report on electric cum solar system

8/10/2019 Report on Electric Cum Solar System

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REPORT ON SOLAR VEHICLE

OBJECTIVE:

While a majority of the world's

current electricity supply is

generated from fossil fuels such as

coal, oil and natural gas, these

traditional energy sources face a

number of challenges including

rising prices, security concerns over

dependence on imports from a

limited number of countries which

have significant fossil fuel supplies,

and growing environmental

concerns over the climate change

risks associated with power

generation using fossil fuels. As a

result of these to face this problem

solar energy comes into play.

How Does a Solar Electric Cumsolar car Work

In a contemporary world, a solar

electric car is considered one of the

best friends of the future. Using the

sun for power, a solar car is

environmentally and budget

friendly. Among all known

alternatives to conventional vehicle

fuel, solar cars stand alone.

They are also more practical, given

their smaller size and safer since

their speed is limited to hardly 40

km/h for now. Solar cars basically

work on the batteries or motor if the

car is designed that way.

Step 1 Understanding the Solar

Principle

Like all solar-fueled devices, solar

cars use energy that comes from the

sun. Direct exposure to sunlight

doesnt move cars or other devices

that can use this energy, so the

converter of sun rays into usable

power is needed. When it comes to

solar cars, specially designed

batteries serve as converters. Solar

energy also needs to be stored since

sun is not always available. Silicon-

based photovoltaic cells are still

most common solar collector and

storage space where, due to electron

movements and interactions,

accumulated sunlight moves

electrons around. These movements

and interactions of electrons trigger

electrical current or energy that

eventually runs the car.

Step 2 - Solar Panel


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Solar panels are actually boards

that collect the suns rays, and host

the whole process of transforming

energy coming from the sun into

electricity and power. Placing the

solar panels on the car allows you to

direct solar power to the motor or

you can store it in a battery,

depending on the car make and

design. Known a century ago as

home water heaters, then going

through some periods of oblivion,

solar panels experience today their

re-birth one more time, thanks to

growing popularity of solar powered

electric cars. Solar panels basically

wrap the whole system of solar

principle, since they work as long as

electrons freely flow around. They

are still a little costly, but we can

definitely find affordable ones, if we

wish to turn our car to a solar

electric car.

Step 3Using Photovoltaic Power

As already said, silicon-based

photovoltaic cells are the most

common collector of the suns rays.

Those cells make solar panels that

convert the suns energy into one

form of usable energy. New models

of solar panels are capable of

transforming about 22% of

accumulated sunlight into

electricitythat solar cars use (future

promises more but we still have to

see it). Newly created usable energy,

or photovoltaic power now goes to

batteries that keep the electricity in

tact until it is needed. Its important

to know that thousands of

photovoltaic cells are needed to

transform sun energy into electricity

needed to operate a car.

Step 4Car Components

Photovoltaic array is the basic

component in a car running on solar

energy. Generated and produced

electrical energy goes to the motor

when you turn the key on. When the

motor is off, a battery keeps solar

power as chemical energy. The

majority of solar cars have small

motors (nothing like conventional

motors), and there is no need to shift

gears since the electronic motor does

it itself. Other basic components are

the already mentioned battery that

collects solar energy, motor

balancer, power tracker and data

system, which monitor and check

the electricity inside the whole

system. But dont be surprised to see

some other, or customized

components in solar cars that

aficionados like to make on their

own.

Step 5The Solar Car Design

Big cars and SUVs have been

gradually losing their battle withsmaller and easier-to-maneuver cars,


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not only because of the fuel price,

but also because of eco-awareness.

That trend works well for solar cars

that tend to be smaller and lighter

from their inception. Until recently,

solar powered electric cars used

solar panels to operate, but today

individual solar cells are more

popular, since they significantly

contribute to lighter car frames .

Electric cum solar system

SOLAR PANEL

What is solar panel?

A solar panel is a set of

photovoltaic modules electrically

connected and mounted on a

supporting structure to produce

electricity .

PV arrays essentially consist

of a number of internal silicon based

photovoltaic cells combined in

series and parallel, depending on the

voltage or current requirements

.This cells are used to convert solar

energy into electricity.

How Does it Work?


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Solar cells are usually made of two

thin pieces of silicon, the substance

that makes up sand and the second

most common substance on earth.

One piece of silicon has a small

amount of boron added to it, which

gives it a tendency to attract

electrons. It is called the p-layer

because of its positive tendency.

The other piece of silicon has a

small amount of phosphorous added

to it, giving it an excess of free

electrons. This is called the n-layer

because it has a tendency to give up

negatively charged electrons.

Working PrincipleTYPES OF SOLAR PANEL:


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Monocrystalline silicon (mono-

silicon or single silicon)

Right now, these are the most

efficient type ofsolar panels. In

other words, when sunlight hits

these puppies, more of it turns into

electricity than the other types

below. As a result of their high

silicon content, theyre also more

expensive, but you need fewer of

them. Thats why theyre ideal for

roofs. You can tell if you have a

monocrystalline solar panel by its

square-ish cells.

Polycrystalline silicon

(multicrystalline, multi-silicon,

ribbon)

Poly panels have lower silicon

levels than mono panels. In

general, that makes them less

expensive to produce, but theyre

also slightly less efficient. The goodnews is that their overall

construction design can often make

up for the efficiency loss, so theyre

also good for roofs. You can tell

poly-silicon panels by their groovy

mlange of silicon woven through

thin rectangular conduit wires. Thin

film (amorphous silicon, cadmium

telluride, copper indium, gallium

(di)selenide

Everyone talks about thin film

because theyre really inexpensive to

make and they dont mind the heat,which is all cool. Except right now,
http://1bog.org/solar-panels/http://howsolarworks.1bog.org/files/2010/04/polycrystalline-silicon-solar-panels.jpghttp://howsolarworks.1bog.org/files/2010/04/monocyrstalline-silicon-solar-panels-3.jpghttp://howsolarworks.1bog.org/files/2010/04/polycrystalline-silicon-solar-panels.jpghttp://howsolarworks.1bog.org/files/2010/04/monocyrstalline-silicon-solar-panels-3.jpghttp://1bog.org/solar-panels/


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theyre very inefficient, which

means well see them in big solar

farm projects with a lot of land, but

not on roof.

Monocrystalline Vs.

Polycrystalline Solar Panels

There are three major types of

photovoltaic solar panels

:monocrystalline panels,

polycrystalline panels , and

amorphous panels. At Mid-South,

we deal exclusively with

monocrystalline panels and

polycrystalline panels. Below we

explore the advantages and

disadvantages of both solar panel

technologies. As we begin our

research, we should acquaint ourself

with the term conversion efficiency.

Conversion efficiency is listed as a

percentage. That conversion

efficiency of a panel is the

percentage of sunlight that a panel

can convert into electricity.

A monocrystalline solar panel

We will best recognize

monocrystalline PV panels as the

iconic black or iridescent blue

panels seen on some rooftops.

Monocrystalline solar panels are one

of the most efficient photovoltaic

(PV) solar panels available. They are

one of the oldest, most efficient, and

most dependable PV panels in use

today. Each cell is made from a

single silicon crystal which makes it

much more efficient than the

alternative polycrystalline panel, but

it also makes it more expensive.

Monocrystalline solar panels are

considered to be the "workhorse" in

the solar industry due to the

conversion efficiency of the cells

and the lesser space required on the

roof per module versuspolycrystalline modules . The


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minimum lifespan of

monocrystalline solar panels is 25

years, but panels can last up to 50

years. Monocrystallinepanels have

the best conversion efficiency at

about 17%.

A polycrystalline solar panel

Polycrystalline panels are made

from a block of silicon that has

multiple crystals. Polycrystalline

cells are square in shape, and the

surface resembles a mosaic.

Polycrystalline panels are typically

less efficient and require more space

per square foot to produce the same

output as a monocrystalline module.

They are just as durable as

monocrystalline panels. However,

they are simpler and cheaper to

manufacture which makes them

more affordable for the consumer.

Polycrystalline panels generally cost

between $8.5 and $10 a watt. They

have a 12% to 12.5% conversion

efficiency. The standard rating of a

panel is based on ideal conditions

which are about 75 degrees

Fahrenheit. Panels operating above

115 degrees Fahrenheit (as will

occur on most roofs in the middle of

the summertime), are less efficient.

If panels rise beyond these

temperatures, they lose between

12% and 33% of their conversion

efficiency. Monocrystalline

modules suffer lesser reductions in

efficiency (from 12% to 15% loss)

than polycrystalline (at about 14 to

33% loss)panels.

Advantages of Monocrystaline

Solar Panel

1. Efficiency: As already

mentioned, PV panels made from

monocrystalline solar cells are able

to convert the highest amount of

solar energy into electricity of any

type of flat solar panel. Currently,

Sun Power manufacturers the most

efficient monocrystalline solar

panels - with an efficiency of 22.5percent. In June 2010 they broke the


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world's record for commercially

produced solar cells at 24.2%.

2. Longevity :Monocrystalline

solar panels are first generation solar

technology and have been around a

long time, providing evidence of

their durability and longevity.

3. Lower Installation Cost :

The cost of solar panels is typically

around 60% of the cost of a fully

installed solar power system, with

installation being a significant cost

component.

4. Environmental Concerns:

:Monocrsytalline solar panels are

not hazardous to the environment.

5. Greater Heat Resistance :

Like other types of solar panels,

monocrystalline solar modules

suffer a reduction in output once the

temperature from the sunlight

reaches around fifty degrees

Celsius/a hundred and fifteen

degrees Fahrenheit. Reductions of

between twelve and fifteen percent

can be expected.

6. More Electricity :those who

are "going green" and are concerned

about the environmental impact of

solar panels, monocrystalline panels

reduce the amount of electricity

needed from local power plants

Disadvantages Of Polycrystalline

Solar Panel

1. Less efficient than

Monocrystalline Panels

2. It required more area to

produce more power as compare to

monocrystalline .

3. Appearance is slightly

multicoloured due to the use of

multiple crystals.


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MARKET SURVEY

250watt solar panel for car battery

charger

US $0.68-0.88 / Watt

Quick Details

Place of Origin: Guangdong China

(Mainland)

Brand Name: SYFD

Material: Polycrystalline Silicon Size: 1950*99

Max. Power: 250W Open-Circuit Voltage: 36.5V

Optimum Operating

Voltage(Vmp):

31.8V Short-Circuit Current (Isc): 8.91A

Module Efficiency: 17.10% Solar Cell Eficiency: 17.75%

Color: black/white solar panel for car batterycharger:

solar pacharger

Brand Name: SYFD Model Number: SYFD25

Size: 1950*990*50 umber of Cells: 72

Open-Circuit Voltage: 36.5V Junction Box: IP65 rate

Short-Circuit Current

(Isc):

8.91A Optimum Operating

Current (Imp):

8.17A

Solar Cell Eficiency: 17.75% Maximum System 1000VD

Model Number: SYFD250W

Number of Cells: 72

Junction Box: IP65 rated

Optimum Operating Current

(Imp):

8.17A

Maximum System Voltage: 1000VDC

solar panel for car battery

Technical Dataspecification :

Solar CellMono-crystalline 156156mm(6 inch)

No. ofCells

72(6x12)

Dimensions 1950*990*50mm

Weight 28kgs (34.1 lbs)

FrameWhile or Black Anodizedaluminium alloy(white or blace

contact )


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Quality and Safety :

Rigorous quality control

meeting the highest

international standards TUV , IEC , MCS , ISO

9001:2000 (Quality

Management System)

manufacturing world class

Products.

Flexible solar panels for Car

aracteristics 156M-250w 156M-270w 156M-280w 156M-290w 156M-300

ximum power at STC (Pmax) 250Wp 270Wp 280Wp 290Wp 300Wp

en-Circuit Voltage(Voc) 36.5V 43.7V 35.3V 44.5V 38v

timum Operating Voltage(Vmp) 31.8V 35.3V 35.6V 35.9V 35.9V

ort-Circuit Current (Isc) 8.91A 8.58A 8.58A 8.80A 9.09A

timum Operating Current (Imp) 8.17A 7.39A 7.93A 8.14A 8.35A

odule Efficiency 17.10% 14.75% 15.25% 15.75% 16.50%

lar Cell Eficiency 17.75% 15.00% 16.00% 16.50% 17.25%

perating Temp -40C to +85C

aximum System Voltage 1000VDC

eriec Fuse Rating 3


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Quick Details

Place o

Origin:

Guangdong China (Mainland) Brand

ame:

Hopesun

Material: Monocrystalline Silicon Size: 730*300*2.5 MM

Max.

Power:

20W .W(KG): 1.05KG

Specifications:

flexible solar panels :

.Monocrystalline silicon.

.18V output for 12v system

.CE,TUV,ISO.

.Warranty 25 years .

Featrues:

High module conversion

efficiency(up to 16%), through

superior cell technology and leading

manufacturing capability

.Positive tolerance --Guaranteed:

tolerance from +/- 3% ensurespower output reliability

.Excellent performance under low

light environments(morinings,

evenings and coloudy days)

.Product Structure: PET + EVA +

Cell + EVA + PET + EVA +

Stainless steel plate

.18V output for 12VDC use

.Sealed against corrosion

.Water-proof for outdor use

.Every piece is tested before

shipping

.Custom designed to fit the voltage

and ampere requirements of each

specific product.

Specification :

semi flexible solar panels 20w for

your car

Model semi-flexible solar

panel 20w

Pmax 20W

power tolerance: 3%

Vmp 18V

Imp 1.1A

Voc 21.24v

Isc 1.2A

Cell Type 125*125

monocrystalline solar cell

Size 730*300*2.5 mm


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Net weight 1.05kg

STC 1000W/m2,AM 1.5,25oC

Warranty 5 year warranty for

products,10 years for 90% power ,25

years for 80% power

Accessory 3.2mm thick tempered

glass,aluminium frame

Others There are drainage

holes on the Border components,

eliminating the framework of

deformation caused by rain or snow

accumulated in the framework

Applications:

1. Remote telecommunication power

supply

2. Water pumping systems

3. On-grid/Off-grid system

4. Rural electrification

5. Solar farms ,Car , boat.

GP folding solar panel

120W,portablepanel,charger for

car battery

US $0.9 - 0.99

Quick Details

Place of Origin: Zhejiang China (Mainlan

Material: Monocrystalline Silicon

Max. Power: 120

Maximum powervoltage(Vmp):

18V

Size when folded(mm): 675*620*70 2 Foldable

Specifications

1.Excellent in quality and servicesolar panel kit2.OEM3.CE/TUV/IEC/ISO4.Fast delivery 10-15days5.25years life time

Solar Irradiation in Punjab, India


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Solar radiation

Monthly Average kwhm2

/day

Jan 3.29

Feb 4.26

Mar 5.64

Apr 6.73

May 7.28

Jun 6.46

Jul 5.77

Aug 5.62

Sep 5.47

Oct 5.00

Nov 3.83

Dec 3.09

Geographical information

28th

march ( Punjab )

Sun set18 : 43

Sun Rise

6 :21Day Length12h 21m 56s

CALCULATION

Maximum solar power is calculated

by :-

P(max)= P(in)[N/100]

Where ,

P(in) = Solar energy hit on earth (

1000 w/m2)

N = No of maximum

photovoltaic cells efficiency ( 10-

15% )

Now ,

P(max )= 1000 ( 15/100)

= 150 N

Consideringsolar panel area :-

A = 8 5 ft2

= 2.4381.523 m2

= 3.7153 m2

Total output solar :-

P(max) = 150 3.1753

= 557.29 w/m2

The power that the solar array willproduce is :-


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P(array) = P(max) cos [ cos] 0.3

Assuming , = (array is parallel

to ground)

And =0 (solar array is aligned

with sun)

To calculate the power produced by

solar array , it is necessary to know

the following things :-

A. Time of the day when the

race start .

B. Sunrise and sunset times .

C. High noon sun angle

D.Maximum power

Sun high non angle = 62.123.6

(23 and 6 minute tropic of cancer

north )

= 37.5

Now , = 90 - ( 90 N) sin [

180(TSR) / DL ]

Where ,N= High noon angle

T = Time in military digital

DL = Day length

SR = Sunrise time

CALCULATION FOR TIME

IST 9:00

9:30

= 90 - ( 90 - N) sin [ 180

( TSR ) / DL ]

= 90 - ( 90 - 37.5 ) sin [

180 ( 9.256.21 ) / 12 ]

= 90 - 52.5 sin 45.6

= 37.5 sin 45.6

= 24.6 at ( 9:00 to 9:30 )

P(array) = P(max ) [ cos ]0.3

= 557.9 [ cos 24.6 ]0.3

= 557.9 ( 0.926)0.3

= 557.9 0.9771

= 545.27 w

Driving power = P(array) [ cos ]1.3

= 545.17 [ cos 24.6 ]1.3

= 545.17 ( 0.926 )1.3

= 545.17 0.9048

= 493.317 w

Charging power =

P(array) [ cos ]0.3


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= 545.17 [cos24.6 ]0.3

= 545.17 (0.926)0.3

= 545.17 0.9771

= 532.73 w

Similarly the other value are

also being calculated by means of

the same procedure as shown

above .

SPREADSHEET

I

ST

Milit

aryTim

e

Su

nAngle

Arr

ayPower

Driv

ingPower

( w )

Char

gingPower (w)

9:009:30

9.25 24.6

546.17

493.317

532.73

9:3010:00

9.75 29.28

534.6

443.340

511.822

10:0010:30

10.25

32.67

529.80

423.52

503.12

10:3011:00

10.75

34.79

525.54

406.83

495.39

11:0011:30

11.25

36.32

522.89

394.86

490.078

11:3012:

00

11.75

37.22

521.05

387.51

486.63


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12:0012:30

12.25 37.49 520.49 385.29 485.59

12:301:00

12.75

37.12

521.26

388.34

487.026

1:001:30

13.25

36.11

523.31

396.56

490.86

1 :

302:00

13.7

5

34.

49

526

.46

409.

47

496.7

9

2:002:30

14.25

32.27

530.51

426.54

504.46

2:303:00

14.75

29.51

513.27

446.68

513.46

3:003:

30

15.25

26.23

539.99

468.81

522.66

3:304:

00

15.75

22.51

544.79

491.51

531.99

4:004 :30

16.25

18.40

549.18

412.98

540.60

4:30

5 :00

16.75

13.98

552.89

431.69

547.92


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REFERENCES

1. A Design guide for solar race

car, SAE International by

Douglas R. Carroll , ISBN 0-

7680-1131-0.

2. International journal of

renewable energy research

Immanuel Alphonse et

al.,Vol.2, No.3, 2012.

3. SAENA - SAEnaples section

one day workshop

istitutomotoricnr,

naplesnovember 8, 2010.

4. On the Subject of Solar

Vehicles and the Benefits of

the Technology , John

Connors Jack Baskin School

of Engineering University of

California, Santa Cruz Santa

Cruz, California, 95064.

5. Solar Powered Vehicle ,

Proceedings of the World

Congress on Engineering and

Computer Science 2010 Vol II

WCECS 2010, October 20-22,

2010, San Francisco, USA .


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