation of products or services that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed

Packaging. A commodity wrapping, cushioning, or container.

Palletized Storage. Storage of commodities On pallets or otller storage aids tllat form horizontal spaces between tiers of storage.

Roof Height. The distance between the floor and tile underside of the roof deck within tl~e storage ,area.

Shelf Storage. Storage on structures less than 30 in. (76.2 cm) deep with shelves usually 2 ft (0.6 m) apart vertically and separated by approximately 30-in. (76.2-cm) aisles.

1-4.3 (46-2.1) Forest Products Storage Definitions.

Alleyway. An accessible clear space between storage piles or groups of piles suitable for housekeeping operations, visual " inspection of piling areas, and initial fire-fighting operations.

Chips. Wood chips of ~trious species used in tile manufacture of pulp. These chips are usually /4 in. (6.4 mm) to 1 l/4 in. (31.8 mm) in size, with nodfing finer than what is retainable on a l/4-in. (6.4-mm) screen; however, blower and conveyor systems may create some fine dust particles after screening.

Clear Space. Aaly area free of combustible materials. This does not preclude tile storage of noncombust ible materials that will not transmit an exposure fire.

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N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

(:old Deck. A single ranked pile of logs with individual logs of regular or irregular length usually 20 ft (6.1 m) to 50 ft (15.2 m) long, but greater than 8 ft (2.4 m) in length.

Cordwood. Logs 8 ft (2.4 m) or less in length customarily in tended for pulpwood or fuel uses.

(:unit. 100ft 3 (2.8 m s) of solid wood or 100 ft s (2.8 m s) of drips or hogged material.

Fire Lane. A clear space suitable for fire-fighting operations by motorized fire apparatus.

Hogged Material. Mill waste consisting mainly of bogged bark but may include a mixture of bark, chips, dust, or o ther by- product from trees. This also includes material designated "hogged fuel."

Lumber. Boards, d imension lumber, t imber, plywood, and other similar wood products.

Ranked Log Piles. Piles of logs evenly arranged by conveyor, crane, or other iYleans.

Stacked Log Piles. Piles of logs where logs are generally conveyed to the center of a pile, present ing a cone shaped appearance.)

Yard Storage. The outdoor areas where commodit ies are stored outside buildings,

1-4.4 (23IC-1-3) Rack Storage Definitions.

Aisle Width. The horizontal dimension between the face of the loads in racks under consideration. [,See Figure l-3(a),]

Plan view

Figure l-3(a) |llustra~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .: ............ , .-::ii::" "":::::::::.::i:i::.. ======================

Bulkhead. A reertical barrier across ~'.~"rack. "-:"-:'i~iii:. ii~i! i~i ....

Cartoned. A method of storage co~'sis'/~%~i#f c o r r u ~ e d cardboard or paperboard containers fully e ~ n g the:":" co mm odity. "::ii~..%::...::i¢::"

Commodity . The combinat ions of products,..i~"cking material, and container upon which commodity classificaffon is based.

Conventional Pallets. A material-handling aid designed to suppor t a unit load widl openings to provide access for material- handl ing devices. [See Figure l-3(b).]

Conventional pallet

Solid flat bottom wood pallet

Figure l-3(b) Typical pallets.

Rack. Any . .~"~inat ion of vertic~-d, horizontal, and diagonal members tba~:..-..g~l@'~s stored materials. Some rack structures use solid sbelve,~i-~kcks shall be permit ted to be fixed, portable, or movable .[:~e ~ e . . s A-4-1(a ) through (k ) ] . Loading shall be permitte~ii.~ be ~ manual - - using lift trucks, stacker cranes, or b~ii~J~.emen~:: :~- .or ~utomadc - - using maclfine controlled s t g . ~ e a]]~l "retrieval":~¢~s.

.... !!#::iOoub~ow Racks. ~ u b l e - r o w racks are two single-row racks • *'::]~[~.:~.d ~.~. . to-back having a combined width up to 12 ft (3.7 m)

wit ' l :~ ' tes ,a~'least 3.5 ft ( l . l m) on each side. . . . / . . . . . . . ,

M ~ ~ k s . Mo~d)le racks are racks on f ixed rails or gnides. . They c a ~ ! ~ j ~ o v e d back and forth only in a horizontal, two- l~.m.ensio.~] plane. A moving aisle is created ,as abutt ing racks are .~ii~|~i:¢.~ded or unloaded, then moved across the aisle to abut ~%tbe~ii~cks.

~ultiple-Row Racks. Multiple-row racks are racks greater than 12 :.'::',~ (3.7 m) wide or single- or double-row racks separated by aisles U[ess than 3.5 ft (1.1 m) wide having an overall width greater than 12

ft (3.7 m ) . Portable Racks. Portable racks are racks that are not fixed in

place. They can be arranged in any number of configurations. Single-Row Racks. Single-row racks are racks that have no

longitudinal flue space and that have a width up to 6 ft (1.8 m) with aisles at least 3.5 ft (1.1 m) from other storage.

Solid Shelving. Solid shelving is solid, slatted, and other types of shelving located within racks that obstruct sprinkler water penetrat ion down through the racks.

I-4.5 (231D-1-2) Rubber Tire Storage Definitions.

Horizontal Channel . Any unin ter rupted space in excess of 5 ft (1.5 m) in length between horizontal layers of stored tires. Such channels may be formed by pallets, shelving, racks, or o ther storage arrangements .

Laced Storage. '~ Tires stored where the sides of the tires overlap, creating a woven or laced appearance. [,See Figure l-3(g).]

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N F P A 230 ~ A99 R O P

Miscellaneous Tire Storage. ~ The storage of rubber tires that is incidental to the re:fin use of the building in an area not exceeding 2000ft ~ (186 m~). (.See Section 3-3.)

On-side Storage. = Tires s tored horizontally or flat.

On-tread Storage. ~ Tires s tored vertically or on their treads. \

Pyramid Storage. ~ On-floor storage in which tires are fo rmed into a pyramid to provide pile stability.

Rubber Tires. ~ Pneumat ic tires for passenger automobi les , aircraft, light and beavy trucks, trailers, tarm equipment , constrnct ion equ ipmen t (off-tile-road), and buses.

Stora[~e Aids. = Commodity storage devices such as shelves, pallets, dunnage , separators, and skids.

1-4.6 (231E-1-3) Baled Cotton Storage Definitions.

Baled Cotton.* A natural seed fiber wrapped and secured in industry-accepted materials, usually consisting of burlap, woven polypropylene or sheet polyethylene, and secured with steel, synthetic or wire b:mds, or wire; can also include linters (lint removed f rom the c o t t o n s e e d ) a n d motes (residual materials from the g inning process). (See Table A-I-4.6.)

Chapter 2 (231-Chapter 2) Classification of Storage

2-1 G e n e r a l .

2-1.1 Commodi ty classification shall be de te rmined based on tile makeup of individual storage units in accordane wid] Chapter 2 of NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.

2-1.2 Changes in the commodities, packaging, or storage medaods shall require ,an evaluation of die existing sprinkler protection where installed. Sprinkler protect ion shall be in accordance wid~ NFPA 13 for the changed commodity, packaging, or storage m ed] od.

Chapter 3 General Storage

3-1 (231-1-1) Scope.

3-1.1 (231-1-1.3) This chapter shall not apply to the following:

(a) Unspr inklered buildings.

(b) Storage of commodit ies dmt, wid~ d~eir packaging and storage aids, would be classified as noncombust ib le .

Baled Cotton Yard. As to r age un.it consisting of multiple (c) U n p a ~ : . b u l k materials such as grain, coal, or similar storage DIOCKS sunJect tO Dine and clear space nmltatlons• commodities':::':: ":":"

Block. (231E-B-2) A bas!c yard storage unit comprising (d) | ~ ] d ~ i i ~ u t s i d e storage of commodit ies covered by o ther mult, p,e row storage wire clear spaces on.au sloes. NFPA ~ r d s , " : : ~ e p t where specifically men t ioned ilereln (e.g.,

~ l n e l e q . . . . T t . . . . . . . . h o t ~ c h . l e ~ C i n ¢ ~ l . . . . . I z o c t i n c.l-d~al p y r o # ~ - : ~ t i c s ) ."::"-:.~...".~..r..a.ge of lfigh-hazard materials s u c h a s tires, , . "~s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rol~.::paper'stored on ~ . " a n d f lammable hqmds ts outside the I o r m a n d e n c l o s e d n y a i s l e s o r n u u c n n g s l o e s o r D O t l l ( g ~ l ~ - . ~ - T J ~::'~" . ~ , l ' e l . a n d r r l _ : ~ : : ~ r e I m n r l ; t I I t Ix ' " . . . .~. .~pe t~.::~lAns o~.~a,~-::"o~orage o , such c o m , . . ~ d e s s n a . oe

Desitmated Yard L'~31E-5-2] An area marked bv boundary lines ~:;;i:~te.ct~::::k9 accordarice widl tile provisions of NFPA 30, Flammable intende°d for outsi~l'e'storage pu rpose s only ' " . " an~ii~'~is:~'ble Liquids Code: NFPA 30B, Cod*for the Manufacture

• . and " ~ e of aerosol Products: NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage and Cold Cotton. Baled cotton five or more days old ,after the :~!~!i!::::.:... HandlF~"~....:~lulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film; NFPA 58, Liquefied

ginning process. "ii::~i~ii.'...i::~.:,Petroleum"~'J Cod*; NFPA 232, Standard for the Protection of Records; ':i/:'.-: ""'::::i:~i~.~....A. 43~/~:" Code for the Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers; and

Fire-packed. A bale witltin which a fire has been packed as a ~. : : ~ 0 Code/or the Storage of Ammonium Nitrate . . . . • ::::. ..:::: . ..':.: ~ -, ~ ~ ~/ • result of a process, wtd] gannmg bemg die most f r e q u e n t . ~ e . ":./:"~:-::: 2..'.".""

...-.:4.::'::"::ii~!~!~i~:~ :!~i- ('~) Storage on racks. Flameover. A fire that spreads rapidly over d~e e . . . ~ e d t ~ y ~i~:: . . . .

surface of dae bales. In dae cot ton industry, rile co~..O..~ terr~.'ii~.$.. . . . . ::. !~i~-~1.2 (231-1-1.2) Outdoor Storage o f a Broad Range of "flasbover" and has dae same meaning. . "::":"'~'::~ii~.. x:.:ii:'i:"":'?:~i~:'-;~::.....:!iii--'~::: Combust ib les . SeeAppend ix C.

Flashover. See Flameover . . . . . .:.:.:.:.: ...... ~';:~i~::.. ":<::::=" 3-2 (231-Chapter 3) Building Construct ion. ...q:':::'-:::::..':i:~:~':.::?.:... "%-j~.~::.. ..-. Group o f Yards. (231E-5-2) Multiple .~..'~:~l's witi~"i~:.~im:~iiif U 3-2.1 (231-3-1) Construction.

block ,and min imum clear space limim..~':.~.: ":'%i:.-::!~ <'~::"

Naked Bale. A bale secured wida ~re""~i~.t..eel strap~i~aitl~ont 3-2.1.1" (231-3-I.1) Buildings used for storage of materials d~at are s tored and protected in accordance with dtis s tandard shall be wrapping. .... iiiii~iii~!:: ...... .~."-::

Quarant ine Yard. (231E-g-2) A segregated , ~ " ~ : ~ fl, e storage of known or suspect fire-packed bales. ..-..:

Row. (231E-~2) A min imum yard storage uni t comprised of adjoining bales.

Tiered Storage. An a r rangement in wlfich bales are s tored directly on tile floor or ground, usually on dunnage where stored outdoors, and two or more bales high.

1-4.7 (231F-1-4) Roll Paper Storage Def'mitions

Banded Storage. Rolls provided witb a circumferential steel strap [ s / , in. (9.5 ram) or wider] at each end of die roll•

Co lumn. A single vertical stack of rolls•

Core. The central tube a round which paper is wound to form a roll•

Horizontal Paper Storage. Rolls stored witll dae cores in die horizontal plane (on-side storage)•

Paper (general term). The term for all kinds of felted sheets made from natural fibrous materials, usually vegetable but somet imes mineral or animal, and formed on a fine wire screen f rom water suspension•

Vertical Paper Storage. Rolls s tored with the cores in the vertical plane (on-end storage).

Wrapped Paper Storage. Rolls provided widl a complete heavy kraft covering a round both sides and ends.

of any of the types described in NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction.

3-2.1.2 (231-3-1.2) Adequate a/zcess shall be provided to all port ions of the premises for fire-fighting purposes.

~-2.2" (231-3-2) Emergency Smoke and Heat Venting. Protection 0udined in this s tandard shall apply to buildings with or without rbof vents and draft curtains.

eption: Where local codes require heat and smoke vents in buildings ected ~ EarO Supperession l"~st Response (ESFR) sprinklers, the ts shall be manuall~ operated or have an operating mechanism with a

standard response fusible element rated no less than 286°F (141°C). Diop out vents, shall not be permitted.

3-$ (231-Chapter 4) Storage Arrangement .

3-3.1 (231-4-1) Pil ing Procedures and Precautions.

3-3.1.1 (231-4-1.1) Any commodit ies that are hazardous in combinat ion widl each o ther shall be s tored so tlley cannot come into contact with each other•

3-3.1.2" (231-4-1.2) Safe floor loads shall no t be exceeded. For water-absorbent commodit ies , normal f loor loads shall be reduced to take into account fl~e added weight of water that can be absorbed dur ing fire-fightlng operations.

$-3.2 (231-4-2) Commodi ty Clearance.

607

N F P A 2 3 0 1 A 9 9 R O P

3-3.2.1 (231-4-2.1) The clearance between top of storage and sprinkler deflectors shall conform to NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler S~istems, except as modif ied by riffs standard.

3-3.2.2* (~31-4-2.2) If the commodity is stored above the lower cbord of roof trusses, at least 1 ft (30.5 cm) of clear space shall be maintained to permit wetting of the truss unless d~e truss is protected with l -hou r fireproofing.

3-3.2.3 (231-4-2.3) Storage clearance from ducts shall be maintained in accordance with NFPA 91, .Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conv~ing of Materials, Section 2-18.

3-3.2.4 (231-4-2.4) The clearance between stored materials and unit beaters, radiant space heaters, duct furnaces, and flues shall not be less than 3 ft (0.9 m) in all directions or shall be in accordance with the clearances shown on the approval agency label.

3-3.2.5* (2314.2.5) Clearance shall be maintained to lights or light fixtures to prevent possible ignition.

3-3.2.6 (231-4-2.6) Sufficient clearance shall be maintained around the path of fire door travel to ensure proper operation and inspect ion.

3-3.3 (231-4-3) Aisles.

3-3.3.1 (231-4-3.1) Wall aisles shall be at least 24 in. (61 cm) wide in warehouses used for Ore storage of commodit ies dlat expand with the absorption of water.

3-3.3.2* (2314-3.2) Aisles shall be maintained to retard the transfer of fire from one pile to another and to permit convenient access for fire fighting; salvage, and removal of storage.

3-3.4* (231-4-4) Storage of ldle Pallets.

3-3.4.1 (231-4-4.1) Wood Pallets.

3-3.4.1.1" (23144.1.1) Pallets shall be stored outside or in a de tached structure.

Exception: Indoor pallet storage shall be permitted in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler S"~stems .............

- ..::~!i:i:iiiiii~iiiii::..

3-4.4.4 (231-5-2.4) Detectors for high-exp,'msion foam systems shall be listed and shall be installed at no more than one-half listed spacing.

3-4.4.5 (231-5-2.5) Detection systems, concentrate pumps, generators, and other system componen t s essential to the operation of dte system shall have an approved standby power s o u r c e .

3-4.5 (231-5-3) Manual Inside Protection.

3-4.5.1 (231-5-3.2) Portable Fire Extinguishers. Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in accordance widl NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. Up to one-half of the required complement of portable fire extinguishers for Class A fires shall be permit ted to be omitted in storage areas where fixed small hose lines [ l l / z in. (38 mm)] are available to reach all portions of the storage area.

3-4.5.2 (231-5-4) Hydrants . At locations without public hydrants, or where hydrants are not within 250 ft (76.2 m), private hydrants shall be installed in accordance widl NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire ,Service Mains and Their Appurtenances.

3-4.6 (231-5-5) Fire Organization.

3-4.6.1 (231-5-5.1~:i::..Arrangements shall be made to permit rapid entry into dte ~ ' ~ s by the municipal fire depar tment , police deparunent,.#"~::.odler':':~.udmrized personnel in case of fire or other e me rge n c....y..?:.::i!?"'::i!::::ii!iiii?:::i i ....

3-4.6.2 .:(.$~'~5-5.~::::i!i::ii~lant emergency organizations, where p r o ~ i : ~ l l be ~ : ~ c . . t ~ t and trained in the following pr:. .o..~edu r ~ : .... ~i::i:J .... ..:::::" -::::, :.-:::-"

.... #::i::::i::i::i~) i!'.~..~intenance':iof the security of the premises

(~-~::::i::;i:..Means of summoning outside ,aid immediately it, an ......... e me rg~:. . . : :~: . .......:.,:,.., "-::::::::::::.:.:

":i::iii!!i'i::ii::iiii~!~i: i ..... (c) l.!~:"of hand extinguishers and hose lines on small f i r~ "i.:ik ""'::::~i::~..l#(Jp operations

"%.:.:i .... ~-~" Operat ion of the sprinkler system and water supply ":~L e q m p m e n t

3-3.4.2 (231-4-4.2) Plastic Pallets . . . . . ..:.:.:¢ . . . . . . . . iiiiii:: ':::-.-..-.:::- jiii::iiiiii . . . . . . ii:::::.:.:.:::::..,. .... ":!i.. iiiiii ::::ii:: (e) Use of material-handling equipment while sprinklers are

3-3.4.2.1 (231-4-4.2.1) Plastic pallets shall be store'S| o'i]~kl~i!~:(':']:~i~ii::.:....:::i:::':':" operating to effect final ext inguishment detached structure. ":::::::: "-:::i:i:i:i:i:i::" ....................... ======================= - ........ Exception: Indoor plastic pallet storage shall .b...~'i~:~i~:./n a c ~ . . n . . ~ with NFPA 13, ~'tandard. for the lnstallatio~.'~]::.:::.. S]brink/~;~iii"':".!~!tems. '::-;i-;..::::.. ....

"¢-3.5* (231-4-5) Flammable and C o m l ~ s ~ . ~ . Liquids.:!i[:i::iiDnly .... lintited quantities of f lammable and c o m l ~ b l e liqui~i!shall be pernli t ted in general storage warehouses. An~!~£h sto£"6:ge shall be segregated from other stored combustible mat~i~:.;;f~#::"..:.:.:

3-4 (NFPA 231-Chapter 5) Fire Protection - - Ge~.~al.

3-4.1 (231-5-1.1) Sprinkler systems installed in buildings used for solid pile, bin box, shelf, or palledzed storage shall be in accordance widl NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of ,Sprinkler Systems.

Exception: Where modified Io this standard.

3-4.2 (231-5-1.3) Where palletlzed or solid pile storage is placed on top of racks, the provisions of Chapter 4 shall apply to the entire height of storage with regard to sprinkler requirements and water supplies for ceiling and rack sprinklers.

3-4.3 (231-5-1.4) In warehouses with areas containing rack storage and other are:Ls containing palletized, solid pile, bin box, or sheff storage, the standard applicable to the storage configuration shall apply.

3-4.4 (231-5-2) High-Expansion Foam.

3-4.4.1 (231-5-2.1) High-expansion foant systents installed in addit ion to automatic sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 1 IA, ,Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Systems.

Exception: Where modified b 3 this standard.

3-4.4.2 (231-5-2.2) High-expansion foam used to protect the idle pallets shall have a maximum fill time of 4 minutes.

:~,-4.4.3 (231-5-2.3) High-expansion foam systems shall be a u t o m a t i c i l l o p e r a t i o n .

(f) Supervision of sprinkler valves after systent is turned off so that system can be reactivated if rekindling occurs

(g) Need for breathing apparattis

(h) Proper operation of emerg'ency smoke and heat venting systems where these have been provided

3-4.6.3 (231-5-5.3) A fire watch shall be m:dntained when die sprinkler system is not in service.

3-4.7 (231-5-6) Alarm Service. A central station, auxiliary, remote station, or proprietary sprinkler waterflow alarm shall be provided. A local waterflow alarm shall be permit ted where recorded guard service is provided.

3-5 (231-Chapter 10) Building Equipment, Maintenance, and Operat ions

3-5.1" (231-10-1,231-10-1.I) Mechanical Handling Equipment - - Industrial Trucks. Power-operated industrial trucks shall comply with NFPA 505, Fire Safety Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks Including Type Desigvuttions, Areas of Use, Conversions, Maintenance, and Operation.

3-5.2 (231-10-2, 231-10-2.1) Building Service Equipment. Electrical equ ipment shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code e.

3-5.3 (231-10-3) Cutting and Welding Operations.

3-5.3.1" (231-10-3.1) Where welding or cutting opera t ionsa re necessary, tile requirements of NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes, shall apply. Where possible, work shall be removed to a safe area.

3-5.3.2 (231-10-3.2) Welding, soldering, brazing, and cutting shall be permit ted to be per formed on building components that cannot be removed, provided no storage is located below and

6 0 8

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

widlin 25 ft (7.6 m) of die working area and f lameproof tarpaulins enclose dfis area. During any of these operations, die sprinkler system shall be inservice. Extinguishers suitable for Class A fires with a min imum radng of 2A and charged and a t tended inside hose lines, wbere provided, shall be located in the working area. A fire watch shall be mainta ined dur ing these operat ions and for not less tban 30 minutes following complet ion of open-flame operat ion.

3-5.4 (231-10-4) Waste Disposal. Rubbish, trasb, and otller waste material shall be disposed of at regaflar intervals.

3-5.5 (231-10-5) Smoking. Smoking shall be stricdy prohibi ted. "No Smoking" signs shall be posted in prohibi ted areas. Exception: Smoking shall be permitted in locations prominently designated as smoking areas.

3-5.6 (231-10-6) Maintenance and Inspection.

3-5.6.1 (231-10-6.1) Fire walls, fire doors, and f o o r s shall be mainta ined in good repair at ,all times.

3-5.6.2 (231-10-6.2) The sprinkler system and dm water supplies shall be inspected, tested, and mainta ined in accordance wid~ NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection S3stems.

3-5.7 (231-10-7) Refrigerat ion Systems. Refrigeration systems, if used, sball conform to ASHRAE 15, Safe~ Code for Mechanical Refrigeration.

4-3 (231C-Chapter 4) Storage Arrangement .

4-3.1" (231C-4-1) Rack Structure. Rack configurations shall be of a generally accepted ar rangement .

4-3.2* (231C-4-2) Rack Loading. Racks shall no t be loaded beyond their design capacity.

4-3.3* (231C-4-4) Aisle Widths.

4-3.3,1 (231C-4-4.1) Aisle Widdas and dep th of racks are de t e rmined by material-handling medlods . Tile width of ,aisles shall be considered in tl~e design of d~e protect ion system. (See Chapters 5 through 7.)

4-3.3.2 (231C-4-4.2) This s tandard contemplates aisle widdls mainta ined either by fixed rack structures or control in placing of portable racks. Any decrease in aisle widd~ shall require a review of file adequacy of the protective system.

4-3.3,3"I" (231C-4-5) Storage Heights. The distance from the top of storage to the ceiling sprinkler deflectors shall be not less titan 18 in. (0.46 m). Exception: Where large-drop or ESFR sprinkler protection is used, the distance from the top of storage to the ceiling sprinkler deflectors shall be not less than 36 in. (0. 91 m).

4-3.3.4 (231C-4-6.~::.~. IC-4-6.1) Commodi ty Clearances. Commodi ty cl.~'i~i~e~5 shall be mainta ined in accordance with NFPA 91, S ~ : r d forExhaus t ,Systems for Air Conv~_ ing of Materials.

Chapter4 Rack Storage 4-3.3.5::..,~i!~i~::flncandescent Light Fixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 3 . . . ~ : ~ i = : ~ t . ~ - 4 - 7 ) ' = = ~ • o f Idle Pallets.

- I [Z:~ll~-L, nap te r 1 ) l n t r o t l u c t l o n . ..::i::" ":':" ":::~.:~-:.ff" .4~. !'~,6..~:..(231C4:7.1) .~.~$~[le wood or plastic pallets s tored on the

4-1.It (231C,1-1) Application and Scope. Tiffs chapter shall . . .-:~/; sh~-:.be p r o t e c t ~ in accordance widl NFPA 231, Standard for apply to storage of materials represent ing tile broad range of ..... " G~a..k:~3:~age. commodit ies s tored in racks. "::!~:::~:'... .

4-3.3,~i~-~..(~31C-4-7.2) Idle wood or plasuc pallets shall not be Exception: Miscellaneous storage shall be permitted to be tJrotected in ::!: ........ s tored " ~ i ~ accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installatio,i o/S#rinkler :::::::::::::::::::::::: . . . . "?~:i:" " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~.,~t..,,,¢ - - - % ".,:.'.::..:::~.:::.:~....c~tton.~. O. 1: Idle wooacm pallets shaU be permitted to be stored m ~- . . . . . . . . . . :i::::i: " ' : : : ~ ; - ~ i ~ prolecled in accordance with the appropriate provisions of 4-1.1.1 (231C-1-I.I) Storage on plastic shelves is outside die .scope :i::::::i: :.#~::'N'r'~ii'~), $tandardfor the Installation of Sprinkler ,~stems. of dus cbapter . ..::~#ii"::i-iiiiili.:::!~: ::::ii: Exc@tion No. 2: Idle plastic pallets shall be permitted to be stored in 4-1.1.2 (231C-1-1.2) Storage of lfigh-bazard materials:-~~'ch as":~es "%.:.:::lacks whenprolected in accordance with the appropriate provisions of roll paper s tored on end, and f lammable liqukls i . s : . : . ' ~ e t t~::~ ..... %, .#:::"NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation o f sprinkler SO. stems. scope of dtis standard. Storage of such commoditi'~s s~ : : . .~" .......... ii::ii::iiiii~:i# " " . . . . . . C, "

e ~ t i r e l ' r o t e c n o n e n e r a l protect d in accordance widl die provisions o ( . . . ~ A $0:~'i::::~.mmab~:-::::::" - - " • and Combustible Liquids Code; NFPA 40, S t a n ~ ' ~ i ~ t ~ , Stoi~!~n&:. Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture...'~'lm; N~i~".~., L i ~ ' d 4-4 1 (231C~fi-2) Ceiling Sprinklers Petroleum Gas C, od~" NFPA 232, Standard.~::the Protec.t,~ii~,f ~ ' d s ; " " - " and Nal~b[A e 490, Code for the Storage of/lgn~m Nitrale,ii~ 4-4.1.1" (231C-5-2.1) Where automatic sprinkler systems are • v v • "-:s:::::-'.--.,,:.:.:.:.:.:, ::....:...:-:-" installed, tlley shall be in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for

4-1.1.3 (231C-1-1.3) Bin storage and sheff sto~--~?:~r..e..#~tside tile the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.

.... Exception: Where modified by. this standard. scope of this standard.

4-2 (231C-Chapter 3) Building Construction.

4-2.1 (231C-3-1) Construction. Buildings used for the rack storage of materials that are protected in accordance witll this s tandard shall be of any of the types described in NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction.

4-2.2 (231C-3-2) Fire Protection of Steel.

4-2.2.1 t (231C-3-2.1) With sprinkler systems installed in accord, 'mce with Section 7-4 of NFPA 13, fire protect ion of roof steel shall not be required.

4-2.2.2t (231C-3-2.2) Where ceiling sprinklers and sprinklers in racks are installed in accordance widl Section 7-4 of NFPA 13, fire protect ion of steel building columns sh,'dl not be required.

4-2.2.3"t- (231C-3-2.3) For spr inklered buildings with rack storage over 15 ft he ight and ceiling sprinklers only are installed, structural steel componen t s shall have a min imum 1-hour fire resistance rating.

Excepiion: Where the sprinkler installation meets the requirements of NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation o f Fire Sprinkler ,~stems. 7-6.8 Fire Protection of Steel Columns Within Storage Racks.

4-2.3t (231C-3-3) Vents and Draft Curtain.s. Sprinkler protection criteria is based on the assumption that roof vents and draft curtains are not being used.

4-4.2t (231C-5-7) Duration of Water Supplies. For single- and double-row racks the water supply durat ion shall be at least 1 1/2 hours for Class I, II, and II commodit ies and at least 2 hours for Class IV and Group A plastic commodit ies . For multiple-row racks, tim water supply durat ion shall be at least 2 hours for all classifications of commodit ies .

Exception: For Class IV commodities stored 12 f t or less in height, the water supply duration shaU be permitted to be 1 1 / 2 hours.

4-4.3 (231C-5-8) High-Expansion Foam.

4-4.3.1" (231C-5-8.1) Where high-expansion foam systems are installed, they shall be in accordance widi NFPA 11A, Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Systems, and they shall be automatic in operat ion. Exception: Where modified I~ this standard.

4-4.3.2 (231C-5-8.2) Where higb-expansion foam systems are used in combinat ion with ceiling sprinklers, in-rack sprinklers shall not be required.

4-4.3.3 (231C-5-8.3) Detectors for High-Expansion Foam Systems. Detectors shall be listed and shall be installed in one of the following configu rations:

(a) At the ceiling onl)~ where installed at one-half listed linear spacing (e.g., 15 ft x 15 ft rather allan at 30 ft x 30 It)

6 0 9

N F P A 2 3 0 - - A 9 9 R O P

Exception to (a): Ceiling detectors alone shall not be used where rod f/ceiling clearance from the top of storage exceeds 10 f l or the height of storage exceeds 25 ft.

(b) At the ceiling at listed spacing and in racks at alternate levels

(c) Where listed for rack storage installation and installed in accordance with ceiling detector listing to provide response wiflfin 1 minute ,after ignition using an ignition source equivalent to that used in a rack storage testing program

4-4.4 (231C-5-8.4) High Expansion Foam Submergence.

4-4.4.1 (231C-5-8.4.1) The following requirements shall apply to storage of Class I, II, III, and IV commodities up to and including 25 ft in height.

(a) (231C-5-8.4.1.1) Where high-expansion foam systems are used without sprinklers, the maximum submergence time shall be 5 minutes for Class I, If, or III commodities and 4 minutes for Class IV commodities.

(b) (231C-5-8.4.1.2) Where high-expansion foam systems are used in combination with ceiling sprinklers, d~e maximum submergence time shall be 7 minutes for Class I, I1, or I11 commodities and 5 minutes for (:;lass IV commodities.

4-4.4.2 (231C-5-8.4.2) The following requirements shall apply to storage of Class I, II, IIl, ,and IV commodities over 25 ft in height,

(a) (231C-5-8A.2.1) Where high-expansion foam systems are used for storage over 25 ft (7.6 m) high up to and including 35 ft (10.67 m) high, they shall be used in combination wid~ ceiling sprinklers. The maximum submergence time for d~e high-

Chapter 5 (231D) Storage of Rubber Tires

5-1 = (231D-1-1) Scope.

5-1.1 ~ (231D-1-1.1) This section shall apply to d~e indoor storage of rubber tires.

5-1.2 ~ (231D-1-1.2) The provisions contained in this section shall apply to new facilities for tire storage ,and the conversion of existing buildings to tire storage occupancy. This section can be used as a basis for evaluating existing storage facilities.

5-1.3 ~ (231D-1-1.3) Miscellaneous storage, as defined in this section, shall be permitted to be protected in accordance wifla NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler S~stems.

5-2" (231D-1-3) Illustrations. The following illustrations do not necessarily cover all possible storage configurations.

.... ¢:: : i i i i iL~ ..::ii:"

.... % %i?:i~::. .... !~i~ii::iiiii~figure ~)..i::T.ypical open portable rack unit.

expansion foam shall be 5 minutes for Class 1, II, or I11 :::i;iiiii::. %:.. .::.:::" [~ commodities and 4 minutes for Class IV commodities. #:>::::i::::ii::::::.:iii!i..~. ~ j ~ . . _ -

(b) (231C-8-1.5.6) Section 4-1 dlrough 4-4 applyto plastics - : " ~ ~ ' ~ ' ~ 1 1

storage. : i ! i : : i i i - i i : ' - " i ' : : - - ~ II I II 4-5 (231C-Chapter 11,231C-11-1) Mechanical Handling ::i::iii:::::~:i:'i:!ii~iiii!'-'.:.~t[E~i..'.'::"-"h~ II I ~1 II Equipment--Industr ial Trucks. -~i~i..J~lr~i!i:: j ~ Jl ~ [J

4-5.1 (231C-11-1.1) Power-operated industrial trucks s[$6"£]~i~f ::::!iii:!i I. II / ~ " J l ~ > . _ II I ~ - - - ~ - - ' ~ II the type designated in NFPA 505 Fire Safet~ Standard:.~."r P o w ~ l ' : :: .: ' . : .!~:~!~.:.: |L,,, '~/~,~[~//~:~ IA-~-~--~-. '~. '~-.~'~.~II Industrial Tr~u:ks Including T~pe Designations, Areas::~:ii~s..e , ===.-'==============-======= " = ! ~ : . . : i i i - : : : " ~ , * * ~ / ~ , , * ~ / / - " ~ l t ~ " ~ ' ~ [ ~ ' ~ ' ~ ' ~ Conversions, Maintenance, and Operation, and their":i'naJ'~6~'e~::i:"-:iii::-ii:i::i:iii~ " ~ ' . ~ " ~ * ~ f l [ , ~ * * ' ~ , ~ , , . ~ - - - - - - - - ~ , , ~ / , A * and operation shall be in accordance with Cha~..ke.rs 4 a~i!~!:...of tha~ ............ ~ ~ ~ " " M ~ " , ~ ' ~ ~ / standard. ..::i:.i'i':"'=:--::::':~iiiiiii!~ii!i?:i::::~ .... "%i!ii::~i:::.::i# " ' "~[~a~ " ~ ' ~ 4-5.2 (231(-11-1.2) Industrial trncks u s ~ " LP-Gas ~-:.i~uid ~ | shall be refueled outside of the storag.9-~..fld..jng at a f~t io#: :" Figure 5-2(b) Typical palletized portable rack units. designated for dlat purpose. " .. . . . . ~!::::ii!::ii~k: :liii?

'":~i~i~i~.~. :...'~: 4,6 (231C-Chapter 12) Building Maintenance'$~.:.::~9#ration.

4-6.1" (231 C-12-1) Building Operations Other th~::Storage. Welding, soldering, brazing, and cutdng shall be::~ermitted to be performed on rack or building components that cannot be removed, provided no storage is located below and within 25 ft (7.6 m) of the working area and provided flameproof tarpaulins enclose dlis section. During any of these operations, die sprinkler system shall be in service. Water-type extinguishers widl a capacity of21/2 gal (9.45 L) and charged inside hose lines shall be located in the working area. A fire watch shall be maintained during these operations and for at least 30 additional minutes.

4-6.2" (231(;-12-2) Waste Disposal. Approved containers for rubbish ,and other trash materials shall be provided.

4-6.3 (231C-12-3) Smoking. Smoking shall be stricdy prohibited. "No Smoking" signs shall be posted in prohibited areas. Exception: Smoking shall be permitted in locations #rominentl~ designated as smoking areas.

4-6.4* (231C-12.4) Maintenance. Fire walls, fire doors, and floors shall be m:dntained in good repair at all times.

4-6.5* (231C-12-5) Plant Emergency Organization. A fire watch shall be maintained when the sprinkler system is not in service.

4-6.6" (231C-12-6) General Fire Protection. The sprinkler system and the water supplies shall be inspected, tested, and maintained in accordance with NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection. Testing. and Maintenanc* of Water-Based Fire Protection SOstems.

33 in. J

(1.7 m)

typical

Figure 5-2(c) Open portable rack.

610

N F P A 2 3 0 1 A 9 9 R O P

Le en W A I Load depth G - Pallet B I Load width H - - Rack depth E I Storagoheight L - - Longitudinal flue space F - - Commodity T - - Transverse flue space

i

Figure 5-2(g) Typical laced storage.

5-3 z (231D-Cha~.f~ii-.2:). Building Ar rangement

5-3.1 z ( 2 3 1 ~ . : : Const ruct ion . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . .

5-3.1. ~ .~D-2-~'!!i~::~i~::,Buildings used for tile storage of tires that Figure 5-2(d) Double-row f'Lxed rack storage, are .~..~:~"~..t.~l in a c ~ . . ~ . e with this s tandard shall be permit ted

tcv::i~:~ of afi'y of dae typ:~i~escribed in NFPA 220, Standard on T~pes . . ~ u i l ~ C, onstructi~Y . "

...... • ~ $ ! i ~ / J ' D - 2 - 1 . 2 ) Steel columns shall be protec ted as follows: (a~i!ii~gra~e exceeding 15 ft d, rough 20 ft (4.6 m througl/ 6 m)

[ l = : / : t ~ J ~ ~ ~ E~=JJE~J~JJJ~]I~!~i~:..:.. in heig~. ' i~::~/iie-hour fire [ ~ ~ ~i!#!:!-!ili-~----:...w.i t h N FP~ii*:"'~"g.

~ ~ ~ ~ b4--4 ~ % ":~:.iiii?:ii?:i~'~-:~:~:~ !'~:~o rage e x c-'e d]

I ~ ~ ~ ] ~ ~ I r / : = = l l "'~ii:" con~:ec.tions ~ i th otller .. ":.:::...--'~r°tectl°n In accorc ant

...-.-:~:::.. i # " [ -:::: ...... required where storag, in :::ii'-i~"-':" complying with NFPA 13.

%i ii j?: Figure 5-2(e) Pailetized por table rack on-side s t o k e a r rangement

(bund led or unbund led ) . ":'

Figure 5-2(f) On-f loor storage; on-tread, normally bund led ; dis tance along tire hole not to exceed 25 ft (7.7 m).

proof ing or protect ion in accordance

torage exceeding 20 ft (6 m) in he igh t - - two-hour for die ent ire length of die column, including

com'lections with o ther structural members , or spr inkler "-ii-::.:::.~..rotection., ~ in accordance with NFPA 13.

:ik ":..-':.:::"Exception: The protection required by 5-3.1 2(a) and (b) shall not be "'" required where storage in fixed racks'is protected by in-rack sprinklers

5-3.2 = (231D-2-2) Fire Walls.

5-3.2.1 ~ (231D-2-2.1) Wllere protect ion in accordance with sprinklers complying witll NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler .Systems, a n d / o r hi-ex foam' complying widl NFPA 11A[, Standard for Medium- and High'Expansion Foam Systems, is provided, stored tires shall be segregated f rom o the r combust ib le storage by aisles at least 8 ft (2.4 m) wide. Where not so protected, s tored tires shah be separated by fire walls.

5-3.2.2 • (231D-2-2.2) Where tires ,are s tored up to 15 ft (4.6 m) high, walls between adjacent warehouse areas and between manufac tu r ing and warehouse areas shall have no t less than a 4- hour fire rating. Where tires are s tored over 15 ft (4.6 m) high, walls between manufac tu r ing and warehouse areas shall have a fire radng of no t less t i tan 6 hours.

5-4 • (231D-Chapter 3) Storage Ar rangement .

5-4.1 • (231D-3-1) Piling Procedures .

5-4.1.1 z (231D-3-I.1) Piles shall no t be more dlan 50 ft (15 m) in width.

Exception No. 1 ~. Where tires are stored on-tread, the dimension of the pile in ate direction of the whee ! hole shall be not more than 50 f l (15 m). Exception No. 2: Tires stored adjacent to or along one wall shall not extend more than 25 f i (Z6 re)flora that wall.

5-4.1.2 z (231D-$-1.2) The width of the main aisles between piles shall no t be less than 8 ft (2.4 m).

5-4.2 • (231D-$-2) Clearances.

5-4.2.1 z (231D-3-2.1) The clearance f rom die top of storage to spr inkler deflectors shall be not less than 3 ft (0.9 m).

611

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

5-4.2.2 ~ (231D-3-2.2) Storage clearance in all direct ions f rom roof s t ructures shall be no t less than 3 ft (0.9 m).

5-4.2.3 ~ (231D-3-2.3) Storage clearance f rom ducts shall be ma in ta ined in accordance with NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust ~Tstems for Air Conv~ing of Materials.

5-4.2.4 ~ (231D-3-2.4) Storage clearance from uni t heaters, radiant space heaters, duc t furnaces, and flues shall be no t less than 3 ft (0.9 m) in all direct ions or shall be in accordance with the clearance shown on the approval agency label.

5-4.2.5 *= (231D-3-2.5) Clearance shall be main ta ined to lights or light fixtures to prevent possible ignition.

5-4.2.6 = (231D-3-2.6) Not less than 24 in. (0.6 m) clearance shall be main ta ined a round the pada of fire door travel unless a barr icade is provided.

.q~-4.3" (231D-3-3) Miscel laneous Storage.

5-4.3.1 ~ (231D-3-3.1) On-t read s torage piles, regardless of storage method , shall no t exceed 25 ft (7.6 m) in the direct ion of the wheel holes.

5-4.3.2 = (231D-3-3.2) Acceptable s torage a r r a n g e m e n t s shall include one of the following:

(a) On-floor, on-side s torage up to 12 ft (3.7 m) high

(l~) On-floor, on- t read s torage up to 5 ft (1.5 m) h igh

(c) Double-row or multi-row fixed or portable rack s torage up to 5 ft (1.5 m) high

(d) Single-row fixed or portable rack s torage up to 12 ft (3.7 m) high

(e) Laced tires in racks up to 5 ft (1.5 m) in he igh t

5-5 ~ (231D-Chapter 4) Fire Protection.

(c) Valved hose connec t ions on spr inkler risers where such connec t ions are made u p s t r e a m of spr inkler control valves

(d) Adjacent spr inkler systems

5-5.4.2 = (231D-4-4.2) Portable Fire Extinguishers . Portable fire ex t inguishers shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. Up to one-half of the r equ i r emen t c o m p l e m e n t of portable fire ext inguishers for Class A fires shall be permi t ted to be omit ted in s torage areas where fixed, small hose lines [ l J /~ in." (38 mm)] are available to reach all port ions of the storage area.

5-5.5* (231D-4-5) Hydrants . At locations without public hydrants , or where hydrants are no t widfin 250 ft (76 m), private hydrants shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire lgrvice Mains and Their Appurtcmances.

5-5.6 = (231D-4-6) Alarm Service.

5-5.6.1 = (231D-4-6.1) Automat ic sprinkler systems and foam systems, where provided, shall have approved central station, auxiliary, remote station, or proprie tary waterflow alarm service.

Exception: Local waterflow alarm service shall be permitted to be provided where recorded guard service also is provided.

N()TE: Se.e::~P.A 601, Standard for Securi 0 Services in Fire Loss Preven tion..::;:::"'""':'::~!!::.

..::~!::, 5-5.6.2 ~ ( 2 $ J ' D ~ , 2 ) Alarm service shall comply with NFPA 72, National . ~ e A ~!~.Code.

.-:-. "::':i:. ":S':::i:'::-.

5-5.7..:~i::~!~.j'~-4-7) "':~:..,E..mergency Organizat ion. (Also see al~6~ad!x. F..') .... i~:!:~:~:~ . . . . . . . . . . . i:i:s:"

.::f~.IZ~.$...1D-4-7.1 ) ":;;~rrmagements shall be made to permi t rapid ..... ei:/~iij..~.~:':iffae, premises by the municipal fire depar tment , police

d e p ~ . e , nt, or o ther audaorized personnel in case of fire or o ther

5-5.1 ~ (231D-4-1,231D-4-1.1) Automat ic Spr inkler Systems. ":'iii::iiiiiii!!!::.~5.7.2 * ( ~ ; ~ - 4 - 7 . 2 ) Plant emergency organizations, where Automat ic sprinklers, where provided, shall be installed in ":!ii!. "":'::::illi~.e..dz..-~-:::~hall be ins t ructed and t ra ined in the following accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler :i::iiiii" . : : . . . . i i . i~{ ' res :

Systems. ..:,¢~i::!~.?..'::::::'~ .... "-:.-! .... (':~'i Main tenance of die security of the premises ~5.2 ~ (231D-4-2) High-Expansion Foam Systems. .s!~."" ......... i::ii?:i::i ::::::::i ........

.... i~!iiiiiii~::, s!i!i!. ........ --s. !iiiii ::iii:'" (b) Means of s u m m o n i n g outside aid immedia te ly in an 5-5.2.1 ** (231 D-4-2.1) High-expansio n foam syste'~s-]:~""]:i~'i!~i!i:.i::::.:~i~i'::::" emergency accordance with NFPA I l A Standard for Medium-and/ / -~: . "::::iiiii!ii;::" , , "~ . . . . . . . . . . . . Ex~,ansion Foam .C~stems as modif ied in this ~ ~ i i ~ , sha l t ' f~ , t c l L s e o t portanle exungu t sne r s anct sman nose nnes or

r . ~'-' ' • • • . ~ : " ~:~:" ":: small fires and mo u o erat ions permi t ted to be installed m a d d m o n to a.~.gomatlc ~klers~::!!i!!.!!!~!~:: . . . . P- P P " Where so installed, sprinkler d i s c b a r g e . ~ s i t y s h a l l ' ~ ! ~ : e d u @ " i n (d) Opera t ion of the spr inkler system and water supply accordance w, th NFPA 13. :~::""%ilili::i::.. :~iiiiii e q u i p m e n t 5-5.2.2" (231D-4-2.2) High-expans ion foan i " :~ . ems sh;fl| be au tomat ic in operat ion. ":":'!{iiiiiiiii:i::../:,#i::

5-5.2.3* (231D4-2.3) Detectors shall be listed an:~ '~al l be installed at the ceiling at one-baff listed spac ing ~ " a c c o r d a n c e with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code ®.

5-5.2.4 = (231D-4-2.4) Detect ion systems, concent ra te pumps , generators , and o ther system c o m p o n e n t s essential to the operat ion of file system shall have an approved s tandby power source .

5-5.3 ~ ( 2 3 1 D 4 3 , 231D-4-3.2) Water Supplies. Total water suppl ies shall inc lude provisi on for not less titan 750 gpm (2835 L/ ra in ) for bose s treams, in addit ion to that required for au tomat ic sprinklers and foam systems. Water supplies shall be capable of supplying die d e m a n d for sprinkler systems and hose s t reams for not less than 3 hout.-s.

Exception: For on-floor storage up to and including 5 f l (1.5 m) in height, hose stream requirements shall be permitted to be 250 gpm (946 L/min). with a water supply duration of not less than 2 hours.

5-5.4 z (231D-4-4) Manual Inside Protection.

5-5.4.1 t (231D-4-4.1) Where att tomatic spr inkler protect ion is provided, small bose [1 I/2 in. (38 m m ) ] shall be provided to reach any port ion of the s torage area. Small hose shall be suppl ied f rom one of the following:

(a) Hydrants

(b) A separate p ip ing system for small hose stations

(e) Use of material hand l ing e q u i p m e n t willie sprinklers are still opera t ing to effect final ex t i ngu i shmen t

(f) Supervision of sprinkler valves after the system is t u rned off so that the system can be reactivated if rekindl ing occurs

5-5.7.3 x (231D-4-7.3) A fire watch shall be main ta ined when the sprinkler system is no t in service.

5-6 z (231D-Chapter 5) Building Equipment , Maintenance, and Operat ions .

5-6.1 • (231D-5-1,231D-5-I .I) Mechanical Handl ing Equipment - - Industrial Trucks. Power-operated industrial t rucks shall comply with NFPA 505, Fire Safety. Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks Including Type Designations, Areas of Use, Conversions, Maintenance, and Operation.

5-6.2 ~ (23'1D-5-3) Cutting and Welding Opera t ions .

5-6.2.1 = (231D-5-3.1) Where welding or cut t ing opera t ions are necessary, the r equ i rements of NFPA 51B, .Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes, shall be followed. Where possible, work shall be removed to a safe area.

5-6.2.2* (231D-5-3.2) Welding, soldering, brazing, and cutt ing shall be permi t ted to be pe r fo rmed on rack or bui lding c o m p o n e n t s tha t canno t be removed, provided no storage is located helow and within 25 ft (7.6 m) of the w o r k i n g a r e a and provided f l ameproof tarpaulins enclose this area. Dur ing any of these operat ions, die sprinkler system shall be in service. Ext inguishers suitable for C l~s A fires with a m i n i m u m rating of 2A and charged inside hose lines, where provided, shall be located

6 1 2

N F P A 2 3 0 - - A 9 9 R O P

in the working area. A fire watch shall be mainta ined dur ing these operat ions and for not less than 30 minutes following complet ion of open-flame operat ion.

5-6.3 ~ (231D-5-4) Waste Disposal. Rubbish, trash, and other waste material shall be disposed of at regular intervals.

NOTE: See NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment.

5-6.4" (231D-5-5) Smoking. Smoking shall be strictly prohibi ted. "No Smoking" signs shall be posted in prolt ibited areas. Exception: Locations prominently designated as smoking areas.

5-6.5 ~ (231D-5-6) Maintenance and Inspection.

5-6.5.1 ~ (231D-5-6.1) Fire walls, fire doors, and floors shall be maintained in good repair at all times.

5-6.5.2 ~ (231D-5-6.2) The sprinkler system and the water supplies shall be inspected, tested, and mainta ined in accordance with NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems.

Chapter 6 Protection of Baled Cotton See Appendix D.

7-4.1.2(231F-2-1.2) Mediumweight Class. Includes the broad range of papers having a basis weight [weight per 1000 ft e (92.9 m~)] of 10 Ib to 20 Ib (4.5 kg to 9.1 kg).

7-4.1.3 (231F-2-1.3) Lightweight Class. Includes all papers having a basis weight [weight per 1000 ft ~ (92.9 m~)] less than 10 lb (4.5 kg).

7-4.1.4 (231F-2-1.4) Tissue. Includes the broad range of papers of clmracteristic gauzy texture, which in some ~ases are fairly transparent . For the purposes of this s tandard , / i s sue is def ined as the soft, absorbent type, regardless of basis weight (i.e., crepe wadding and the sanitary class inclnding facial tissue, paper napkins, ba throom tissue, and toweling) .

7-5 (231F-Chapter 3) Building Construct ion.

7-5.1 (231F-3-1) Construction.

7-5.1.1" (231F-3-1.I) Buildings used for storage of materials that are s tored and protected in accordance with dais s tandard shall be permit ted to be of any of the types described in NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction.

7-5.1.2 (231F-3-1.2) Adequate access shall be provided to all port ions of the premises for fire-fighting purposes.

7-5.2" (2$1F-3-2~+':":l~mergency Smoke and Heat Venting. The Chapter 7 Protection of Roll Paper protect ion ou~[~:e:~:!:~/~ dais s tandard shall apply to buildings with

. . . . . . . . . . or without ~ i : : v e n t s and draft curtains. -1 [ZJ, 1 F-t-I ) ~CO pc. ..:.-.:~:: .:-::.~-.:.::i!::,

" 7-5.3* ( 2 ~ j . F - 3 - ~ c t u r a l Steel Protect ion. The protect ion 7-1.1 (231F-1-1.1) This chapter shall apply to the storage of roll outli~.'.~-:jfi~!!$.his s ~ d s!aall apply, to buildings with or without paper in buildings or structures, fir.e...~6"i$t~ti~':br o t h e ~ i ~ s of steel protect ion.

7-1.2 (231F-1-1.2) This chapter shall apply to new facilities or ~!iepti~...~:~.. Where m o ~ b y 4-2.2. where convert ing existing buildings ~o a roll paper storage .~:~!:::"~i~i'::~::.. ~i:'..:!::~::, " occupancy. It can be used as a basis for evaluating existing storage 7-ff:~.~!..[F'-'Ctfiapter 4) Storage Arrangement .

facilities. . 7-6. I " ~ : 4 - 1 . ) Piling Procedures and. Precautions. The floor 7-1.3 (231F-1-1.3) This chapter shall not apply to the following: ::::iiiii~!!:~::: ...... load d e s ~ ~ a l l take into accbunt dae added weight of water that

:ii~.':'::'~.-".:i.".."i.~ld beYdgsorbed dur ing fire-fighting operat ions by certain (a) Storage in unspr inklered buildings and structures ":~i.. " ~ . . ~ e s such as newsprint, corrugat ing medium, and tissue.

(b) Storage on racks which shall be in accordance ~ i ~ ' b / F P A '"iii.:.:~':: 7-6 ~!i!~:231F-4-2~ Commodi ty Clearance 231C, Standard for Rack Storage of Materials ,.-:-'#::""'::~iiii ":::iii~.. " - " -- "

(c) Miscellaneous storage, which shall be in a ~ . d . a n c c : ~ . ~:. ~iiii::i~i:*l-6.2; 1, (231F-4-2.1) ,Tl,~.e,clearance between fl.~e top of storage a n d NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation MSOrinkler ~ s ~ i!::. *: :ii::::'''::iiiii~i!:-:::,-.:~iii~:" sp r i n~e r aet~ectors sna~ ne in accoroance witla NI, FA 13, Stanaara

. . . . . . ¢i~i~::".':::.":::~" " "~-:::':::":-::~#!'~" for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. (d) Storage of waxed paper, synthetic p ~ . . : . ' ~ p ~ . t . d I~,u,t;,,,,. vt~ . . . . rliS,,d I~ thl¢ stn,~da~,t

roll storage o ther than on a single floor p~l'~t o r : : ~ fioo~{iiii~:::.--'.-'~-:": . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ' - - ~. . . . . . . . . . . . p afform ..::~..".:~.:.:~ ":!~iii:... ji~ !!::~ 7-6.2.2 (231F-4-2.2) If the commodi ty is s tored above the lower

...::.~?i~::~.::. "%ii!. ":::~ chord of roof trusses, at least 1 ft (0.3 m) of clear space shall be 7-2 (231F-1-2) Purpose. Thepurpos~'of'$..I~/)'...~tandard':~ to mainta ined to allow wetting of the truss unless the truss is provide a reasonable degree of protect ion fd~ii~.~.e s t o r a ~ of roll protec ted with 1-hour fireproofing. Pa~,~la~.l~erest°redinenbt~dd~ind g s g p 2 n t r u o c t u r d e s ~ n ; f 7-6..2.3.(231F.-4-2.3) Storage clearances from ducts shall be

" mmntmned m accordance w, th NFPA 90B Standard for the principles, test data, and field experience. Nothi.o.~;]n dais s tandard is in tended to restrict new technologies or alternS.te 'arrangements, Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Systems, and provided that the level o f protect ion prescribed by the standard is not lowered.

7-3" (231F-1-5) Units. Metric units of measurement in this s tandard are in accordance wida the modern ized metric system known as the International System of Units (SI). The liter unit, which is not part o f but is recognized by SI, is commonly used in international fire protection.

7-3.1 (231F-1-5.1) If a value for me, '~urement as given in dais s tandard is followed by an equivalent value in o ther units, the first value shall be considered to be the requirement . The equivalent value ntight be approximate.

7-$.2 (231F-1-5.2) SI units have been converted by multiplying the quantity by the conversion factor and then rounding the result to tide appropr ia te num be r of significant digits.

7-4* (231F-Chapter 2) Classification of Roll Paper.

7-4.1 (231F-2-1) General . For the purposes of this standard, the following classifications of paper shall apply. These classifications shall be used to de te rmine the sprinkler system design criteria.

7-4.1.1 (23117-2-1.1) Heavyweight Class. Includes paperboard and paper stock having a basis weight [weight per I000 ['t ~ (92.9 m~)] of 20 Ib (9.1 kg) or greater.

NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conv~. ing of Materials.

7-6.2.4 (231F-4-2.4) Tile clearance between s tored materials and unit heaters, radiant space heaters, duct furnaces, and flues shall not be less than 3 ft (0.9 m) in all directions or shall be in accordance with the clearance shown on the approval agency label.

7-6.2.5* (231F-4-2.5) Clearance to lights or light f x t u r e s shall be mainta ined to prevent possible ignition.

7-6.2.6 (231F-4-2.6) Sufficient clearance a round the path of fire door travel and a round fire extinguislfing and protect ion equ ipmen t shall be maintained to ensure accessibility for inspect ion and operat ional use.

7-6.3 (231F-4-3) Aisles. (NFPA 231F-4-3)

7-6.$.1 (231F-4-3.1) Wal l aisles shall be at least 24 in. (bOO ram) wide to minimize possible structural damage from roll paper that expands with the absorpt ion of water.

7-6.$.2* (231F-4-3.2) Aisles shall be mainta ined to retard transfer of fire from one pile to ano the r and to allow convenient access for fire fighting, salvage, and removal of storage.

7-7 (231F-Chapter 5) Fire Protection.

7-7.1 (231F-5-1) Automatic Sprinkler Systems.

613

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

7-7.1.1 (231F-5-1.1) Sprinkler systems installed in bui ldings o r ' s t ructures used for the s torage of roll paper shall be in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for Installation of Sprinkler S,~sterns. Exception: Where modified by this chapter.

%7.1.2 (231F-5-2.1) Where h igh-expans ion foam systems are installed in addi t ion to au tomat ic sprinklers, they shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 1 IA, Standard for Medium- and High- Expansion Foam Systems.

Exception: Where modified b~ this chapter.

7-7.1.3 (23117-5-2.4) High-expans ion foam systems shall be au tomat ic in operat ion.

%7.1.4 (231F-5-3.4) Hydran t s . At locations without public hydrants , or where hydrants are no t within 250 ft (75 m), private hydrants shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances.

7-7.2 (231F-5-4) Manual Inside Protection.

7-7.2.1 (231F-5-4.2) Portable Fire Extinguishers . Portahle fire ex t inguishers shall be provided in accordance witia NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers.

Chapter 9 ~ (231D-Chapter 6) Re fe renced Publications

9-1" (231D-6-1) The following d o c u m e n t s or por t ions thereof are referenced within tiffs stzmdard as manda to ry requ i rements and shall be considered part of the r equ i rements of tiffs staridard. The edit ion indicated for each referenced manda to ry d o c u m e n t is the cur ren t edit ion :~s of the date of the NFPA issuance of tiffs s tandard . Some of these manda to ry d o c u m e n t s migh t also be re fe renced in this s t andard for specific informat ional purposes and, therefore, are also listed in Append ix H.

9-1.1 ~ (231D-6-1.1) NFPA Publicat ions. National Fire Protect ion Association, 1 Bat te rymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 0226%9101.

NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 1998 edition.

NFPA 1 IA, Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Systems, 1994 edition.

NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler S gstems, 1996 edit ion.

NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Sen,ice Mains and Their Appurtenances, 1995 edition.

NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and &laintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, 1998 edition.

Exception: In storage areas where fixed, 1 ~/z-in. (38.1-mm) hoselines NFPA 30, Flamnzable and Combustible Liquids Code, 199 6 edition. are available to reach all portions of the storage area, up to ' / z of the NFPA 30B, ~ : : ~ r the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol required complement o f portable five extinguishers for Class A fires shall Products 199 8~'ditio~]:i" be permitted to be omitted, r " ' ..-.:-'::-~'iii~iii::. "

NFPA 4~, ~ ( i ~ r d for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose 7-7.3 (2317-5-5) Main tenance , The fire protect ion system shall be Nitrate . M ~ n 1 5 ~ . . F i l m , 1997 edition. ma in ta ined in accordance with NFPA 25 Standard for the ~ i ' :~ ] : / "b S t a n ~ r,,v..Fire Prevention in Use or Cuttin~ ,~d Inspection. Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Waf~n'"~"-'~ "P~roce'sses 19dJ:~'~+~'~'~"tion u " s ~'° S~stems .:i:? ~::. " ' 2:"::" "

" ..':.~'::.'::.i?i~FP~ii~_B Liquefied;:~etro~zm Gas Codg 1998 edition. A fire watch shall be main ta ined when the sprinkler system s .:-::"'"::::'-:~'-::.. -':-:i:'~:- " * c "

not in service. " ~ ' " O~!:'National Electrical Code , 1996 ediuon. N ~ : i 7 2 , National Fire Alarm Code* 1996 edition.

7-7,4 (231F-5-6) Fire Organization. ::-::.: . . . . . . -:i:.-L.:'-i~-./: , . " ' . . . . ":iii~iiii-i~.:::::.. " NFPA"~...~ii::Standard on ln~neraters and Waste and Linen Handhng '::!-::"':::~'."~Tns a.r~.'"F~quipment 1994 edition.

7-7,4.1 (231F-~6.1) Ar r angemen t s shall be made to allow t-apid "~!.:..'"::::~:'.:.::i.-:i:~::.:........:? ~ entry into the premises by the municipal fire deparm~ent police ":iii . . . . . # : : : " " " ~ 903 , Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating and depar tmen t , or o ther au thor ized persofinel in case of fir¢i::.~i~.ther ":ii!iiiii:: Air ,~ndi t ioning ,~.stems, 1996 edition. emergency . . . . . . ~iiii ....... %i::ii ':iili . . . . . NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust S~stems for Air Conve~ing of 7-7.4.2 (231F-5-6.2) Plant emergency o r g a n i z a t i o n . ~ e r e :~i~!~ .......... .:i.. ~::ii? ::Materials' 1995 edition. - - provided . . . . . . . . . . . . shall be ins t ructed and t ra ined in the f o ~ l ' o ~ - .:!'::::'::::::'iiii'i?..'.::... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ":.i"-: ::::" NFPA 220 Standard on T'~. pes of Building Construction, , 1995. p rocedures : " ":~:i-:i:~::.. "':::::::::" edit ion.

NFPA 231 Standard for General Stora e 1998 e d m o n (a) Main tenance of the security of the.::l-~%:i~i~!i!::.. ":'%i::ii'::.:.::# ~ , ' g , " " " " (b) Means, of summonm" g outside" .~ii~ixn'-(:::-- m e d , a t : ~ ~ : : " ~i~ a a r ' % ~::~::.. .... NFPA 231C , Standard for Rack .Storage of Materials, 1998 edition.

.:::: ........ : . . . . ::-:'-": - NFPA 232 Standard for the Protection ofl~,cords 1995 edition emergency ' " ~:~i::'ii::~ "i:. ::.'..'~ ~ i ' ' " "::Tii!::.-":ii:~ . ..:'-:" NFPA 430, (bde for the.Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers, 1 ~.J 5

ho~eCl!ne~_]sn of~ail~dn~X~,?gu~sl~le~oa;d;noapl~;~i~;~#~'38.1 ram)] e d ' N ~ A 490, Code for the Storage of Ammonium Nitrate, 1998 edition

(d) Opera t ion o f sprinkler system ,and warer.~iupply ~ " NFPA 505, Fire Safety Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks e q u i p m e n t

(e) Use of materi , 'd-handling e q u i p m e n t while sprinklers are opera t ing to effect final ex t i ngu i shmen t

(f) Supervision of sprinkler valves ,after the system is t u rned off so that the system can be reactivated if rekindl ing occurs

(g)* Employee s,'ffety du r ing fire-fighting and mop-up operat ions, inc luding knowledge of the hazard potential of roll pape r (i.e., collapse and tumbl ing)

(h)* Opera t ion of foam systems and appropr ia te safer3/and evacuation p rocedures

7-7.4,3 (231F-5-6.3) A fire watch shall be main ta ined when die sprinkler system is no t in service.

7-7.4.3.1 (231F-5-7) Alarm Service. An approved .alarm system inc lud ing sprinkler system waterflow and supervisory a larms shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. Exception: A local waterflow alarm shall be permitted where recorded guard service is provided or where the storage facilities are occupied on a 24-hour basis.

Chapter 8 Protection of Forest Products See Appendix E.

Including Type Designations, Areas of Use, Conversions, Maintenance, and Operation, 199 6 edition.

NFPA 601, Standard for Securi 0 Services in Fire Loss Provention, 1996 edition.

9-1.2 ASHRAE Publication. /Mnerican Society of Heat ing, Refr igerat ing and Air Condi t ion ing Engineers , Inc., 1791Tul l ie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, Ga 30529-2305.

ASHRAE 15, Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration.

Append ix A Explanatory Material

A-I-4.1 Approved . The National Fire Protect ion Association does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, procedures , equ ipmen t , or materials; no r does it approve or evaluate testing laboratories. In de t e rmin ing tire acceptability o f installations, procedures , equ ipmen t , or materials, the author i ty having jur isdic t ion may base accep tance on compl iance with NFPA or tal ler appropr ia te s tandards. In the absence of such standards, said author i ty may require evidence of p roper installation, procedure , or use. The author i ty having jur isdic t ion may also refer to the listings or labeling practices of an organizat ion that is conce rned with p roduc t evaluat ions and is d ins in a posit ion to de t e rmine compl iance witir appropr ia te s tandards for the cur ren t p roduc t ion o f listed items.

6 1 4

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

A-I-4.1 Authority Having Jurisdict ion. The phrase "authority having jurisdict ion" is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner , since jur isdict ions and approval agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the authority having jurisdict ion may be a federal, state, local, or o ther regional depa r tmen t or individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a tire prevent ion bureau, labor depar tment , or health depar tment ; building official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory anthority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection depar tment , rating bureau, or o ther insurance company representative may be the authority having jurisdiction. In many circumstances, the proper ty owner or his or her designated agent assumes the role of the authori ty having jurisdiction; at government installations, the c o m m a n d i n g officer or depar tmenta l official may be the authority having jurisdiction.

A- IdA Listed. The means for identifying listed equ ipment may vary for e a c h organization conce rned wifll p roduct evaluation; some organizations do not recognize equ ipmen t as listed unless it is ,also labeled. The authority having jurisdict ion should utilize the system employed by the listing organization to identify a l is ted product .

A-1-4.2 (231-A-1-3) Available Height for Storage. For new sprinkler installations, maximum height of storage is the height at which commodit ies can be s tored,above the floor where the min imum requi red unobs t ruc ted space below sprinklers is maintained. For tile evaluation of existing situations, maximum beight o f storage is the tru'tximum existing height, if space between sprinklers and storage is equal to or greater dmn required.

A-1-4.2 (231-A-1-3) Compar tmen ted . C~artons used in most of the Factory Mutual-sponsored plastic tests involved an ordinary 200-1b (90.7-kg) test of outside corrugated cartons with five layers of Vertical pieces of corrugated carton used as dividers on the inside. There were also single horizontal pieces of corrugated carton between each layer. Other tests sponsored by the Society of Plastics Industry, Industrial Risk Insurers, Factory Mutual, and Kemper .-.~ nsed two vertical pieces of carton (not corrugated) to form an "X'!-~ in die car ton for separation of product . This was not considered compar tmented , as the pieces of carton used for separations were flexible (not rigid) and only two pieces were in each ~ : ~

, ~....-..~:. A-1-4.2 (251-A-1~$) Contmner . The term container t a~udes =|.*;eros such as cartons and wrappings. Fire-retardant c o n ~ s or t ~ . , , . boxes do not of themselves create a need for a u t o ~ : : : ~ i i ~ i unless coated with oil or grease. Containers can lose th~:'::-~tre- ":~: re tardant proper t ies if washed. For obvions ~ : : . t l . l e ~ , ~ . . I d .. not be exposed to rainfall. .-:::'-" . . . . . ".'~?'-.'?-:- :~:"'~:::::'"~"

A-14.5 (231D-A-I-2) Miscellaneous T ' t ~ r a g e . T l ~ i . k i m i ~ o n s on the type and size of storage are inte:hd~'~ii~!dentify~i~ose situations where tire storage is present in l i r / i ~ . q u a n ~ i e s and incidental to the ~iain use of tile building. O ~ such as aircraft hangars, automobi le dealers, repair garag~.~ r,etall storage facilities, automotive and truck assembly plants, #i~i'd mobile home assembly plants are types of facilities where miscellaneous storage could be present. The fire protect ion sprinkler design densities specified by NFPA 1 S, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, are adequate to provide protect ion for the storage heights indicated. Stoi'age beyond these heights or a r e ~ present hazards that are properly addressed by this s tandard and are outside the scope of NFPA 13.

"-:::

A-1-4.7 (231F-A-I-4) Wrapped Paper Storage. Rolls that are completely protected with-a heavyweight kraft wrapper on both sides and ends are subject to a reduced degree of fire hazard. Standard me thods for wi-apping and capping rolls are oud ined in Figure A-1-4.7.

In some cases, rolls are pro tec ted with laminated wrappers, using two shee ts o f heavy kraft with a h igh- temperature wax laminate between the sheets. Where using this method, the overall weight of wax-laminated wrappers should be based on the basis weight per 1000 ft ~ (92.9 m ~) of the outer sheet only, rather than on the combined basis weight of the outer and inner laminated wrapper sheets. A properly appl ied wrapper can have the effect of changing the class of a given paper to essentially that of the wrapper material. The effect of applying a wrapper to tissue has no t been de te rmined by test.

A-$-2.1.1 (251-A-$-1.1) With protect ion installed in accordance with this standard, fire protect ion of overhead steel and steel columns might not be necessary.

Considerat ion should be given to subdividing large-area warehouses in order to reduce the amoun t of merchandise that could be affected by a single fire.

It is r e c o m m e n d e d that walls or parti t ions be p rov ided to separate tl.le storage area f rom mercanti le, manufacturing, or other occupancies to ~ e r i t the possibility of transmission of fire or smoke b e t w e e . ~ i " ~ ' ~ o occupancies. Door openings should be equipped w ~ u t o m ~ i t i c - c l o s i n g fire doors appropr ia te for the fire resistance:~ti~....:'~.d,e wall or partition. A - 3 - 2 . ~ A - $ ~ : ~ j : . ~ i i ~ o k e removal is impor tant to manual fire

~e a n ~ h e a t venti'fi figh ii~gge most fire tests were conducted without s~.~ , !~:.-"!~rotection specified in Chapter 3 was , ~ e l o ~ . without th~.~se of such venting. However, venting : ' ~ u ~ ' . ~ . e l i n e windows, doors, monitors, gravity, or mechanical ex l : i$~sys tems is essential to smoke removal ,after control o f the fire i ' ~ i~ jeved . (See NFPA 204, Guide for Smoke and Heat Venting.)

A-3-3.1.~ : I ' ' : i ~ - A - 4 - 1 . 2 ) Commodit ies that are particularly i ~ e p t i ~ ~ t o water damage should be s tored on skids, dunnage , ~ " ":':" -.--.:~'i: elevated platforms in order to maintain at l e ~ t 4 in.

• ..'.- ) clearance from the floor.

A-3-3.2.2 (231-A-4-2.2) Protection for exposed steel structural roof ~ e m b e r s might he needed and should be provided as indicated by "the authority having jurisdiction.

A-3-$.2.5 (231-A-4-2.5) Incandescent light fixtures should have shades o r g u a r d s to prevent the ignition of commodi ty from hot bulbs where possibility of contact with storage exists.

A-3-$.3.2 (231-A-4-$.2) Storage should be separated by aisles so that piles are not more than 50 ft (15.2 m) wide or 25 ft (7.6 m) wide if they abut a wall. Main and t:ross aisles should be located opposi te window or door openings in exterior walls. This is of particular impor tance in buildings where few exterior openings exist. Aisle widdr should be at least 8 ft (2.4 m). In judg ing die adequacy of existing sprinkler protect ion, aisle spacing and f requency should be given consideration.

A-1-4.6 See Table A-ld .6 .

Bale Type

( ' in, flat

Modified gin, flat

Compressed , s tandard

Gin, s tandard

Compressed , umversal

Gin, universal

Compressed , high density

Table A-1-4.6 I231E Table A-I-3) Dimensions

(in.) (mm) 5 5 x 4 5 x28 1397x 1143 x711

Cotton Bale T)'pes and Approximate Sizes T},pical Avg. Wt. Volume

(ib) (k~) (ft s) (m s ) 500 226.8 40.1 1.13

Density (Ib/ft s) 12.5 ( k ~ 1 3 )

55 X 45 × 24 1397 X 1143 × 610 500 226.8 34.4 0.97 14.5 234

57 X-29 X 23 1448 X 736 X 584 500

55 × 31 × 21 1397 X 787 X 533 500

226.8 22.0 0.62 22.7 366

226.9 20.7 0.58 24.2 391

58 × 25 × 21 1475 x 635 × 533 500

55 x 26 x 21 1397 x 660 × 533 500

22"26.8 17.6 0.50 28.4 454

226.8 17.4 0.49 28.7 463

58 x 22 × 21 1473 x 559 x 533 500 226.8 15.5 0.44 32.2 515

615

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

Wrapper Exterior wrapper Body wrapper

General term for protective wrapping of sides and ends on roll.

Body wrap Sleeve wrap Wrap - - do not cap

Wrapper placed around circumference of roll. No heads or caps needed.

Heads Headers

Inside heads

Outside heads

Protection applied to the ends of the rolls (A and O). Heads do not lap over the end of the roll.

Protection applied to the ends of the rolls next to the roll itseH (B). The wrapper of the rolls is crimped down over these heads.

Protection applied to the ends o| the rolls on the outside (A). This head is applied after the wrapper is crimped.

A-$-3.4 (231-A-4-4) Idle pallet s torage in t roduces a severe fire condit ion. Stacking idle pallets in piles is the best a r r a n g e m e n t of combust ibles to p romote rapid spread of fire, hea t release, and comple te combus t ion . After pallets are used for a shor t dine in warehouses, they dry out and' edges become frayed and splintered. In dais condi t ion they are subject to easy ignition f rom a small ignit ion source. Again, h igh pil ing increases considerably both the chal lenge to sprinklers and the probability of involving a large n u m b e r of pallets when fire occurs. Therefore , it is preferable to store pallets ou tdoors where possible.

A fire in stacks of idle plastic or wooden pallets is one of the greatest chal lenges to sprinklers. The unders ides of the pallets create a dry area on which a fire can grow and expand to o ther dry or partially wet areas. This process o f j u m p l n g to o ther dry, closely located, parallel, combust ib le surfaces cont inues until the fire bursts t h rough the top of the stack. Once this happens , very little water is able to reacb the base of the fire. The only practical m e t h o d of s topping a fire in a large concent ra t ion of pallets with ceiling sprinklers is by means of prewetting. In h igh stacks, dais canno t be done wi thout abnormal ly h igh water supplies. The storage of empty wood pallets shou ld no t be permi t ted in an unspr ink le red warehouse conta in ing o ther storage.

A-3-3.4.1.1 (231-A-4-4.1.1) See Table A-3-3.4. | .1.

A-3-$.5 (231-A-4-5) For fu r ther informat ion, see Chapter 4 of NFPA 30, F l a m ~ and Combustible Liquids (.',ode.

:::::::::::::::::::::::

A-g-5.1 (231-~'0-1.|"~::" Industrial t rucks us ing gas or liquid fuel should be £¢;f~-.lgd outside of the storage bui ld ing at a location des i g n at .e~.. ::::}'o .... r ' ~ : . p u r p o s e.

A-S-S#~ii!::i:~l-A-l~iii:) T.be use of welding, ca, tang, soldering, or b ~ : ~ " ~ : ~ c ' [ ] e s in tl:7:~::::~ge areas in t roduces a severe fire hazard .T.:6~ us%gf mechanica..~i::if~tenlngs and mechanica l saws or cut t ing

. . : : :~els i'~i~..ecommend~d ":::" "::~:i~:::: ..i:iiii:::iiii::..

Edge protectors Edge bands

- . - . - . - . - . - . . .

t e : ~ : . a n d Figure A-1-4.7 Wrapp ing and capping .... -...-.-.. ~ t h o d s .

............

Overwrap

Roll cap

Refers to extra padding to prevent damage to A-4S~2::~t!i::iJ[231~l-A-4-1) Rack storage as referred to in this s tandard roll edges (C). ' c o n t ~ t e s commodi t ies in a rack s t ructure, usually steel. Many

:~}::ii:i ...... wariatid'fi~ii~.;*ffimensions are found . Racks can be single-row, The distance the body wrap or wrapper overlaps ":i:-iii:i-:iii:-i:'!!i.:!:'.::'::.:..double-ro'i/~i::'br multiple-row, with or wi thout solid shelves. Th e itself (O). iii::i:.":::i::i~ii~.r..:..d.::~:'ommodity used in most of the tests was 42 in. (1.07 m)

'% .:~n'a::~iN'i: The types of racks covered in this s tandard are as ............... 'iiiNi:i':" f o l l ~ ' s :

A protective cover placed x=====:=================== . . . . . . '..::~:: '::i~i~i? "i:i:: ... Double-Row Racks. Pallets rest on two beams parallel to the aisle. o v e r I n e o n 0 e l a rOl l " - : : ::::: :::::::::: ' u . . . . " . ...'::::::::-. .::::: .-. <:::::::::Any n tuber of pallets can be snppor t ed by one pair of beams [See Rages o! cap lap over the ~:.'::.'.':::::.. .!$;::::i:i::::.-.. ':::.. ::!:i:: ~. _ , , , . . . . , , , , " " end of the roll and are f---,~~--::i:;.;..~i::::i::::ii.i:~:i~?: i .... figures ,,t-'~-J.x(a) mrougn tam secured to the sides el the /. ......... ~ .... :::::::": Automatic Storage-T~pe Rack. The pallet is suppor t ed by two rails roll . . . . #i~.~:~!i ~ ..... r u n n i n g perpendicul, ' ir to the aisle. /See Figure A-4-3.1(e).]

..::!#" ~, - . : : ~ i : : " Multiple-Row Racks More than Two Pallas De*#, Measured Aisle to .:j:i::iiiiii~:.. ~ ~ Aisle. These inc lude drive-in racks, drwe-througl ~ racks, flow- ": . . . . ::ii~iii~iii::.. ':~iiiiii througl l racks, portable racks a r ranged in the s~une manne r , and

convent ional or au tomat ic racks with aisles less than 42 in. (1.07 m) wide. [See Figures A-4-3.109 through (i).]

i!i!i~ .... -:i::"

TableA-3-3 .4 .1 .1~(231-Table A-4-4.1.1) R e c o m m e n d e d Clearance B e t w e ~ e Sto: ; : n d B 2 2 ~ n o

Wall Type O p e n i n g s Masonry N o n e

Wired glass with outside rinklers and 1-hr doors red or plain glass with outside

sprinklers and s/4-hr doors

Wood or metal with outs ide sprinklers Wood, metal , or o ther

U n d e r 50

Pallets

10 (S.O)

IlI(OU

50 to 200

Pallets

10 (s.o)

20 (6.1)

$11~1111

Over 2O0

Pallets

20 (6.1)

30 (9A)

[lIIIg$1

NOTES: 1. Fire-resistive protect ion comparable to that of the wall also shou ld be provided for combust ib le eave lines, vent openings ,

etc. 2. Where pallets are s tored close to a building, the he igh t of s torage shou ld be restricted to prevent bu rn ing pallets f rom falling

on tile building. 3. Manual outs ide open sprinklers generSally are no t a reliable means of protect ion unless property is a t t ended to at all t imes by

plant emergency personnel . 4. O p e n sprinklers control led by a de luge valve are preferred.

6 1 6

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

Movable Racks. These are racks on fixed rails or guides. They can be moved back and for th only in a hor izontal two-dimensional plane. A moving aisle is created as abu t t ing racks are ei ther loaded or un loaded , t hen moved across the aisle to abu t o ther racks. [See Figure Ao4-3. l(j). I

Solid Shelving. Convent ional pallet racks with plywood shelves on the she l f beams [see Figures A-4-3.1(e) and (d)]. T hese are used in special cases. (See Chapter 5.)

Cantilever Rack. T h e load is suppor t ed on arms tha t ex tend horizontal ly f rom columns . T he load can rest on the a rms or on shelves suppor t ed by the arms. [See Figure A-4-3.1(k).]

Load dep th in convent ional or au tomat ic racks shou ld be cons idered a nomina l 4 ft (1.22 m) . [See Figure A-4-3.1(b).]

End view Double row

-IF

I I I I I I I I ~ • ] !. i i

Aisle view,

Legend L - - Longitudinal flue space :!iiiiiiii:, T - - Transverse flue space .....

Figure A-4-3.1 (a) Convent iona l pallet rack. ..::;'ii-'"%iii:::::'i~:..

IZ-

..:~-:,#iii?:::::i% Legend

A ~ : : d e p t h F - - Commodity ... B-'.~ S h ~ i t i ~ h t H - - Rack depth

, :~ i i i i !~ .~ torag~: :~ht ..... L - - Longitudinal flue space T - - Transverse flue space

"::~ii!:::::':':iii~i~!!~!::..~.. " ~. .~ AM-3.1 (c) Doable-row racks with solid shelves.

E

~ , , ~ H

Legend A - Load depth B - - Load width E - - Storage height F - - Commodity

G - Pallet H - - Rack depth L - - Longitudinal flue space T - - Transverse flue space

Figure A-4-3.1 (b) Double-row racks without solid or s lat ted shelves.

Legend

A - - Shelf depth B - - Shelf height E - - Storage height

F - - Commodity H - - Rack depth L - - Longitudinal flue space T - - Transverse fluespace

Figure A-4-3.1 (d) Double-row racks with s la t ted shelves.

6 1 7

N F P A 2 3 0 - - A 9 9 R O P

\ / \ !~ ° \ I x B

\ i x [~ \ i x ~ -

" ' " Material

,~v,./-ll\ .... #iiiiii

":-::ii7#3 End view Aisle view "::i"]'i'::':-'ii

%':i::. .... "::

Legend !iiiiiiii ii::!i;; A - - Load depth G - Pallet B - - Load width L - - Longitudinal flue sp0.~..'.:!:, ....... E - - Storage height T - - Transverse flue ~ " % ~ i i i : ":!i!i! . . . . .

F - -Commodi ty .::.!..,..;.,...iiiji{ii?::, ~;ii~:i;ii:i:....:!: "~iii!!# .... • '::i:?~ii'~i::~,.'~ <" "':-".'i~ii~?:i:::::ii~7

Figure A-4-3.1 (e) Automat ic s torage-type racl~'-.-%. ":'::i:i:i:i %~-":~I-- ........ ~ ....

--~ b- ~:<:~, % k ~%::#:

End view L - - Longitudinal flue space

I I i

I I I

:L:=L End view

T---~ ~::;..

}.~-T

I

m S

Figure A-4-3.1(f) Multiple-row rack to be served by a reach truck.

Aisle

Aisle view

-T-- Transverse flue space

Figure A-4-3.1 (g) Row-through pallet rack.

6 1 8

N F P A 2 3 0 - - A 9 9 R O P

.... t .......... I ..... ! , ! ! .......... ! ! End view Aisle view

T--,. t.,--

End view

--~ *---r

:.'-!'~ ..::j::~iiii ii !~i~!:23.1 ~!iiiiii ilil:...:Ft~.~:l~roug h

- I - :::~ilil;~i!ili!;i,~,~::.... iiil!ii~;~ .... I ~ -'11"-

/ I I I I, .~.~!#-i-:::::i: ~. '"!!i;;:..Dire:~ion e l i 2 " il l " : i i r i r i i i r

. . . . . : .:+ . . . . . -~:-£-.':;i~::: !~ : ..... " " ,--.r--, r

T--Transverseflu:.~;~:c:':"~"::i'iiiii~ii!~:::"~ii~!il !ii!iii::#!~:" Cwa ~ ag e ""N, , " ~ ! , l ' ~ i .Iririllr igur_e A_-.4-$.l!h) DHve-in rack - - tw~::"o'~-".:'~...re pallet~!i~ p (fork h el ~

| . .

| on | ° °

Fi o r:: ,m.,.9..re pare truck drives into the rack to deposit a n d ' ~ r a w i o . ~ in the ~n,~ , , ;~ S . . . . .

depth of the rack). "::~.'.-':~:!.'i::. ...-.,.'~: Double row

.:.':'~l i~::': T - - Transverse fluespace L -- Longitudinal tlue space

racks (tOp) and portable racks

T -~1 I~- Movable / / pallet

r - - . r - - , r - - . r - - . ' ', ' . " ' rack | i u i o e l o

. . . . . . . . . . .

i - : : :11! :! 11 " ' I I " , , , , ,, .. . . . . . . ,,., ,, I :, ' , :. ' Track

I~in floor view I~_Carriag e

wheel

Figure A4-3.1(j) Movable rack.

619

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

Tr

Single arm End view

Double a r m

A-4-4.3.1 (231'C-A-5-8.1) Detect ion systems, concent ra te pumps , generators , and edger system c o m p o n e n t s essential to the operat ion of the system shou ld have an approved s tandby power s o n r c e ,

A-4-4.4.1.1 (231C-A-d-8.4.1.1) Where h igh-expans ion foam is con templa ted as the protect ion media, considera t ion should be given to possible damage to the commodi ty f rom soaking and corrosion, Considera t ion also shou ld be given to the p rob lems associated with removal of foam after discharge.

A-4-6.1 The use of welding, cutt ing, soldering, or brazing torches in the storage areas in t roduces a severe fire hazard. The use of mechanica l fas tenings and mechanica l saws or cut t ing wheels is r e c o m m e n d e d . Where welding or cut t ing opera t ions are absolutely necessary, the r equ i r emen t s of NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes, shou ld apply.

Locomotives shou ld not be allowed to en te r the s torage area.

A-4-6.2 Conta iners should be empt ied and their contents removed f rom the premises at f r equen t intervals. (See NFPA 82. Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling ~stems and Equipment.)

A-4-6.4 Periodic inspect ions of all fire protect ion e q u i p m e n t should be made in conjunc t ion with regular inspect ions of the premises . Unsatisfactory condi t ions shou ld be repor ted immedia te ly and.::~.e.cessary corrective measures taken promptly.

The s p r i n k . . l . ~ : : : ~ and the water supplies shou ld be checked and m a i n t a ~ . . : : ~ n accordance with NFPA 25, Standard for the lnspection,...-~:.~l'e~'~?.:..and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection S~stems, "::i~!~!~. "::~iii!i::~i::..

A-4.~:~::::: :!~'~-. '~ngem~!-~uld be made, in case of fire or o ther e . ~ r g e ~ c y , to pe rmi t ~ ] d entry into the premises of the

.:.....¢~.~.icilS~::..fire departffienr, police depa r tmen t , or o ther personnel ..... tl~i~.~l'~:-':- .t~. s u m m o n e d to deal with any emergency. A well-

traid/~iii~lan't emergency organizat ion shou ld be provided to ... con t r , '~ i i~er~ency condi t ions tha t arise.

"~!iiii~-~i'i'~!~ ........ The ~"~-~t':"emergency organizat ion shou ld be ins t ructed and :!::~iiT:::::i~i!i::":]-i~ained it~ii~he following procedures:

............ "%/:!¢::" ('~:):.-'::" Main tenance of the security of the premises Aisle v iew .-::~ii:i:ii~-:'::. :::ii ~" ......

.::~::" "%i~ ':iii ....... (b) Means of s u m m o n i n g outside aid mlmedmte ly in an ~::!~i~iL;. .~i~;: ... :~i~::;::~:~ m e rg e n cy

Figure A-4-3.1 (k) Cantilever rack.::.~::':::~.:.-.-... ..::i~-::iiii!i!~!i:i::.... %: .¢:ii .... . . . . ". '":::~i~i~:.-!! ~::" . ":'::i'i".:~'::i~-~'; ' (c) Use of h a n d ext inguishers and hose lines on small fires

Aal-3 2 (231C-A-4-2) F,xed rack s t ructures sl tould be d~El~O.ed to "':::::::: . _. . " . . . . . . . . . "c~:-:-:-, . a n ( I m e u o e r a t l o n s

facd~tate removal or repa,r of d a m a g e d sect t . ~ i ~ . . . o . u t r i ~ n g . : : . P- p P to f lame cut t ing or welding in the storage....~ea. W I ~ / ~ i ~ p r i n ~ i ::" (d) Opera t ion of the sprinkler system and water supply are to be installed in racks, rack design .~l~uld an t ido te . , the..-:.:U e q u i p m e n t addit ional c learances necessary to f a c i ~ ! ~ s t a l l a t i o t ~ . . . . . sprinklers. The rack s t ructure should fie a~':~.r..ed to p ~ e n t (e ) . Use of material-handlin.g e q u i p m e n t while sprinklers are damage to sprinkler lines and supply piping ~.i~.~..cks...#~ ope ranng to effect final exungu~shmen t

Rack s t ructures shou ld be des igned for se i sn : i~ : : i~di t ions in (f) Supervision of sprinkler v;dves after system is t u rned off so areas where seismic resistance of bui ld ing s t r n c t t ~ ~ is required, that system can be reactivated if rekindl ing occurs

A-4-3.3 (231C-A-4-4) Storage in aisles can r ende r protect ion ineffective and shou ld be discouraged.

A-4-3.3.3 (231C-A-4-5) The fire protect ion system design shou ld con templa te the m a x i m u m storage height . For new sprinkler installations, m a x i m u m storage he igh t is the usable he igh t at whiclt commodi t ies can be s tored above the floor when the m i n i m u m requi red unobs t ruc t ed space below sprinklers is main ta ined . For the evahmtion of existing situations, m a x i m u m storage he igh t is the n taximunl existing if space between the sprinklers and storage is equal to or greater than tha t required,

A-4-3.3.5 (231C-A-4-6.1) A borizontal clearance of at least 1 ft (0.30 m) shou ld be main ta ined between s torage and major unpro tec ted roof structural mentbers where s torage is s tored above the bo t tom of sncb members .

A-4-3.3.6 (231C-A-4-6.2) Incandescen t light f ixtures should have shades or guards to prevent ignition of commodi t ies f rom hot bu bs where poss bility of contact with storage exists.

A-4-4.1.1 (231C-A-5-2.1) Wet systems are r e c o m m e n d e d for rack s torage occupancies .

[h y systems are permi t ted only where it is impractical to provide h e a l

Preactlon systems shou ld be cons idered for rack storage occupancies that are nnhea t ed , particularly where in-rack sprinklers are installed or for those occupancies that are highly susceptible to water damage .

(g) Need for b rea th ing appara tus

Attent ion shou ld be given to advance p l ann ing and training with respect to fire d e p a r t m e n t response, access, and fire fighting.

A-4-6.6 All fire-fighting and safety personnel should realize the

~ reat dange r in shnttirlg off sprinklers once opened by hea t f rom re. Shut t ing off sprinklers to locate fire could canse a disaster.

Ventilation, use of smoke masks, smoke removal equlpment~ and removal of material are safer~ (See NFPA 1420, Recommended Practice for Pre-lncident Planning for Warehouse Occupancies, for additional information. )

Sprinkler water should be shu t off only after the fire is ex t inguished or complete ly u n d e r the control of bose streams. Even then, rekindl ing is a possibility. To be ready for p r o m p t valve r eopen ing if fire rekindles, a person s ta t ioned at the valve, a fire watcb, and dependab le con tmunica t ions between them are needed until au tomat ic spr inkler protect ion is restored.

(a) Pre-Fire Emerg,~nc~ Planning. It is impor t an t that such p lann ing be done by m a n a g e m e n t and fire protect ion personnel and the action to be taken discnssed and correlated with the Ioc~d fire d e p a r t m e n t personnel .

The critical t ime du r ing any fire is in the incipient stage, and the action taken by fire protect ion personnel upon notificatima of fire can allow the fire to be conta ined in its early stages.

l ' re-entergency p lann ing should con templa te the following:

620

N F P A 2 3 0 - - A 9 9 R O P

1. Availability of h a n d fire-fighting e q u i p m e n t for the he igh t ,and type of commod i ty involved

2. Availability of f ire-f ighting e q u i p m e n t and personnel properly t ra ined for dae type o f s torage a r r a n g e m e n t involved

3. Assurance that all au tomat ic fire protec t ion equ i pmen t , such as spr inkler systems, water supplies, fire p u m p s and b a n d hose, is in service at all t imes

(b) Fire Department Operations. Sprinkler protect ion installed as requi red in this s t anda rd is expected to protect the bui ld ing occupancy without supp lemen ta l fire d e p a r t m e n t activity. Fires that occur in rack s torage occupanc ies p ro tec ted in a cco rdance with riffs s t andard are likely to be control led within the limits o u d i n e d in C-4-1.1, s ince no s ignif icant bui ld ing d a m a g e is expected• Fire d e p a r t m e n t activity can, however, min imize d~e ex ten t of loss. The first fire d e p a r t m e n t p u m p e r arr iving at a rack storage-type fire shou ld connec t immedia te ly to tile spr inkler s iamese fire d e p a r t m e n t connec t ion and start p u m p i n g operat ions .

In dae test series for s torage up to 25 ft (7•6 m), dae average d m e f rom ignit ion to smoke obscura t ion in the test bui ld ing was about 13 minutes . The first spr inkler opera t ing t ime in daese same fires averaged abou t 3 minutes . Cons ider ing response t ime for the waterflow device to t r ansmi t a waterflow signal, approx imate ly 9 minu te s remains between d~e t ime of receipt of a water-flow alarm

L L _1 I- -I

[L~.~... M.:k'SL°,:.'.q,~.'o-:~;°.':.9: ~::¢~ ~'. "J4.0.~: 0".°.~: o-:6:.°.::¢~ ~'. .M':9 : 9°1~

11~ 9 W Pile width 25 ft (max) I'~"

I~V Pile width 50 I1 (max) "!

H ~' I~ Pile wi~h 25 ft (max) H ~3¢:~ ~. . ¢,"~'5 :o..- o ":'.o ~ , "o.:.,~" ~ :o , 'Y . (," o . o o ~..o ~,:o':o,~. -¢,,-.~: ~1~"]

NOTE: L - - Length; W - - Width

Figure A-5-3.1 Typical piling a r r a n g e m e n t in accordance with S e c t i o n 3 - 1 .

A-5-3.2.5" (231D-A-3-2.5) Inc,-mdescent light fixu~res sbould have

signal at fire d e p a r t m e n t headquar t e r s a n d the t ime of smoke obscurat ion within the bu i ld ing as a n overall average.

In tlae test series for s torage over 25 ft (7.6 m) , the visibility t ime was ex tended. If the fire d e p a r t m e n t or p lant protect ion d e p a r t m e n t arrives at rile bui ld ing in t ime to have sufficient visibility to locate the fire, suppress ion activities with small hose lines shou ld be started. (Self-contained b rea th ing appara tus is r e c o m m e n d e d . ) If, on the o ther band , tile fire is no t readily visible, hose shou ld be laid to exter ior doors or exterior open ings

shades or guards to prevent ignit ion of commodi ty f rom ho t bulbs where posslbilitv..:i::'~i-¢?ontact with s torage exists.

A-5-5.2. I" (2~..t-:~-A-4~]'1) In exist ing bui ldings used for tire storage, b ~ f i : ~ ' ~ s i o n foam migb t be used to a u g m e n t an existing ~ ' ."~nkl '~i i~tem with a calculated densi ty below tha t r e q u i ~ . t h e ~ . . . . . s e d s torage height_. For exmnpl.e, an existing s y s t . # : " ' ~ . . "~ ted t o ' : ~ . . d~e 0•25 g p m / f C [ ( 10.2 L / m m ) / m ~ ] c ~ | ' d he used for s t o ~ s requi r ing lip to 0.50 g p m / f t z [(20.3

.:~..,9).inj':~ ~ ] with tb~!~ddition of a h lgh-expans ion foam system. ' : ~ i : : ~ ~ e migh t be to re inforce or redesign the spr inkler

in die bu i ld ing and charged lines provided to these points, ready . . . . . . . . . for u l t imate mop-up operat ions . Manual f ire-f ighting opera t ions in s y ~ t ..::i:e-~:.'iiiii!::.. such a warehouse shou ld no t be cons idered a subst i tu te for :~.:~..:.: ...... A-5-5.7::~.J . . .~-4-7) In format ion on emergency organizat ion is sor inkler orotect ion. ~!j~!!!iiii?:i::iiii:i::.:.provided "~!~FPA 600, Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades. (also

IkIPORTtd~/T: The spr inkler system sbou l d be kept in opera t ion ":~ii:: %'.":'.:~..p::..:~¢x B.) d u r i n g m a n u a l f i re-f ighting a n d mop-up operat ions . ~ii!: ~.#::~,-'IS~.:~::'~2$1F-A-I-5) For convers ions and informat ion , see ASTM

Durin die testin ro ram die installed au tomat ic ..:::.-.:g.:.-'.~:~:i::, :-'~i --'''v E 38~" Standard Practice for Use of the International S~stem of Units g g p g , ..::.-':':"':':.".'~?~ii~ii:: :f':: , e , , ' " ex t ingu i sh ing system was capable o f cont ro l l ing the f.lg~:"and "%~ -iii<..J. ..°~/" r educ ing all t empera tu re s to a m b i e n t w~tl~ln 30 m m of • . ." ,': . • " . " . . . . . . ~ : ~ ,̂ .~iiii~;-:'i~!:..':~z. :':ii-::.:iii-':::i:::'A-7-4 (231F-A-2) Paper C l a s s i f i c a t i on . These classifications were t g n m o n v e n t n a u o n o p e r a n o n s and mop-up were no t ~ tIrt~t • ' . . . :,:.:~.:.:,-.:. .:.:!i~i~.-~:s derived f rom a series o f large-scale a n d laboratory-type small-scale tiffs po in t T h e use o f sm oke removal e q m p m e n t ts imp" t .... ::::':: • • • •

• ....,.: ....... ~ . • fire tests. It is recogruzed flint no t all paper in a class bu rns w~th Smoke removal capability, shou l d be pro .~~pl t~ : .~ i : :~ : : . : : : :¢ . : : - exactly the same characteristics.

smoke remova e q m p m e n t nclude: .... ;i~:" "":i~iii~i;:: ~iii~ ~ .... Paper can be soft or hard, dfick or dfin, or heavy or l ight and "a" " ' e c h "cal a" h a n - - ' n s ~'.:'.:.-"#i~:. "::."-'..'-'% ":'-":" can also be coated wid~ various materials The broad range o f t , ) m an~ tr- • OAt g ystem "-:::,':.'.-::.. , ' : : : : : : : . . . . . .

":.".:~:i~:.. ":i~!;~: papers can be classfl:led accord ing to various p roperues . O n e (b) Powered exhaus t fans ":i~iiiii~ili!:~ #:~: ~mportant proper ty is basis weight, which is de f ined as tlae weight

%~!~!~!::. ,...-ii! ?':" o f a shee t of paper o f a specified area. Two broad categories are (c) Roof -mounted gravity vents "::i!i~i-"..'~!S:" recognized by industry I paper and pape rboa rd . Paperboard

-::::" normal ly has a basis weigbt o f 20 Ib (9.1 kg) or greater measu red 2 ( 2 on a shee t 1000 ff (,)2.9 m ) in area. Stock with a basis weight less (d) Per imeter grayi tyvents ....

Wifichever system is selected, it shou ld be des igned for m a n u a l actuat ion by Ode fire d e p a r t m e n t , thus allowing personne l to coordina te the smoke removal (venti lat ion) with mop-up operat ions .

A-fi-2.1 (231D-A-2-1) Smoke removal is impor tan t to manua l fire f ight ing and overbanl. Since mos t fire tests were conduc ted without smoke and hea t venting, protec t ion specif ied in Chap te r 5 was developed without the use o f sucb venting. However, vent ing t h r o u g h eaveline windows, doors, moni tors , gravity, or mechanica l exhaus t systems is essential to smoke removal after control of die fire is achieved.

A-5-2.1.1" (231D-A-2-1.1) Bui ld ing codes and insurance r equ i r emen t s ,affect the type of cons t ruc t ion selected.

A-~$.I (231D-A-3-1) It is no t tile in tent to limit tile pile length. (.See Figure A-5-3. I. )

allan 20 Ib/1000 ft 2 (9.1 kg/92 .9 m ~) is normal ly categorized as paper• The basis welgbt of paper is usually m e a s u r e d on a s h e e t

2 2 3000 ft (278.7 m ) ill area. T h e basis weight o f paper can also be measu red on tbe total area of a re,'ml o f paper, which is normally tile case for the following types of pr in t ing and writing papers:

Bond paper - - 500 sheets 17 in. x 22 in. (432 m m x 559 ram) = 1300ft ~ (120•8 m ~) per ream

Book paper - - 500 sheets 25 in. x 38 in. (635 m m × 965 ram) = 3300 ft ~ (306.6 m 2) per ream

Index paper - - 500 sheets 25.5 in. × 30.5 in. (648 m m x 775 ram) = 2700 ft ~ (250.8 m s) per ream

Bristol paper - - 500 sheets 22.5 in. x 35 in. (572 m m x 889 m m ) = 2734 ft ~ (254 m ~) per ream

Tag paper - - 500 sheets 24 in. x 36 in. (610 m m x 914 m m ) = 3000 ft ~ (278•7 m ~) per ream

621

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

For the purposes of this s tandard , all basis weights are expressed in Ib/1000 fF (kg/92.9 m e) of paper. To de t e rmine the b~ i s weight per 1000 ft 2 (92.9 m e) for papers measu red on a shee t of d i f ferent area, die following formula should be applied:

Basis weight / 1000 ft 2 = basis weilzht x 1000 measured area

Ex,'unple: To de te rmine the basis weight per 1000 ft z (92.9 Ul 2) of 16-lb (7.3-kg) bond paper, die fo rmula would be as follows:

16 Ib x 1000 = 12.3 Ib/1000 f(2 1300 ft ~

Large- ,'rod small-scale fire tests indicate diat d ie bu rn ing rate of paper varies with die basis weight. Heavyweight paper bu rns more slowly than l ightweight paper. Full-scale roll paper fire tests were conduc ted witb die followifig types of paper:

L i n e r b o a r d - 42 Ib/1000 ft ~ (19.1 kg/92.9 m ~) nomina l basis weight

N e w s p r i n t - 10 Ib/1000 fie (4.5 kg/92.9 m e) nomina l basis weight

Tissue - - 5 Ib/1000 ft ~ (2.3 kg/92.9 m ~) nomina l basis weight

The rate of fire spread over the surface of the tissue rolls was extremely rapid in die full-scale fire tests. The rate of fire spread over tbe surface of file l inerboard rolls was slower. Based on tbe overall resnlts of d~ese full-scale tests, ,along with addit ional da ta f rom small-scale test ing of various paper grades, d ie broad range of papers has been classified into d t ree major categories ,as follows:

Heavyweight - - Basis weight of 20 Ib/1000 ft ~ (9.1 k g / 9 2 . 9 m ~) or greater

Mediumweight I Basis weight of 10 Ib to 20 Ib/1000 ft ~ (4.5 to 9.1 kg/92.9 m ~)

L ig l i twe igh t - - Basis weight of less than 10 Ib/1000 fie (4.5 kg/9~.9 m ~) and tissues regardless of basis weight

The following SI nni ts were used for conversion of English units:

1 Ib = 0.454 kg 1 in. = 25.4 m m .... !.?.:.'i~!~i!ii!::~!:: 1 ft = 0.3048 m x::: . . . . :::::::: ::i-i: " !.~y die s tandard . (See .Section I-1.) 1 fie = 0.0929 m ~ Aiiii~:i .i?:ii ? ... i::i::i::::::!i::

The various types of papers normal ly found in ~c:iiiii~::~h#i~i:i::-...'?!ii! -~i::;!::" major categories are illustrated in Table A-2. ':,i:i:i:i:i::.. ":::::::::

...... ~:i~!:.i!!!i!ii!~i:~::::.. ::::::::::::::::::::::::: .... i!¢ ¢ ................ % ! i ~ . le ~Ji2ii!i#aper Classification

. I I . I i I~,l~.l J .~ i o . i t l ' ====================== ~ I u

A-7-5.3 (231F-A-3-3) With protect ion installed in accordance with this s tandard, fire protect ion of overhead steel and steel co lumns is riot necessary. However, some l ightweight beams and joists can distort and necessitate replacement , particularly following fires involving plastic-wrapped rolls s tored 20 ft (6.1 m) and higher.

A-7-6.2.5 (231F-A-4-2.5) Incandescen t l ight f ixtures should have shades or guards to prevent the ignition of commodi ty f rom hot bulbs where die possibility of contact with s torage exists.

A-7-6.3.2 (231F-A-4-3.2) Fire tests indicate dmt fire does not spread between piles tllat are separa ted by aisles of 8 ft (2.4 m) or greater where sprinkler protect ion is provided in accordance with this s tandard . Main aisles and cross aisles shou ld be located opposi te window or door open ings in exter ior walls. This is of particular impor tance in bui ldings where the re are few exterior openings .

A-7-7.4.2(g) [231F-A-5-6.2(g)] Water absorpt ion and pile instability caused pile collapse in all large-scale fire tests of tissue paper. This characterist ic shou ld be fully recognized where m ~ m a l l y at tacking a fire in tissue s torage occupancies.

A-7-7.4.2(h) [231F-A-5-6.2(h)] Informat ion on emergency organizat ion is provided in the following publications:

NFPA Industrial Fire Brigade Training Manual

NFPA 600, Sta...m~..ard on Industrial Fire Brigades

~.-..::.. AppendS:" B":~t..xAppendix C) Protection of Outdoor Storage ~. "::!:~::. ".::::::::::::..

-'::::::: '- ::i:i::. "+: ' : ' : ' : ' :" ".:.:+:.:.:..

..::.:.::.:i~i:~:~:%:..?~:. "%ii!~::...:..:i~:

kg ..-'~::'ii:~'..:: ":iiii::.. .:¢::" .~. . , .~- .- .~-: -i-.-.-.-.

-:g~-i::i~i::i.(~~-~-yl.l) The hazards of exposure to ou tdoor storage from:ii~.i t ion sources and expos ing fires and die infinite variety of

4: ..... c o n d i t l ~ : : u l ~ d e r which such exposures can occur r ende r " :: Wii}~!i: .... impossil~l:~::::::~J'ii:e fo rmula t ion of any sitigle table formulae or set of

":iii!ii":::~:~::~ii::i::::i~.t..~.. t b , ~ i ~ n cover all condi t ions adequately.

:iii::i: . # i~" l%i i~ l -C- l . 2 ) R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s conta ined in dlis append ix %= are.~Crr the protect ion of ou tdoor storage of commodi t i es covered

Light- weight

Carboniz ing t issue

Cigarette Fruit wrap On ion skin

Heaw/weight "-::'..-::!:;. .... ~ i ~ h t Linerboards '::~i~ii:: Bond.-~nd reproduc t ion

: ~!~!-::..:.:.':.~:: . . . . . . ~:"

M e d i u m "%::::::i~.!:# .... V e I I u m i:!:!::" Kraft roll wrappers .:~::" Offset Milk carton board Table t

Folding carton board Compute r Bristol board Envelope

Tag Book Vellum bristol board Label

Index Magazine Cupstock Butcher

Pulp board Bag Newsprint (unwrapped)

Tissue ToiLet tissue

Towel tissue

A-7-5.1.1 (231F-A-3-1-.1) Considera t ion shou ld be given to subdividing large-area warehouses in order to reduce the a m o u n t of stock tbat would be ,affected by a single fire.

It is r e c o m m e n d e d dlat walls or part i t ions be provided to separate tile s torage area f rom manufac t u r i ng or other occupancies to prevent die possibility of t ransmiss ion of fire or smoke between the two occupancies .

A-7-5.2 (231F-A-3-2) Smoke removal is impor tan t to manua l fire f ight ing and overhaul. Since mos t fire tests were conduc ted without smoke and hea t venting, the protect ion specified in Chapter 7 was developed without die use of such venting. However, vent ing t h rough eaveline windows, doors, gravity moni tors , or mechanica l exhaus t systems is essential to smoke removal after control of die fire is achieved. (See NFPA 204, Guide for Smoke and Heat Venting.)

i1-1.3 (231-C-1.8) In general , the provision of au tomat ic fire protect ion is impractical for ou tdoor storage. As a result, emphas is mus t be placed u p o n the following:

(a) Control of potential igni t ion sources, such as f rom expos ing buildings, t ransformers , yard equ ipmen t , refiise burners , overhead power lines, and vandals

(b) El iminat ion of adverse factors such a.s trash accumula t ions , weeds, a n d brush

(c) Provision of favorable physical condit ions, such as l imited pile sizes, low storage heights , wide aisles, and possible use of fire- r e m r d a n t covers (e.g., tarpaul ins)

6 2 2

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

(d) The rapid and effective application of manual fire-fighting efforts by the provision of fire alarms, strategically located hydrants, and adequate hose houses or hose reels

B-I.4 (231-C-1.4) Outdoor storage should be avoided in most cases but is recognized as a necessity in many industries.

B-1.4.1 (231-C-1.4.1) Outdoor storage is acceptable for materials that are as follows:

(a) Of low fire hazard, not requiring protection even if located indoors

(b) Of sufficiently low value dlat a potential loss would not justify the utilization of building space

(c) Of such severe fire hazard that indoor protection is impractical when balanced against potential loss

(d) Of large volume and bulk, making it impractical to construct and protect a building to house the storage

B-I.4.2 (231-C-1.4.2) Where materials that-normally would be stored in buildings are stored outdoors in temporary emergencies, it is recommended tbat special precautions be taken for dleir safeguard and that alley be moved to a storage wareh'ouse as soon ,as possible.

B-I.5 (231-13-1.5) Standards that address outdoor storage of specific commodities are found in Chapter 9.

B-2 (231-C-2) Responsibility of Management.

B-2.1 (231-C,-2.1) It is the responsibility of management to

~ roperly consider the hazards of die various materials ilandled. rotection requirements and storage arrangements vary with the

combustibility of the materials. Management sbould determine any special precautions that should be followed for the types of material stored. The care, cleanliness, and maintenance exercised by management determine to a large extent die relative fire safety :!i!~ in die storage area. B-2.2 (231-C-2.2) Consideration should be given by management to proper storage of materials in order to prevent the undue concentration of quantities ofsucb materials in a single. ~ n , subje~:t to one catastrophe. Tile criteria used to dete . .~ . " ~irnount of such material that should be stored in a ~ 1 : I o ~ o n are not only dependent upon the dollar value of t l ~ mq..~."~..i.:..~.~:.::,. but also upon die total supply and availability of tla'e r ~ ~ i ~ T~]:~ii impact of the loss of die storage upon tile abil'~..~0...i..j:~.:....... ........ cont ~ ; : . production should be considered. .,~.~:.:-:.:-::::.::m:.-.;x, .~iiii-,'.:., .-:, ,~¢, --'~'-.,.:~:~. :':~'-".~:-':':"

..:~.~" '%#-.-~ B-3 (231-C-3) Site. ~!.:.:~::

a.3.~ (z31-c.3.1) ~n selecting a site for o ~ storag~i ~ preference should be given to a location that":~!!~.ro...#'e the following:

Ca) Adequate municipal fire and police protection

(b) An adequate public water system with hydrants suitably located for protection of the storage

(c) Adequate all-weather ro~ads for fire department apparatus response

(d) Sufficient clear space from buildings or from other combustible storage that constitutes ,an exposure hazard

(e) Absence of flood hazard

(f) Adequate clearance space between storage piles and any highways, bridges, railroads, and woodlands

(g) Topography as level ,as possible to provide storage stability

B-3.2 (231-C-3.2) The entire site should be surrounded by a fence or other suitable means to prevent access of unauthorized persons. An adequate number of gates should be provided in the surrounding fence or other barriers to permit ready access of fire apparatus.

B-4 (231-C-4) Material Piling.

B-4.1 (231-C_,-4.1) Materials should be stored in unit piles as low in height and small in area as is consistent with good practice for the materials stored. The maximum height should be determined by the stability of pile, effective reach of hose streams,

combustibility of die commodity, and ease of pile breakdown under fire or mop-up conditions. Long narrow,l ies are preferred over large square piles to facilitate manual fire righting. (The short dimension increases ~:be effectiveness of hose streams and eases pile breakdown.)

!1-4.2 (231-C-4.2) Aisles should be maintained between individual piles, between piles and buildings, and between piles and the boundary line of the storage site. Sufficient driveways llaving the widtl~ of at least 15 ft (4.57 m) sbould be provided to allow the travel of fire equipment to all portions of the storage area. Aisles should be at least twice the pile height to reduce the spread of fire from pile to pile and to allow ready access for fire fighting, emergency removal of material, or salvage purposes.

!1-4.3 (231-C-4.3) As the commodity class increases in combustibility or where storage could be ignited easily from radiation, wider aisles should be provided. Smaller unit piles might be an alternative to wider aisles if yard space is limited.

B-4.4 (231-C-4.4) For outdoor idle pallet storage, see Section 3- 3.4 and A-3-3.4 of this standard. Separation between piles of idle pallets ,and other yard storage should be ,as specified in Table B- 4.4.

Table B-4.4 (231-Table C,-4.4) Pile Separation Pil,,c,:,~ize MinimUm Distance in ft (m)

I I I Fewer thar.~..<~"p~t[~e ts 20 (6) 50-200 p ~ t s 3o (9 .0 More tJ~ii~:~.~10, ofllets 50 415.2)

%,..

8 . - 4 . ¸

limt

B-5.1

~ .5) . ~ posts widl signs designating piling d be prov~:~"to indicate yard area, roadway, and aisle

..:.. ~-

!~ Buildings and Other Structures.

~..~:1) Yard storage, particularly storage of ~" in the higber heat release category, should have as ration as is practical from important buildings and but not less dlan that offered by NFPA 80A, ed Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire

B-5.1.1 (231-C-5.1.1) As guidance in using NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures, to establish clear spaces, the following classification of severity witb commodity classes of this standard should be used on the basis of 100 percent openings representing yard storage:

(a) Light Sever/ty I Commodity Class I

(b) Moderate Severi~. - - Commodity Class II

(c) Interpolate hetween moderate and severe severity for Commodity Class II1

(d) ,%-'vere Sever/ty - - Commodity Class IV and Class A plastics

NOTE: Tile guidelines of B-5.1.1 apply to the equivalent commodity classes of this standard. The severity of the exposing building or stntcture also should be a consideration where establishing a clear space.

B-6 (231-C,6) Yard Maintenance and Operations.

B-6.1 (231-C-6.1) Tile entire storage site should be kept free from accumulation of unnecessary combustible materials. Vegetation should be kept cut low. Procedures should be provided for weed control and the periodic cleanup of the yard area.

11-6.2 (231-C-6.2) Adequate lighting should be provided to .allow supervision of ,all parts of tile storage area at night.

B-6.3 (231-C-6.3) All electrical equipment and installations should conform to the provisions of NFPA,70, National Electrical Code °.

!1-6.4 (231-C-6.4) No heating equipment should be located or used within dae storage area. Salamanders, braziers, portable heaters, and other open fires should not be used.

B-6,5 (231-C-6.5) Smoking should be prohibited, except in Io~:ations prominendy designated as smoking areas. "No Smoking" signs should be posted in prohibited areas.

623

N F P A 2 3 0 1 A 9 9 R O P

B-6.6 (231-C~6.6) Welding and cu t t ing operat ions shou ld be p roh ib i ted in the s torage area, unless in compl iance with NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes.

B-6.7 (231-C-6.7) Tarpaul ins used for protect ion of s torage against the weather should be of f i re-retardant fabric.

B-6.8 (231-C-6.8) Locomotives f rom which glowing particles could be emit ted f rom exhaus t shacks shou ld not be permi t ted in the yard.

B-6.9 (231-C-6.9) Motorized vehicles us ing gasoline, diesel fi~el, or l iquefied pe t ro leum gas as fi~el should be garaged in a separate, de tached building.

B-6.9.1 (231-C-6.9.1) Storage .and hand l ing of fi~el should conform with NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Codg and NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (_3od~

B-6.9.2 (231-C-6.9.2) Rep:dr opera t ions shou ld be conduc ted outside d~e yard unless a separate masonry wall bui ld ing is provided. Vehicles shou ld .not be greased, repaired, painted, or otherwise serviced in the yard. Such work shou ld be conduc ted in conformity with NFPA 88B, Standard for Repair Garages.

B-7 (231-C-7) Fire Protection.

B-7.1 (231-C-7.1) Provisions shou ld be made for p r o m p d y notifying the public fire d e p a r t m e n t and private fire brigade (if available) in ~ase of fire or od~er emergency.

B-7.2 (231-C,7.2) Hydrants shou ld be spaced to provide a sufficient n u m b e r of hose streams. (See NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances.)

B-7.2.1 (231-(;-7.2.1) Provisions shou ld be m a d e to permi t the direct ion of an adequa te n u m b e r of hose s t reams on any pile or port ion of the s torage area that could be invo!ved in'fire. It is r e c o m m e n d e d that, unless adequa te protect ion is provided by tl~e

B-8.1 (231-(~8.1) Guard service shou ld be provided and cont inuous ly main ta ined d t r o u g h o u t the yard and storage area at all t imes while the yard is otherwise unoccupied . T h e responsibili t ies and the t ra in ing of guards shou ld be ,as specified in NFPA 601, Standard for Securi~ Services in Fire Loss Prevention. It is r e c o m m e n d e d tha t there be s o m e suitable means of supervising guard activities to ensure that required rounds are made at regular intervals.

II-8.2 (231-C-8.2) The value of strategically placed watchtowers in large yards wbere a guard stat ioned at a poin t of advantage can keep the entire property u n d e r observation should be considered. It is r e c o m m e n d e d that such watchtowers be connec t ed to the alarm system for p r o m p t notif ication of fire.

Appendix C (231C-Appendix B) Explanation of Rack Storage Test Data and Procedures

This appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only.

Appendix C provides an explanat ion of the test data and procedures dmt led to the deve lopmen t of this s tandard. Th e paragraphs are identif ied by the same n u m b e r as the text in this s tandard to which they apply.

C 4 1 . 1 (231C-B3..13.'.;."..1.~.. Application and Scope. Chapte r 4 uses as a basis the large..-.$~l'~:::~g, e test series conduc ted at the Factory Mutual Research C ~ ! ! : . . W e s t Glocester, Rhode Island.

The t~i'bui'J%~g...is approximate ly 200 ft x 250 ft (61 m x 76 m) [50,0 .~..i~.~:~!~.65 I~~i~:.i.n areal , of fire-resistive cons t ruc t ion and con.~l:~'s':~-.~;'lume o F . i ~ f 6 x i m a t e l y 2.25 mill ion ft s (63 761.86 m s), tl~:: 'eq~walent of a 1 0 0 ~ b - f t ~ (9.29-km e) bui ld ing 22.5 ft (6.86 m)

....::i~:Ti~--~.est buildiri~" bas two primary he ights benea th a single .... l a ' ~ : : !~ .~ t~ , The east section is 30 ft (9.1 m) high, and the west

sech':#~::~is 60 ft (18.29 m) high. municipal fire depa r tmen t , sufficient hose and o ther e q u i p m e n t -:..i:::.. The'::~::s.¢fies for s torage he igb t of 20 ft (6.1 m) was conduc ted shou ld be kept on h a n d at the storage property, suitably housed , ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: die 302~::::~9.1-m) section with clearances f rom the top of s torage and provision shou ld be made for t rained personne l available to ':iiii. ''::::~:!~!~i~. c.e.iflhg nominal ly 10 ft (3.1 m). put it into operat ion. " -.-: .+:.:..-:.:.-:.:.:...:.:::::::::."

-~i:....::i "~::" " ~ F s at the lower and in te rmedia te levels and ventilation II-7.2.2 (231-C-7.2.2) Hydrants and all f ire-fighting equip...L~g~..t ::.-"#::" Iou~:rs at the tops of walls were kept closed dur ing the majority of should be access b e for use at all times. No temporary.. . :-~'~i~: "i!i::i:. ~lle fire tests. This minimized the effect of exterior condit ions. " shou d be al owed to obst ruct access to fire-fighting ..¢.:~hipmei~, :::-:::i:i ....

A a cu ulat ion of snow or obstruct im- m a t , ~ ' ~ h o u Id/::zv,~ .:: .~!~!::" The ent ire test series was fi~ y i n s t rumen ted with t he rmocoup le s an~ an , c m , ~, • ~ , . ~ - ~ ,.~.-...,~..-. .-. .:-:-- . . . . . . vl..Y.a . . . . . t h ":" ": ::i:i::....::i::'."""-:':~:~:~:~:!::.....::i::''" a t tached to rack m e m b e r s s imu ated b u d ng columns, bar joists,

- - "::::::::::::.. ":::::'::" and tide ceiling. B-7.3 (231-G7.3) Moni tor nozzles should b.e..::~..d...ed a/?~.t.egi~: points wbere large quant i t ies of highly corn~is~' i l~i : :~teriat~ '~¢::" Racks were cons t ruc ted of steel vertical and horizontal m e m b e r s s tored or where average a m o u n t s of cot~.~i~stible m ' ~ i ~ . Is a/~::::ii .... s tored in inaccessible locations. .:'ff'::::i":i:!i!::!!:i .... ":~!!~iiii .:i ....

B-7.4 (231-C~7.4) Fire ex t inguishers of a n " : : ~ o p r i a t e ~ p e should be placed at well-marked, s t r a t eg icpo in t s t h r ~ o u t . ~ : e s torage area so tha t one or more portable fire e x t i n g u i s ~ i . . ~ t s can be made available quickly for use at any point. Wher~!!~he climate is such that there is a dange r of freezing, suitable e'~:~'in~uishers for freezing t empera tu res shou ld be used. For gu idance m the type and use of ext inguishers refer to NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers.

des igned for 4000-1b (1814-kg) loads. Vertical m e m b e r s were 8 ft (2.44 m) on center (d .C.) for convent ional racks and 4 ft (1.22 m) d .C. for s imula ted au toma ted racks. Racks were 31/~ ft (1.07 m) wide witll 6-in. (152.4-mm) longi tudinal title space for an overall width of 71/2 ft (2.29 m). Simulated au toma ted racks an d slave pallets were used in tile main central rack in the 4-ft (1.22-m) aisle tests. Convent ional racks and convent ional pallets were used in the main central rack in tile 8-ft (2.44-mm) aisle tests. Th e majority of the tests were conduc ted with 100-fC (9.29-m 2) spr inkler spacing.

B-8 (231-C-8) Guard Service.

Table C.-4-1.1 (231C-Table B-l-l)

Density. Sprinkler Operation gpm/ft 2 Fire Damage in Test Array (165°F) Area

(%) (It 2) (ft ~) 0.30 (Ceiling only) 22 395 4500-4800 0.375 (Ceiling only) 17 306 1800 0.45 (Ceiling only) 9 162 700 0.20 (Ceiling only) 28-36 504-648 13,100-14,000 0.20 (Sprinklers at ceiling 8 144 4100

and in racks) 0.30 (Sprinklers at ceiling 7 126 700

and in racks)

For SI units: 1 I t= 0.3048 m; °(3 = 5/9 (°17-32); 1 g p m / f C = 40.746 ( L / m i n ) / m ~

6 2 4

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

Tile test conf igura t ion for s torage he ights of 15 ft (4.6 m), 20 ft (6.1 m) , and 25 ft (7.6 m) covered an 1800-ft a (167.2-m ~) f loor area, i nc lud ing aisles be tween racks. Tests tha t were used in p roduc ing this s t andard l imited fire d a m a g e to this ,area. T h e m a x i m u m water damage area ant ic ipated in the s tandard is 6000 ft ~ (557.4 m~), the u p p e r limit of the des ign curves.

The test da ta shows that, as densi ty is increased, bo th the ex t en t of fire d a m a g e a n d spr inkler opera t ion are reduced. T h e data also indicates that, with sprinklers installed in the racks, a reduc t ion is ga ined in the area o f fire damage and spr inkler opera t ions (i.e., water d a m a g e ) .

TableC-4-1.1 illustrates dlese points. T h e in format ion shown is taken f rom the test series for s torage he igh t of 20 ft (6.1 m) us ing die s t andard commodi ty .

Tile fact that d lere is a reduc t ion in both fire damage and a rea of water appl icat ion as spr inkler densi t ies are increased or where sprinklers are installed in racks shou ld be cons idered carefully by those responsible for applying this s t anda rd to the rack s torage si tuation.

b u r n e d vigorously, and die fire j u m p e d the aisle above die fourda tier. Ti le fire t hen bu rned downward into the soudl end o f the fou r th tier. In the test on the floor, a nomina l 30-ft (9 . l -m) c learance occur red between the top of s torage and the ceiling sprinklers, whereas on tile plat form dais c learance was reduced to nomina l 10 ft (3.1 m). In mos t cases, the in-rack sprinklers were effective in control l ing fire below the top level o f protec t ion within die racks. It has been a s s u m e d by the Tes t P lann ing Commi t t ee that, in an actual cast." with a c learance of 10 ft (3.1 m) or less above storage, ceiling sprinklers would be expec ted to control d a m a g e above tile top level o f protec t ion within the racks. Tests have been p l anned to investigate lesser clearances.

Tests 114 and 128 explore the effect of chang ing the ignition poin t f rom the in-rack s tandard ignit ion poin t to a face ignit ion location. It shou ld be noted, however, tha t both of these tests were conduc t ed with 30-ft (9 . l -m) clearance f rom the ceiling sprinklers to the top of s torage and, as such, ceiling sprinklers had little effect on the fire in the top two tiers of storage. Fire spread in the dl ree lower ders i s essentially the same. A similar change in the fire spread wbere the ignit ion po in t is c h a n g e d was no ted in Tests 126 and 127. O n c e again, 30-ft (9 . l -m) c learance occur red between the

In tile test for s torage he igh t of 25 ft (7.6 m), a densi ty of 0.55 top of s torage a n d die ceil ing sprinklers, ,and, as sucb, tile ceiling g p m / f t ~ [(22.4 L / m i n ) / m ~ l p roduced 42 percent , or 756 ft ~ (70.26 sprinklers had little effect on tile face fire. Compar i sons of Tests

129, 130, and 131 in r.he test series for storage he igh t of 50 ft (15.24 m ), fire d a m a g e in die test array and a sprinkler-wetted area of m) indicate little effect of poin t o f igni t ion in the part icular 1400 ft ~ (130.1 mZ). Lesser densi t ies would no t be expected to . . . . confi ura t ion tes~,.c..d. aclneve the same l imited degree of control. Therefore , if the goal g ,::!:::~:!~.:!::, of smaller areas o f fire d a m a g e is to be achieved sprinklers in Test 125, wl~.i~fie~/m, pared widl Tes t 133, indicates no signif icant racks shon ld be cons idered ' d i f ference i~.!~{~.ult between approved low profile sprinklers and

. . . . " . . . . . . . . . . s t andard ~ i ~ - ' ~ , . in tile racks. l n e t e s t s e r i e s I o r s t o r a g e h e i g h t o v e r ~.b I t (1AI m ) w a s ~::.~.'. '::~:~:~::$'.x

conduc ted in the 60-ft (18.29-m) sect ion o f the test bui ld ing with C - 4 - 2 . 2 i i { . ~ I C - # ~ ' : D None of the tests tha t were conduc ted nomina l c learances f rom the top of s torage to tile ceiling o f ei ther w i t l . l : . : ~ . ~ in a c ' ~ , ~ e with the des ign c u r v e s p r o d u c e d 30 ft (9.1 m) or 10 ft (3.1 m). cti*t~al terbiperatures i~i::~iSr jois ts 121/~ ft (3.81 m) f rom the

Doors at d ie lower and in te rmedia te levels mad venti lat ion :::~j.;tion:i!~..~...urce; T ! i e r~o re , with spr inkler systems designed, !n louvers at tile top of walls were kept closed du r i ng die fire tests. . : - : - ~ ~ t n m e curves, n r e p r o o n n g ot roo t steeJ snoulcl no t This min imized die effect of exter ior wind condit ions, oe r t ~ s s a r y .

The nurnose of the over 5~5-ft t7 6-m~ series was to a c c o m n sh . . . . . C-4-2.'2:':-~.-~i~ig31: -~-B-3-2.2) T e m p e r a t u r e s in tile test co lum n were th e- - -I o~i ' t~tfo I n g: "-- - " - " ~ i:~:-'.:'::%-:::.:.:..::::..:: :::..::::... maintai n'~:!~"elow......:: 1000°F (538°(3) "n all tests where sprinklers in

":i:!.. "~':'::'.':~i~i!ii~.~.. wer# 'used. (a) De te rmine tile a r r a n g e m e n t of n-rack sprinklers tha t can ".~!!- " . ~ . ~ : ~ ' , . . . . . . . . . . . . , ' . . . . • ::::. ~:::::-x~-a~z&.~ I,z:qlt~-l~a-z.a~ l e m p e r a t u r e s in m e test COlumn were

be repea ted as pde he igh t increases and t h a t provade control...of the "":':'~¢'::':-: m a i ~ , i n e d be ow 1000°F t538°C~ with densi t ies o f roof cei l in- -'::::::-::!~:.:::':i: ". ::::-'-':" ,o ~ x • , ~; fire ~ ...-::'~-:':: ........ -"-~ii!ii~ :~i.-:]-".. sprinklers only, of0 .375 g p m / f t [(15.3 L / m i n ) / m ] with 8-ft (b) De te rmine otller protective a r rangement s , ~ as hi~...z.. .::~ "~i!iiii.~.4~m! a!s!es and 0.45 g p m / f C [(18.34 L ( .m in ) /m~] with 4-ft

- - .~ : : - . . , ====================== :.':. ,::::. [ l .xz-m) assles usln tile s tant larn commocllty. expans ion foam, t ba t provide control of the fire ,.- ,:.:.:.:.:, .::::.-.--....:.:.:.:.::::::.. :-:..- g Control was cons idered to have been accomp.Jished i~5?'~:..fire "::::':"?!Y" C-4-2. 3 (231 C-B-3-3) Tests were c o n d u c t e d as a part of this

was unlikely to so read f rom tile rack of o r i l d ~ ! ~ c e n t ~ , ~ or:. p rog ram with eave line windows or louvers open to s imula te spread beyond tile l eng th of file 25-ft (7.6..~" tes t ' i~!~: .To ~ ! ~ ' : : " SmOck:nt~tdol~eat I Vennl~[ineg s T~,~es~li.t~SctSoOpeanretdiv~eYt5e£erwCit~to;~td 91 this j u d g m e n t control was cons idered t~i-~ave been ff~.eved,.~t"the p p • P • fire did no t do die following" " .::;'::':'::~.:.:.?'.~i?.. ":iiii~: "" windows or louvers open Ven t ing tests that have been conduc ted

'-" :~...:::::~?::. ::::::i in o ther p rograms we-re wi thout the benef i t of spr inkler protect ion (a) J u m p die 4-ft (1.22-m) ,aisles to a d j o ' ~ rackS':: and as such are not. cons idered in this report , which covers only

"~iii:~...::# i::" . ' bui ldings protec ted by sprinklers. T h e des ign curves are based (b) Reach the end face of tile end stacks (no .t/~.. or soutll "..-.,-:~ u p o n tile absence of roof vents or draf t cur ta ins in the building.

ends) of the main rack ...:.#:"

Control is de f ined as ho ld ing tile fire in check d l rough the ex t ingu i sh ing system until the commodi t i es initially involved are c o n s u m e d or until d ie fire is ex t inguished by the ex t ingu i sh ing system or m a n u a l aid.-

The s t andard commod i t y ,-as selected in the 20-ft (6.1-m) test series was used in tile majori ty of over-25-ft (7.6-m) tests. Hal lmark products and 3-M products descr ibed in the 20-ft (6.1-m) test series repor t also were used as representa t ive of Class III or IV commodi t ies , or both , in several tests. Tile results of privately sponso red tests on Hal lmark prodncts ,and plastic encapsu la t ed s t andard commodi t i e s also were m a d e available to file comnti t tee .

A 25Lft (7.6-m) long test array was used for the majori ty oi r the over-25-ft (7.6-m) h igh test series. T he decis ion to use such an array was made because it was believed that a fire in racks over 25 ft (7.6 m) h igh tha t e x t e n d e d the fldl length of a 50-ft (15.24-m) long rack could no t be cons idered control led, part icularly as s torage he ights increased.

O n e of the purposes of t i le tests was to de t e rmine a r r angemen t s of in-rack spr inklers tha t can be repea ted as pile he i gh t increases and that provide control of the fire. T h e tests for s torage he igh t of 30 ft (9.1 m) explored the effect o f such arrays. Many of these tests, however, p roduced appreciable fire spread in s torage in t iers above tile top I.evel of protec t ion within tile racks. (In some cases, a total b u r n o u t of tile top tiers o f both tile main rack a n d the target rack occurred.) In the case of , the 30-ft (9 . l -m) Hal lmark Tes t 134 on tile 60-ft (18.3-m) site, the material in the top tiers of s torage

Dur ing mop-up operat ions , vent i la t ing systems, where installed; shou ld be capable of manua l exhaus t operat ions .

C-4-3.5.3 (231C-B--4-5) M o s t tests in the 25-ft (7.6-m) and u n d e r test series were conduc ted with a c learance o f 10 ft (3.1 m) f rom tile top of storage to tile sprinkler deflectors.

Tests 140 and 141 were c o n d u c t e d with a 3-ft (0.91-m) clearance between the top of s torage and the ceil ing spr inkler deflectors. In Test 140, us ing a densi ty of 0.30, 36 sprinklers opera ted compared with 45 a n d 48 sprinklers in Tests 65 and 66 with a 10-ft (3. l -m) clearance. In Tes t 141, 89 spr inklers opera ted compa red with 140 Slkaerinklers in Tes t 70 with a 10 f t (3 . l -m) clearance. Fire spread in

sis 140 ,and 141 was somewbat less t han in Tests 65, 66, and 70.

Test 143 was conduc t ed with an 18-in. (0.46-m) clearance between the top of s torage and the ceiling spr inkler deflectors, and with 0.30 density. Thirty-seven sprinklers opera ted comp a red with 36 sprinklers in Tes t 140 with a 3-ft (0.91-m) clearance and 45 and 48 sprinklers in Tests 65 and 76 with a 10 f t (3 . l -m) clearance. Fire spread in Test 143 with an 18-1n. (0.46-m) c learance was somewhat less than in Tests 65 and 66 with a 10 f t (3 . l -m) clearance and Test 140 with a 5-ft (0.91-m) clearance.

Privately sponsored teats, us ing a 0.45 ceiling spr inkler density and an encapsula ted commodi ty , indicated 40 sprinklers opera t ing with a 10-ft (3. l-m) clearance, 11 sprinklers opera t ing with a .~ft (0.91-m) clearance, and 10 sprinklers opera t ing with an 18-in. (0.46-m) clearance. Fire sp read was less in the test widl the 18-in. (0.46-m) c learance t han die 3-ft (0.91-m) c learance and also was

6 2 5

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

less with t he 3-ft (0.46-m) clearance t han with the 10-ft (3. l -m) clearance.

C-4-3.3.7 (231C-B-4-7) No tests were conduc ted with idle pallets in racks us ing s tandard spray sprinklers. However, tests were conduc ted us ing ESFR and large drop sprinklers. Such storage conceivably would in t roduce fire severity in excess of that con templa t ed by protec t ion criteria for an individual commodi ty classification.

C-4-4.2 (231C-B-5-7) In all valid tests, with double-row racks, sprinkler water suppl ies were shu t off at approximate ly 60 minutes . In only one test did die last sprinkler operate in excess of 30 minu tes after ignition; the last sprinkler opera ted in excess of 25 minu tes in three tests, widl the majority of tests involving tile last sprinkler opera t ing within 20 minutes .

C-4-5.1.2 (231C-B-11-1.2) Tes t 85 was conduc ted to evaluate the results of a liquid spill fire. Test results indicate it is no t practical f rom an economic s t andpo in t to install sprinkler systems with densit ies capable of control l ing such a fire, and, therefore, industrial t rucks shou ld be fueled outside of bui ldings only.

Append ix D Protect ion o f Baled Cotton

History o f Guidel ines (231E Origin and Development)

In tl~e early 1900s, a g roup of mar ine underwri ters fo rmula ted regula t ions to reduce tile f requency of excessive fire loss in baled cot ton facilities. In 1916, following a jo in t conference with the cot ton industry, guidel ines were establ ished u n d e r the title "Specifications and Standards" (also k n o w n as "Marine

D-I.I.4 (231E-1-1.4) The re is no in tent to restrict new technologies or alternative a r r a n g e m e n t s tha t offer protect ion features super ior to those out l ined.

D-I-2 (231E-1-2) Genera l .

D-1.2.1 (251E-1-2.1) Cotton fiber is readily ignitible an d burns freely and, when stored in relatively large quanti t ies, poses special fire control p rob lems not general ly e n c o u n t e r e d in o ther c o m m o n commodi t i e s .

Cotton fiber is compressed to various densi t ies into baled form for t ransport , storage, and hai-idling ,and is largely covered by industry-accepted packaging materials and b o u n d by steel, synthetic or wire bands, or wire. The bale surfaces normal ly are ragged in appea rance due to the loose f ibrous material no t conf ined by the b ind ing or wrapping. Frequendy, this ragged appear, 'mce is fu r ther aggravated by sampling, which exposes addit ional f ibrous material a n d can contr ibute to the rapid spread of fire.

Bale s torage in relatively large quant i t ies can pose severe fire control p roblems due to the potential f lashover and the large area of involvement tha t could overcome even a well des igned an d suppl ied spr inkler system; therefore, this appendix rakes into considerat ion limits on the n u m b e r o f bales per bui ld ing or fire division and the size of s torage blocks.

Where tile .~....f~::::.~. e t iered or piled in buildings or outdoors , tile loose su~g~e f i f ~ s are easily ignited in the presence of an ignition so~ i~O. . . d the fire can spread rapidly over tile entire mass or body of~!Mie"~terial; this c o m m o n l y is called "flashover." Fire then . c , 3 ~ l " ~ r o w " ~ . . t h e bale interiors mak ing detect ion and e x t i ~ n t dif ie~!l~. .~rt icularly in large mass storage. A q..u...~ff,, hot"fire then c~i~i!~iasue and spread beyond the control of

Standards") . ..::~:i n a~'-'c--xti ngu is h i l ~ ; ~ e th ° ds' ..... , . . ":-:" " : : i i~ . : :p~f ly a r ranged storage and with adequa te au tomat ic

From 1947 t h rough 1969, die sponsorsh ip was througl l the s p r i ~ protect ion, fire normally is conf ined to tile pile of origin, Cotton Warebouse and Inspect ion Service (dissolved in 1969). I n . , althot:"~ aisle fire can be expected to involve more than one 1967, in teres ted insurance rat ing bureans were added as sponsors,::~Ji.-.:.~i:~...., tier or pU~i:.-.~rinklers usually operate beyond the confines of the and, in 1969, to prevent conflicts with various rat ing bureau -~..::~-i:!~!i~i!ii::i!~i!..~.:~. and ~ down bales immedia te ly adjacent to tile b u rn in g pile.

s~ed~entldee~C~,rdo~t~ndc~rcdeSe~"'~lowrevP~aCedncmet~'939 the booklet % .#~;qua]eispr '~fkltes~Psrntec~ionntSi2anCokltngrofeUr~rS~riP~esa~eor • ' - ' - ' .,.:-'::!:~:i:!:i::. ":',"~-::iU .1. g g , , P, P P Y • , was c o m m o n l y referred to as the Blue Book • • • ============================= ~!;i.. if tli'e bales are otllerwise improper ly ar ranged, damage to the

N u m e r o u s revisions were m a d e over the " ea~ to k .~ ~ c u 2 ~ t ":!!::i':,...:~ection bui ld ing or area of involvement will be m o r e severe if no t tile last made in 197.9,. Early in 1978, tile c o m m i t t e # ~ i ~ ! e '2..~.'~'~ii{~:.:. %~i{ ~ii;::'t°tally destructive. Book" reques ted that tile NFPA consider a s tandard o/~i : :~:a ::"i~:.~'ii~!iiii: D-1.2.2 (231E-1-2.2) C o m m o n canses of fire in baled cot ton cot ton s torage and hand l ing based on the "BI.~..e..-...:..B~..gk" %i::i~::. " ..... include, bu t are not l imited to the following: r e c o m m e n d e d practices. Tile NFPA Correl .z , .~i~: :~.~i t td~i~. . . : :~: Storage expanded tile scope to include ~l.$~i~bers n ~ " ~ d fo(~:.:~-":::" (a) Fire-packed bales f rom the g inn ing or o ther process wbicb were covered in NF'PA 44, StoraK¢.'.."~iCombustib~ers "#hich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;a,A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " "~ ":::": . . . . . :" (D) ~teel Darius nreaKlng anct striKm or r u n n m (trlcUon)

against each o ther or o the r metall ic objects caus ing sparks Little data was found on fire experience f ~ ' ~ , d f i~ r s other

than cotton, ,and tha t da ta was largely empir icM:: i~i~iare .

The re f rom, the fo rmer NFPA 251 E, Recommen~"$'d Practice for the Storage o]'Baled Cotton, was developed by consensus of a test g roup fo rmed ]n 1978 ,and made up of the cot ton warehousing, cot ton processing, and insurance industr ies , u n d e r the auspices of file Technical Commi t t ee on General Storage, and was l imited to cot ton fiber in baled form, with tile in tent to convert to a s t andard ,as field exper ience became available to fur ther subst, 'mtiate its contenL

With tile me rge r of a n u m b e r of genera l s torage s tandards in 1999, tile in format ion was edited and is now inc luded in this Append ix ,as gu idance in fo rmance for the user.

D-I (231E-Chapter 1) In troduc t ion .

D-I.I (231E-1-1) S c o p e .

D-I.I.1 (231E-I-!.1) This append ix provides fire protect ion gu idance for the storage of baled cot ton in buildings a n d in yards.

D-I.I.2 (231E-1-1.2) None of the provisions out l ined shou ld be cons idered mandatory;, bowever, it is r e c o m m e n d e d that proper ty owners follow these guidel ines as a m i n i m u m m e a n s of l imiting fire spread by the applicat ion of the s torage m e t h o d s specified, by tile separat ion of major s torages us ing fire walls or clear spaces, and by tile provision of an adequa te m e a n s of ex t ingu i shment .

D-I.I .3 (23!E-1-1.3) These guidel ines can be applied to new or existing facilities.

(c) Ext raneous sparks f rom sources such ,as vehicle exhaus ts and incinerators

(d) Miscell, 'meous sources such as cut t ing and welding, electrical and mechanlca l faults, ,and smoking

D-2 (231E-Chapter 2) Bui ld ing Cons t ruc t ion .

D-2.1 (231E-2-1,231E-2-1.1) Cons t ruc t ion . Buildings used for the storage of baled cot ton that is s tored and protected in accordance with these guidel ines ,are permi t ted to be of any of tile types descr ibed in NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Constrm:tion.

D-2.2 (231E-2-2) E m e r g e n c y S m o k e and Heat Vent ing . The protect ion out l ined in these guidel ines applies to bui ldings with or without roof vents and draf t curtains.

D-2.3 (231E-2-3) Fire DivLsions o r Clear S p a c e s b e t w e e n Buildings.

D-2.3.1 (231E-2-3.1) A fire division is a building, compar tmen t , or sect ion cut off by fire walls or separat ion.

D-2.3.1.1 (231E-2-3.1.1) Fire divisions or clear spaces between bui ldings shou ld be in accordance with NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures. D-2.3.1.2 (231E-2-3.1.2) Baled cot ton s torage general ly has a fire load in excess of 15 Ib/f t ~ (73 kg /m~) , which would place its classification, accord ing to NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures, in the "severe" category.

626

NFPA 230 1 A 9 9 R O P

D-2.3.2 (231E-2-$.2) Fire walls shou ld be of masonry and rated for at least 4 hour s (based on NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction and Materials; ASTM E 119, Standard Methods for Fi"re Tests of Building Construction and Materials; and UL 263, Standard for Safet~ Fire Tests of Fire Resistance of Building Constru*.tion and Materials). For a comple te descr ip t ion of cons t ruc t ion Types I, II, ilI, IV, and V, see NFPA 220, Standard on Types ofBuildingConstruction. Such walls shou ld 'be parape ted as follows:

(a) For wood f rame [Type V ( 111-000)] ,and ord inary or heavy t imber m a s o n r y [Type III (211-200) ,and Type IV (2 HH)] , cons t ruc t ion parapets shou ld ex tend at least 5 ft (1.5 m) above the h ighes t po in t of any adjacent mon i to r or roof s t ruc ture within 50 ft (15.2 m) o f the fire wall. Where tile moni to rs or the roof s t ruc ture adjoins a fire wall, tile parape t shou ld ex tend no t less than 7~/~ ft (2.3 m) horizontal ly f r om tile vertical side of the roof s tructure. If in tersect ing end or side walls are o the r than masonry, the fire wall shou ld ex t end outward 10 ft (3.1 m) beyond the end or side wall or shou ld be "teed" at tile ends 10 ft (3.1 m) f rom each side of the wall or shou ld be "eUed" 20 ft (6.1 m) and of an equivalent fire raft ng.

(b) For n o n c o m b u s t i b l e cons t ruc t ion [Type II (000)] o the r than tllat ou t l ined in D-2.3.2(c), parapets shou ld be at least 2~/z ft

D-$.2.3 (231E-3-2.3) Rack storage shou ld no t ex tend over aisles or doorways.

D-$.2.4 (231E-3-2.4) Racks shou ld n o t b e loaded beyond thei r des ign capacity and sllould be des igned for seismic condi t ions in areas where seismic resistance for bui ldings is required.

D-3.3 (251E-3-3) Aisles.

D*$.3.1 (251E-3-$.1) Aisles shou ld .be provided and ma in t a ined to min imize the spread of fire and to allow conven ien t access for fire f ighting, removal of storage, and salvage operat ions.

D-3.3.2 (231E-3-3.2) At least one ma in aisle, 12 ft (3.7 m) or more in width, shou ld be provided in each fire division and a r ranged to subdivide the s torage into two or more approx imate ly equal areas.

D-$.3.3 (231E-3-3.3) Cross aisles separa t ing each s torage block shou ld be at least 4 fi (1.2 m) in width. Tile r e c o m m e n d e d 4-ft (1.2-m) aisles allow spr inkler water to pene t ra te tile lower areas of storage; however, it shou ld be no ted that, for aisles less than 8 ft (2.4 m) in width, a fire can be expec ted to c o m m u n i c a t e readily f rom one block to ano the r , especially in the case of an easily ignitible commodi ty such ,as cot ton fiber.

D-3.3.4 (231E-3-3.4) Where a 15-ft (4.6-m) cross ,aisle is provided after every four th or tifth t iered block, eacb s torage block can be (0.75 m) above tile roof• If in tersect ing side walls are o ther than

. . . . . . . , , J ~ , - ,i.~ increased to 800 bales of compressed cot ton and 400 bales of flat masonry SUCh waJi c o n s t r u c u o n S n o u l C l c o f l l o r l n t u u l c •...:-. . -~ '. . . . . . . . . cotton. Tile pu...~..'~• of t ins a l ternate m e t h o d of t iered s torage is to

s p e c m c a u o n s ot u-x.3.x~a), encou rage wi~:~c~:~'~,-aisles at least in termi t tent ly without "~ (c) For noncombus t i b l e cons t ruc t ion [Type II ( 222-111)] r e d u c i n g f l . . ~ - ' ~ m m e n d e d s torage capacity, as an aid in reduc ing

having masonry walls a n d with roofs of concre te k~/osum or C ,ass tile f l a s h ~ r fi~ii~..ptendal. Because of die increase in block sizes, 1 (UL- classified) metal deck, tile parape t should 'e~' t 'end at least 12 howev~.g.,.i-~i~.~s r e ~ e n d e d tilat tile au thor i ty having jur isdic t ion in. (0.$ m) above tile roof. be c~.d~•prior"if~{~l-a,~:.4Jcing this med lod .

• • "- ..I~!$ 5..~25"1E-3-$ 5) . " ~ : s s aisles separa t ing each sin le- or (d) For walls and roofs of fire-resistive cons t rucuon , [Type I .~::::-. "." "--. . . . . " ..:-:-" o • " . g ._ . taa~ ~ 9 ~ 1 . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . "" . . . - - ~ p l e - ~ rack sto~¢ge c o n n g u r a n o n snou ld be at least 10 ft (5.1

" ' ' 0 " " ' ~ - - ° " - - - - - - - ------~;z.t~i:~Z~e~-Ze~ar~:rt~le~S~oU~,o~el~lr~e ~feOPtomt~legS. Where D-$.~'~i~;?,3... 1E-3-$.6, Aisles shou ld be ma in t a ined free of loose . . , . r ::!::::-.... co t ton •t:i "*" t: :-':':" m i n i m u m necessary, and each side shou ld be protec ted by an :::::::::::::.:.:. ~:.:~"

approved and listed 3-hour-rated fire door , instal led in accordance~i!~!~'.::"!!~,.4 ( 2 3 , ~ 4 ) Freshly Ginned Cot ton Bales See Section 1)-5 5 witil NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows. Doors '% "":~:::~i:':-":.:'::-.~::.:.:.::'::"" • " " " shou ld be au tomat i c closing with de tec tors or fusible links :i::i~:. :--!i~:~).~'~~i~$1E.$.5) Storage o f C o m m o d i t i e s O t h e r than Cot ton. installed on bodl sides of the o p e n i n g a n d in te rconnec~! . . ' . . f l . ) a t %':" ":.:~: die opera t ion of any single de tec tor or fusible link clox~:~ bo~ii!. ~::.- 1~-3 5 1 doors s imul t aneous ly ...:.~'!':'. :i.::;: .!?.::.:.:_i:~or t ,. (231E-3-5.1) Cot ton warehouses , in general , can be used

• ..::;'::~:i:.::?-::, .:.::'..:;:.:::::.:,.. -:i... :!;!y" ne s torage of o ther commodi t ies , subject to the following: D-2.3.4 Substantial guards o f a size to protect fire::"d~.':.~/r.'~m:::%~:.::::ii!ii ':::" . t - ,

~:::i-iii!ii-:. ":-::~:: ,a~ Tile s torage of o the r commodi t i e s in a bui ld ing is d a m a g e or obs t ruc t ion sbould be provided. .~:::~ii~i~ii'!:'.-"~'?'~,.. ::iii!::~!~i?::, .. pe rmi t ted where baled cot ton is no t stored.

D-3 (231E-Chapter 3) S torage A r r a n g e m e n t " "':!~:~iiiii~i~: ' ::%i~i# ~ .... ..::::::. X.:.:::-:-:- ~::5:

D,$.I (251E-~-1") Genera l . This s e c ~ " ~ l i e s to b ~ i n g s : : " pro tec ted by a spr inkler system in a c c o r d a ~ . . ~ ' d l S e c ~ n D-4, or to those no t so protected. T h e tier beights,.13lO.~sizesg!i~;ind ,aisle widths ou t l ined ,are pe rmi t t ed bu t r epresen t r e ~ . ~ d e d m a x i m u m and m i n i m u m limitations. Fire experi~ '~ '~ and fire tests o f high-pi led commodi t i e s have shown dla t Iowet:'.:i:~ile heights , smal ler block sizes, and wider aisles resul t in a substant ial delay in fire spread and in providing for manua l fire f ighting. Automat ic spr inkler effectiveness is also improved substantially, with a redtiction in water d e m a n d and a decrease in tile quant i ty o f goods damaged .

D-$.I.I (231E-A-$-I) O n e bui lding, c o m p a r t m e n t , or sect ion classed as a fire division shou ld no t conta in m o r e than 10,000 bales o f cot ton if pro tec ted by a spr inkler system in accordance with Section D-4, nor more than 5000 bales if no t so protected. - (See Section D-2.3.)

D - 3 . 2 ( 2 3 1 E - 3 - 2 ) S t o r a g e B l o c k s .

D-3.2.1 (231E-3-2.1) Storage blocks, t iered or unt iered , or on racks, shou ld be l imited t o 7 0 0 bales o f compressed cot ton or $50 bales of flat cotton. (See D-3.3.4 for a permitted variation and also Table A-1-4.6 for typical cotton bale types and approximate sizes.)

D-$.2.2 (231E-$-2.2) Ti le he igb t o f t iered or rack s torage shou ld be l imited to a nomina l 15 ft (4.6 m) . Rack storage, as used in this d o c u m e n t , con templa t e s baled cot ton in a skeleton steel pipe or tubu la r f rame, wi thout shelving, a n d is l imited to a single- or double-row conf igura t ion n o t in excess o f two bales deep . Any variation could create a ser ious hand i cap to au tomat ic sprinklers that is beyond tile des ign capability and shou ld be referred to the au thor i ty having jur isd ic t ion .

(b) H igh -haza rd commodi t ies , such as ni trates or similar oxidizing materials, t l ammab le liquids or gases, explosives, or materials of a highly combus t ib le nature , shou ld no t be permi t ted where baled cot ton is s tored in tlie fire division.

(c) Any commodi t i e s d la t could be haza rdous in combina t ion witlt each o ther shou ld be s tored so that tiley canno t come in contact with each oilier.

D-33.2 (231E-3-5.2) Where it is necessary to' s tore o ther commodi t i e s with baled cot ton storage, a clear space of a t least 15 ft (4.6 m) shou ld be ma in ta ined between file baled cot ton s torage and othi:r commodi t ies .

D-$.fi.$ (251E-$-5.3) Where commodi t i e s of d i f ferent classifications are pelrmitted and s tored in tile same building, wheti ler on a seasonal or od le r basis, the protec t ion sho.uld b e ,adequate for tile mos t haza rdous material . (For protection of other commodities, refer to the main body of this standard or to the other applicable NFPA storage standards.)

D-$.6 (231E-$-6) Clearances.

D-3.6.1 (251E-3-6.1) Proper c learances f rom !i.ghts or l ight f ixtures shou ld be ma in t a ined to p reven t possible i g n m o n . Incandescen t l ight f ixtures shou ld have guards to prevent igni t ion of a commod i ty f rom hot bulbs where the possibility of contact exists.

D-$.6.2 (231E-3-6.2) No s torage shou ld be located witilin 3 ft (0.9 m) o f any electrical switch or panel boards and fuse boxes.

D-3.6.3 (231E-3-6.3) Baled cot ton s torage a n d oil ier combust ib les shou ld be kept at least 4 ft (1.2 m) f rom fire doo r open ings so that tile t ransmiss ion o f fire t h r o u g h a door o p e n i n g is minimized .

D-3.6.4 (231E-3-6.4) At least 2 ft (0.6 m) o f c learance shou ld be ma in t a ined a r o u n d ~dl dooi's (o the r than ,as indicated in D-$.6.$), fire protec t ion e q u i p m e n t ( inc lud ing a u t o m a d c spr inkler risers,

6 2 7

N F P A 2 3 0 - - A 9 9 R O P

controll ing valves, hose stations, and portable extinguishers), and te lephones for accessibility.

D-3.6,5 (231E-3-6.5) A clearance of at least 3 ft (0.9 m) should be maintained between the top of storage and the roof or ceiling construction in order to allow sufficient space for the effective use of bose streams in buildings not equipped with automatic sprinkler protection.

D-4 (231E-Chapter4) Fire Protection

D-4.1 (231E-4-1) Automatic Sprinkler Systems.

1)-4.1,1 (231E-4-1.1) Automatic sprinkler protect ion is not part of the recommendat ions of this appendix . However, it is unfor tunate tbat, in a fire situation, human response is, in most cases, unreliable in the first critical moments of fire development. Sprinkler protection is, therefore, the most reliable me thod of fire detect ion and suppression. Property owners are encouraged to provide sprinkler protection as the best means of minimizing a large loss. (See Section 1)-3. 5 for sprinkler protection for other than cotton fiber storage. )

1)-4.1.2 (231E-4-1.2) Automatic sprinkler systems, where provided, should be installed in accordance witb NFPA 13; Standard for the Installation o f Sprinkler Systems. Exception: Where modified b~ this chapter.

D-4.1.3 (231E-4-1.4) Clearance between the top of the storage and the sprinkler deflectors should be at least 18 in. (0.45 m). Building heights should allow for proper clearance between the pile height and sprinkler deflectors: Fire tests of high-piled storage have shown that sprinklers are generally more effective if located 1 ~/~ ft to 4 t / z ft (0.45 m to 1.4 m) above the storage height.

D-4.2 (231E-4-2) Water Supplies.

1)-4.2.1 (231E-4-2.1) The total water supply available should be

water, thus increasing its penetrat ing and spreading qualities) is the most effective on baled cotton fires.

Plain water is effective on surface fires but lacks the penetrat ing power of wet water.

Dry chemical extinguishers using sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, or potassium cbloride base powders have been used to control a surface fire on baled fibers and work mainly by coating tbe fiber with the f ire-retardant powder, but sueb cbemicals do no t :fffect a smolder ing or burrowing fire beneath the surface.

1)-4.4.2.2 (231E-4-2.2.2) Additional listed extinguishers, suitable for Class B and C fires, or mult ipurpose types, should be provided at each press location and for each motorized vehicle or area of hazard other than Class A.

1)-4.4.3 (231E-4-4.3) Wetting Agent Extinguishing Units.

1)-4.4.3.1 (231E-4M.3.1) Pressurized, wheeled, listed, wetting agent extinguishing units, as specified in NFPA 18, Standard on Wetting Agents, can be used, subject to the authority having jurisdiction, in lieu of Claxs A conventional types or small hose lines, provided

(a) The unit(s) has an equivalent extinguishing effectiveness of 20A for each 15,000 fF (1380 m ~) of floor area or less.

(b) The unit~,s) bas art equivalent extinguisbing effectiveness of 40A or more ~6~-.~..ach 30,000 ft ~ (2760 m ~) of floor area.

..::.:.- - . . : : : : . .

D-4.4.3.2 (2 .$ : .$~.3 .2) Placement of extinguishing units should be at loca.t.~'i:~!i~dily accessible to tbe main aisles and properly protected~ii~om ""~[~g e.

1)-4.~ii~i~!~4-4.4:iiii!!i~i!~ti..l~guishers sbould be of the nonfreezing ty~..."::br pr"6"tected agffi~;~'reezing where necessary.

: : - ! i~ : . . (2 .~ i .~5 ) Alar~ Service. "::!:i:i:i:':::ii::"" "~::!:"

D-4.~]i$:.~:..(.'.-.~. IE-4-5.1) Automatic sprinkler systems should have a p p r o v ~ : : i ~ a i station, local, auxiliary, remote station, or sufficient to provide the r e c o m m e n d e d sprinkler discharge densit~i!..-:...- ........

over the area to be protected, plus a min imum of 500 gpm (32 "~iii~iiiii::ii::i!ii!:i::::.~.roprieta'~ii-~aterflow supervised alarm service. Local waterflow L/see) for bose streams. :iii~i.."::::"-i~f~l~...m.....s.~.~ce is permit ted where s tandard guard service is provided D-4.2.2 (231E-4-2.2) Water supplies should be capable of :iiii . . . . . : i i~iJ"~i~lance with NFPA 601, Standard for Securi~ Services in Fire

........... Loss ~'reventwn supp ying the total demand for sprinklers and hose s t r e ~ ! ~ not ":i::iii# .... ..~:: " • less than 2 hours. ,.-:!.::-~!:: . . . . . . ::i'::.-iiii ii::: . Alarm service should comply with NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm

• .-..ff-~ ::!i!:" . "iii::if'ii-~ode ¢. D-4.2.3 (231E-4-2.3) R e c o m m e n d e d water supph.e.#.:~..b.~..~......tem~.[.~.~ ..... "%..-'i" .... - successful sprinkler operat ion when installed. Ho~'ev~'~iii..~..~h'~'~:~:..::-:-.:~ .... D-4.5.2 (231E-4-5.2) Valves sbonld be supervised in accordance the flasbover fire potential and inheren t unfavorable f e a ~ i of ""::::::::: cotton warebonsing, there should be an ad.e . . . .q~i i~ter sl]~....::~:. available for fire depa r tmen t use. ..::.:~!:" . . . . . ::i~iii~-i:: ':~i!i~i~i~i~!!i::

I)4.3 (231 E-4-3) H y d r a n t s . At Iocat i~i i~ . t .hout pul~i~iitayd'i::ants, private hydrants should be provided in ac~.'.~.3nce witl~::~..~FPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire S ~ i ~ a i n s . . ~ d Their Appurtenances. .................

D-4.4 (231E-4-4) Manual Inside Protection. .~ii:: if::''"

1)-4.4.1 (231E-4-4.1) In buildings of 15,000 ft z (1380 m 2) or larger, small hose [1 t / e in. (38.1 ram)i , with combinat ion water spray nozzle, should be provided to reach any portion of a storage area with due considerat ion to access aisle configuration with a m:~vjmum length of 100 ft (30.5 m) of hose. Sucb small bose should be supplied from one of the following:

(a) Outside hydrants

(b) A separate piping system for small hose stations in accordance with NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose .~,~stems

(c) Valved hose connect ions on sprinkler risers where such connect ions are made upstream of the sprinkler control valves

(d) Adjacent sprinkler systems itt accordance witb NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprink.ler Systems

1)-4.4.2 (231E4-4.2) Portable listed fire extinguishers sbould be provided in accordance wid~ NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, and as amended by this section. Up to t / e of the required complement of portable fire extinguishers for Class A fires c~uJ be omitted in storage areas wbere fixed small bose lines are installed in accordance with [)-4.4.1.

1)-4.4.2.1 (231E-4-4.2.1) Cot ton and its wrappings represent a ('l:~ss A fire. Experience has sbown that ext inguishment using "wet water" (a chemical agent additive to lower the surface tension o f

with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.

D-4.6 (231E-4-6) Fire Emergency Planning.

D-4.6.1 (231E-4-6.1) Arrangements sbould be m,'uzle to allow rapid entry into the premises by the municipal fire depar tment , police deparunent , or other anthorized personnel in tbe case of fire or otber emergency.

D-4.6.2 (231E-4-6.2) Industrial fire brigades, where provided, should be in compliance with NFPA 600, Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades.

D-4.6.3 (231E-4-6.3) Manual fire-figbting operations should not be considered to be a substitute for sprinkler operation. The sprinkler system should be kept in operat ion during manual fire- fighting operat ions until visibility has improved so that the fire can be clearly seen and the extent of fire has been reduced to a mop- up stage. It is essential that charged bose lines be available before venting is started because of a possible increase in fire intensity. When a sprinkler valve is closed, a designated person sbould remain at the valve so it can be opened prompdy if necessary. The water supply for the sprinkler system slmuld be augmented, where possible, and care should be exercised so that the water supply for the sprinkler system is not rendered ineffective by the use of excessive hose streams.

D-4.6.4 (231E-4-6.4, 231E-A-4-6.4) Fire depar tments should be encouraged to make periodic inspections of the property in cooperat ion with managemen t and personnel for the purposes of loss prevention and prefire planning. For fur ther information, see NFPA 13E, Guide for Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected ~ .Sprinkler and Standpipe $?~stems.

D-4.6.5 ('~31E-4-6.5) A fire watch should be maintained wben the sprinkler protect ion is not in service.

D-~ (231E-Chapter 5) Yard Storage

D-5.1 (231E-~1) f;eneral .

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N F P A 2 3 0 - - A 9 9 R O P

D-5.1.1 (231E-5-1.1) This sect ion applies to baled cot ton s torage yards des igna ted for daat purpose . Generally, yards are at or conven ien t to compress ion warehouses and gins bu t can inc lude s torage at locat ions r emote f rom rou t ine operat ions .

D-5.1.2 (231E-5-1.2) This sect ion refers to seed cot ton trailers or modules , vehicles, incinerators , a n d o ther facilities, or exposures f rom same, only for the pu rpose of establ ishing r e c o m m e n d e d dis tances to des igna ted yard s torage areas.

D-5.3 (231E-5-3) Site. Preference shou ld b e g i v e n to locat ions having adequa te public fire and police protect ion, adequate ly suppl ied fire hydrants for protect ion of yard areas, good drainage, all-weather roads or driveways for emergency vehicle use, and r emotenes s f rom bui ldings or o ther combus t ib le s torages or facilities tha t could const i tute an exposure hazard.

D-5.4 (231E-5-4) Storage Ar rangemen t s .

D-5.4.1 (231E-5-4.1) T ie red s torage is no t r e c o m m e n d e d ; however, yard or ou tdoor s torage condi t ions can necessi tate s torage m e t h o d s od~6r t ha n dlose out l ined. T he aud~ority having jur i sd ic t ion shon ld be consu l ted for approval in such cases.

D-5.4.2 (231E-5-4.2) Storage shou ld be a r ranged to provide reasonable fire breaks a n d ready access for fire f ighting.

D-5.4.3 (231E-5-4.3) A row of s torage shou ld be l imited to 100 bales.--

D-5.4.4 (231E-5-4.4) M a x i m u m storage l imitat ions shou ld be ,as follows:

(a) Protected block, 10 rows (1000 bales)

(d) 500 ft (152.5 m) to a nonapp roved incinera tor or open fires

(e) 100 ft (30.5 m) to vehicle and seed trailer or m o d u l e park ing areas and t ~ s h piles

(f) 50 ft (15.2 m) to roadways and railroad main l ines an d sidings

(g) 200 ft (61 m) upwind of any recondi t ion ing activity

(h) Yard s torage areas shou ld be ma in t a ined clear an d clean o f loose cotton, dry grass, weeds, a n d combust ib le trash for a dis tance of at least 50 ft (15.2 m) a r o u n d the yard pe r imete r

D-5.6.1 (231E-A-5-6) In the case of buildings, spr in ldered or unspr ink le red , the clear space can be reduced up to 50 percen t if cons t ruc t ion is fire-resistive or if f ac ing walls are masonry an d parape ted with adequate ly protec ted openings . This a rea reduc t ion can also be pe rmi t t ed to be appl ied to noncombus t i b l e bui ldings of a type l imited to cor ruga ted i ron or asbestos panel walls and roof on a steel f rame.

D-5.7 (231E-5-7) Fire Protect ion.

D-5.7.1 (231E-5-7.1) To qualify as a protec ted yard, hydrants s h o u l d comply widl Section D-4.3.

Exception: Wh~..6...::~.~nded by Section 19-5.

D-5.7.1.1 (23~'7"~"i::!!] ") All areas of yard s torage shou ld be within 500 ft ( 1 5 ~ i ~ ! 9 f a fire hydrant . Adequa te clearance shou ld be m a i u t a i ~ b e ~ s torage a n d hydrants .

.::. ..~.:~. ... ~:~::.):. D-5.7,.-~..~::.(~,.JE-5-7~.).....I~drant e q m p m e n t for each yard g roup (2.~.;~0"~l~s) s h o u l ~ t s t o f t he following: (b) U n p r o t e c t e d block, five rows (500 bales) _ .::::?" -~::. ~;-::..

(76.2 o f 21/~-in. (c) Protected yard, five pro tec ted blocks (5000 bales) . : . : f ~ a ~ ~ (63.5-mm) hose

" :~ i ' . ' : ~ '~ ' f t (91 5 m) of I t /2-in (38 1-mm) hose widl provisions (d) Unpro t ec t ed yard, five u n p r o t e c t e d blocks (2500 bales) - ~ , ~8~.~.. ~; ~ 1 . . . . . ~- ", • to Y - c ~ e c t ' . t o m e z /~-m. ~.o~.~-mmj nose

(e) Protected g roup yard fou r p ro tec ted yards (20 000 bales)~iiiiiiii~?.. , , ~:~."..-!"". . ' ' ::!.'..':::~.~:~:~:~:':-'.:::::..,. ~c7 ~ o m a n o n water spray nozzles

(f) Unpro t ec t ed g roup yard, four unp ro t ec t ed yards (10,000 :::.'.'~. ':':::':!~!~?~...~:~:i" , . . . . . . hal,,,~ "::~ ..;.~: ~:.~ :~.'.':::"rro er wrenches tor n otrant o eraUon a_rlo nose

~....... ":~8:::::: ~ c o n ~ c U o n s D-5.4.5 (231E-5-4.5) M i n i m u m clear spaces shou l d be . .~ . . . "~ws : %~ ~ _ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.::~:'.~" .'~.:~" :~-:. l ~ . - ~ . 4 . 1 . ~ t ~,~ll~-~)-t.J.~J water avaHaote to m e mos t r emote yaro (a) 10 ft (3.1 m) between parallel rows and 25 ~ . 6 m) Ji~" . - ".-::'.::~'ydrants shou ld be capable of del iver ing at least 500 g p m (1893

be tween rows ar r an g ed end-to- end ----e~'~":'~:.:.~:~:,..~::, ...-::'::""'i:~:~:":':'::::::'~%'.'!!~:"..:'iii::.:..:~?.. " : - " :'::~::" L / m i n ) at an effective pressure for at least a 2-hour per iod

. . . . . . . . . . . . . '%~'-~ , "::'~i~-",.:~::" D-5 7 2 (231E-5-7 2) Approved ext inguis l f ing uni t s shou ld be (b) .~U t t (Ib.X m7 netween rotecteo or t m .o.tected:'..'~" cKs "." " . . . P ,:::,~::::~"~!::.:.. "~:: , . . : , provaded on file basis of an eqmva len t 40A r a u n g for each

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) 200 ft (61 m) between protec ted o ~ : u ' n o r ' ~ l y a r ~ i ~:'''':''~.-:::- protected, or unpro tec t ed yard area, (see Section D-5.4) or grea ter ..:..:~>. "::i-ii~::.:~:. ,.-.::Y" fraction daereof. )

(d) 1000 ft (305 m) between prot~."~'~i~iii~£ u u p r o t ~ ; ~ d g~oup D 5 7 . . . . . . . . 7 ,t . . . . . . . . . . . . . " - ~ ' ~ r t t e " "$~::':!~;:. '~:~$'.: - • . Z . l ~ . ~ r ~ ¢ - l ) - .~ . . 1~ 3 u D J e C t t o t i l e a u t n o r l t y navlng : ' - ~ "-~".'%~! . . . . . . f f jur i sd ic t ion , a motor ized wet water uni t (s) can be subst i tu ted for D-5.4.6 (231E-5-4.6) Rows shou ld be arrange~..'.-~::da,3.~j)revailing tha t specified in D-5.7.2, provided dlat a un i t of 250 gal (946 L) or winds blow in file direct ion of d ie parallel c l e a r : ~ ' s be tween grea ter capacity is provided for each g roup yard area s tor ing up to rows. " 2~i:. 20,000 bales.

D-5.5 (231E-5-5) Q u a r a n t i n e Yards.

D-5.5.1 (231E-5-5.1) • Freshly g i n n e d cot ton bales, c o m m o n l y cMled "fire-packed bales, ~' are highly subject to insidious fires or ig inat ing f rom die g i n n i n g opera t ion. Known or suspec t fire- packed bales shou ld -be marked as such and kept segrega ted f rom o ther con ten t s or bui ldings for a per iod o f no t less allan 5 days; if no fire is de tec ted after tha t period, the bales t hen can be hand led in a no rma l m a n n e r .

D-5.5.2 (231E-Sr5.2) A clear space of at least 100 ft (30.5 m) f rom any yard s torage a n d 25 ft (7.6 m) f rom all bui ldings shou ld be establ ished as a q u a r a n t i n e ,area for known or suspec t f ire-packed bales.

D-5.5.3 (231E-5-5.3) Known or suspec t f ire-packed bales shou ld be separa ted f rom each od le r by at [east a 10-ft (3. l -m) clear space.

D-5.6 (231E-5-6") Unobs t ruc t ed Clear Space. Except as no ted in D-5.6.1 u r lobstructed clear space to des igna ted yard s torage shou ld , be m a i n t a i n e d as follows:

(a) 100 ft (30.5 m) to any approved spr inklered bui ld ing

(b) 200 ft (61 m) to ,any nonapp roved spr ink le red or nonsp r ink l e r ed bui ld ing

(c) 200 ft (61 m) to an approved incinera tor

D-5.7.2.2 (231E-5-7.2.2) P l acemen t of wheeled or motor ized uni ts shou ld be at readily accessible locat ions widlin 250 ft (76.2 m) of each yard, pro tec ted f rom damage , and ma in t a ined in good opera t ing condi t ion at all t imes.

D-5.7.3 (231E-5-7.3) Water c o n t a i n e r s and palls, if used, shou ld be dis t r ibuted at a ratio o f one 40-gal (151-L) or grea ter con ta ine r with two pails for each 100 bales of storage. However, wheeled wet water pressure ex t inguishers are permi t ted in lieu o f conta iners a n d palls.

D-5.7.4 (231E-5-7.4) All motor ized vehicles used in des igna ted yard areas shou ld be equ ipped widl a listed mul t ipu rpose dry chemical ex t ingu i sher of a size appropr ia te for the ant ic ipated hazard. (See 1)-4.4. 2 for information on portable fire extinguishers.)

D-5.7.5 (231E-5-7.5) A suitable and reliable m e a n s of c o m m u n i c a t i o n shou ld be available to s u m m o n the fire d e p a r t m e n t or o the r appropr ia te pe r sonne l promptly, to s o u n d a genera l a larm in fire ~ s e o f fire or o the r emergency , or bodl.

D-5.7.6 (231E-5-7.6) Reference shou ld be m a d e to Section D-4.6 for fire emergency p l ann ing and p rocedures fllat apply to yard s torage.

D-5.8 (231E-5-8) Yard Maintenance and Operations.

D-5.8.1 (231E-5-8.1) Smok ing shou ld be strictly prohib i ted wldlin 100 ft (30.5 m) of yard s torage areas, and "no smoking" signs shou ld be posted conspicuously. (See D-6.6.)

6 2 9

N F P A 2 3 0 - - A 9 9 R O P

D-5.8.2 (231E-5-8.2") All internal combus t ion equipmen~ used in or a r o u n d yard s torage areas shou ld be equ ipped with a suitable spark arrester-type muff ler properly ma in ta ined and otherwise approved by the an thor i ty having jur isdict ion.

D-5.8.3 (231E-5-8.3) Guard Watch Service. D-5.8.3.1 (231E-5-8.3.1) Guard watch service shou ld be provided t h r o u g h o u t ,all des ignated yard s torage areas du r ing all shu tdown periods when fewer than 5 days have passed after cotton bales have been g inned or when the total stock exceeds 1000 bales.

D-5.8.3.2 (231E-5-8.3.2) Hourly rounds shou ld be made and recorded du r ing all nonwork ing hours us ing an approved and listed portable clock and having key stat ions si tuated to ensure comple te coverage of the area of responsibility. Watch service informat ion shou ld be obta ined from NFPA 601, Standard for Security Services in Fire Loss Prevention.

D-6 (231E-Chapter 6) Administration, Buildings, Equipment, Maintenance, and Operations.

D-6.1 (231E-6-1) Adminis t ra t ion . T he adminis t ra t ion of buildings and equ ipment , and the ma i n t enance thereof, is an impor tan t considerat ion in the reduct ion of fire inc idence and loss. The finest bui ldings and protective features can be abrogated quickly by neglect of the cont inuous , necessary m a i n t e n a n c e of fire loss prevent ion p rograms and protective equ ipmen t . Thus , m a n a g e m e n t at all levels, plays a critical part in the reduct ion of fire loss.

In addi t ion to the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s out l ined in this chapter , the liaison between m a n a g e m e n t and personnel should include a mean ingfu l loss prevent ion p rogram that provides the following:

(a) Encourages loss prevent ion habits

(b) Teaches the p r o m p t sound i ng of a larms

D-6.2.2 (231E-6-2.2) Maintenance and Operations. Th e following r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s should be me t pr ior to the en t rance or use of industrial trucks in a cot ton s torage or hand l ing area:

(a) All traces of fuel shou ld be c leaned f rom the vehicle before it is started.

(b) Vehicles tha t have exhaus ted fi~el tanks should be towed to the ,assigned fimling area for refueling.

(c) Repairs shou ld be prohibi ted in cot ton s torage or hand l ing areas.

(d) Alterat ions of the fire safety features shou ld be prohibi ted.

(e) Main tenance procedures shou ld comply with those out l ined in NFPA 505, Fire Safety Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks Including 77ype Designations, Areas of Use, Conversions, Maintenance, and Operation. (See C~6.2.1.)

D-6.2.3 (231E-6-2.3) In terp lant Haulage. Tractors used for in terp lant hau l ing shou ld be equ ipped .with a properly mainta ined, suitable, spark at tester- type muffler.

D-6.2.4 (231E-6-2.4) Motor ized Vehicles. Motorized vehicles, o the r titan those specified u n d e r D-6.2.1, should not be permi t ted to enter any cot ton s torage area. A loading platform should be located so that t r~;ks canno t fully en te r inside the closing walls of a warehouse, w~.'..~::i~e, t ruck space incl ined away f rom the platform and lower th .~ . ' the l ~ f f o r m . The loading area should be closed off f rom a t ~ : : R ~ r - f l o o r bui ld ing space.

D - 6 . 2 . 5 ( ~ i E - 6 ~ ! i ~ ! : : . . Mechanical band l ing equ ipmen t , when no t in us..q{~:~i~..9:~.d be " ~ q,!tside.

~ i ! ~ ($...3.1"g6-3) BuilaN:Servlee and Equipment.

..... D":-~it:!~::iig6-3.~) Electrical Installation. " - : . : : : . : . : v .

(c) Minimizes panic and effects safe evacuation ........ (ai':%~-is ~ e c o m m e n d e d that cot ton s torage and hand l ing are,'t~

(d) Instructs key personnel in the effective utilization of fire ========================= be free o ~ c t r i c a l installations; how~ever, installations flint are extingafishing e q u i p m e n t and o ther protective features :i::!i..'":::::~!i::!::!::::~cessar~..:i~t]ould comply with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, for

:!ii::i: iiii~il.-.:'l~l:l:~"Division 2, hazardous areas. (e) Teaches b ~ i c salvage and c leanup t echn iques to !D o imize ":i::?:i...::#" .i.:ii.:::

the downt ime of opera t ions - --::::"-':::-i:::~::-~ :!ii!:" ('13") Electrlc,'d extens ion cords shou ld be prohibi ted in s torage "::~: ......... -i!i!iiiii ::!::i~i.......ageas. If portable lights are necessary, battery-powered lanterns or

D-6.2 (231 E-6-2) Mechanical Hand l ing Eq uipment...:::.:i:::::::::. ~.~.i". . . . . . ::i::::::i~:tlashlights can be used. • ~:: ":~i~ . . . . . :~:;:~}"::ii~i~?::. % :: .... D-6.3.2 (231E-6-3.2) Open f lame beat ing devices, p e r m a n e n t or = , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = . : . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . : . .

D-6.2.1 (231E-6-2.1) Industr ial Trucks. Power -op .e ra t e~ i~us t r i a ] ~:!!iiii::i::ii:: trucks and mobile e q u i p m e n t shou ld compl..y..-i~::..~.F:.PA ~i~i?~ir.¢.:. Safe~ 3 Standard for Powered Industrial Tr~...¥::'Tncludf~..iii~ype "::=:================== .... Designations, Areas of Use, Conversions, .M..~tenance, a~ i i .Op~#on. Cotton., stora, ge ,and handlir~, g . . . . -tre,-ks "tr~:!~~/i~ed.+..~.. ,,-~s ("las~i:]{~lL,, .:,, , " Division 2, hazardous areas and require vel:~l~s design..'.~, ed ~s types DS, DY, ES, EE, EX, GS, LPS, and GS/12~ii . . . . . . i ....

. . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D-6.2.1.1 (231E-6-2.1.1) Gasoline and diesel fu'e~ii~:[dd be prohibi ted in cot ton s torage are~Ls, on platforms,::3~i'fid in expos ing yard areas. Fuel ing shou ld be done outside at a ~vell-detacbed location in accordance with NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code.

Exception: Gasoline and diesel fuel contained in the vehicle tanks may be permitted.

D-6.2.1.2 (231E-6-2.1.2) Liquefied pe t ro leum i~a.s fuel conta iners shall be exchanged or removed only outdoors . The valve at the fiJel con ta iner should be closed and the eng ine allowed to run until the fi~el line is exhausted . Tanks should be refiteled only at well- de tached locations. LP-G~ fuel sys tems on LP-G~ dual f u e l - powered trncks s lmnld be in accordance with the applicable provisions of NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code.

D-6.2.1.3 (231E-6-2.1.3) Charg ing e q u i p m e n t for storage batteries shou ld be in a separate area, room, or bui ld ing des ignated for that purpose . If located in a separate room, tim room should be l ined with substant ial noncombus t ib l e materials cons t ruc ted to exclude "fly" or lint. Charg ing a r e ~ should be kept free of ex t raneous combust ib le materials and trash. Adequate ventilation should be provided to minimize concent ra t ions of hydrogen gas du r ing charging.

D-6.2.1.4 (231E-6-2.1.4) All mechanica l e q u i p m e n t and refileling areas shou ld be kept free of accumula t ions of f ibrous lint, oil, and trash, with particular a t tent ion paid to the internal areas of vehicles.

temporary, shou ld be prohibi ted.

D-6.3.3 (231E-6-3.3) Shops and Equipment. D-6.3.3.1 (231E-6-3.3.1) Repair ing and recondi t ion ing and boilers or similar e q u i p m e n t shou ld be prohibi ted in cot ton storage areas. Separate bui ldings shou ld b e provided for such purposes or should be separa ted fi 'om storage areas by a s tandard 2-hour fire wall.

D-6.3.3.2 (231E-6-3.3.2) The term "recondi t ioning" applies mainly to cot ton and is def ined ,as any opening, drying, cleaning, or picking of bales of loose cot ton by any m e a n s whatsoever.

Exc,~Otion No. "1: Air doing (not compressed air) of baled cotton at room temperature where not more than one band is removed from each bale being so dried.

Exception No. 2: The picking of baled cotton by hand where not more than five bales are in the process of being picked on the prem- ises at any one time, and where at least two bands remain on each bale so picked. Removal of ,,tore than one band is to be considered part of the picking p r o c e s s .

Exception No. 3: The opening of bales in the press room for pressing or recompressing. Exception No. 4: The cleaning of baled cotton I~ brushing (manual only) where the process emploTed does not remove an appreciable quanti~ of lint.

Mechanical recondi t ion ing opera t ions should conf ine lint and "fly" to the recondi t ion ing bui lding and should be separated f rom cot ton s torage (or compress) by a s t andard fire wall without .openings or by unobs t ruc ted clear spaces ~ out l ined in Section D- 2.

D-6.4 (231E-6-4) Cut t ing and Welding.

D-6.4.1 (231E-6-4.1) Where cut t ing and welding operat ions are necessary, the precaut ions conta ined in NFPA 51, Standard for the

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N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas ,~.stems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, shou l d be followed.

D-6.4.2 (231E-6-4.2) Welding, soldering, brazing, or cut t ing shou ld be pe rmi t i ed only by the author iza t ion o f m a n a g e m e n t . Proper p recau t ions shou ld be observed and shou ld inc lude the following:

(a) A supervisor shou ld be ass igned to the operat ion.

(b) T h e a rea shou ld be m a d e fire-safe.

(c) Work shou ld be removed to a safe area, where possible.

(d) Where these opera t ions are pe r fo rmed on e q u i p m e n t or bui ld ing c o m p o n e n t s tha t c anno t b e m o v e d , the re shou ld be no s torage below or witltin a 35-ft (10.7-m) radius.

(e) Floors shou ld be swept c lean and wooden floors wet down within the 35-ft (10.7-m) radius.

(f) Tire cu t t ing and welding e q u i p m e n t to be used shou ld be in good opera t ing condi t ion and proper ly main ta ined . [231E-A-6- 4.2(f)1 Personnel opera t ing arc welding or cut t ing e q u i p m e n t shou ld be pro tec ted f rom possible shock.

(g) O p e n i n g s ,and cracks in wood cons t ruc t ion should be t ighdy covered to prevent the passage of sparks.

D-6 .8 (231E-6-8) Grass and Weeds . All dr ied grass and weeds shou ld be kept clear of bui ldings for ar least 50 ft (15.2 m).

D-7 ( 2 3 1 E - A p p e n d l x B-6-7) I n f o r m a t i o n on F ight ing Fires in Ba led C o t t o n

D-7.1 (231E-B-I) In t roduc t ion . T h e i :nformadon conta ined in this sect ion is a s u m m a w of knowledge ga ined over the years by cot ton warehouse personnel , fire f ighters, and insu rance authori t ies in f ight ing fires in the Cot ton Belt.

A baled cot ton fire has peculiarities tha t shou ld be unde r s tood and respected if a large loss is to be avoided with m i n i m u m dange r to personnel . Automat ic sprinklers, if properly des igned and suppl ied, can be expected to control a baled cot ton fire where s torage m e t h o d s out l ined in this r e c o m m e n d e d practice are followed, bu t e x t i n g u i s b m e n t shou ld no t be expected.

The pr imary rule for any fire is always to call the r e spo n d in g fire d e p a r t m e n t first. Fight ing fires of any type is a profession and, even wbere a well-trained private fire organizat ion is available, professional aid shou ld be effected as soon as possible, an d p lan t personne l shou ld no t be undu ly exposed to the peril.

The myriad of small fibers that mak.e up a cot ton bale, especially a naked bale or one wrapped in burlap, and cover its surface offer a highly vulnerable source of ignit ion as well as the

~ otential for a rapid f lamespread , also known as "flashover." A asltover is usu~i~.911owed by a slower f l amespread at the surface, -

(b) All cot ton borde r ing the a rea shou ld be protec ted by then tenaciott~;~SiJi¥~ing into the pile between bales and f lame-proofed covers or otherwise sh ie lded with metal or asbestos p e n e t r a t i o r t . : ~ g e in ter iors of individlml bales. High-densi ty bales guards or curtains. The edges of the covers at the floor shou ld be are less . v ~ . . ~ e ~ : , t o a bur rowing fire, bu t the possibility of such a t ight to p reven t sparks f rom escaping. This precaut ion should fire sbon~."~ot b:~ii..$~.....ored. ex tend to where several covers are used to protect a large s torage ..'-::::::-. .:::.:. "::,.--:::::-. pile. D - 7 . . . ' ~ i ~ ' ~ - 2 ) C a ' ~ - ' e " S o m e of the causes o f cot ton fiber fires

!.~l'ud%.b. reaking met~."~iiigands (ties) that strike o the r metall ic (i) All fire pro tec t ion e q u i p m e n t sbou ld be in service and . : : ~ c t s ~ 4 f l t i n g in s ~ k s , f ire-packed bales, electrical faults,

ready for immedia te use. :':" m'$~atl~:~f! ' .~quipment (defective lift trucks), friction (bale ties . . . . . rub[Jl ' :"~together railroad boxcars) l igh tn ing cu t t ing and (j) A fire watch shou ld be ma in ta ined and equ ipped with a . - ~i:~::. - ' . . 2 . ~ ' . • ' . ~ " , .

. . . . . we l tnn -.-~0ct ,~moKln ~ arks t rom oa e taes anct nre-pacKec~ Dales portable ex t ln~umher d u r m ~ these opera t ions for no t less than 1 :::::::,, ~--":---:z....,-:---. g' P h o u r fo l lowing the completi~on of op'en f lame operat ion. ":::iiiii~%?..::.....appoesar;~'~:etl~somOStpro~nlnetintfire cause. Incendiar i sm an d

':i~.. "'":::*~:'~ ............. • D-6.5 (231E-6-5) Waste Disposal. Rubbish, trash, and o ther waste -ii'-. .'..~'~::!-~;~i~:i-'::-~i:-"

• - - --- --:::::'D- "~.*:~-231E-B-3) Incipient ~tage If caugb t in the incipient stage material shou ld be d isposed of at regular intervals. Aporo.,ce..d. waste "-:i:.::i:i::-" "4::" " , cans with self-closing covers shou ld be used where nee ql! .~ '~i~en ::i::iii- con~t'ol can of ten be e.ffect.ed, provided the p roper p rocedures are

followed Portable exun ulshln equl ment , such as conta iners fires and inc inera tor opera t ions shou ld be Drohibited..:-~ithin "t~10 ft ":~::i~ ....... • g g P ¢30 5 m) of any cot ton s torage bui ld ing - S.-"i. ..:~" ~. :iiii!.-!::.-'~nd pails or pressur ized or pump-type water uni ts can be used to - " . . . . . • .:#::'::::i%~:::~ ..:#~."~!i'~iiiiii~::.:, ~:~-::.-:.'::i'::" wet down the exterior of the bale quickly. D~n5"la(23ol~iA'i6~r5a~orFs°rn~dwdiasfi~enaalnd~?il ~ ' h e ~ . . N . l j . ~ n ~ and ::i:i~iiiii:: If small extingalishers are no t successful portable wheeled,

- ". • . . . . . . ":"~i::::::::::~::~i . . . . . :~!~:: . . but, if no t available, it m igh t be possible to deflect a solid s t ream ' Exceptwn: Smohmg ~s permitted ~n ~ocatwns pro~..~tt.~i'i~tgnatecl as off the walls roof or otbe~ s -I ,4 , ~ . . . . " s~fe smog,rig ~,eas. %' : ' !# . ' " . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . .

.--':--:-" Once the exterior of the bale(s) is tully wet down and fire is D-6.6.1 (231E-A-6-6) The coopera t ion of e m p l o ~ e s is more easily secured when a reasonable s m o k i n g policy is adopted , with smok ing allowed in specified locat ions where the re is little hazard, at specif ied itmes, a n d u n d e r suitable supervision. Comple te prohibi t ion is likely to lead to surrept i t ious smok ing in out-of-the- way locat ions where the hazard is mos t dangerous .

D-6.7 (231E-6-7) M a i n t e n a n c e a n d I n s p e c t i o n .

D-6.7.1 (231E-6-7.1) Fire walls, fire doors, fire door guards , and floors shou ld be m a i n t a i n e d in good repair at all times.

D-6.7.2 (231E-6-7.2) NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection S~sterr~, should be re fe renced for in format ion on the m a i n t e n a n c e and service of spr inkler systems and water supplies.

D-6.7.3 (231E-6-7.3) All por table and manua l fire ex t ingu i sh ing e q u i p m e n t shou ld be ma in t a ined and serviced.

D-6.7.4 (231E-6-7.4") As an aid in ma in ta in ing fire protec t ion features and e q u i p m e n t in filll service at all times, Figure D-6.7.4 provides a s imple self- inspection form tha t conta ins a cbeeklist of toss prevent ion principles. This sample form can be used without change or as a guide in es tabl ishing a specialized fo rm to suit individu,'d facilities. [See Figure D-6.7.4.]

suppressed, the bales involved then shou ld be r emoved to an outside, safe location for final ex t ingu i shmen t .

C A U T I O N : Ail obviously b u r n i n g bale shou ld never be d ragged or mechanica l ly moved down aisles, as this is likely to spread the fire to bales border ing tile aisle. (See Section D- 7.9.)

D-7,4 (231E-B-4) Active Stage in Spr ioklered Buildings. If a fire progresses well beyond the incipient s tage or involves mo re th,-ua a few bales and fu r the r fire spread is likely, the bui ld ing could readily prove un t enab le and dense smoke could quickly obscure vis!on. It thi~n is best to have all p e r s m m e l vacate the bui ld ing to a p o m t of safety. As drafts, inc lud ing early vent ing t h r o u g h roofs and walls, are undesi rable , it is essential to leave the bui ld ing unvent i la ted and close all doors ,and cut off all possible drafts to the bui ld ing or sect ion involved. Tltis reduces available oxygen to the fire, and the dense smoke suppresses fire intensity. Drafts not only provide fresh ,"dr to increase fire intensi ty but also can blow hea t away f rom the fire, open ing sprinklers beyond the fire area and possibly overtaxing the available water to the sprinkler system.

The spr inkler system shou ld be given a . chance to do its job. DO N O T VENTILATE! Venti la t ing a cot ton fire can cause it to flash ou t of control, spread with explosive violence, and open an excessive n u m b e r of sprinklers.

631

N F P A 2 3 0 - - A 9 9 R O P

I WAREHOUSENO.

General Housekeeping YES NO 1. Inside Buildings

(a) Floor and dock areas clean of loose cotton and trash? [] []

(b) Covered metal containers for loose cotton and trash? [ ] []

2. Outside Buildings (a) Surrounding areas free of dried grass,

weeds, and combustible trash? [] [] Smoking

(a) Evidence of smoking in unauthorized areas? [ ] []

(b) Signs posted and readily visible? [ ] [ ] Electrical Equipment

(a) Extension cords prohibited? [ ] [ ] (b) Storage in contact with lights or wiring? [ ] [ ] (c) Wiring properly supported and un-

damaged? [] [] (d) Circuits properly fused? [] [] (e) All panels, junction, switch, and •

receptacle boxes covered? [] [] Mechanical Equipment

(a) Usted for fiber storage (Type DS, DY, ES, EE, EX, GS, or LPS)? [] [] Spark-retardant mufflers maintained? [] [] Refueled outside at designated area? [ ] [ ] Stored outside when idle? [ ] [ ] General condition and maintenance [] [] good?

(b) (c) (d) (e)

Buildings (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Fire walls in good repair, including around fire door openings? Fire doors in proper working condi- tion and tested for ease of closing

[ ] [ ]

I COMPARTMENT NO. I

Fire Department YES NO (a) Phone number prominently displayed

at each phone? [ ] [ ] (b) Personnel instructed on procedure in

case of life? [ ] [ ]

Watch Service (a) Making regular rounds? [ ] [ ] (b) All key stations punched? [ ] [ ] (c) Records checked, dated, and filed? [ ] [ ]

Fire Alarm Service (a) Automatic fire alarm system in service? [ ] D (b) Manual pull stations clearly marked

and accessible? [ ] [ ] (c) Date last tested? [ ] [ ]

Manual Extinguishing Equipment Portable Extinguishers 1, Hand Units

(a) Properly placed and accessible? [ ] [ ] (b) Recharged within the last year? [ ] [ ] (c) All i~...d, condition? [ ] [ ]

..::i!~,:" "% 2. Contai~-;'~:O. d Buckets

(a) .... i~::!ii::" P'~:'~.I.v di st ri bu t e d ? [ ] [ ] (b) ~:. '":!iiiii~. Kept"~::~ r O (~...~ii~iii~::~ii~::.i":':.:~w o bu~:pe~- :bar re l ? [ ] [ ]

....:.- ,.:.:~ -.~:.:.:...:.:::::,,"

..:$'.~!::" ~...'.le Equipment .ii~i!i !i''~::" .::i'!":':":::':'::!~..) i:"-:'~ii::i'::. Properly p]aced and protected from . . . . . :"-~ii::iiiii~:-i-~::':":::~:d am age ? [] []

(l~'~%iiiii::. Charged and ready for service? [ ] [ ] % ......... '%~ii~...:.:---. :~ ":iiiii:iiiiiiiiii'i:i:::::~ S I d e Hos ~.#::" ":ii::i:. ''::::i:iiii::ii~i~i~.~.~.L....$;:! i .... Hose and nozzle attached to each? [] [] "::!i~i~:. :...#::" "~:':~'.'~ii~::" Racked and in good condition? [ ] [ ]

and lock? ::: ~::-:iiiiiii:~ .... D i:.:"~iii [ ] (f) Space under grade floor, if any, '::iiiiiiii . . . . ii!! ~

blosed o ,? .... ~i~!iiii~ii.~..-..:'i i': [ ] Storage Arrangements ":~"':::"

<.:::."

each week? (Overhead, roll-type doors ,:~i.:'..~[~::.. :!i!~!!~ ~::" ('~) Easily accessible and ready for use? [ ] should be tested at least annually.) [ ] .:$-..#~::"l~:i~Ii!i!ii :~ii-.:,.:..:.::. (d) Valves operate readily? [ ] Fire door guards in place and main- .-:-.--:-:-.--:-:.. ..<::'. ..... ..-:: !~:-:.-':i?" rained? ":'~'%ii~iii~i!::...~i~i:::i:i:ii::i::iii~ii!i~i ::" Yard Hydrants and Hose Houses Floor and exterior walls in good ":~i~ii::iii::::::~::.. ":'::!:.::i$:" (a) Readily accessible? [ ] repair? .4"-.~':~i~ii~ii!~.:~ .... :'~iiiii~.:::~ ..:-.::. (b) Hose racked or reeled and in good Exterior wall openings have do.~" and ...... ~i::i::~i::~i::~i. "::~iii~iF" condition? [ ] windows in place that c l o s e . : ~ . r l y "::!iiiiii!ii: ":;ii:~ .... (c) Nozzles, spanners, hydrant wrench

available? [ ] (d) Hydrants operable? [ ] (e) General condition:

Good [ ] Poor [ ]

(a) Within prescribed height [15 tt (4.6 m)]? [ ] [ ] (b) Sprinkler heads unimparied [18-in.

(457-mm) clearance]? n r l (c) Block sizes limited to 700 bales pressed

or 350 flat? D [ ] (d) Tiered storage stable and secure? [ ] [ ]

2. Aisles (a) At least one main aisle 12 ft (3.7 m) or

more in width? [ ] [ ] (b) Cross or work aisles at least 4 ft (1.2 m)

in width? [ ] [ ] (c) Any damaged bales, broken bands, or

wet stock? [ ] [ ]

Note: 1 in. = 25.4 ram; 1 It = 0.3048 m

REMARKS (Report on any unusual conditions and action taken):

Report by: Date:

[] D

[]

[]

[] []

Figure D-6.7.4 (231E-F'Lgure-A-6-7.4) Sample loss prevention self-inspection form for baled cotton storage.

632

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

After tile fire is u n d e r control of the spr inkler system, the c o m p a r t m e n t door shou ld be o p e n e d only e n o u g h to use fire hose or to en te r and remove the cotton. T h e s m o l d e r i n g bales shou ld - be removed to the outs ide ,as soon as possible for individual a t tent ion. Ext reme caut ion shou ld be exercised when en te r ing a fire area. Entry shou ld be on the downwind side, if possible, to avoid creat ing draf t condi t ions tha t could cause the fire to reignite. It is impor t an t to r emain alert for gas explosions. If the fire appears to flare up again, the bui ld ing shou ld be vacated immedia te ly and the doors again shou ld be closed tightly and the spr inkler system shou ld be allowed to regain control.

D-7.5,(231E-B-5) Spr inkler Failure. If the spr inkler system fails to main ta in fire control , t h en hose s t reams shou ld be used, preferably t h r o u g h door open ings only large e n o u g h for the hose.

Where it is a p p a r e n t tha t the fire is beyond the control of tile sprinklers and the bui ld ing is nea r ing the poin t of collapse, the control valve(s) to the spr inkler systems in the bui ld ing or sect ion involved shou ld be shu t off to conserve water for hose s t ream use.

D-7.6 (2$IE-B-6) Active Stage in Nonspr ink le red Buildings. Immedia te ly on arrival at the fire, all open ings to the comparUnen t involved shou ld be closed.

As m a n y hose l ines as possible, preferably suppl ied with a wetting agent , shou ld be available.

Tile doors shou ld be o p e n e d only e n o u g h to allow the use of the hose in a spray-like fashion. Caut ion shou ld be exercised to

WARNING: DO N O T REMOVE THE BANDS OR WIRES FROM THE BALES• To do so exposes m o r e lint to the fire and th rea tens die loss of the ent ire bale.

Salvage crews shou ld be ready to move the cot ton out of the involved shed as rapidly as possible. Extreme caut ion shou ld be exercised in p repa r ing and watching tile padl a long which the b u r n e d bales are r emoved f rom the involved shed. Bu rn in g fibers of cot ton are easily blown f rom the bale, especially in the haste and exc i t emen t o f moving the bales outside. It migh t be necessary to move the uninvolved bales away frc.m die exit route (or f rom tile ent ire compa r tmen t ) or even to make a hole in tile side of the compar tmen t . T h e sp read of fire a long the exit route caused by b u r n i n g bales "is no t u n c o m m o n . The b u r n i n g bales shou ld be wetted down a n d moved to a safe, segrega ted place as soon as possible for individual a t tent ion.

The following are steps to be taken in tile salvage operat ion:

(a) An open ,area, wi thout expos'ures, into which the b u r n i n g bales c:m be moved shou ld be selected.

(b) A salvage crew shou ld be s ta t ioned at the yard.

(c) A good supply of wett ing agen t shou ld be available.

(d) A good supply of water shou ld be available.

(e) Contain~..l~ pails, a n d s t i r rup pump- type ex t inguishers shou ld be avat..kt~i':-'.fi.lled with wet water.

open these doors slowly to min imize die chance of an explosion. Tile doors on the opposi te sides o f the c o m p a r t m e n t shou ld no t be opened , which would allow a cross-draft. Only the door on the lee side, and no t the windward side, of the bui ld ing should be opened .

D-7.7 (231E-B-7) Cotton Yard Fires. Condi t ions in a cot ton yard fire are no t ,as control lable ,as those in a warehouse fire, s ince draft condi t ions are a lmos t entirely d e p e n d e n t upon the climatic condi t ions at the t ime of the fire; and, if an adverse wind prevails,.;?:: ....

, .-':::i:" " "

(f) But'B~i!.~.ales shou ld be wet down and removed f rom the fire a r ea . :~ : soo~!~oos s ib l e . They shou ld be placed approximate ly 3 ft (0.:~..:..~.-.apar'~:'-'it~!~ open area away f rom o ther exposures .

.~.{.'~} ( ~ e s h o u l d ' ~ e r c i s e d in removing these bales so as . ~ to ~ t a n o t h e r f [~ : in tile process. If the side of the

. : : . : ~ : ~ a r ~ n t is me t a i c l ad or f rame, it migh t be best to remove a p o " ~ ! ' o f ' ~ e side so tha t tile cot ton can be removed. Some w a r e | ~ personne l take the t ime to remove cot ton f rom those compa~ .~da l f f ' t h rough which tile b u r n i n g bales travel before

a small involvement can easily become a catas t rophe. Preplanning':~:.~iiiii::!i~!!!:!::::..,salva~e o ' ~ . ~ t i o n s are al owed to start If there is ,any ques t ion is particularly impor t an t in this case. U p o n arrival at a cot ton yard ":-:ii:: ":":'::~:~i~din.~ii:additional exposures , they shou ld be removed, if fire, the following steps shou ld be taken immediately: ":i.::-:. . - ' : ~ 6 ~ i: before moving tile b u r n i n g bales

_ ..... , % ..~i':::" -~- . . . . . (a) If available, fire d e p a r t m e n t connec t ion to tile 1..~" ~ :!!iii:::: " (!~) Any outs ide blaze on die bale shou ld be knocked down.

shou ld be utilized• ..:::'.:!-:::" "-iiiiii ":!~::~i...~:~he wet water shou ld be appl ied to each smo lde r ing spot on the . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::!iii-~::~ ~!!~:i..... .::: !!::i~i~!:~bale Often a handfu l of cot ton soake.d in tile wet water can be

( b ) r l o s e l n e s s n o u l G l D e i l l ( 1 o u t . ::: -" " - -:-:<-:~ ~ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ~ ":: .-::::" ". • • • . . . . ""-'.':!';!~:..-::~:: ....... ::::i-:'.-:?;::-:-....!:!:" apphed directly on or into tile smo lde r ing spot. Cot ton fires (c) Usin Crt, divided s t ream nozz es . . . . . . . water shr- , Id b e ~ , ~ d t ~ . . . . "::"--~ii-:i~::~::" burrow into the bale, so it is necessary, to apply tile wet water as far

ahead ,".nd downwind of tile fire and t hen w . o ~ : ~ i : : ~ r d ~::iY_tre,:::. n to the hole as poss b e, soaking the area tho rough ly In o rder to be certain die fire is out, the b u r n e d cotton shou ld be removed ..::::-" ".:.;:::::::::::::.. "<::::::::..::.:.::::."

Bales a,,d dunnage should be f 2#" . . . . (d) f i r e .

, ..:.:.:.:.:.;.. .:.:.:.

(e) It is impor t an t to r emain alert for f l "~ : : spa rk~ i?

(f) The nearby uninvolved cot ton shou ld b e : ~ i ~ ' v e d to create a fire break.

(g) Bu rned cot ton shou ld be removed to a segregated area.

D-7.8 (231E-B-8) After WAtch. Where the fire-lnvolved cot ton has been removed and leaves beh i nd u n d a m a g e d stock, a m i nu t e and unobserved spark of ten causes a rek indl ing of the previous fire with disastrous results. T h e involved a rea shou ld be inspected and carefully c leaned. Hose lines a n d fire d e p a r t m e n t watch shou ld be ma in t a ined until the area is known to be safe. Before leaving the scene of tile fire, responsible p lan t personne l shou ld be advised that after watch shou ld be kept for at least 24 bours. O n e of the mos t disastrous fires on record could possibly have been prevented with adequa te after watch following a minor involvement.

D-7.9 (231E-B-9) S a l v a g e O p e r a t i o n s . Salvage is impor tant , and every precaut ion shou ld be taken to protect the salvage. T h e usual severity of a fire in a cot ton warehouse, a long with the appearance of the cha r red bales, is mis leading witll respect to the a m o u n t of r ema in ing salvage.

Water does no t damage cotton, and if the char red bales are kept cool with hose s t reams unti l p roper salvage operat ion is begun , the q u a n d t y of tile loss can be r educed substantially.

After the fire is b r o u g h t u n d e r control , all bales involved shou ld be removed to a safe outs ide location ,as quickly as possible and practicable. Each bale then shou l d be h a n d l e d individually in order to effect comple te ex t ingu i shmen t . This is best accompl i shed by the use o f small hose l ines or barrels and buckets, us ing a wett ing agen t known as wet water.

f rom each hot spo t while applying wet water to tile hole. W h e n the ,area ,around the spot is no longer warm, it can be ,assumed that the fire has been ext inguished.

(i) The bands f rom the bales shou ld no t be removed. To do so exposes more lint to tile fire, and the bale will probably be a comple t e loss.

(j) Bales involved in a fire shou ld be closely watched for at least 5 days after the last spark is believed to have been ex t inguished .

D-7.10 (231E-B-10) Fire-Packed Bales. Dur ing the cot ton g inn ing opera t ion, sparks, caused by stones, metal , or o the r fore ign objects in tile seed cot ton striking metal parts of the gin, can ignite the fibers. Occasionally, a fire immedia te ly erupts , bu t of ten the smolde r ing lint is carried on to the press box where it can be packed, unde tec ted , into the bale. Usually the fire bu rns t h ro u g h to the outs ide of the bale within a few hours , bu t it can remain unde t ec t ed for several days. Somet imes the odor is not iceable or the bale feels excessively warm.

These bales are known as fire-packed bales and are a major cause o f fires in baled cotton.

The r e c o m m e n d e d p rocedure for hand l i ng and ex t ingu i sh ing f ire-packed bales is as follows:

(a) All known or suspec t f ire-packed bales shou ld be s tored in the open and segregated f rom bui ldings and o the r storage. Th ey shou ld be separa ted abou t :3 ft (0.9 m) f rom o ther such bales.

(b) These bales shou ld be u n d e r cons tan t surveil lance to de tec t fire as soon ,as it moves to the surface.

(c) A supply o f an approved wett ing agen t and at least one s t i r rup p u m p shou ld be available at all t imes.

633

N F P A 2 3 0 - - A 9 9 R O P

(d) When fire is detected, fl~e area a round the hot spot should be wetted immediately to prevent dae spread of tile fire. The hot spot fl~en should be saturated wida wet water. The burned cotton should be removed by hand while constantly applying water to the hole. This p rocedure should be cont inued until no warm areas are detected. It is no t uncommon for several fires to be packed into a single bale.

(e) DO NOT REMOVE THE BANDS FROM THE BALE, as dtis exposes more cotton fibers to ignition and usually results in tl~e total loss of tile bale.

(f) Fire-packed bales or bales suspected of being fire-packed should remain in quarant ine and under surveillance-for at least 5 days. After dfis time, they can he considered to be safe and handled in the regular manner .

NOTE: There is no set time after which a fire can be considered extinguished in a bale, as dtis depends on tl~e thoroughness of extinguishment. However, 5 days after the fire is believed to have been extinguished is generally considered to be a rule of thumb safe period.

Appendix E Guidelines for Storage o f Forest Products

E-1 (46-Chapter I) General .

E-I. 1 (46-1-1) Purpose. The intent of daese guidelines is to provide fire protection guidance to minimize d~e fire hazard in areas used for d~e storage of forest products, particularly as they are stored outside buildings. These guidelines are not in tended to be mandatory requirements.. Each individual property will have its own special condit ions of stock handling, exposure, and topography. For this reason, only basic fire protect ion principles are discussed herein, which are in tended to be applied wifl~ due consideration of all local factors involved. The aufl~ority having jurisdict ion should be consulted in all cases.

E-2.1.3 (46:A-3-1.2) The type of operations at propert ies where these recommenda t ions apply will wary widely. Retail lumber and building material operat ions ,are often characterized by large area buildings with minor outside storage areas. On the o ther hand, wholesale and distribution yards can involve large outside storage areas that present fire protect ion problems similar to mill yards. The principles ond ined in Section E-3 should be used as a filrfller guide for large outside storage areas, and tile autllority having jurisdict ion should be consulted in all cases.

E-2.2 (46-3-2) General.

E-2.2.1 (46-3-2.1) Fire loss exper ience in lumberyards indicates that large undivided stacks, congested storage conditions, delayed fire detection, inadequate fire protection, and ineffective fire- f ighting tactics are the principal factors dmt allow lumberyard fires to reach serions proport ions. The fire hazard potential inheren t in lumber storage operations witll large quantities o f combustible material can best be control led by a positive fire prevention program under the direct supervision of top management and should include the following:

(a) Selection, design, and a r rangement of storage yard areas and materials handl ing equ ipment based upon sound fire prevention and protect ion principles

(b) Facilitig~i~.x early fire detection, transmission of alarm, and fire e x t i n ~ i s l i ~ a t (See NFPA 72. National Fire Alarm Code.)

~ 4 4 " * " , 4 @ .

(C) l~..i~'~:'i'~::..to separate large stacks and provide access for e~t" e c ti v e:.. r~."..e..- fi g l i ~ . o p e r ati o ns

"::i:i:~:':!%. "::!::. . "::i:i::":.:::- ... . . ..(:....~: ,~J~rat lon o ~ i ~ ~" storage from yard buildings and otller e..~OSl properues ::.:::-::" .-:::-:-... ~...:. ..-:~::++

--'ii::"":-"!!~...i~i:.¢.ffectiv e fire prevention maintenance program, i n c l ~ g r ~ u l a r yard inspect ions by trained personnel

..,... E-2.2.2%~.~...3-~2) C~argo yards with lumber stored on piers or E-I.2 (46-1-2) Scope. These guidelines cover tlae following: %!::iii::.?.'::!iii::-:. wharves ~ i i | u m b e r s tored on raised platforms present special

(a) Retail and wholesale hnnber storage yards ::i::!:i":':::+~+!i+iii!i.~..++:.b.+lem~...-.:i~,'~" construction and protection. NFPA 307, Standard for "!+i::::: +:::+?i~i::~ruction and Fire Protection of Marine Terminals, Piers, and

(b) Outside storage of lumber and t imber at o ther th~.:._r.etail ~:::::.: iii:: Wh~bs , and tlae authority having jurisdict ion should be consuhed or wholesale yards ..:##!i+::::':"iiiiiiiiii!i: :!:'::i::. .n 6~ch case.

(c) Outside storage of ties Doles oi es I~osts ~ other'i !I!!!' . "::ii::iiiiiii]~2.2.3 (46-3-2.3> It is recognized dmt retail and wholesale lumber sitn'ilar forest nroduct~'at nress~e treating ~l'ant y a ' ~ ii::::ii ........ +i::+i+++i~'+?:i::.... "-i:+-i "i::" storage yards are normally located within municipal boundaries

• t < ~ - < . " . . . . . . . . " " : ' + : ' : " . . . . " : ' : "::i:i::!:!:::~ :+ "::~:~i-:i:-i::::" where there are municipal water supphes awadable for fire (d) Outside storage of wood chips "'::::::::::::" protect ion. For basic fire protection, the municipal system should

(e> Outside storage of l o s .... '++ .-'..:~:~::.. ...~..~.,

(f) Outside storage of bogged ma~'~::iiii .... %iiiii! ":#" "-::::::::k.. :::::::

E-2 (46-Chapter 3) Retail and Wholesale L ~ r S t o ~ e Yards.

E-2.1 (46-3-I) Application. "::+i++y+?:¢ .... .:::.-

E-2. 1.1 (46-3-1.1) The intent of the guidelines conta ined in this section is to provide fire protection guidance to minimize the fire hazard in die following areag:

(a) Retail lumberyards handl ing forest products and other building materials

(b) Wholesale lumber storage yards including distribution, holding, and t ransshipment a r e ~

(c) Buildings in retail and wholesale lumberyards used for storage of forest products or auxiliary operat ions

Eo2.1.2 (46-3-1.2) In addit ion to tile gnidelines contained in this sect ion, the provisions oudined in Section E-7 should apply to all retail and wholesale lnmber storage yards except ,as modif ied herein.

be capable of supplylng at least four 21/2-in. (63.5-mm) hose streams sinmltaneously [1000 gpm (63 L/sec) mlnimum]. Where large-scale fire-fighting operations can be expected, larger water supplies are needed. Where protect ion from municipal water supplies and hydrant systems is no t present or is not considered adequate by die authority having jurisdiction, a yard fire hydrant system should be provided.

E-2.3 (46-3-3) Open Yard Storage.

E-2.3.1 (46-3-3.1) Lumber stacks should be on solid ground, preferably paved or surfaced with materials such as cinders, fine gravel, or stone. Where the danger of underground fire is present, refilse- or sawdust-filled land should not be used.

E-2.3.2 (46-3-3.2) The method of stacking should be solid wherever possible and in an orderly and regnlar m,'mner.

E-2.3.3 (46-3-3.3) It is recogrlized that some materials will be stored on pallets in an open yard. As stacks of empty pallets present a severe fire problem, empty pallets should be stored in accordance with the guidelines set out in Tahle E-2.S.g(a) and Table E-2.3.3(b).

634

N F P A 2 3 0 1 A 9 9 R O P

Table E-2.3.3(a) [46-Table 3-3.3(a)] Guidelines for Clearance Between Outside Idle Pallet Storage and Building M i n i m u m Distance in ft (m) o f

Wall Construct ion Wall from Storage o f Under 50 to Over 200

Wall Type Open ings 50 Pallets 200 Pallets Pallets Masonry None 0 0 0

Wired glass with outside sprinklers 1-hr doors 0 10 (3.0) 20 (6.1) Wired or plain glass wifl~ outside sprinklers

s/~-hr doors 10 (3.0) 20 (6.1) 30 (9.1)

Wood or metal with outside sprinklers

Wood, metal, or o ther 20 (6.1) 30 (9.1) 50 (15.2)

Notes: 1. Fire-resistive protect ion comparable to that of the wall should also be provided for combustible eave lines, vent openings, and so forth 2. When pallets are stored close to a building, the height of storage should be restricted to prevent burn ing pallets from falling on the building. 3~ Manual outside open sprinklers generally are not a reliable means of protect ion un~..ss proper ty is a t tended to at all times by plant emergency personnel . 4. Open sprinklers control led by a deluge valve are preferred. ,:.-.:'! -'~i:~i:i:i!'~i:'%:::'::'"

~--'i::.. .... i~i:? =====================

E-2.5..l:.:~.~5.1)"~::"'~ny"""" "'"~" retail lumberyards sell clay, concrete, and Table E-2.3.3(b) (46-Table 3-3.3(b)) ston..g~... '6%ts. Tll'~i::~.,..rt.~.other least burnable materials (large-

si~!::timbe~:s and f l a t - s ~ d stock) should be stored or stacked on For ou tdoor idle pallet storage, separation between piles of idle . ~ . : per~...eter of thi~ ~ c l to act as a barrier between the yard and

pallets and o ther }rard storage should be as follows: ::ii::'~i~j~n.~i~.operties o r buildings. Pile Size Minimum Distance in ft (m)

Under 50 pallets 20 (6) E-2.~!~.'!~..4.6-3-5.2) Exposure to the Yard. • : : ! : : . : : - - : : . .

50- 200 pallets • .- ~ . . . . 30 (9.1) :ii::::::::iiii.-.::.:... E-2.5.2.|:--{~ .~..'~5.2.1) Except as noted in E-2.5.2.2 open yard uve r zuv pmtets 50 (15.2) ::::i::;::.:::~-:':'i~i:"::iiiii!!!~!~.m..cking ~ u l d be located with as much clear space to buildings

"i!i!-: ........ " . ' : ' ~ i i ~ b l e . Building walls should have sufficient fire resistance 2 t ' i ":i~:- ;.::i~":{o ~ n a fire that originates in the building and windows or E-_.3.4 46-$-3.4) The height of stacks shot Id not exceed..9,0..ft ".<: .:::-" ...- . . '

~x' . . . ' , l . ~ . . . . . . . ~ ~c^~ . ,^t . : l : , . A : . ~ - . : - - _.:_1.__^.~:::~::2~ . . . . .:::::." o t l l ~ opening; sllould be reduced in size or adeouatelv blocked to (6.1 I 1 1 ] W l L I I U B I ~ / C IOI I t U / ~ U d g U I I I • g ' ~ l / - t J . I l l ; ~ L l t l K C / e . ~ - ' : ~ l L ~ . l l * ~ l ~ - ~ lk / IE7 1":" l o I 1

f i re ' spread flarougll r the ai'rr'sp~aces a~-:':~houi~i~ii! ::::::i..~revent radiant heat exposure to flae open yard stacking. (,See E- s n b j e c t to rapid

• ~ "':" :-"::-':-:'Z .~ 1 ) therefore be kept as low as practicable. ...~:.-'-~-ii~i"::. :ff~:~.-'.i::::.:. <i:.. ::::iii:: . . . . E-~ 3 5 ¢46 3-3 5~ Where stacks are sunnor ted c l e ~ o~i~'~: ' :~o'u'~i i':-':i::::iiii; .... E-2.5.2.2 (46-3-5.2.2) Unspr inklered buildings containing

- - " • • - " ~ t - r - ~ w . ~ : : . ~ : : : : : : : : : : : ~ . . . adecmate clearance should he nroviclecl for clear-~in~r n n t ~ { ~ n ~ .... hazardous manufactur ing or o ther operations, (e.g., woodworking, _7.7~Z. S.-^-.,L~-~7. . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . .7:.~:~:::.%~-7~--'~;::::%:.. "- ... glazing paint ing dry kilns auto repair ing grain or feed milling or

..#:" ":.'.::'i~!~i!i~i!:: '::~!~i~i-"" grinding, aboveground fnel or gasohne tanks) should have at least E-2.3.6 (46-$-3.6) Driveways should be...8...#.".!~paced th~.:~!~max.i~ima 50 ft (15.2 m) of clear space to the iaearest h lmber stack, shed, or grid system of not over 50 f t x 150 ft (l'~'.'~-~ii~. 45.7 m)i'~i::produced, warehouse. Bm.mdary pos.ts with s)gns designating s.tacking limits

~:~:~:!:!:~::-. ~:i-':':" snonlcl De provlOect to designate the clear space to ti)e ~2 .3 .7 (46-3-3.7) Driveways should have a / i ~ | ~ u m . # : i z l t b o f 15 a fo remen t ionedbu i ld ings , tanks, arm so forth. tt (4.6 m) mad an all-weather surface capable o'~-~...O..6~ing hre

i . . . . ~ . ~ . . . 3 depa r tmen t ,app,aratus.. "i:i:i:i::". ..... E-2.5... . . . . (46-$-5.3) ExIposure from the Yard. Because of the arge • ..:::: quantit ies of mater ia l generally involved m lumberyard fires, some

E-2.3.8 (46-$-3.8) Where the yard has eard~ or ci~ushed stone form of exposure protect ion for adjoining propert ies is drives, boundary posts with signs designating stacking limits should be provided to indicate yard area and alley limits. In paved yard areas, painted boundary limits can be used instead o f posts and signs.

E-2.4 (46-3-4) Buildings.

E-2.4.L (46-3-4.1) Automatic sprinklers 'provide an efficient means of fire detect ion and ext inguishment . Automatic sprinkler protect ion should be considered for all large storage buildings containing combustible contents and auxiliary buildings containing hazardous operat ions that can constitute an exposure to outside lumber storage or od le r property. .Automatic sprinkler protect ion for buildings used for indoor storage of forest products should be des igned in accordance witl~ NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.

E-2.4.2 (46-3-4.2) Where automatic sprinklers are not installed, large storage buildings should be subdivided by fire walls into compar tments not exceeding area limits specified in generally accepted model building codes.

E-2.5 (46-$-5) Exposure Protection.

r ecommended . Clear spaces or wall:~ capable of providing fire barriers between yard storage ,and tile exposed propert ies are desirable. The responsibility for the p roper protect ion of propert ies adjoining a lumberyard is often a jo in t one to be worked out by the cooperat ion of the lumberyard and adjoining property owners, Refer in each case to the authority having jur isd!ct ion.

E-2.6 (46-$-6) Special Fire Prevention.

E-2.6.1 (46-$-6.1) All power woodworking machines, except for portable units, should be equ ipped with refuse" removal equ ipment conforming to NFPA 91, Standard firr Exhaust Systems for Air Cqnv~ing of Materials.

E-2. 6.2 (46-$-6.2) Materials such as hay, coal, grain, and feed should be stored in separate buildings or in the open with adequate clear space between yard buildings or open yard storage.

E-3 (46-Chapter 4) Outside Storage o f Lumber at Other than Retail or Wholesale Y a r d s .

E-3.1 (46-4-1) Applicat ion.

6.35

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

E-3.1.1 (46-41.1) The in ten t of die guidel ines conta ined in this section is to provide fire protect ion gu idance to minimize die f ire hazard in large yard s torage areas con ta in ing lumber , t imber, and o ther similar wood products not in t ended for retail or wholesale dis t r ibut ion at die s~te. Each individual proper ty will have its own special condi t ions of yard use, material hand l ing methods , and topography. For dais reason, only basic fire protec t ion principles are discussed herein , which are in tended to be appl ied with due considera t ion of all local factors involved.

E-3.1.2 (46-41.2) In addi t ion to the guidel ines conta ined in this chapter , the provisions o u d i n e d in Section E-7 should apply to all large yard s torage areas for l umber and t imber at o ther than retail or wholesale yards, except as modif ied herein .

E-3.2 (46-42) General .

E-3.2.1 (46-42.1) Fire loss exper ience in l umbe r s torage yards indicates tha t large undivided stacks, conges ted storage condit ions, delayed fire detection, inadequa te fire protection, and ineffective fire-fighting tactics are the principal factors that allow h lmberyard fires to reach ser ious proport ions . The fire hazard potential i n h e r e n t in l umbe r s torage opera t ions with large quant if ies of combust ib le material can best be control led by a positive fire prevent ion p rogram u n d e r tile direct supervision of top m a n a g e m e n t and shou ld inc lude the following:

reqnires only the basic protect ion provisions of Section E-3. 3 for effective fire control. High stacks of h lmbe r st ickered for air drying presen t a severe hazard that will require effective use of large s t ream e q u i p m e n t and greatly e x p a n d e d water supplies for fire control. In yards requi r ing more than the basic protect ion pro~s!ons of Section E-3. 3 for effective fire control, the following provasmns are sugges ted as a guide. Tile relative impor tance of these provisions and the degree to which dley might be n eed ed will wary with yard condit ions, and the au thor i ty havingjur i sd ic f ion shou ld be consu l ted in all cases.

E-3.4.2 (4644 .2 ) Powerful water suppl ies and large mains should be provided where adequa te public or private fire d e p a r t m e n t services are available. Large s t ream equ ipment , such as portable turrets and deluge sets, requires 750 gpm to 1000 gpm (47.3 L / s e c to 63.1 L / see ) for each appliance. Moni tor towers can require suppl ies in excess of 1000 g p m (63.1 L/sec) for each unit. In large yards where tile hazard is severe, many of these devices migh t need to be opera ted s imultaneously.

E-3.4.3 (4644 .3 ) Fire lanes suitable for fire d e p a r t m e n t opera t ions should be provided with storage a r ranged so tha t no part of the occupied area is inore than 50 ft (15.2 m) in any direct ion f rom access by motor ized fire-fighting equ ipmen t . Where speci,'d ex t inguish ing equi l~ment , such as portable turrets, de luge sets, and mon i to r towers, ~s available, access dis tances can be governed by their...effective reach with available water supplies. Fire lanes should be . . : :~ , nnobs t ruc ted , hmie an all-weather surface

(a) Selection, design, and a r r a n g e m e n t of storage yard areas sufficiently s t r ~ g t~'::~upport fire apparatus , and should be of and mater ia ls -handl ing e q u i p m e n t based on sonnd fire prevent ion sufficient w'~d~!..~, pe rm t maneuve r ing o f motor ized fire and protect ion principles " : ..... a aratur~'~ i~ ":':"':':':'- P P ....... :-: "::i:i:i:i:i::..

(b) Facilities for early fire detect ion, t ransmiss ion 9 f alarm, E - 3 . 4 : . ~ i ~ . ~ . 4 ) " : : ~ k heights should be limited• Heights in and fire ex t i ngu i shmen t (See NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code) exc.¢~:"6"t~:'~':ft (6.1 ~::::!~t~'j~usly restrict effective ex t inguish ing

. . . . . . o..~:iZati~q, s. Air-drying":i~|:ckered stacks are subject to a more rapid (c) Fire runes to separate large stacgs a n a provide access [or :~."'h inv~|.~ement and :~:~ould be kent as low a~ nn~ih l~

effecnve f i re-f ighung operat ions :....- ,x.@..?:..~. ,..iii:?--"--::#=~::~

• . • E - 4 : { ~ h a + t e r 5 ) O u t s i d e S t o r a g e o f T i e s P o l e s , P i l e s , P o s t s , (d) SeparatJon of yard storage f rom mill ooeraUons and o ther - -~-:-~-:::... ]~ . . . . . . • . . . . ex osi - " - - '~ " a n d ~ 3 L ~ . n a r f o r e s t I F r o c ~ u c t s a t P r e s s u r e t r e a t i n g r l an t p ng prope rnes ::::::x... ".:::::::::::. ~:,--.

. . . . . . :i:i::.:i:i:.::::...~. Yards. "::~:i:.::.::7::" (e) An effective fire prevent ion m a i n t e n a n c e program, -~i~:"::::~:.%iii~::.. . . . . . . . . ~i:-'~ . . . . . .

. . . . . ::, "~:~:,.g:.~...m~- b~ A p p n c a n o n . Including regular yard i n s p e c u o n s by tr~uned personne l "::.."..:. ,:-J;::~ "':-::':::':i~!:::ii:::"

E-3.2.2 (46 -42 .2 ) , C, argo ,yards with !umber s tored on p ~ } , %!i::~ E4."~-,'I (46-5-1.1) T h e intent of the guidel ines conta ined in dais wnarv, es an~ m m n e r st.orea on ralsea .pmuorms psese...~::~pec~...jL %: ~ c t i o n is to provide fire protect ion gu idance to minimize the fire p r o n m m s oa cons t rucnon a n a pro tec tmn. I N P F A 5o~..~tandar'.~ifor !:::::::::~[~azard in " - -d s t o - - - e areas . . . . . :-" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : ' ~ : ' : " ' : h , ,'..~ : : . ::::::::. ~r4.1 [ d ~ LUill~.llllllg u e a t e u a n n un~reateo t i e s

!he Construct,.on. and Fire .ProteeU.on ofM. a.n. ne. Term,~.~t~,:~;Ca~.:".:~:~......'~ii~ ~::-" poles, piles, posts, and od~er similar f~rest p roducts in yards wharves and u le ant lmrl h a v m g j u n s d l c t a o n should ~ ' . ~ l a s u l t ~ • . , , t y , ~-:i~..~: " ~!iiiiii~i~ ~::" connec ted wida pressure t rea t ing plants, bu t not inc luding the m eacn case. ...::i:.-'-:':~;~ii~:i:-::, ":'%~-'., t reat ing buildings, processes, or~s/:orage of t reat ing materials. Each . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.-..'-:~::" ....... :"-'i~i~.":'~!~:'..::.. "~{'iii~i!::..:.:;"::" ndividual proper ty will have its own special condi t ions of yard use I E . - ~ . ~ [ q n - Z l t - 3 ) Basic L u m u e ro rroteenota' . ""::~:i:i~.:/~:: "~'::::'::~::." " . . ,

rya .-:.':'~:: "::i:.::-::'-'.:-'. ~:~ stock h a n d h n g meti lods, ,and topography. For dais reason, only .~:::::::::::. "::.-:::::.q ..:.:.. a s . . . . . . ====================== "::i:::.--'~ " b tc fire protectaon pnnc ip le s are sugges ted hereto, which are

E-3.$.1 (46-4-3.1) For basic fire p r o t t t ~ t i d ~ e hydran~!~ystem in tended to be applied with due considerat ion o f all local factors shou ld be capable of supplying at least four '~::~i:in. (6.$.,5-mm) involved hose s t reams s imul taneous ly [1 000 g p m (63 I ~ ) ~ i m u m ] while ma in ta in ing a positive residual pressure in":"~'~'re protect ion E-4.1.2 (46-5-1.2) Ties, as used herein , includes ties, poles, piles, hydrant system of at least 20 psi (1 g8 kPa) -:::-:::~" posts, and o ther similar forest products . Trea ted ties are those

Where large-scale fire-fighting opera t ions can be expected, pressure impregna t ed with preservatives. larger water supplies wifll adequa te mains are needed• (See Section E-3. 4.)

For early e x t i n g u i s h m e n t with basic fire protection, hydrants shou ld be spaced with sufficient 2 ~/~-in. (63.5omm) hose a t tached so as to pe rmi t rapid hose laying to all parts of the s tacking areas. For this reason, the hydrants shou ld be spaced at about 250-ft (76.2-m) intervals so that any part of the yard can be reached with 200 ft (61.0 m) of hose. Hydrants preferably should be located at fire lane intersections. A hydrant hose house with at least 200 ft (61.0 in) of fire hose and auxiliary e q u i p m e n t shon ld be provided at each hydrant . (See NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. )

E-3.3.2 (46-4-3.2) Access to the p lan t and yard f rom public highways should be provided by all-weather roadways capable of suppor t ing fire d e p a r t m e n t apparatus .

E-3.3.3 (46-43.3) The s torage site should be reasonably level, solid g round , preferably paved or surfaced with material snch as cinders, fine gravel, or stone. Refuse- or sawdust-filled land, swampy gronnd , or areas where the hazard of u n d e r g r o u n d fire is present shou ld not be used.

E-3.4 (46-4-4) Special Lumberya rd P r o t e c t i o n .

E-3.4.1 (46-4-4.1) Yards consist ing of single carrier loads of green flat-stacked h lmber p resen t a m i n i m u m hazard tha t general ly

EM. 1.3 (46-5-1.3) In ,addition to the guidel ines conta ined in dlis sect ion, the provisions oud ined in Section E-7 shou ld apply to all outside s torage of ties, poles, piles, posts, and odler similar forest products at pressure t reat ing plant yards, except ,as modif ied herein.

E-4.2 (46-5-2) General . Fire loss exper ience in tie s torage yards indicates tha t large undivided stacks, conges ted s torage condit ions, delayed fire detect ion, inadequate fire protect ion, and ineffective fire-fighting tactics ,are the principal factors dlat allow fires to reach serions proport ions . The fire hazard potential i n h e r e n t in tie s torage opera t ions with large quant i t ies of combust ib le material can best be control led by a positive fire prevent ion program u n d e r the direct supervision of top m a n a g e m e n t and should include the following:

(a) Selection, design, and a r r a n g e m e n t of s torage yard areas and mater ia ls -handl ing e q n i p m e n t based upon s o u n d fire prevent ion and protect ion principles

(b) Facilities for early fire detect ion, t ransmiss ion of alarm, and fire ex t i ngn l shmen t (See NFPA 72. National Fire Alarm Code)

(c) Fire lanes to separate large stacks and provide access for effective fire-fighting operat ions

(d) Separat ion of yard s torage fi 'om mill bui ldings and o ther expos ing proper t ies

6 3 6

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

(e) An effective fire prevention maintenance program, including regular yard inspect ions by t ra ined personnel

E-4.3 (46-5-3) Basic Tie Yard Protection.

E-4.$.1 (46-5-3.1) Unobs t ruc ted alleyways of sufficient widda for hand or cart fire hose laying operat ions should be provided between piles. A min imum alleyway widfla of 4 ft (1.2 m) should be provided. Alleyways should be spaced so daat initial fire-fighting operat ions can be effective. Wid~ relatively open stacking (stacking that will permi t penet ra t ion of fire extinguishing streams) dais can usually be accompl ished by providing a 4-ft (1.2-m) or greater widda alleyway between alternate rows of tie stacks [see Figure E-4- 3.1(a)]. Fiat crib-style stacking without space between stacks that forms solid packed rows would require a 4-ft (l .2-m) or greater width alleyway between each row. Where die stacking area does not permit a 4-ft (1.2-m) or wider alleyway between each such row, die lengdl of d ie rows (distance between fire lanes) should be held to 75 ft (22.9 m) or less. In no event should such alleyways be reduced to less dlan 2 ft (0.6 m) in widtll [see Figure E-4-3.1(b)].

-e- Fire lane

E-4.3.3 (46-5-3.3) Access to die plant and yard from public highways should be provided by all-weather roadways capable of suppor t ing fire depa r tmen t apparatus.

E-4.3.4 (46-5-3.4)" The storage site should be reasonably level, solid ground, preferably paved or surfaced with material such as cinders, fine gravel, or stone. Refuse- or sawdust-filled land, swampy ground, or areas where tile hazard of unde rg round fire is present should not be used.

FM.4 (46-5-4) Special Tie Yard Protection.

E-4.4.1 (46-5-4.1) Tie yards conta ining low-stacked storage, small amounts of t reated ties, and well-separated treat ing facilities present min imum hazards dlat generally require only die basic

riotection provisions of Section E-4. 3 for effective fire control. gh shacking over extensive areas, congested storage, and large

amounts of t reated tie storage present increased hazards that require addit ional safeguards and protect ion facilities. In yards requir ing more daan the basic protect ion provisions of Section E- 4.3 for effective fire control, die following provisions are suggested as a guide. The relative importance of these provisions and d~e

-o- degree to which they might be needed will vary with yard conditions, and die andaority having jurisdict ion should be consulted in all cases.

E-4.4.2 (46-5-4.2) ..:.Powerful water supplies and large mains should be provided wh.....~i~:ublic or private fire depa r tmen t services are available. Larg.~:strd~/~ equipment , such as portable turrets and

• deluge sets~.:.-~.~,ires 750 gpm to 1000 gpm (47.3 L / sec to 63.1 L/sec) f . . ~ j ~ l i a n c e . Moni tor towers can require supplies in excess.gf:$~.00 g~i~.0.3.1 L/sec) for each unit. In large yards whe~$::. i l '~hzard i~::.~.~.r.~:many of these devices might need to be o # t e d ~ m u l t a n e o ~ $ .... •

~ 4 . 3 " : i ~ 5 - 4 . 3 ) Fir~*"lanes suitable for fire depa r tmen t ..... o ~ . ~ o u l d be provided witla storage ar ranged so that no

p.ari*~i.~, e occupied area is more thasl 50 ft (15.2 m) in any ~. d i r e c u ' ~ i ~ o . ~ " access by motor ized fire-fighting equ ipmen t Where '"!:'-5.iiiii'!":::::~.. special ~ i s h i n g equipment , such ,as portable turrets, deluge '%i:::"~ii.:)..'~i...~..~, and:.~'on ~'''" itor towers, is available, access distances can be

:~:. " ' ~ ' . ' ~ . ¢ d : " b y their effective reacll witll available water supplies. Fire .... :...:.:._-:_--'_-::~ "%#i~-;'-":'land'.~:.f~iould be kept unobsu-ucted, have an all-weadler surface

~"'~::%~. ::iiii::- suff~iently s t rong to suppor t fire apparatus, and should be of ,-:.:-: "ii!i:: . .~fficient widda to permit maneuver ing of motorized fire .iii. ~:. ..... .::: ~.~"~pparatus.

"l ~ :~@~iii : : i l i '::':':~ EM.4.4 (46-5-4.4) Stack heights should be limited. Heights in ~:'~. I "":::::::::" excess of 20 ft (6.1 m) Seriously restrict effective extinguishing i o e oo.

i ":i-~ r E-4.4.5 (46-5-4.5) Treated' ties should no t be in termixed widl unt rea ted products. A 100-ft (30.5-m) clear space should be maintained between t reated tie storage and unt rea ted storage.

E-5 (46-Chapter 6) Outside Storage of Wood Chips and Hogged Material.

E-5.1 (46-6-1) Application.

E-5.1.1 (46-6-1.1) The intent of d~e guidelines contained in riffs - section is to provide fire protect ion guidance to minimize d i e fire hazard in yard storage areas containing wood chips and bogged material. Each individual proper ty will have its own special condi t ions of yard use, !landling methods , and topography. It is recognized that climate conditions, wood species, and the age of piles are all factors ,affecting fire safety. For these reasons, only basic fire protect ion principles are discussed herein, which are in tended to be applied widl due considerat ion of ,all local factors involved.

E-5.1.2 (46-6-1.2) Except for the sureace layer, the moisture content of a pile of wood chips or hogged material is quite high, so surface fires will no t generally penetra te more than a few inches into the pile. Fire tests indicate that for areas of average humidity conditions, the flame propagat ion over die surface is relatively slow. These condit ions permi t ready ext inguishment , provided that fliere is early detect ion and good access. It is expected dlat in areas where long periods of low humidity prevail, faster surface drone spread can be anticipated, increasing die importance of early detect ion and good access.

E-5. 1.3 (46-6-1.3) In addit ion to the guidelines conta ined in this section, the provisions out l ined in Section E-7 sllould apply to all outside storage of wood clfips and hogged material, except as modif ied herein.

Fire lane as

necessary for

access and fire-

fighting operations

IIII H r Fire lane "e"

T leO ft

(30.5 m) (max)

1 4-ft (1.2-m) wide alleyways between alternate rows

Figure E-4-3.1 (a) Relatively open stacking methods .

-o.

lane as

necessary for

access and fire-

fighting operations

Fire lane

#

I I

i ~ i ~ i ~ :L i

4-ft (1.2-m) a l l e ~ y between each row. If les.¢:than 4 ft (1.2 m), hold Wto 75 ft (22.9 m) or tess depending upon conditions

111111 Fire lane

-(9-

Figure E-4-3.1 (b) Crib-style stacking into solid rows.

E-4.3.2 (46-5-3.2*) For basic fire protect ion, the hydrant system should be capable of supplying at least four 21/2-in. (63.5-mm) hose streams simultaneously [1000 gpm (63 L/sec) minimum] while maintaining a positive residual pressure in the fire protect ion hydrant system of at least 20 psi (138 kPa).

Where large-scale fire-fighting operat ions c,'m J~e expected, larger water supplies widl adequate mains are needed . (See Section E-4. 40

For early ext inguishment witll basic fire protect ion, hydrants should be spaced with sufficient 21/2-in. (63.5-mm) hose a t tached so as to permi t rapid hose laying to all parts of file stacking areas. For dtis reason, hydrants should be spaced at about 250-ft (76.2- m) intervals so that any part of the yard can be reached widl 200 ft (61.0 m) of hose. Hydrants preferably should be located at fire lane intersection~ A hydrant hose house with at least 200 ft (61.0 m) of fire hose and auxiliary equ ipmen t should be provided at each hydrant. (See NFPA 13. Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler S~stems. )

6 3 7

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

E-5.2 (46-6-2) G e n e r a l ,

E-5.2.1 (46-6-2.1) Fire e x p e r i e n c e a n d f i re tests i n d i c a t e tha t two c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t types of f ires can occu r in s t o r age p i l e s - su r face f ires a n d i n t e r n a l fires. Fire p r e v e n t i o n act iv i t ies a n d f i re p r o t e c t i o n faci l i t ies sbou ld , t he r e fo re , be p r e p a r e d to c o p e wi th b o t h s i tua t ions . T h e s e p r o g r a m s s h o u l d be u n d e r t i le d i r e c t supe rv i s i on of t op m a n a g e m e n t a n d s h o u l d i n c h l d e d i e fo l lowing :

(a ) Se lec t ion , des ign , a n d a r r a n g e m e n t of s t o r age yard a reas a n d m a t e r i a l s - h a n d l i n g e q u i p m e n t based u p o n sou t ld f i re p r e v e n t i o n a n d p r o t e c t i o n p r i n c i p l e s

(13) E s t a b l i s h i n g con t ro l over t i le var ious fac tors t l ta t lead to s p o n t a n e o n s b e a t i n g , i n c l u d i n g p rov i s ions for m o n i t o r i n g the i n t e r n a l c o n d i t i o n of d i e p i le

( c ) Faci l i t ies for ear ly f ire d e t e c t i o n a n d e x t i n g u i s l m l e n t (.See NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code)

(d) Fire l anes a r o u n d t he p i les a n d access roads to the t op of the p i les for effective f i re - f igh t ing o p e r a t i o n s

(e ) Faci l i t ies for ca l l i ng d i e pub l i c f ire d e p a r t m e n t a n d faci l i t ies n e e d e d by t h e m for f i re e x t i n g n i s b m e n t

t i le pile. I t is i m p o r t a n t to m i n i m i z e t i le d i f fus ion of water f r o m wet s t o r ed materi, 'd in to d ry f i r e s to r e d u c e e x o t h e r m i c b e a t i n g caused by s o r p t i o n effects, a n d i t is also i m p o r t a n t to m a i n t a i n sur face m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t so ms to r e d u c e the h a z a r d o f snr face fires d u r i n g p e r i o d s of hot , d ry wea the r .

( i ) Veh ic le s u s e d on all p i les s h o u l d be of a type t h a t m i n i m i z e s c o m p a c t i o n .

E-5.$ (46-6-3) Pile Protection.

E-ft.3.1 (46-6-3.1) Pi les s h o n l d be c o n s t r u c t e d with an access roadway to t he top of file p i le iri o r d e r to r each any p a r t of t he pi le . For very l a rge piles, two or m o r e access roadways s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d on o p p o s i t e s ides of the pile. Th i s a p p l i e s on ly to s t o r age in excess of 9-,0 days.

E-5.3.2 (46-6-3.2) Narrow, low p i les fac i l i t a te f i re e x t i n g u i s h m e n t ; t he r e fo re , p i les s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d 60 ft (18•3 m) in he igh t , 300 ft (91.4 m) in width; a n d 500 ft (152.4 m) in l eng th . W h e r e p i le h e i g h t a n d wid th a re such t l ta t al l p o r t i o n s of the pi le c a n n o t be r e a c h e d by d i r e c t hose s t r e a m s f r o m the g r o u n d , a r r a n g e m e n t s s h o u l d be m a d e to p rov ide f i r e - f igh t ing service in t he se areas , a n d smal l f i re s t r e a m s u p p l i e s s h o u l d be ava i lab le o~a t i le t op of t i le p i l e for h a n d l i n g smal l sur face f i res a n d for we t t i ng the p i le in dry weaf l ler . W h e n pi les e x c e e d 500 ft (152.4 m) in l eng th , d ley s h o u l d

• ! f ) . An effect ive fire. p r e v e n t i o n m a i n t e n a n c e p r o g r a m , be s u b d i v i d e d b y f i r e l anes h a v i n g a t least 30 ft (9,1 m) c lear space mClUalng r e g u l a r yztr(a r nspec t lo r l s ny tralneca personne~ • " a t t i le base of t~-~i::~iies. Low b a r r i e r walls a r o u n d pi les s l t o u l d be E-5.2.2 (46-6-2.2) I n t e r n a l b e a t i n g is a h a z a r d i n h e r e n t to long- p r o v i d e d to ¢ ~ r l y ' ~ J ~ f i n e p i l e p e r i m e t e r s , p r e v e n t " c r eep ing , " a n d t e r m b u l k s t o r age of ch ips a n d b o g g e d m a t e r i a l t ha t will p rog re s s fac i l i ta te c i r C . . o f f i re lanes. to s p o n t a n e o u s c o m b u s t i o n n n d e r ce r t a in p i l e cond i t ions • I n t e r n a l E-5 3 3 ¢~3.~i~!i~-".W.llere su i tab le , a smal l m o t o r i z e d veh ic le f ires a re d i f f i cu l t to d e t e c t a n d e x t i n g u i s h Un les s p rov i s ions ,are " ," :-:: ~::: "- '::ii~::~ - . ' , ' " am 1 .:" " r " e(l wrtJ/~::, or t~Dle e x t l n g l n s n l n g e Ul mer i t or a wa te r m a d e for m e a s u r i n g i n t e r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e s , s u c h f i res can b u r n for n.P.-:~'~.. I~,p , ",'~I~ .......... • . . . . . . q . P - - ..

" - - - ~ . . . . . . . . . s tarm:-ana p u m p snoutw:t~e ' . 'pro~aea. L l g n t w e l g n t l a a o e r s m a t can o n g perlocts De)ore e m i s s i o n o! s m o k e at t i l e snFiace rnclrcate an , ..::.:", . , . . -5".-'-'?~" ~ • • , , ~ . , .

• " fi e ~ t in uis" m e n " " o m len " a n d I~-'ptac.~.. a g a i n s t tl3e.~0~le o t t i le pde s n o u t a De p l a c e o at i n t e r n a l t~r ~x g n t tl3en Dec es a g t n y e x p e n s i v e loss-cont ro l a n d o p e r a t i n g p r o b l e m r e q u i r i n g : : i i : : ~ ~ . l o c ~ t U o n a ~ i ~ o ~ g l l i o u t t l ~ tYl,'~erd ~,Oanr ?eSeebrY ' t~3e c p l a n t e q u r p m e n t a n d m a n p o w e r to move la rge p o t ) t o n s of the p i l e ~ Y g g P g Y . . . . . " . " . . . " . . . ' o r g ~ + ~ t i o n s l t ou ld a lso i n c l u d e p r o c e d n r e s a n d p r e c a u t i o n s to er t l ler oy o l g g m g ou t t i le o u r n l n g p o r n o n s or r e m o v i n g t i le . .'.:-:::.:-:::: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • ,.. ne ooss.~,'.~:l O1¢ Yarn crews e m p l o y i n g p o w e r e q m p m e n t rn n g u t m g u n n u r n e o p o r t i o n s o t t i le p le. ~ x p e r e n c e has s n o w n n l a t t he se ::::::-. • "-;~::::::-:-:--., ~ - - • . : -:-... i n t e r n a l t ' rg.~ (See E-7. 4.6 ) c o n d m o n s c r ea t e very a rge osses a n d spec ia l a t t e n t i o n s h o n l d be "-::-:'::~:':'::.:.:::'::':.~:.,. ::~:.- " " g iven to the p r e v e n t i o n of s p o n t a n e o u s c o m b u s t i o n a n d to p r e f i r e ::":iii "":':"::i~:'i~-$.,.4....6.4"~'-6-3.4) Dne to the size a n d c o n f i g n r a t i o n of piles, it is p a r l n i n g as h o w bes t to h a n d l e an i m m i n e n t o r ac tua l f i re in a "i:::: . . . . . :;i!:~¢J'i~:~'~:ctical to p rov ide p o r t a b l e f i re e x t i n g u i s h e r s wi th in 75 ft p a r t i c u l a r pile. .-::~i~i!i~!!:-:, :!::i~#:: (22 ' ~ ' m ) of t ravel d i s t a n c e to any po in t . At a m i n i m u m , however , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::!.-'!::"" "::~i-:.i'~!'!. "iiii:. p..ortable f i re e x t i n g u i s h e r s s u i t a b l e for Class A f i res s h o u l d be 1~5. X..* (4l)-O-Z.3) t ' r event2on o t i n t e r n a l t i res requrr¢~:an :::':'-" ::. ..-: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:.:.:,. . .'.:::- :::::::::::provided on all ve luc les o p e r a U n g on t i le pde , m a d d m o n to t he u n a e r s t a n c t l n g o i m e fac tors t l l a t cause exoulermrc..-*~X~latiort:i$..a.-.. -.'::. -:::::" , ¢., ~ ._ ~ _, , • , , ,n , ~ - , , " . . . . . ..~:- .------:. ...---.-:::::::- "::..:::." no rmar brass D UnlLS lOt t i le venrcre vvuere n y t l r a n t nose nouses t h a t s teps can be t a k e n to m n rnlze t i l ls I1azarcI an~! to::O~-'o~e ======================= '" - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , , ":::-:-:-:$-i:- ~ , "::::iiiiiiF" a re provloeCl a tAass t~ e x n n g u r s n e r o t a t l eas t a x-/~ r a n n g snoul(1 u l eans oI m o n l t o n n g te n p e r a t n r e con( l r t lons lns roe t n e C . ~ , l U ¢ "-:-:-:+" . .~ ~ ' . o . , . n . . ~ e . . . ~ ~ -- . - - --- ~ • • . , ,, . . . . . , .....-.-...... ,~ ~ ..,:.:::-:::~ De orov~cteo. I.~ee lvrrz~ tu , atanaara j o t for)ante ~lre 12,xtt~g1*tstters. ] t o u o w m g a re s o m e o t t i l e n n p o r t a n t I t ems t.~....~i:~.kq oe "::~:~i~i;;i:: . . . . . - c o n s i d e r e d w h e n e s t a b l i s h i n g o p e r a t i n g p r.6~edui:~::::::::::::::ii~:. ~"-:~ii~ii~i-if#:" E-5.3.5 (46-6-3.5) Fire h y d r a n t s c o n n e c t e d to yard m a i n s s h o u l d

..::i:i . . . . ::~!~!~i~ii:: ::i:.:::" be p r o v i d e d so t h a t any p a r t o f the p i le (s ) can be r e a c h e d by hose (a ) Avoid all re fuse a n d o ld chips::!.~::ii~, c h i p pil~ii~.se, 4::" e q u i p m e n t p r o v i d e d in each h y d r a n t hose house . Each h y d r a n t

T i l e s t o r a g e si te s h o u l d be i ' e a s o n ~ i i ! e v e l , s q ~ l g r o u n d , hose h o u s e s h o u l d be e q u i p p e d with a c o m p l e m e n t of 2~/'~-in. (13) or s h o u l d be paved with b lack top , conc re t e , 6" i : i : :~er . : :~rd-surface m a t e r i a l t ha t has b e e n t b o r o u g l l l y c l e a n e d b e f o r ' ~ i : : ~ i n g a new pi le . .::.:.~::--

, , . -

(c ) O p e r a t i n g p lans for t he b u i l d u p arrd r e c l a i m i n g of the p i le s h o u l d be based u p o n a m a x i m u m t u r n o v e r t i m e of 1 year n n d e r idea l cond i t i ons . Pi les c o n t a i n i n g o t h e r t h a n s c r e e n e d ch ips m a d e f r o m c l e a n e d a n d b a r k e d logs (for e x a m p l e , who le - t r ee ch ip p i les c o n t a i n i n g bark, leaves, a n d o t h e r e x t r a n e o u s or b o g g e d ma te r i a l ) c~trl be sub jec t to g r e a t e r d e g r e e s of s p o n t a n e o u s h e a t i n g a n d t h e r m a l d e g r a d a t i o n a n d s h o u l d be r e c l a i m e d m o r e f r equen t ly .

(d) L i m i t p i l e size. F u n d a m e n t a l l y , several smal l p i les a re b e t t e r t h a n o n e l a rge pile. Keep p i le h e i g h t s low, pa r t i cu l a r l y for p i les t h a t i n b e r e n t l y car ry a l a rge r p e r c e n t a g e of f ines a n d a re sub jec t to g r e a t e r c o m p a c t i o n . For e x a m p l e , v e n e e r c h i p p i les s h o u l d be l imi t ed to 50 ft (15.2 m) in he igh t .

( e ) Instal l t h e r m o c o u p l e s d u r i n g p i le b u i l d u p , or p r o v i d e o t h e r meal3s for me,x~uring t e m p e r a t u r e s wi th in t i le pi le with r e g u l a r (I tonn~dly weekly) r epo r t s to m a n a g e m e n t .

If) C o n t r o l qua l i ty of ch ip s n p p l l e s in t e r m s of p e r c e n t a g e of f ines.

(g) Avoid t i le c o n c e n t r a t i o n of f ines d u r i n g p i le b u i l d u p . P l l e u m a t i c sys tems p r o d u c e an air-cl,xc~ification of s t o r ed m a t e r i a l s t h a t s h o u l d be r e c o g n i z e d a n d a p p r o p r i a t e s teps s h o n l d be t aken to m i n i m i z e c o n c e n t r a t i o u of f ines. It is p r e f e r a b l e to s p r e a d new s to r ed ma te r i a l s in a re la t ive ly even layer over d i e pile.

(h) W e t t i n g the p i l e r egu l a r ly will h e l p k e e p f ines f r o m d r y i n g o u t a n d b e l p m a i n t a i n t i le tools/cure c o n t e n t of t i le sur face layer- of

(63 .5-mm) a n d 11/2-in. ( S 8 . l - m m ) bose, a 21/2-in. x l l / 2 - i n . (63.5-

m m x 38 . l - r am) g a t e d wye, a n d l l /2 -1n . (38 .1 -mm) c o m b i n a t i o n

nozzles .

Hydran t s s h o u l d be s p a c e d a t a b o u t 250-ft (76.2-m) in te rva ls so tha t any pa r t o f d ie yard can be r eac l i ed wi th 200 ft (61.0 in) of bose .

W h e r e p i le c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a re s u c b tha t all par ts o f the p i le c a n n o t be r e a c h e d by the bose , a f ire h o s e car t (s ) e q u i p p e d with arl a m p l e s u p p l y of h o s e a n d nozzles s h o u l d be s t r a t eg ica l ly p l aced in the s to rage area .

E-5.3.6 (46-6-3.6) T i l e a m o u n t of wa te r n e e d e d to con t ro l a pi le f i re will vary subs tan t i a l ly d e p e n d i n g u p o n t he size of t i le pi le . W e a t h e r cond i t i ons , o p e r a t i n g m e t h o d s , g e o g r a p h i c loca t ion , t i le type of ma te r i a l s to red , ,and t i le d e g r e e to which we t t i ng can be e m p l o y e d af fec t the p o t e n t i a l for a l a rge a r e a su r face fire. E x p e r i e n c e indic~ates t h a t e x p o s u r e to l o n g p e r i o d s of hot , d ry w e a d l e r with no r e g u l a r su r face we t t i ng c rea tes c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r which f ~ t - s p r e a d i n g sur face fires, t h a t r e q u i r e m a n y hose s t r e ams for con t ro l d e p e n d i u g on the size of the pile, can occur•

Likewise, the f r e q u e n c y of p i l e t u r n o v e r a n d o p e r a t i n g m e t h o d s ,affect t i le p o t e n t i a l for s e r ious i n t e r n a l f ires Pi les b u t u s ing m e t h o d s t h a t a l low a c o u c e n t r a t i o n of f ines a n d pi les s t o r ed for l o n g p e r i o d s of t i m e with no t u r n o v e r a r e sub jec t to i n t e r n a l b e a t i n g that , if u n d e t e c t e d , can c rea t e i n t e n s e i n t e r n a l fires.

A m i n i m u m flow of 500 gprn (31.5 L / s e c ) s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d a t any f i re h y d r a n t in the p i l e area . A d d i t i o n a l flows s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d as n e e d e d w h e r e c o n d i t i o n s a re l ikely to p r o d u c e se r ions sur face f i res or l a rge i n t e r n a l fires. Fire m a i n s s h o u l d be e n g i n e e r e d to de l ive r t i le above g a l l o n a g e phls a l l o w a n c e for

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N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

operational uses and special extinguishing e q u i p m e m at a residual pressure of 60 psi to 100 psi (413.7 kPa to 689.5 kPa) at the hydrants.

E-5.3.7 (46-6-3.7) Standard automatic sprinkler protect ion should be provided in all tunnels and enclosures under the pile. All o ther handl ing and conveyor installations of combust ible construction, or elevated ones of noncombust ib le construct ion that are hood- enclosed, should also be provided with automatic sprinkler protect ion. Automatic sprinklers are needed in the above areas due to the difficulty of hand fire f ighting in concealed, enclosed, or elevated areas. All motor and switch gear enclosures should be provided with approved, suitable portable fire extinguishers. (See NFPA I O, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. )

E-5.3.8 (46-0-3.8) Power-operated, shovel- or scoop-type vehicles, dozers, or similar equ ipmen t should be available for use in moving stored material for fire fighting. With the use of this equipment , surface types of pile fires can usually be removed from the affected areas and extinguished.

Where deep-seated fires occur within the pile or unde r tile pile in tunnels or o ther enclosures, dais equ ipmen t is invaluable in breaking down the entire pile ,and spreading it out in a safe yard area, which allows fire fighters using hand hose lines or deluge units to extinguish both the pile and ground-spread stored material.

E-5.3.9 (46-6-3.9) Temporary conveyors and motors on t i l e surface or adjacent to the piles should be avoided.

E-5.3.10 (46-6-$.10) Physical protect ion should be provided to prevent heat sources such as steam lines, air lines, electrical motors, and mechan ica ld r ive equ ipmen t f rom becoming buried or heavily coated with combustible material. A high standard of housekeeping should be mainta ined a round all potential heat sources.

E-5.3.11 (46-6-3.11) Care should be exercised to prevent t ramp

E-6.2.1 (46-7-2.1) Fire loss exper ience in outside storage of logs indicates that large undivided piles, congested storage conditions, delayed fire detection, inadequate fire protection, and ineffective fire-fighting tactics are the principal factors that allow log pile fires to reach serious proport ions. The fire hazard potential inheren t in log storage operat ions with large quantit ies of combustible materials can best be control led by a positive fire prevention program under the direct supervision of top managemen t and should include the following:

(a) Selection, design, and a r rangement of storage yard areas and materials-handling equ ipmen t based upon sound fire prevention and protect ion principles

(b) Facilities for early fire detect ion, transmission of alarm, and fire ext inguishment (See NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code)

(c) Fire lanes to separate large plies and provide access for effective fire-fighting operations

(d) Separation of yard storage from mill operat ions and other exposing propert ies

(e) An effective fire prevention main tenance program, including regular yard inspections by t ra ined personnel

E-6.2.2 (46-7-2.2) Special problems of construct ion and otect ion are in~.lved when logs are stored on piers or wharves. PA 307, Stan~'. . . fgr the Construction and Fire Protection of Marine

Terminals, P ~ . and':Wharves, and dae authority having jurisdiction should be . ¢ ~ ' ~ t e d in each case.

. . . . "::'::':i:!:!::. E-6.3 ( ~ $ ) B ~ i i ~ o g Yard Protection.

.... %.:i'.-"::.-.:::..:.:--:~:-" E;...0.:;:~).I ..(4627-3.1) Tli'~ii~:rrage site should be reasonably level,

. ~ i , d gr:&..~..nd p r e f e r ~ paved or surfaced with material such as ::i~::'~*~.rs,-i:~g. gravel, or stone. Refuse- or sawdust-filled land,

s w a ~ i g r o ~ n d , or areas where tile hazard of unde rg round fire is metal from enter ing the piles, or sections of blower pipes f rom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . prese~:~t lould not be used. ricing buried In the plies, l r a m o metal COllectors or detectors or::-:-.. ":-Si:::i:. .::::. both, are recommen( ted on all conveyor and blower systems. ' "iiiii~iii~::~!i!::::.:. E-6.3.2 ( ~ . . ~ . 2 ) Access to tile plant and yard front public

:'ii'-i":'::::iiii::~iiiii.-'.~.'~hway~.:.~|~ould be provided by all-weather roadways capable of E-5.4 (46-6-4) Exposure Protection. :-i:-:.::- . . , : ~ g fire depa r tmen t apparatus.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~::.-:--"~?::- "~iii~#::" E-6..'~!:~ (46-7-3.3) All sides of each cold deck should be accessible E-5.4.1 (o,?-o-4..O Exper ience i nd,cate s mat rad.~ated ! ~ :'iiii....b..y means of fire lanes. A fire lane width of 11/~ times the pile .exp.oslng nres in st0.rage p ues does no t .o rmnan ly p o ~ ' a s e r l ~ s %!:!!.~eight but not less than 20 ft (6.1 m) shou d be provided with fire ignluon mreat, to d ine r j~nes provmeo tnat r e c o m . ~ : a Cl.~.:.:::-i-!.:.::i::... -:~::.@:.. lanes between alternate rows of two pile groups providing a clear :PsaCee~31~ed~alnnta~ne~ "w~.ln}qd~gdDor~nr~:nr t a m l: :zP°~gsti~'-~i! ' : . . . . . ":'::!~::?:ii::ii::# i': space of at least 100 ft (30.5 m). The length of each cold deck s Pr ~Y w" ~ g g - ~ ' " p . . . . . . . ~ ........... gn~.~...~. . """ should not exceed 500 ft (152.4 m). Fire lanes for access across rOla~C:, up~m.u torest or nrusn nres can al.s.:....o..~.:~::a p ro ..~$m...:.:.m. each end, providing a clear space of at least 100 ft (30.5 m) to

n to nyang sparks an(] nrancts, mclr~ra tors O~.:~ .~.n ret~..:-" ad 'acer t " w . . . . . . . . . . ,:-- , "..:.:..-.-.:,, :.--~::; tj i pde ro s or o ther exposed proper ty should be provided. b~tcm~ng ShOUld not tb e permi t ted in a n . # ~ e a wnere s~....~...~s co....t~,d Where practical, greater widths are desirable to minimize tile

,the s orag~ v' . . . . . . ::.::" ":::::-~:~ii::.. "iiiiiiii effects of radiated heat, particularly in high piled yards. (See Figure E-5.4.2 (46-6-4.2) Buildings or o ther struct~:.~i:oear s t ~ a g e piles E-6. 3.3.) can pose a serious exposure hazard to the pil~:i!i~i...cle..~:space should be mainta ined between piles and expos i /~ . '~ 'hc tures yard equipment , or stock, depend ing on the degree o~i'iffxposure hazard. Pile-to-pile clearance of at least 30 ft (9.1 m) at ti'le base of die pile should be provided. Greater clearance is desirable when piles are high and side slopes are greater than 60 degrees.

E-6 (46-Chapter 7) Outs ide Storage of Logs.

E-6.1 (46-7-1) Application.

E-6.1.1 (46-7-1.1) The intent o f these guidelines is to provide fire protect ion guidance to minimize the fire hazard in log yard storage ,areas containing saw, plywood, or pulpwood logs stored in ranked piles commonly referred to as "cold decks." These guidelines do not apply to shacked piles of cordwood; however, where such material is s tored in ranked piles, these guidelines can be used ,as a guide, recognizing tllat pile widths will be substantially narrower than the typical log cold deck contempla ted herein.

Each individual proper ty will have its own special condit ions for yard use, stock handl ing methods, and topography. For this reason, only basic fire p ro tec t ionpr lnc ip les are discussed herein, which are in tended to be applied with due considerat ion of all local factors involved.

E-6. 1.2 (46-7-1.2) In addit ion to the guidelines contained in this sect ion, the provisions outl ined inSec t ion E-7 should apply to all outside storage of logs, except as modif ied herein.

E-6.2 (46-7-2) General.

I I .e- 100-ft (30.5-m) clear space and fire lane -e-

I 100-ft l(3o.s-m)l Log pile Htl high I I clear I

space Fire lane 1 z.k× H I not less than 20 ft (6.1 m) ~ ] and

fire I Log pile [ lane

250-ft (76.2-m) -e- hydrant spacing .e- -e-

m l I I Figure E-6.3.3 Layout of log storage yard.

E-6.3.4 (46-7-3.4*) For basic fire protect ion, t i le-hydrant system should be capable of supplying at lem~t four 21/~-in. (6g.5-mm) hose streams simultaneously [1000 gpm (63.1 L/sec) minimum] while maintaining a positive residual pressure in the fire protect ion hydrant system of at least 20 psi (138 kPa).

Where large-scale fire f ighting operat ions can be expected, larger water supplies with adequate mains are needed. (See Section E-6.4.)

639

N F P A 2 3 0 - - A 9 9 R O P

For early e x t i n g u i s h m e n t with basic fire protect ion, hydrants shou ld be spaced with sufficient 2~/z-in. (63.5-mm) hose a t tached so as to pe rmi t rapid hose laying to all parts of the piling areas. For Oils reason, hydrants should be spaced at abou t 250-ft (76.2- m) intervals so that any part of die yard can be reached with 200 ft (61.0 m) of hose. Hydrants preferably should be located at fire lane intersections. A hydran t hose house with at least 200 ft (61.0 m) of fire hose and auxiliary e q u i p m e n t shou ld be provided at each hydrant . (See NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Syst~s. ) E-6.3.5 (46-7-3.5) Dynamite shou ld never be used as a m e a n s to reclaim frozen log piles.

E-6.3.6 (46-7-$.6) Dur ing dry weather, piles shou ld be wet down periodically. T h e installation of a portable p ip ing system equ ipped with irrigation or lawn-type sprinklers on the top of each log pile is r e c o m m e n d e d .

E-6.4 (46-7-4) Special Log Yard Protect ion.

E-6.4.1 (46-7-4.1) Sm,'dl log yards conta in ing a single cold deck of low he igh t [10 ft (3.0 m) or less], having good access and well separa ted f rom o ther property, p resen t m i n i m u m hazards that general ly require only the basic protect ion provisions of Section E- 6.3 for effective fire control. Higher piles, muh i p l e piles over

accumula te in quant i ty or location flint will const i tute an u n d u e fire hazard.

E-7.2.3 (46-8-2.~) Smoking shou ld be prohib i ted except in specified safe locations. "No Smoking" signs shou ld be posted in dlose areas where smoking is prohibi ted, and signs indicat ing areas des ignated as safe for smok ing shou ld be posted in those locations. Smoking areas shou ld be provided with approved, noncombus t ib l e ash receptacles. Smoking shou ld be specifically prohib i ted in and a r o u n d railroad cars.

E-7.2.4 (46-8-2.4) Access into die yard areas by unau tho r i zed persons shou ld be prohibi ted. Where needed , s torage areas should be enclosed with a suitable fence equ ipped with proper gates located as necessary to allow die ent ry of fire d e p a r t m e n t appara tus .

E-7.2.5 (46-8-2.5) Miscel laneous occupancy hazards such as vehicle s torage a n d repair shops, cut t ing and welding operat ions, f l ammable liquid storage, l iquefied pe t ro leum gas storage, and similar opera t ions shou ld be sa feguarded in accordance with recognized good practice. Refer to various NFPA s tandards applicable to specific occupancy hazards.

E-7.2.6 (46-8-2.6) Vehicles and o ther power devices shou ld be of an approved type and shou ld be safely ma in t a ined a n d operated. Vehicle fuel ing opera t ions shou ld be conduc ted in specified safe

extensive areas, conges ted storage, or ser ious exposure s i tuat ions p resen t increased hazards dlat require addit ional safeguards and protect ion facilities. In yards requi r ing more daan die basic protect ion provisions of Section E-6. 3 for effective fire control, die following provisions shou ld be followed• T h e relative impor tance of these provisions and the degree to which they migh t be needed will vary with yard condit ions, and the author i ty having jur isdic t ion shou ld be consu l ted in all cases.

E-6.4.2 (46-7-4.2) Adequa te water suppl ies and large mains

locations, isolate~::from storage areas and principal opera t ing buildings. (See ~ . . 5 0 5 , Fire Safety Standard [or Powered Indust~al Trucks Includi..~" Ty~:.Designations, Areas of I.]se, Conversions, Maintena~. .:: f .C~Oeration. )

E-7. 2.6.1 " . ' ~ - 8 - ~ . ~ . Diesel- or gasoline-fueled vehicles tha t opera~.~::!~i~oggei~ii~terial or chip piles, in log storage areas, or in [.~'3:~i!sii:trage a ~ b u l d be equ ipped with fixed fire- e.....xt.'~hgm'...shing systems i~::$ type approved for off-road vehicles. .:'~::::::.. ~'.-::~ .::.-:."

:.-.:!!:~i::~,7 . ( ~ 2 . 7 ) All electrical e q u i p m e n t and installations s h ~ i ~ ~ n t ~ t r m to the provisions of NFPA 70, National Electrical shou ld be provided to supply large s t ream e q u i p m e n t such as

portable turrets ,and de luge sets, which require 750 g p m to 1000 C~t~::-:i::.:ii!~::. gpm (47.3 L / see to 63.1 L/see) for each appliance. Moni tor :,:: . . . . . . . . .~ '="~:~ ' ; . . . . . . . . . . . . towers can rennire sunnl ies in excess of 1000 o h m t6g 1 L / s~O f,~-:i:.":~::::.:... ~ t . Z , ~ ~ . 8 ) ~mamancters, orazlers, open nres , a n n slmJmr

• • ::::.":'::::::::::::'-: gerou~"heatmg a r r angemen t s shou ld be prolubl ted Heat ing each unit . In larl~e Wards where the hazard IS severe many of dlese .::::. -:'-':~:~... ..:.- . . . . . • . devices m i g h t need" to be opera ted s imultaneously. - "~iii: . i ~ ! . ~ f i o u l d be hmJtecl to approved-type e q u t p m e n t installed in

:*i...::i::- an a l~ roveo manne r . E-6.4.3 (46-7-4.3) Fire lanes suitable for fire department~...'-:':~:~.-~. ':~'~-: ~ ~ ":ff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IE.-$ Z ~1 [ q O - ~ - 7 1¢) ~ u l t a n l e sateguarcts s n o u | a ne provided to opera t ions shou ld be provided as out l ined in E-O.3.3...F'.#ei~)~ i!-:: ..... " " i z e " e i a d ~ ' s c a u s " b s cl i t a s fus shou d be u sh ~ I v w ~amtm tll azar o t sparK eo y u ~ equ p m e n rer e kept unobs t r cted. They ot Id m e an .al~. e a t h ~ : "" i"!!:'~':!~'hu rs " '1 s c' 1 i ' e I ts . . . . . surface sufficiently s t rong to suppor t fire a p p a r a t u ~ h o ~ i i ~ . . . . . "% ~::::;!::' ~ m e . , oo| er ha KS, ve I c~e x l a n s . , a n n locomoUves, laurntng

~ • . - , - -- • ~ • "~:::'~.'::-.-::::¢ "'::::::::~:::-:-:::.': or snavmt~s sawaust ann reluse materials snoul(I De coflcluctect o t su incJent wl(ltn to p e F l I U t i n a n e u v e r l n g OI motortzecr.T~.-O" -:::::::-::-::-" , . o , , , . , . . , . . a aratus - - .... ::'~?..i:ii~:. " '" only m an approvea enclosect re |use n u m e r equ ipped Witll an

PP " .:...-'~i~::::, "s~".%i!?. ~:::. approved spark a t t es te r and located at a safe dis tance f rom die E-6.4.4 (46-7-4.4) Pile he ights shou ld be.~i~/i i ted."~h.. , ts i#~ii::iii¥::" neares t po in t o f any yard. See NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators excess of 20 ft (6.1 m) seriously restrict...~:~:tive e x t i ~ h i n , i ~ : : " and Waste and Linen Handling S~stems and Equipment, for small opera t ions .as successful e x t i n g u i s h m e ~ i ~ ' ~ g pile f i r~ i~eqmres rubbish burners . The design anc! location of large burners penet ra t ion of the pile f rom the side by ho/~i~eams. .W~. 'e re pile presents special problems, and the au thor i ty having jur isdic t ion he ights exceed 20 ft (6.1 m), it is r e c o m m e n ~ i . . ~ ) a t ~ ; r a t e d shou ld be consu l ted mon i to r nozzles or mobi le elevated nozzles, or"~. .k~:~e provided

. . . . ;::-:-:--" • • ' E-7 2 10 (46-8-2.10) Stacks f rom solid fue l -burn ing fi irnaces an d and mobile elevated nozzles shou ld be cons t de r e~ : ~hen pdtng , ." • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . t _ , o m , ~:'-':" - O 0 l e r s S J i O U l C l D e e n u D r i e d w l t t l s n a r g - a r r e s t m e e q u m m e n t to ne l~nt exceects Ix it t b . t m). '.:." a r , . r o , . .

"• prevent ho t sparks f rom r e a c h m g die g round , ,and considerat ion

E-7 (46-Chapter 8) General Fire Protection.

E-7. 1 (46-8-1) Application.

E-7.1.1 (46-8-1.1) Tile two key points to reduc ing fire losses in areas used for die s torage of forest products are reduct ion o f tl~e sources of fire ignit ion and a positive p rog ram for early detect ion mid e x t i n g u i s h m e n t of incipient fires. Application of the principles o f fire prevent ion in Section E-7. 2 can reduce fire occurrences . Principles of good fire protect ion are set for th in Sections E-7.3 and E-7. 4.

E-7. 1.2 (46-8-1.2) These principles are in t ended to apply to all facilities as ou t l ined in Sections E-2 th rough E-6.

E-7.2 (46-8-2) Operational Fire Prevention.

E-7.2.1 (46-8-2.1) Weeds, grass, and similar vegetat ion shou ld be prevented t h r o u g h o u t die entire yard and any vegetat ion growth shou ld be sprayed as of ten as needed with a satisfactory herbic ide or g r o u n d sterilizer, or g rubbed out. Dead weeds shou ld be removed after dest ruct ion. W e e d bu rne r s shou ld no t be used.

E-7.2.2 (46-8-2.2) Good housekeep i ng shou ld be ma in ta ined at all times, inc luding regular and f r equen t c leaning of materials- hand l ing equ ipmen t . Combus t ib le waste materials such .as bark, sawdust, chips, and o the r debr is should not be permi t ted to

shou ld be given to spark hazard in de t e rmin ing file he igh t of such stacks.

E-7.2.11 (46-8-2.11) Solid fuel-fired s team locomotives, cranes, and similar e q u i p m e n t en te r ing or opera t ing in yards should be equ ipped with heavy sc reen ing and h inged openings between file m u d r ing and the flare of the ash pan to prevent ho t coals f rom d ropp ing f rom the ash pan . It is r e c o m m e n d e d tha t f ront -end screens of coal-fired locomotives be examined at f r equen t intervals. Oil-fired s team e q u i p m e n t shou ld be provided with fully enclosed dr ip pans to prevent bu rn ing oil f rom escaping. It is r e c o m m e n d e d tha t diesel locomotives be equ ipped with a p p r o v e d spark arresters or o ther devices to prevent the escape of glowing carbon particles f rom the exhausts .

E-7.2.12 (468-2.12) If yard storage areas are located in regions highly suscept ible to l i ghming strikes, considera t ion should be given to the installation of l i ghming protect ion on masts or towers to provide area protect ion. (See NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems.)

E-7.2.13 (46-8-2.13) No cutting, welding, or o ther use of open f lames or spark-produc ing e q u i p m e n t shou ld be permi t ted in the s torage area unless by an approved permi t system.

E-7.3 (46-8-3) Exposure Protection.

640

N F P A 2 3 0 1 A 9 9 R O P

E-7.3.1 (46-8-3.1) Exposure to the Yard.

E-7.3.1.1 (46-8-3.1.1) Yard areas shou ld be separa ted f rom plant opera t ions a n d o ther s t ruc tures so tha t fire exposure into the yard will be min imized . M i n i m u m separa t ion shou ld be by m e a n s of a clear space pe rmanen t l y available for f ire-f ighting operat ions . The width of the clear space shou l d be based u p o n the severity of exposure , which will wary with the area, he ight , occupancy, construct ion, a n d protec t ion o f the expos ing s t ructure , and the type of s tacking and he igh t o f ad jacent stacks.

E-7.3.1.2 (46-8-3.1.2) Unspr ink le red m a n u f a c t u r i n g bui ld ings and o ther large s t ruc tures with combus t ib le con ten t s r ep resen t a severe exposure to yard storage, unless the exter ior walls have the necessary fire resistance to act as a fire separa t ion and are essentially ab sen t of unp ro t ec t ed openings . In general , unspr ink le red saw mills, p l an ing mills, t r e adng plants, adzing mills, a n d similar bui ld ings wi thout essentially b lank walls shou ld be separa ted froth yard stor,Jge by a clear space, as r e c o m m e n d e d by NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures.

E-7.3.1.3 (46-8-3.1.3) Fully spr ink le red s t ructures p re sen t a lesser exposure hazard. Automat ic spr inkler protec t ion is desirable in all opera t ing and principal s torage buildings. Separat ion cons idera t ion between yards and spr ink le red bui ldings will general ly be d e t e r m i n e d by the ser iousness of the exposure f rom

E-7.4.2 (46-8-4.2) W h e n a fire is discovered, no mat te r how small, the public fire d e p a r t m e n t and plant emergency organizat ion shou ld he notif ied at once. The t e l ephone n u m b e r of the fire d e p a r t m e n t a n d the location of the neares t fire a larm box should be posted conspicuous ly in several locat ions in the yard and bui ld ings .

E-7.4.3 (46-8-4.3) In s torage yards, a reliable m e a n s for p ro m p t t ransmiss ion of fire a larms to public fire d e p a r t m e n t s a n d p lan t emergency organizat ions shou ld be provided at conven ien t an d accessible locat ions in the yard.

E-7.4.4 (46-8-4.4) Standard, hour ly wa tchman service shou ld be ma in ta ined t h r o u g h o u t the n igh t a n d du r ing all nonope ra t i n g periods. W a t c h m e n shou ld be compe ten t , a n d rounds shou ld be supervised by an approved central s tat ion wa tchman ' s t ime de tec tor or recorded by a por table ~ t t c h clock.

E-7.4.5 (46-8-4.5) W a t c h m e n and o the r employees shou ld be fiilly ins t ructed in the proper p rocedure of t ransmi t t ing a fire a larm and in the use of all fire protec t ion equ ipmen t . (See NFPA 601. Standard for Security Services in Fire Loss Prevention.)

E-7.4.6 (46-8-4.6) An industrial fire brigade shou ld be organized. It should be well t ra ined and adequate ly equ ipped to c o m b a t fire while the public fire d e p a r t m e n t is r e s p o n d i n g to the alarm. (See NFPA 600. Standard on IndustNal Fire Brigades.)

the yard. (See 8-3.2.) E-7.4.7 (46-8-4.7,~.iiiii!ili~..ortable fire ex t inguishers suitable for the fire E-7.3.1.4 (46-8-3.1.4) Forest, brusb, and grass fire exposure hazard involvt~"sh~'i~kl be provided at convenient , conspicuously shou ld be min imized by providing adequa te clear space that is accessible 1 . .9 .~ .9s in the yard. Where practicable, approved carefully kept free o f combust ib le vegetat ion. Clear space of widths p o r t a b l e . ~ e ~ g u i s h i n g e q u i p m e n t shou ld be placed so tha t at least equivalent to fire lanes shou ld be provided for grass m a x i ~ - " i ~ v e l ' ~ c e to the nea res t uni t should no t exci~ed 75 exposures , a n d clear space of widths at least 100 ft (30.5 m) shou ld ft ( .2~..'~':'~.)':~!!~See N'~i~:dQ,.:-,~tandardfirr Portable Fire Extinguishers.) be provided for l ight b rush exposures . In forested areas, a wider A~j~i~oved"~fire e x t i n g ~ : ~ : s of suitable type shou ld be provided on clear space shou ld be p rovided. :,..:....:...:.pa~l~t- ow~." ..,...::..vehicles and:.:i~'n i t s . . . . . . . i nc lud ing haula, ge or private

. : : ~ : : T ~ o ~ . in the yaid. E-7.3.2 (46-8-3.2) Exposu re f rom the Yard. ".:.-.::!:'~:;...-.-'.-i::"'':'-':.:::. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-7."~i~gfi-8-4.8) A public or private fire main and hydran t system r~/.a..z.t Vto-o-~.z.t J . t i r e exposure to aoj.acent s t ruc tures anct ,.. with , x ~ .w~. er supply shonld be provided. Wliere adequa te nearDy proper ty consn tu tes one o f the major twe. protecUon :'%!!!!!! ......... public t ~ t e c t i o n is no t available, private outs ide fire p r o m e m s ot tores t p roducts s torage opera t ions m a t can be solved ":':'::::~::::':~":'~r.Dtectio~:::~acilities shou ld be nrovided

. . . . :~:k "".':::i:.:--:l:z~:,. ..-...-" r • satisfactorily only by c o o p e r a u o n between ad acen t ro er :-:-. --..'- . . . . . . . . . "." owners - _ .. _ . tj p p ty :::::. :.:.,,.,:.:.:.:....:,,:.:.:.:,... • T h e au thor i ty having jur i sd ic t ion shou ld be consu l ted in :::. AE-7".:'~:~ (46-8-4.8.1) Private Fire Service Mains and Hydrants . A

a l l cases. ..:::.'.-'.'f!~;~::.. '!i?:i:i#" p r i v ' ~ fire service main and hydran t system shou ld be installed in , ,~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,; . . . . . . ~!..'::!:':"":'%:i~ :!~:- ~ccordance with NFPA 24 Standard for the Installation of Private L - / . a . £ . z [ ' t O - O - O . ~ ; . ~ ; ] , 3 e c i a l r o t e c o u r o v l s l o n s t k , t m z u s s e ~ x : : , r l : : : - ,

these -u ide l ines furnishPa e reasPnab le 'de p . . . . . . . . . . . i:~.. . ".5.f:..i-:."t%e Service Mains and Their Appurtena,,ces. Refer to NFI~A 13 directgradlated hea t t h rou h ' a c o m b i n a ~ i ' g o r e e o ~ I s P ~ n t ~ - ~ . : ::::: .'-~::":'Standard for the Installation of Sprink'~,r S~stems. Hydrants shou ld be . . . . . . " . . . . . . g " . . . . . P , , , ~ 1 1 :'~.:%ii::!!!# of an approved type and located so tha t a n y part of the yard can be IaClllUeS anct c o n t r o u e a s torage metnoGs, it snoulcI De r~ffnlzeo,'--:-:-:.:.- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~, , , , . . . . however tha t these fact ities c anno t be ex~e o-~: i~: -~ ,~o ~i~. . r eacneo yam xuu It ¢ ~ O I . O I~) OI nose. w u e r e pracucable, a ~o-tt

. . . . . . . . . . ~:-::::z.:... .<.z.::.::...-:.:- (15-in) se arat ion shou d be rov~ded be tween stora e and d adverse weather c o n d m o n s and flying b r a ~ . Alse.~.. ':~:SltUatl~: .~ , , p p • g yar " ' " ~ ' ~ " " ' " " n G i r a n t s where yard mater ia ls a n d s torage metbo.~." need s lae~: i~ro te~ .~on Y •

facilities bu t where such pro tec t ion ( ~ { : ~ . . c ludes a ~ u a t ~ E-7 4 ~ 2 (46-8-4 8 2) Fire P u m p s W b e r e p r o v i d e d fire p u m p s water supplies , fire d e p a r t m e n t manpower ":~U':'" e q u i p n ~ t ) is no t " " - " " • " . ' . . . . . . . , ~ : . _ :.:.: . shou ld be mst,Mled m accordance with NFPA 20, Standard for the a v a n a o l e exposure f rom tile yarcl creates serl ~ . : c o n t l ~ g r a U o n ' I ~ ¢ t , , I t , f " r £ " . " ~ • v n -

• ' ~ . . :.:...:::::.. . . : . . .~ , . ~ . ~ U ~ , t o r t o j . _ , e n t r t j u o ' a t r t r e r u m o s . potential . Where these conditaons prevail, addit{~i.~.~.:;~'rotection o r against s torage yard exposure shou ld be provide~.'~ii~"practicable, E-7.4.8.3 (46-8-4.8.3) Pressure Tanks. Where provided, pressure by one or more o f the following'. -:Y: tanks shou ld be installed in acco rdance with N'FPA 22, Standard for

(a) Providing grea te r clear space Water Tanks for Private Fire Protectio,~

(b) Use o f barrier walls o f such fire-resistive proper t ies and stability tha t the passage of f lames and hea t can be effectively prevented for a p ro longed per iod of t ime

(c) Employing pe r ime te r s tacking m e t h o d s tha t will furn ish die equivalent of barr ier walls (i.e., materials of greates t thickness and g reen flat-stacked stock)

(d) Use of wall cons t ruc t ion for exposed s t ruc tures having adequa te fire resistance

(e) Use of au tomat ic spr inkler systems specially des igned for pro tec t ion o f the exposed s t ruc tures

E-7.4 (46-8-4) Fire Detect ion and Ext inguishment .

E-7.4.1 (46-8-4.1) In ,all forest p roduc t s torage operat ions , provisions shou ld be m a d e for early fire de tec t ion and ex t i ngu i shmenL This requi res w a t c h m e n and a la rm service, p lan t emergency organizat ion m a n p o w e r a n d ex t ingu i sh ing equ ipmen t , and ready access by m e a n s o f fire lanes into all parts of the s torage areas so tha t fire ex t ingu i sh ing e q u i p m e n t can be prompt ly b rough t to the site of. the fire.

E-7.4.8.4 (46-8-4.8.4) Gravity Tanks. Where provided, gravity tanks shou ld be installed in accordance with NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection.

E-7.5 (46-8-5) Tes t ing and Maintenance o f Fire Protec t ion Sys tems. Water-based fire pro tec t ion systems, such as fire pumps , s torage tanks, fire hydrants , ,and thei r related equ ipmen t , shou ld be tested and ma in ta ined in accord~mce with NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems.

Append ix F (231D-Appendix B) R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for Fighting Rubber Tire Fires in Spr inklered Buildings

This appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only.

F-! In t roduc t ion .

It is essential that tile steps necessary for f ight ing rubber tire fires be u n d e r s t o o d by both the bui ld ing occupan t and die fire service to prevent unnecessa ry injury or loss o f life and to prevent loss of fire control d u r i n g overhaul . This necessi tates em erg en cy

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N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

prep l ann ing with the local fire depa r tmen t , bui ld ing occupant , and o thers as d e e m e d necessary.

Fire tests of rubber tire storage liave indicated dmt smoke can qnickly obst ruct die visibility within a bui ld ing and obscure tile bu rn ing materials; plans for die attack and ex t ingu i shmen t of the fire shou ld be prepared in advance.

Because tl~e products of combus t ion are harmfifl, all personne l ass igned to inter ior func t ions shou ld use breatl l ing appara tns even before obscura t ion occurs.

Vent i la~on efforts s l tonld be carefully controlled. Drafts f rom open doors and windows allow fresh air to reach die fire and make control of the fire difficult. Doors ,and windows shou ld be closed as soon as possible to limit die air supply to die fire and to allow control by an tomat ic systems to be established.

Fire brigades should be t ra ined and equ ipped witll d ie necessary tools and e q u i p m e n t to respond to a fire emergency and,

"if possible, attack die fire prior to die arrival of die fire depa r tmen t .

Review of bni ld ing and fire protect ion system plans shou ld be part of die ongo ing t ra ining of both the on-site personnel and fire depar tments .

A tire fire can progress qttickly f l lrough die phases described in the following paragraphs, and each pltase presents different condi t ions to r e spond ing emergency personnel . I tems for considerat ion in die emergency p rep l ann ing p rogram are provided for inclusion in such plans.

Observat ions at tire fire tests and accounts of actual fires have indicated that, while au tomat ic sprinklers widl adequa te densi t ies in approved conf igurat ions can control a fire, ex t i ngu i shmen t by sprinklers a lone normally does not occur. T he four tests used also indicate dlat spr inkler protect ion can be overcome by die following:

subjected to addi t ional loading. DO NOT place personnel on roof to a t t empt ventilation.

Important: Local fire depa r tmen t s a t t empt ing to draft f rom die sprinkler supply system will decrease die spr inkler effectiveness. If possible, separa te municipal hydrants shou ld be identif ied for fire d e p a r t m e n t use.

Important: As die sprinklers gain contxol of file fire, die smoke will turn f rom black to gray. A re turn to black smoke is an indicat ion that d~e sprinklers are not control l ing die fire. P u m p ,and system pressure also shou ld be moni tored . Loss o f system pressure is an indicat ion o f more sprinklers operat ing, p u m p failure, or loss of control.

Respond ing local fire depa r tmen t s shou ld be arriving by tiffs time. Building personnel should advise arriving fire personne l of the locadon of all occupants o f the building. At dais point, d lere is little for die fire d e p a r t m e n t to do except to connec t to the munlci.pal water supply a n d prepare to s u p p l e m e n t tile fire p ro tecnon system th rough die fire d e p a r t m e n t connect ion .

Fire d e p a r t m e n t personne l or m a i n t e n a n c e personnel , or both, shou ld respond to the f i r e ' p u m p room and work to mainta in operat ion of fire fire pump. System discharge pressure should be observed to de t e rmine if tl~e pressure is stable. Unstable or decreas ing d ischarge pressure indicates changes in die opera t ing condi t ions of dle::!~..re protec t ion system.

Dur ing t h i s . . ~ i ~ : ~ l e bui ld ing is un tenable , and obscnred vision make~.:!.'.~ use "tf hose s t reams quest ionable . It shou ld be noted tha..-t4i~n'::~.dings with smoke vents, longer use of fire hose migh t be~~ssit~::i::bnt at some risk to personnel . It is best to allow die s~.~..k..'[:~..~ to t~i.-'.~ontrol of die fire. Most of the sprinklers will b e ~ ' ° ~ ' : ~ : } a t e witl~i:~-:~':io 20 minutes of ignition, if sprinkler caifi.rol::is effected. S p a r k l e r s shou ld be allowed to operate at least

.::~.~::::~.o 9 ~ n n t e s to ~ i n control. Successful fire tests indicate dtat .... w ~ - : ~ i l i k e s within die first 20 minu tes of the fire.

(a) Storage exceeding tile he ights i nd i ca t ed i n dais s tandard TPi~::i~ilding is best left unvent i la ted at this time. As control is

(b) Storage configalrations that inhibit d ie m o v e m e n t of heat :~i ........ g a i n e d ' i : : ' ~ . # o k e will change f rom black to gray and will diminislt to the roof, slowing sprinkler operat ion, and inhibit die waterflow "~ili!i~i~i~.-~n intens~'~ji~:During this period, at least six charged 1 ~/~-in. (58.1- to the seat of die fire, r educ ing sprinkler effectiveness ":ii::.:.. " ' ~ . ! / . o . . . ~ " l i n e s shonld be laid out prepatory to en te r ing die

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :'i?.. . : - - ' i~ i '~ l~ Portable flood lights shou ld be secured as well as turn- .F-I.I. mc ptent ,~tage. i r e s stage occurs w~uun z to ~ minutes. ................. or :!::::#ii:: o u t . ~ a r , b rea th ing apparatus , and forklifts for the overhanl crew. l g m u o n . ========================= -.:.:

.-:-¢ ......... ~!!!i!!~ ':i~ii:..I~-1.3 Critical Stage. The critical stage occurs between die final Important: [)rafts f rom open doors increase die . i . ~ns i t y ~ : d l e ..:. :i~::i::::iiirxtingttisbment and tile ventilation o~tlle bnilding.

fire and make control difficult. Doors shou ld be eli~:~~i..~.s ~ . ~ | ~ i : : . "!ii.;ii .... as possible to isolate die fire area. "~"'::~i!i!!~:~;:'" ""::i~iiiiiiii?: Important: Venti lat ion shou ld be done slowly, and file

..................... '::~::!::!!!!!~::.. " ....... sprinklers shou ld be left in operat ion. A re turn to black smoke is Important: Fire tests indicate that s m o k g i i i r t g J : ~ n o'~.8....::~i:. :m indicat ion dlat control is being lost. If dfis happens ventilation

within 6 to 9 minu tes of ignit ion, even w!..I.# die ~ - ~ r i n l ~ ] : ~ i i i .... shou ld cease, d ie bui ld ing shou ld be closed, ,and fl~e sprinkler controlled. Breat lnng appara tus m~gllt ~i::~..e. eded evetiiii~for¢ .... system shou ld be allowed to regain control. It shou ld be obscura t ion occurs. .:i::: ":----ii~.:..,............ ::'~!iii

If caugh t in die incipient stage, control c~ii .~, a c h i ~ d us ing interior, hand hose. . and por tab e extlngu, shers'3 i'~..:.. :" ick:-"~:imcdon. . is essenual , ,as tins window of oppo r t umt y no longe'e-::i~ists w, d n n 2 to 5 minu te s of actual ignition, s ince die generatior~:ii~'i" hea t and smoke make the area un tenab le . Dry chemical ext inguishers have been found to be most effective but should be backed up witlt small hose, as the "knock-down" is only temporary.

Tires in file affected area shou ld be removed f rom storage. Tires removed f rom storage should be taken out of doors, d loronghly soaked, and left where daey canno t expose odter combust ibles . T h e area where tile fire occurred shou ld be closely watched for several hour s for rekindling.

While the first sprinkler can be expected to operate within die first 2 to 5 minntes of ignition, die updraf t f rom the fire can disrupt file sprinkler pat tern to such ,an ex ten t tltat die water migh t not get to die seat of die fire. After tile first 4 minutes , tile fire has general ly progressed beyond the stage where portable ext inguishers are effective and, wiflfin minutes , the smoke and carbon monox ide make tire area un tenable . Vision is obscnred, ,and any personne l without b rea th ing appara tus is at risk.

F-I.2 Active Stage. The active stage of die fire follows the initial stage and is general ly def ined ,as tha t period where file sprinkler system is establ ishing control over file fire.

Important: Even d tough the fire is sprinkler controlled, roof t empera tures resul t ing f ron~the tire fires can reach tempera tures h igh enmtgh to cause steel joists to deflect and possibly fail. In recen t fire tests, gas t empera tu res at roof level ranged between 1110°F ,and 1450°F (593°C and 788°(7;) for 10 minutes . Roof steel exposed to tllis h igh gas t empera tu re could deflect or fail if

unde r s tood dlat, du r ing the a t t empt to ventilate the building, die fire intensity can increase due to die addi t ion of outside air. Addit ional sprinklers can be expected to operate du r ing die ventilation effort. If control has been gained, extra sprinklers migh t make no dif ference in overall per formance . If control has no t been gained or is marginal , this increase in the n u m b e r of opera t ing sprinklers conld make regain ing control more difficult dne to tire overall increase in spr inkler demarid. Unless there is a system failure, die sprinklers should regain control. If d tere is any d o u b t that control of the fire has been gained, die sprinkler system should be allowed to "soak" the fire for longer than 90 minutes .

Important: The officer in charge shou ld have a cont ingency plan if control is lost due to a system failure. In die event fllat control of the fire is lost, as evidenced by such indicators ,as increasing smoke genera t ion , loss of pres,sure at d ie fire p u m p discharge ( indicat ing massive spr inkler opera t ion) , or collapsing roof, efforts shou ld be directed toward prevent ing die spread of the fire beyond the area bo tmded by the fire walls. At this point, considerat ion shou ld be given to shut t ing off the sprinklers in tire fire area to provide water for protect ing the exposures.

After 60 to 90 minn tes ,and when die smoke intensity has d iminished, die bui ld ing shou ld be ventilated a round the per iphery of the fire area. If control has been gained, the roof t empera tu re will usoally have cooled snfficiently to allow roof vents to be opened manual ly if tltey have not already opened automatically.

F-I.4 Overhaul . A l though visible fire is no longer present , overhaul of die ,area of tile fire should be conduc ted to be certain of comple te ex t ingu i shment .

6 4 2

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

I m p o r t a n t : Care should be taken that the hose streams do not lower the pressure or water supply to the sprinkler system. Sprinkler operat ion should cease only when the fire chief is certain that hose can control the fire.

I m p o r t a n t : Caution should be used, as the tire piles will be u nstabl e.

As soon as d~e smoke clears to dae extent that the building can be entered, entry should be made using snKall hose streams that

s h o u l d be directed into the burning tires. Sprinklers should be kept in operat ion dur ing dais period.

Forklifts and other means should be used to remove the tires from d~e fire area to outside the building. It usually is necessary to keep the sprinklers in operat ion during dais procedure at least until daere is no evidence of flame. Patrols should be made of the affected area for at least 24 hours following the fire.

Following fire extinguishment, all fire protection systems should be restored to service as quickly as possible. These systems include, but are not limited to the following:

(a) Sprinkler systems

(b) Alarm systems

G-3 = (231D-C-3, 231D-C-5.1) Fire Experience. Fire experience in outdoor storage of scrap tires reveals a n u m b e r of concerns, including the generation of large amounts of black smoke; the fact that the storage is often too close to buildings on the same or adjacent premises, which causes fires in these exposed buildings; the generat ion of oil dur ing a fire where tlae oil contributes to the fire or where the runoff contaminates tile sur rounding area; delays in report ing fires; and the lack of five-fighting capabilities. The fire hazards inherent in scrap rubber fire storage are best controlled by a positive fire prevention program that includes the objectives that a fire be contained to the pile of origin, that the exposures to other piles or associated structures be limited, and that a pile be limited to size dmt is capable of being extinguished by locally available force.

G - $ . 2 ~ ( 2 3 1 D - C - $ . 2 ) F i r e P r e v e n t i o n .

G-3.2.1 ~ (231D-C-3.2.1) The fire hazard potential inherent in scrap rubber tire storage operations can best be controlled by a positive fire prevention program. The method of stacking should be solid piles in an orderly manner and should include tile following:

(a) Fire lanes to separate piles and to provide access for (c) Pumps effective fire-fighting operations.

te ies (b) Separa~6~:..o.f yard storage from buildings and other (d) W a r suppl exposures. ..::#~::" . ":'~:i~ . . . .

F-2 Use of High-expansion Foam. ff a high-expansion foam t , , A . ~ : . - ' ~ : ~ / g . ~ g . . . . . . . . , ; . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

s stem is used In connect ion with au tomanc s rlnklers s rlnklers . . . . :.-- • :~- - • Y . . . . . . . . . . . P : P. ~ , mcludmff::~ontr~!:~ffi':weeds, grass, and other combustible materials can ne silut ott I nour atter ignmon ann roam can s tag tile tire tor "tl " :-~':~'~ " : : ~ -

• , . ' . . . wl~n~.~:'~ ~.rrage . . . . .

an addmonal 1 hou r before the braiding is opened and overhaul ~s ,:.,.':..':~" ':-ii:, - :-iiii:~.,....:&'!:: begun. Limited tests with higb-expansion foam indicate that fife ...-:-f~l) ...-. C o n s i d e r a t i o ~ topography, since oil accumulations or ext inguishment is largely complete after a period of soaking in : : ~ o f f ~ be expectd~'in fire conditions. Scrap tire storage foam. As a precautionary measure, charged hose streams should ' ~ - ' p ~ . ~ - " ~ o u l d be on a level are:L be availab e when foam is drained away. "~.".-'~i~ "

• . . - G-3.2~-.(231D-C-$.2.9) Appropriate steps should be taken to After the mmal fill, foam generators should be operated ::::.. limit a ~ . t#:'dle tire storage area. Acceptab e access should be

periodically dur ing the soaking period to maintain die foam level• ":~::~!~!~i~:::-... nrovidecl"~f.~::'fire_fi~htin~, eouioment This is necessary since sprinklers and products of combustion will :ii::iii':~:'::~.~iiiii::::.!!'*:::::-: . . . . -" . . . . . . . . • cause partial foam breakdown. :~!i!! . . . . iiii~.'.*..'ii~.~i'D-c-3.4) Exposure Protection. '

.4¢:"-'~i~i~i~ .... '-~U ":."-:", 0 " " " A endlx G x Guidelines for Outdoor Stor e of °":':"a "~'~ s '::: G-4,1 (231D-C-3.4.1) For 5 0 umt.s or less, the min imum

pp ag ..t::....!~ p g.'.~ ::i!!!~;~.~paration between scrap rubber tires ,and structures should be 25 G-I t (231D-C-1) General. The intent of these r e ~ e n d ~ $ . , % .:::i::.:!::"ft (7.6 m) or as reduced by Chapter ~, "Means of Protection," and is to provide fire protection guidance to minimize "the ~i~ ' :~r '"" "'~:~::::iii::~i::::~ ..... Chapter 4, "Application of Means of Protecuon, ~ of NFPA 80A, in areas for outside scrap tire storage. Eacl~ indi-~dual p~..~Kt, y has ":':':''~ R e c o m m e n d e d P r a c t i c e f o r P r o t e c t i o n o f B u i l d i n g s f r o m E x t e r i o r F i r e

its own special condit ions of tire handling, . ~ x . # . nd~:~iiiii::i::~i::,.,&:. E x p o s u r e s .

topography. For dais reason only basic fi~'::'protec'~}~ii~.rincf~::" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that are intended to be appiied with d~::i~nsideratid"f~::i'~ th¢.-'|'ocal tJ-~l,Z ~Z~ll/-t.,-,t.z) f o r More man ado t~nlts. factors involved are covered in dfis ap[J~fi:~:..The auda~.ity having jurisdiction should be consulted in all case'~i-.::, jiiii ~' G-4.2.1 ~ (231D-G-4.2.1) The min imum distance between outside

. . . . . . . . . . d : ~ . ~ ,i~" , scrap rubber tire storage and buildings should be determined in gunner n a s a neat comousuon o t at)out l b , ~ t . . . h ~ per pound, ' a~-- rd . . . . with ~rm~A 80A l { e e o ~ d e d o - , , c t i c e ¢~- P r o t e c t ; - - o r

or roughly twice that of ordinary combustibles (e:.~:"paper and . . . . . , ~ . • - . "A . . . . . . . . . , , ~ . . _ , . , . . , ~ . ' ; . . , . o u t t a l n g s j r o m t z x w n o r r t r e t ~ x e o s u r t ~ . ,'~lnce the mlnunuln tllStitlace wooct), o n c e tgmtect ilre oevetopment ts rapid .~ct mgn . . . . " . • , ' . . . . . "- , - -- is based on exposure from a burnllag budding restrmtlons are temperatures can De expecten hue to Hie large exposed surface _ _ ~ . . . . , ' ~ • nee~len tot appncatlon to an outsm.e storage connguratlon. area of tires. Burning is likely to persist for hours. In cases where

the'f ire is controlled, rekindling is a possibility.

These recommendat ions are not intended to apply to storage of shredded tires (chips, granules, and so forth).

G - ~ (931D-C-9) Definitions. Unless expressly stated elsewhere, for the purpose o f these recommendat ions, the following t e r msa r e defined as indicated:

Aisle. = An accessible clear space between storage piles or groups of piles suitable for housekeeping operations, visual inspection of piling areas, and initial fire-fighting operations.

Clear Space. z Any area free of combustible materials. This does not preclude the storage of noncombust ible materials daat will not transmit an exposure fire.

Fire Lane." A clear space suitable for fire-fightlng access and operat ions by motorized fire apparatus.

Scrap Tire. z A tire that is no longer suitable for vehicular use.

Units (equivalent passenger), z One average size passenger tire weighing approximately 25 Ib (11 ks).

Yard. z The outdoor areas where scrap tires are stored.

(a) The height of exposing fire. from burn ing tires should be considered as 1.5 times the height of the tire pile, since flames extending above the burning tires contribute to die size of the radiation surface area. In accordance with NFPA 80A, the height of tile exposing fire equals the buiMing height. The height of combustibles stored widfin the building is not covered; it depends on the severity of the exposure fire. A comparative building height would have to exceed the height of piling by several feet at least, .and it could be substantially higher. Furthermore, the height (and width) .of flames above a fire-penetrated roof would be substantially influenced by the debris of the fire-damaged or collapsed roof, whereas flame height above yard storage would have no such restriction.

(b) The widtb of the exposing fire should be taken as the combined width of piles facing the exposed building, disregarding the nominal separation between piles provided by narrow access ,aisles and roadways. In order for storage piles to be considered isolated piles, the min imum separat ion distance be tweenpi les should be in accordance with Table C~4.2.1 which provides representative separation between die exposed building and piles or between isolated piles. This distance can be reduced to that necessary to provide a dirt berm at least 1.5 times file height of the pile.

I 643

N F P A 2 3 0 1 A 9 9 R O P

(c ) T i l e p e r c e n t of o p e n i n g in the e x p o s i n g wall a r e a s h o u l d G-5.1 = (231D-C-5.1) G e n e r a l . be c o n s i d e r e d to be 100 p e r c e n t .

G - 5 . l , l " (231D-C-5.1.1) Weeds , grass, a n d s im i l a r v e g e t a t i o n (d) T h e sever i ty of t i le e x p o s i n g f i re s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d as s h o u l d be e l i m i n a t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e yard. C o m b u s t i b l e s

severe , s h o u l d be r e m o v e d ~-s they a c c u m u l a t e .

T a b l e G-4.2. 1" (231D-Table C-4.2.1) Representative Exposure Separation Distances' Tire Storage Pile Height (ft)

E x p o s e d Face Dimensions

(ft)

25 50

100 150 200 250

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 56 62 67 75 77 82 85 75 84 93 100 107 113 118

100 116 128 137 146 155 164 117 135 149 164 178 189 198 130 149 167 183 198 212 226 140 162 181 198 216 231 245

~Separa t ion d i s t ances a re based on NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures, C h a p t e r 2, u s i n g a fac to r of 1.5 in a c c o r d a n c e with C~4.2.1 (a ) .

For SI uni ts : 1 ft = 0.505 m.

G-4.2.2" (231D-C-4.2.2) M e a n s of p r o t e c t i n g a b u i l d i n g e x p o s e d by b u r n i n g t i re s t o r age s h o u l d be s e l ec t ed f rom NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures, C h a p t e r 3, a n d s e p a r a t i o n a d j u s t m e n t s s h o u l d be based on b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d p ro t ec t ive m e a s u r e s as p r o v i d e d in NFPA 80A, C h a p t e r 4. e x c e p t t h a t the s e p a r a t i o n s h o u l d neve r be r e d u c e d be low t h a t neces sa ry fo r f i r e - f igh t ing access. (See G-4.3.)

G-4.2.3 ~ (231D-C-4.2.3) Because of the ex tens ive f i re e x p e c t e d in sc rap t i r e s to rage , s o m e f o r m of e x p o s u r e p r o t e c t i o n for a d j o i n i n g p r o p e r t i e s s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d . If the c lear s p a c e as r e c o m m e n d e d in T a b l e G-4.2.1 c a n n o t he p rov ided , a d i r t b e r m

C~5.1.2" (231D-C-.5.A.2) S m o k i n g s h o u l d be p r o h i b i t e d wi th in the t i re s t o r age a r e ~ . l . ~ e r types of p o t e n t i a l i g n i t i o n sources such as c u t t i n g a n d w....d.~in~]'::!heating devices , a n d o p e n f i res s h o u l d be p ro hi b i t e d .::ii::i%i?:::~i ....

G-5.1.3 = ~ I D ' - : ~ . I , 3 ) S u i t a b l e s a f e g u a r d s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d to minim~.~.~. ~ |~ haz~i'i~::i..~ sparks f r o m such e q u i p m e n t as re fuse b u ~ : ~ ' : - ~ ' i ] : e r s t a c [ " ~ - ~ i : ' v e h i c l e exhaus t .

..::~::-" ".:::::::::-"

. . : ~ . 2 = ~ : l D - G S . 2 ) "~.:~:ter Supp l i e s . ::::" "::i-~ii'i::....~i~':~:~:~-':-.

G-~!~I : . !23 ]D-C~S.2 .1 ) A pub l i c or p r iva te f i re m a i n a n d h y d r a n t 1.5 t imes t i le h e i g h t o f t he t i re s t o r age s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d . . . . . systeni" :~,uld, : .be p rov ided . A wa te r sys tem s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :'?.-'!::i::iiii:i ........ s upp ly a " ~ u m of 1000 g p m (3780 L / r a i n ) for less t h a n 10 000 b-o,•z• '~= ~TbllO-t.,~.z..~ I l n e Ols tance Between s t o r age a n o grass :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: • , ~ " 9nnn t ~ a 0 i / r e " ~ t i n nnn ,, ",o ' , ~ , , ,~ ~ , ~ ~. , , ~ , ' ::::-":-:::-:::::-'::::.~1.~ s~o,_....~se or , ~ g p m ~ . . . . / , , . l n j r o t . . . . . . n l ~ or m o r e weeos a n n n r u s n snoulo, De .~u I t kid m j• -'* "':':*.:~2.:.:....-- "::::"tion of 5 h u r s ' ' ~i:. . . . . . . . ~ . ~ . . . . ~ a o . G-4.3 x (231D-C-4.3) Fire-Fighting Access. ..:.::::::::::. ~!ili~:::¢ii::"G-5~i~ ~ (231D-C-5.2.2) If t h e r e is access to a lake, s t r eam, p o n d ,

. ..:.,..~¢:i::':'::%iiii::::i "ilii " or o ' ther b o d y of wa te r in t he v ic in i ty of t i le s t o r age area , a f i re G-4.3.1 • (231D-C-4.3.1) M a x i m u m p i le h e i g h t sl~ou.~-"i:be 20 ~i~6 %~: i~epar tmen t suc t i on c o n n e c t i o n s h o u l d b e p rov ided . m) Pi le widf l l a n d l e n g t h s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d 250 ft,::"{- :. m) :-"~:--:-: .... ":-::- ":':!:~::" •

• : . . . . . . . . . . . ~..~:m)~.::..~:...:-::.....::.,.:. :::<-::" G - 5 2 3 (231D-C-5.2.3) If f i re hoses a re n o t t m m e d l a t e l y a v a l l a b l e wltlIOUt a se a r a t l o n a c c o r o l n g to l a d l e £~q.z. 1. Lnrt " ============================ " " . . . . . .p . . . . . . . . -t ~ , . . ~ ,o '::::i:i:i:?::: f r o m r e s o u n d i n g p u b h c f i re d e p a r t m e n t s , on-si te s to rage of 1000 ft De usecl in l i e u o I c r o s s ais les in a c c o r a a n c e wl.....~..:.&r,t.z. 1~. : : . (~ee .... I~ f~a I~ ~ l ~ f 91 [ | n (~cL m m ~ h n ~ e a n ~ l ¢ l l~ t~ te l en t n n ~ l o ¢ ~ h n t t I H F G-4 3 1 ) ........................... '::.:. . . . . . . . g~ " " ' - ..::?:"" ===================== ':~:.:':?-:':'-,.-:.:~::: be p rov ided .

. . . . . ?: .-:--'-~---~. ~ - ~::-.'-:-.'- .:-, .2.4 (231D-C~5.2.4) Bu l ldozers , f r o n t - e n d loade r s , a n d s~mllar [: :[ "::" ":~-:i:':'::.. I "-~-: e q u i p m e n t can be u s e d to m o v e t ires n o t yet involved in d~e fire, to ' " ......._..~":ii::iii::~::ii~:l ~i!i!" c rea t e b r e a k s in the t i r e p i le or to cover b u r n i n g t i res with soil.

~ , ¢ I I o,,,, I I '":"--'.-*-- . . . . . .'.."~ . . . . ( t~ 2 m) ~ ~ O~ I , . . . . . . . . . .::.::"

_ . "iii!i!~::" -.

l ~ H-I T i le fo l l owing d o c u m e n t s or p o r t i o n s t h e r e o f a r e r e f e r e n c e d ....:~.-:-

O~tance pet latlle G 4 Z 3 C , ~ S tt,sm ~ d~l bern I 5 i~el t me heghl)

Bulldog

Figure G-4.3.1 (231D F igure -C-4.3.1) T i r e p i le arrangement.

G-4.3.2" (231D-C-4.3.2) T h e f i re d e p a r t m e n t s h o u l d be c o n s u l t e d for advice on p rov i s ion of a l l -wea the r roadways to a n d wi th in the s to rage area . D e p e n d i n g on such fac tors ,as s to rage a r e a c o n f i g u r a t i o n a n d size, access o b s t r u c t i o n (e.g., r ivers a n d r a i l r o a d yards) , p r e v a i l i n g w i n d d i r ec t i on , a n d a l t e rna t i ve tactics, fire- f i g h t i n g s t r a t egy m i g h t necess i t a t e t h a t one or m o r e ais les be wider t h a n those d e s c r i b e d in ( ; 4 . 3 . 1 .

G-4.3.3 x (231D-C-4.3.3) P r e - e m e r g e n c y p l a n n i n g s h o u l d be m a d e wi th the local f i re p r o t e c t i o n a g e n c y so t h a t f i re e m e r g e n c i e s can be p r o p e r l y h a n d l e d in t he t i re s to rage facili W.

C,-5 z (231D-C-5) G e n e r a l F i re Protection.

wi th in th is s t a n d a r d for i n f o r m a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s on ly a n d a re thus n o t c o n s i d e r e d p a r t of the r e q u i r e m e n t s of th i s s t a n d a r d un le s s a lso l is ted in C h a p t e r 9. T h e e d i t i o n i n d i c a t e d h e r e for e a c h r e f e r e n c e is the c u r r e n t ed i t i on as of the d a t e of the NFPA issuance of this s t anda rd .

H - I . I NFPA Pub l i ca t l ons • Na t iona l Fire P r o t e c t i o n Assoc ia t ion , 1 B a t t e r y m a r c h Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy , MA 02269-9101.

NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 1998 ed i t ion .

NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler •$3sterns, 1996 e d i t i o n .

NFPA 13E, Guide for Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected b~ SpHnkter and Standpipe Systems, 1995 ed i t ion .

NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose S3stems, 1996 ed i t ion .

NFPA 18, Standard on Wetting Agents, 1995 e d i t i o n .

NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Centrifitgal Fire Pumps, 1996 edi t ion•

NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection, 1998 ed i t i on

6 4 4

N F P A 2 3 0 ~ A 9 9 R O P

NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances, 1995 edi t ion.

NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, 1998 edi t ion.

NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Cod~ 1996 edi t ion.

NFPA 51; Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding. Cutting, and Allied Processes, 1997 edit ion.

NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes, 1994 edi t ion.

NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 1998 edit ion.

NFPA 70, National Electrical Code ~, 1996 edit ion.

NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code ®, 1996 edit ion.

NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows, 1995 edit ion.

NFPA 80A, Rec~gmmended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Ext~or Fire Exposures, 1996 edit ion.

NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests o[ Fire Endurance of Building Construction and Materials, 1995 edi t iod.

Nb"PA 307, Standard for the Construction and Fire Protection of Marine Terminals. Piers, and Wharves, 1995 edi t ion.

NFPA 505, Fire Safety Standard for ~owered Industrial Trucks Including Type Designations, Areas of Use, Conversions, Maintenance, and Operation, 1996 edi t ion.

NFPA 600, Standard on Industrial Fir,; Brigades, 1996 edi t ion.

NFPA 601, Standard for Security Services in Fire Loss Prevention, 1996 edit ion.

NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems, 1997 edit ion.

. ~'

H-1.2 ASTM Publ icat ions . Amer i can Society for Tes t ing a n d Materials, 100 Barr H a r b o r Drive, West C o n s h o b o c k e n PA 19428- 2959.

ASTM E 119, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.

NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling ASTM E 380, ~ . . a . r d Practic~ for Use of the International S~stem of S~stems and Equipmen~ 1994 edi t ion. Units (SI). ~:,.::.i . . . . . . "::ii.,.. "

.:~..:.-:@~. NFPA 88B, Standard for Repair Garages, 1997 edi t ion. H- i .3 U. .~S.~u~]~.on . Underwr i t e r s Labora to r i e s Inc., 333

P f i n g s ~ g " : ~ a d , ~ l b r o o k , IL 60062. NFPA 204, Guide for Smoke and Heat Venting, 1998 edi t ion. ' ..::i.:ii~ii~!~!~:, "%':. .... !iiiii::i::~::, , .

.Ut.~=:'263]':=~tandard f o ~ ! ~ Fire Tests of Fire Resistance of Building NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building ('mnstru~.tion, 1995 .~.'f.'nstr~.. n and M a t ~ l s . "

• . .<@,,:.:~ :-:!.!-.~ .- edi t ion. " ..-;::. -: :..::::::::. .:: :::::: :. .

• . ~:~-:~..:-:..~....:~i::.:...,:.:~

NFPA 231 E, Recommended Practice for the Storage of Baled Cotton, "::~ii~::.. " 1996 edit ion. :~-'.:~.... ""~ii-i::,.,.,*>"

"-~:. """::~-'.::"~iii~i~::.:.. ..4.""

4~'~:-~:.":::. ':'-':':':" ~"

.::.::.'~:'.. .::::':" ... ~:.:~.-~::- .:-." ~::'::'.-:."-'.:-':':.-% .-.::.::.:-:-'::':i::::-:. ~ :::.:::"

' % : : : : : : : ~ . . . . ::::-::: .-

,.~':'::::::'::~f~i~-% ' "~'~:-:"-"-":-'- ,':::" ..4::" "%@.. '-~.:.::"

~#::"

645

N F P A 2 3 1 i A 9 9 R O P

PART 1II

(Log #CP1) 231- 1 - (Entire Document ) : Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Commi t t ee on General Storage R E C O M M E N D A T I O N : T h e Technical Commi t t ee on General Storage proposes die widldrawal of NFPA 231, S tandard for General Storage. S U B S T A N T I A T I O N : This proposal r e c o m m e n d s die withdrawal of NFPA 231 as a result of a Standards Council directive. At their July 1997 meet ing , the Standards Council approved a new project to centralize all r equ i rements per ta in ing to the design and installation of au tomat ic sprinkler systems into NFPA 13. The new project calls for die relocat ion of those por t ions of NFPA 24, NFPA 231, and NFPA 231C per ta in ing to sprinkler systems and fire mains into NFPA 13. See the repor t for NFPA 13 in the Annual 1999 Report on Proposals. Additionally, d~e Standards Council directed that those po rdons of NFPA 231 not per ta in ing to sprinkler systems be addressed in a new d o c u m e n t to be developed by die Technical Commi t t ee on General Storage. Those port ions of NFPA 231 not per ta in ing to sprinkler systems will be incorpora ted into NFPA 230, S tandard on the Fire Protection for Storage. See the repor t for NFPA 230 in the Annua l 1999 Repor t on Proposals. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMITT E E ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 22 NEGATIVE: 1 ABSTENTION: 1 N O T RETURNED: 3 0 ' R o u r k e , Shiner, T h o m a s

EXPLANATION OF NEGATIVE: MALANGA: Tbe cur ren t version of NFPA 230 tha t is p roposed

for adop t ion has no t been adequate ly reviewed nor revised by the commi t t ee in order to e l iminate conflicts that have occurred via the consol idat ion of NFPA 46, NFPA 231, NFPA 231(2, NFPA 231111, NFPA 231E, and NFPA 231F, and the extract ion of sprinkler provisions there front into NFPA 13. Because of this, the individual s tandards should no t be withdrawn until the p roposed NFPA 230 d o c u m e n t can s tand on it's own without conflict. EXPLANATION OF ABSTENTION:

COLLINS: I disagree with the Standards Council .

EXPLANATION OF ABSTENTION: COLLINS: Test data is incomple te and thereft)re not fully

conclusive.

(Log #3) 231- 3 - (5-3.1 Except ion (New)): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Rober t E. Duke, Fire Control , Inc. R E C O M M E N D A T I O N : Insert Exception after ...storage in place, as follows:

Exception: Where s torage area is less than 10,000 sq ft. S U B S T A N T I A T I O N : Small individual storage buildings can be served by normal fire d e p a r t m e n t operat ions f rom the exterior. Small s torage areas within an oilier occupancy do no t warrant a separate piping system to a single hose station. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle.

Revise the Exception to read as follows and incorporate into NFPA 230:

Exception: Where s torage area is less than 10,000 sq ft and storage he igh t do not exceed 12 ft. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: A limitation was placed on storage heights because the Technical Commi t t ee believes that hose stations are needed in protect ing l t igher storage heights.

This proposal will be incorpora ted into NFPA 230 as NFPA 231 is being withdrawn. See Commi t tee Proposal 231-1 (Log CP#1) in this r e p o r t . See 230-1 (Log #CP1) in the Report for NFPA 230 in d~e Annual 1999 Report on Proposals.

This proposal is also being referred to the Sprinkler Project as this may impact water supply requ i rements for sprinkler systems. NUMBER OF C O M M I T T E E MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 27 VOTE ON C O M M I T T E E ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 23 NEGATIVE: 1 NOT RETURNED: 3 0 ' R o u r k e , Shiner , T h o m a s

EXPLANATION OF NEGATIVE: MALANGA: Section 5-5.2(c) still requires t ra in ing on hose lines.

Allowance of dfis new Except ion would cause a conflict in that a l though the hose lines would not need to be provided, t ra ining would still be required.

(Log #1) 231- 2 - (5-1.5 Except ion No. 3 (New), Table 7-2.2 Note 4): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Gary W. Ponte, The Reliable Automat ic Sprinkler Co., Inc. R E C O M M E N D A T I O N : 1. Add an Exception No. 3 to 5-1.5 to read as follows:

Exception No. 3: The use of very extra-large orifice (VELO) sprinklers [ 3 /4 in. (19.0 m m ) ] shall be permi t ted where listed for such use, and where installed at a m i n i m u m design pressure of 7 psi (0.5 hat ) .

2. Revise Table 7-2.2 Note 4 to read as follows: "For densi ty d e m a n d s of 0.4 g p m / f t 2 or greater, large orifice,

extra large orifice (EL()) or very extra large orifice (VELO) sprinklers shall be used." S U B S T A N T I A T I O N : This sprinkler is an i mprovemen t in fire technology allowing fires to be control led at lower pressures. The reques t is consis tent in the m a n n e r in which ELO and ESFR sprinklers were first in t roduced to the NFPA Storage Standards. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: This proposal has already been addressed du r ing the A98 revisions of NFPA 231. See Proposal 231- 16 (Log #32) [231-30 (Log #33)] and i tem 8 of Proposal 231-29 (Log #CP1) of the repor t for NFPA 231 in the Annual 1998 Report on Proposals.

Addiuonally, tltis in format ion has been incorpora ted into NFPA 13 as a result of a Standards Council directive to centralize all sprinkler system related material. See Section 7-3 of Proposal 13- 252 (Log #CP30) of die repor t on NFPA 13 in the Annua l 1999 Repor t on Proposals.

Also, see Commi t tee Proposal 231-1 (Log #CP1) as NFPA 231 is being withdrawn. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 27 VOTE ON C O M M I T T E E ACTION:

AFFIRMATWE: 23 ABSTENTION: 1 N O T RETURNED: 3 0 ' R o u r k e , Shiner, T h o m a s

(Log #2) 231- 4 - (Table 9-1 ): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: James Gol inveaux, Central Sprinkler (2o. R E C O M M E N D A T I O N : Revise Table 9-1 to read ,as shown on page 647. S U B S T A N T I A T I O N : In accordance with Section 5.2(e) of the Regulat ions Governing Commi t t ee Projects the advantage of E.S.F.R. sprinkler protect ion has been expanded to 45 ft ceilings, as recognized by Factory Mutual Research Corp., which is current ly prohibi ted by the cu r ren t Table 9-1 of NFPA 231. The re is no alternative to benefi t f rom tile protect ion of E.S.F.R. sprinklers at this he igh t since the table restricts the use of 40 ft.

NOTE: Suppor t ing material is available for review at NFPA Headquar t e r s . COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: This proposal has already been addressed dur ing the A98 revisions of NFPA 231. See Proposal 231- 38 (Log #7) in die repor t for NFPA 231 as presented in the Annual 1998 Report on Proposals.

Additionally, this in format ion has been incorpora ted into NFPA 13 ,as a result of a Standards Council directive to centralize all sprinkler system related material. See Section 7-3 of Proposal 13- 252 (Log #CP30) of the repor t on NFPA 13 in the Anmml 1999 Repor t on Proposals.

Also, see Commi t t ee Proposal 231-1 (Log #CP1) as NFPA 231 is being wid/drawn. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 27 VOTE ON C O M M I T T E E ACTION:

AFF1RMAT WE: 23 ABSTENTION: 1 NOT RETURNED: 3 0 ' R o u r k e , Shiner , T h o m a s

EXPLANATION OF ABSTENTION: COLLINS: Test data is incomple te and therefore not fiflly

conclusive.

6 4 6

N F P A 2 3 1 / 2 3 1 E / 2 3 1 F ~ A 9 9 R O P

Table 9-1 Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinkler Data

Type of Storage

Palletized and solid pile storage (No open-top containers or solid s!lelves)

Commodity

Cat-toned unexpanded plastic; cartoned expanded plastic; uncartoned unexpanded plastic; and Class I, II, IIL or IV commodities, encapsulated or unencapsulated Cartoned unexpanded plastic; and Class I, II, Ill, or IV commodities, encapsulated or unencapsulated

Maximum Maximum Height of Height of Building

Storage (ft) (m) ft (In) (Note 1)

25 (7.6) 30 (9.1)

35 (10.7) 40 (12.2)

20 (6.1) 25 (7.6)

35 (10.7) 45(13.6)

S~rin.kler uestgn

Nominal K Pressure psi Factor (bars)

Commodity Limitation

13.5 - 14.5 50 (3.4)

13.5 - 14.5 75 (5.2)

11.0 - 11.5 50 (3.4)

13.5 - 14.5 90 (27.2)

Note 2

NOTE 1: (no change) NOTE 2: (no change)

PART IV

(Log #CP1) 231E- 1 - (Entire Document): Accept SUBMYI'TER: Technical Committee on General Storage

I RECOMMENDATION: .The Technical Committee on General Storage proposes a withdrawal of NFPA 251 E, Recommended Practice for die Storage of Baled Cotton. SUBSTANTIATION: This Committee Proposal is prompted by a Standards Council directive. At their July 1997 meeting, the Standards Council approved an initiative to centralize all requirements pertaining to the design and installation of sprinkler systems. The directive calls for the relocation of those portions of NFPA 24, NFPA 231, and NFPA 231C pertaining to sprinkler systems and fire mains into NFPA 13, and for the withdrawal of these documents. Those portions of NFPA 231 and NFPA 231C not pertaining to sprinkler systems are to be addressed by the Technical Committee on General Storage and redesignated as NFPA 230, Standard for the Fire Protection of Storage. While the directive does no t specifically include NFPA 231E, the Technical Committee on General Storage believes that it should as it is consistent with die overall initiative, and has made a request to the Standards Council in this regard.

With regard to centralizing sprinkler system related information in NFPA 231E, the Technical Committee on Sprinkler System Discharge Criteria has proposed that this material be copied into NFPA 13 using NFPA's extract policy. See Proposal 13-211 (Log #CP38) of the report on NFPA 13 in the Annual 1999 Report on Proposals. A similar request to assume responsibility for dfis information has been made by tile Technical Committee on Sprinkler System Discharge Criteria and if approved would place responsibility for this material with the sprinkler project.

with regard to information in NFPA 231E not pertaining to sprinkler systems, Technical Committee on General Storage is recommending that dtis material be incorporated into NFPA 230, Standard on the Fire Protection for Storage. See the report on NFPA 230 in the Annual 1999 Report on Proposals. COMMITTEEACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 21 NEGATIVE: 1 ABSTENTION: 1 NOT RETURNED: 4 Everson, O'Rourke, Shiner, Thomas

EXPLANATION OF NEGATIVE: MALANGA: The current version of NFPA 230 that is proposed

for adoption has not been adequately reviewed nor revised by the committee in order to eliminate conflicts that have occurred via the consolidation of NFPA 46, NFPA 231, NFPA 231C, NFPA 231D, NFPA 231E, and NFPA 231F, and the extraction of sprinkler provisions there from into NFPA 13. Because of dtis, the individual standards should not be withdrawn until tile proposed NFPA 230 document can stand on it's own without conflict.

EXPLANATION OF ABSTENTION: COLLINS: I am a new member on this committee (NFPA

2$0/NFPA 231) and missed my first meeting as I was on business travel in South America.

PART V

(Log #CP1) 231F- 1 - (Entire Document): Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on General Storage

I RECOMMENDATION: The Technical Committee on General Storage proposes the withdrawal of NFPA 2S1F, Standard for file Storage of Roll Paper. SUBSTANTIATION: This Committee Proposal is prompted by a Standards Council directive. At their July 1997 meeting, the Standards Council approved .an initiative to centralize all requirements pertaining to the design and installation of sprinkler systems. The directive calls for the relocation of those portions of NFPA 24, NFPA 231, and NFPA 231C pertaining to sprinkler systems and fire mains into NFPA 13, and for the withdrawal of these documents. Those portions of NFPA 231 and NFPA 231C not pertaining to sprinkler systems are to be addressed by the Technical Committee on General Storage and redesignated as NFPA 230, Standard for the Fire Protection of Storage. While the directive does not specifically include NFPA 2S1F, the Technical Committee on General Storage believes that it should as it is consistent with the overall initiative, and has made a request to die Standards Council in dais regard.

With regard to centralizing sprinkler system related information in NFPA 231F, the Technical Committee on Sprinkler System Discharge Criteria has proposed that this material be copied into NFPA 13 using NFPA's extract policy. See Proposal 13-4 (Log #CP59) of the report on NFPA 15 in the Annual 1999 Report on Proposals. A similar request to assume responsibility for this information has been made by the Technical Committee on Sprinkler System Discharge Criteria and if approved would place responsibility for this material with the sprinkler project.

With regard to information in NFPA 231F not pertaining to sprinkler systems, the Technical Committee on General Storage is recommending that dais material be incorporated into NFPA 2S0, Standard on the Fire Protection for Storage..See the report on NFPA 230 in the Annual 1099 Report on Proposals. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION: AFFIRMATWE: 21 NEGATIVE: 1 ABSTENTION: 1 NOT RETURNED: 4 Everson, O'Rourke, Shiner, Thomas

6 4 7

N F P A 2 3 1 F ~ A 9 9 R O P

EXPLANATION OF NEGATIVE: MALANGA: The current version of NFPA 230 that is proposed

for adoption has not been adequately reviewed nor revised by the committee in order to eliminate conflicts that have occurred via the consolidation of NFPA 46, NFPA 231, NFPA 231C, NFPA 231D, NFPA 231E, and NFPA 231F, and the extraction of sprinkler provisions there from into NFPA 13. Because of this, the individual standards should not be widldrawn until the proposed NFPA 230 document can stand on it's own without conflict. EXPLANATION OF ABSTENTION:

COLLINS: I disagree with the Standards Council.

(Log #2) 231F- 2 - (1-4 Very Extra Large Orifice (VELO) Sprinkler (New)): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Gary W. Ponte, The Reliable Automatic Sprinkler Co., Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add a new definition to read ,as follows:

Very Extra Large Orifice (VELO) Sprinkler. See NFpA 13, Sh'tlaclard for the Installation of Snrinkler Systems. SUBSTANTIATION: A VELO Sprinkler can control fires at lower operating pressures than existing sprinklers allowed under this standard; which is an improved method of fire protection. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle.

Throughout the document where the terms "Standard Orifice", "Large Orifice", and "Extra Large Orifice Sprinklers" exist, replace them with "1/2 in. (12.7 ram) orifice", "17/32 in. (13.5 mm) orifice", and "5.8 in. (15.9 mm) orifice" respectively. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: Committee Proposal 231F-1 (Log #CP1) proposes that NFPA 231F be withdrawn, with sprinkler system related information being addressed by NFPA 13, and non- sprinkler system related information being addressed by NFPA 230. The subject of this proposal falls within the scope of NFPA 13 and the action taken by the Technical Committee on General Storage will be forwarded to the Sprinkler Project for incorporation into NFPA 13.

With regard to the action taken by the Technical Committee on General Storage on this proposal: According to NFPA 13, which is referenced by this standard, sprinklers sizes are now identified according to their nomln.'d orifice size and are not identified according to a generic description of their orifice size. NUMBER OF COMMrrTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:

AFFI RMATWE: 23 NOT RETURNED: 4 Everson, O'Rourke, Shiner, Thomas

(Log #1 ) 231F- 3 - (5-1.3.2 Exception No. land No. 2 (New)): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Gary W. Ponte, The Reliable Automatic Sprinkler Co., Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise and add a new Exception to re'.~l as follows:

Exception No, 1: The use of extra large orifice sprinklers shall be permitted where listed for such use and where installed at a minimum operating pressure of 10 psi (69 kPa) (0.7 bar~.

Exception No. 2: The use of very extra large ori/ice snrinklers shall be permitted where listed for sucll use arid where installed at a minimum oDeratin~ t~ressure of 7 vsi (0.5 barL SUBSTANTIATION: A VELO Sprinkler can control fires at lower operating pressures than existing sprinklers allowed under this standard; which is an improved method of fire protection. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle.

I Revise Exception No. 2 as follows: Exception No. 2: The use of 3/4 in. (19.0 ram) orifice sprinklers

shall be permitted where listed for such use. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: Committee Proposal 231F-1 (Log #CPI) proposes that NFPA 231F be withdrawn, with sprinkler system related information being addressed by NFPA 13, and non- Slqlrinkler system related information being addressed by NFPA 230.

le subject of this proposal falls within the scope of NFPA 13 and the action taken by the Technical Committee on General Storage will be forwarded to the Sprinkler Project for incorporation into NFPA 13.

With regard to the action taken by the Technical Committee on General Storage on this proposal:

1. As indicated in NFPA 13, 1996 edition, sprinklers are identified according to their nominal orifice size not according to a generic description of their orifice. Also see Proposal 231F-2 (Log #2).

2. Identifying the minimum 7 psi pressure is not necessary because NFPA .13, which is referenced by this standard, required sprinklers to operate at a minimum operating pressure of 7 psi unless a higher operating pressure is otherwise noted. Also see Committee Proposal 231F-1 (Log #CPI). NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 22 ABSTENTION: 1 NOT RETURNED: 4 Everson, O'Rourke, Shiner, Thomas

EXPLANATION OF ABSTENTION; COLLINS: Test dam is incomplete and therefore not fnlly

conclusive.

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