INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?

Electricity is the general term encompassing a variety of phenomenon resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge.

The word originates from the Latin, meaning "amber-like”, here amber (hardened plant resin) because electrical effects were produced classically by rubbing amber.Electricity is a mysterious phenomenon which is invisible and visible at the same time. Also it is both matter and energy. It is a mysterious force which looks like blue-white fire, and yet cannot be seen. Electricity is a class of phenomenon which can be stored in batteries.Mishandling of electricity is very dangerous.

USES

Electricity is very useful and has become essential in modern life. Electric power is used in houses, farms, factories, public places, and commercial establishment and practically in every working place for lighting, operating appliances and machines, heating, cooling, chemical process and transport etc. Electricity is a very good servant but a very dangerous master. Proper precautions will render its use a safe.

GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

ELECTRICITY GENERATION is the process of generating electric energy from other forms of energy. The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet.

Electricity is generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. There are many other technologies that can be and are used to generate electricity such as solar photovoltaic’s and geothermal power. The next step involved after electricity generation is Electricity Transmission.

ELECTRICITY POWER TRANSMISSION or "high-voltage electric transmission" is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to substations located near population centers

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This is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is referred to as electric power distribution. Transmission lines, when interconnected with each other, become high-voltage transmission networks. These are also known as "power grids" or just "the grid".

ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION is the final stage in the delivery of electricity to end users. A distribution system's network carries electricity from the transmission system and delivers it to consumers. The network includes medium-voltage (less than 50 kV) power lines, substations and pole-mounted transformers, low-voltage (less than 1 kV) distribution wiring.

The transmission system voltage is stepped-down to lower levels by distribution substation transformers. The primary distribution system is that portion of the power network between the distribution substation and the utilization transformers.

The primary distribution system consists of circuits, referred to as primary or distribution feeders that originate at the secondary bus of the distribution substation. The distribution substation is usually the delivery point of electric power in large industrial or commercial applications. Thus, Electricity is ready to be used.

Electricity is very useful but it is dangerous too. The majority of electricity distribution equipments (e.g. Street boxes or Transformers) are easily accessible in public places and are in close vicinity of residential complexes. Thus, the major electrical hazards are due to these electricity distribution systems.

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GENERATION

DISTRIBUTION

TRANSMISSION

DANGERS OF ELECTRICITY

DANGERS

Dangers of Electricity include a variety of hazards that include Electric Shock, Psychological Damage, Physical Burns, Neurological Damage and Ventricular fibrillation resulting in death.

Any form of energy, when not properly controlled or harnessed, can result in serious danger to those who use it. The risks involved with electric power can generally be divided into two categories:

1. Direct2. Indirect The direct danger is the damage that the power itself can do to the human body, such as

stoppage of breathing or regular heartbeats, or burns. The indirect dangers of electricity include the damages that can result to the human body as a

result of something caused by electric shock, such as a fall, an explosion, or a fire.

Electricity at any voltage can be dangerous and should always be approached with caution. An electric shock can occur upon contact of a human or animal body with any source of voltage high enough to cause sufficient current flow through the muscles or nerves. The minimum current a human can feel is thought to be about 1 milliampere (mA). As little as 80 mA, can seize the heart muscle. The current may cause tissue damage or heart fibrillation if it is sufficiently high. A fatal electric shock is referred to as electrocution.

Dangers from electricity are due to:1. Electric shocks resulting in burns, injury, death.2. Electric flashovers resulting in deaths, fires and damages.3. Electric faults resulting in arcing, explosives and fires.4. Explosive in electrical equipment resulting in damages to installations and deaths.5. Fire hazards resulting in destruction, loss of life, release of smoke, dust gases which spread

over large areas quickly.

Psychological DamageThe perception of electric shock can be different depending on the voltage, duration, current,

path taken, frequency, etc. Current entering the hand has a threshold of perception of about 5 to 10 mA for DC and about 1 to 10 mA for AC at 60 Hz. Shock perception declines with increasing frequency, ultimately disappearing at frequencies above 15-20 kHz.

BurnsDangers of Electricity include physical burns. High-voltage (> 500 to 1000 V) shocks tend to

cause internal burns due to the large energy (which is proportional to the duration) available from the source. Damage due to current is through tissue heating. In some cases 16 volts might be fatal to a human being when the electricity passes through organs such as the heart.

Ventricular fibrillationA low-voltage (110 to 220 V), 50 or 60-Hz AC current travelling through the chest for a fraction

of a second may induce ventricular fibrillation at currents as low as 60mA. With DC, 300 to 500 mA is required. If the current has a direct pathway to the heart (e.g., via a cardiac catheter or other kind of

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electrode), a much lower current of less than 1 mA, (AC or DC) can cause fibrillation. Fibrillations are usually lethal(able to cause or causing death) because all the heart muscle cells move independently. Above 200mA, muscle contractions are so strong that the heart muscles cannot move at all.

Neurological effectsOther Dangers of Electricity cause interference with nervous control, especially over the heart

and lungs. Repeated or severe electric shock which does not lead to death has been shown to cause neuropathy. When the current path is through the head, it appears that, with sufficient current, loss of consciousness almost always occurs swiftly.

Arc FlashArc flash and arc blast will always be present on the job, but proper awareness, training and

the development of arc flash safety personal protection strategies can minimize the likelihood of injury and fatality.

These are the various dangers of electricity. Such damages occur when a person comes in direct contact with a live open wire resulting in an electric shock.

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ARC FLASH BURNS

STATISTICS

The people who die in electrical contact accidents each year aren’t statistics. They’re family, friends, co-workers, and schoolmates. Their absence leaves a void in the lives around them that can’t be filled. There’s no substitute for having the people we care for with us.

Various Locations of Accidents: Accidents occur everywhere; at the house, factory, fields etc. But the intensity varies widely;

the maximum being at supplier‘s installations and the minimum at the government installations.

Various Causes for the Accidents: Hazard is an act or practice with the potential for an accident. In the electrical installations,

the actual causes are classified broadly in to the following categories in our country:

0%

37%

50%

4%

4%

0%6%

Accidents based on Location

1 Generation2 T & D lines - 11KV & above3 T & D lines - 11KV & below4 Industrial installations - Govt.5 Industrial installatioms - Private6 Other installations - Govt.7 Other installations - Private 21%

40%

20%

10%

4% 2% 3%

Accidents based on Causes

1 Snapping of Conductors

2 Accidental Contact with live electrical wire / equipment

3 Violation / Neglect of Safety measures / Lack of Supervision

4 Defective Appliances / Apparatus / Tools

5 Inadequate /Lack of Maintenance

6 Unauthorized work

7 Any other reasons

Thus, the above statistics reveal that single major cause and location of the electrical accidents is snapping of conductors in the Supplier‘s (Electricity Board) installation. The T & D lines (Transmission and Distribution lines coming out from street boxes) lead the charts. This snapping is the result of poor maintenance of cables (as observed during our survey also) which results into accidental death due to contact with electrical wires. Lack of Maintenance and Supervision are some of the major causes for accidents.

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NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

MSEDCL to set up consumer facility centres at Nerul and KoparkhairanePosted On Thursday, January 28, 2010

It was a couple of years ago that MSEDCL, Vashi Circle took the initiative of setting up its first Consumer Facility Centre (CFC) at Vashi in order to cater to various complaints of all Low Tension (LT) residential and commercial consumers. Encouraged by the success of the venture, MSEDCL has now decided to put up similar centre's shortly at Nerul and Koparkhairane nodes also, informed Dinesh Saboo, superintending engineer, MSEDCL, Vashi Circle.

Saboo have already submitted a proposal for the same to our head quarters. The same is under its advanced stage of consideration.

The consumer can straight away contact the Consumer facility center only, about the progress of work and status of the complaint or whether work is complete etc. When the service connection is ready, CFC will inform consumer accordingly. There by Consumer need not go from table to table or office to office.

The disposal of applications is monitored very closely It reportedly takes Rs 4-5 lakh annually to run a CFC. Much as MSEDCL Vashi Circle wants to start more such centres in Navi Mumbai, it is constrained from doing so, due to lack of surplus funds.

"That is why we cannot immediately extend similar facility in all nodes of Navi Mumbai in one go. But we shall try to start similar centres in due course after obtaining permission from our Head quarters and after making financial provisions for the same," stated Saboo.

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ELECTRICAL SAFETY

 Safety can be defined as the control of recognized hazards to achieve an acceptable level of risk. Safety precautions need to be taken at every stage and should be documented in the form of Dos and Don’ts. Warning signs must be displayed. Entry should be regulated. Personnel involved must be trained in electrical safety. Safety inspection must be carried out periodically. Indian electricity rules and Acts have clauses formulated and enforced to ensure safety of every user of electrical equipment. This act and relevant rules impose several safety requirements as electricity supply undertakings/ manufacturers/ contractors/ and users. They are mandatory for every manufacturers, contractors, and users of electrical installation equipments and electricity supply undertakings.Investigation of electrical accidents reveal that at least every accident from small shock to a major fire disaster is caused by ignorance/ inexperience or carelessness at one or more stages and failure of safety management.

Why is Electrical Safety so Important?Electrical hazards have always been recognized, yet serious injuries, deaths, and property

damage occur daily. The earlier mentioned Dangers of electricity, Statistics and Newspaper articles raise the need for spreading awareness about Electrical Safety. Organizations like the US Department of Labor and the National Safety Council compile statistics and facts on a regular basis. The following facts demonstrate the importance of electrical safety.FACTS1. 97% of all electricians have been shocked or injured on the job.2. Approximately 30,000 workers receive electrical shocks yearly.3. Over 3600 disabling electrical contact injuries occur annually.4. Electrocutions are the 4th leading cause of traumatic occupational fatalities.5. Over 2000 workers are sent to burn centers each year with severe Arc-Flash burns.6. 60% of workplace accident deaths are caused by burn injuries.7. Over 1000 electrical workers die each year from workplace accidents.

Who is exposed?1. Electric field is invisible and silent. Persons who approach high voltage conductor encroach into high electric field are exposed to danger of shocks or electrocution.2. Persons touching non-effectively earthed, faulted metal parts in electrical installations are exposed.3. Persons working in substation, power stations, transmission lines, cables etc are exposed.4. Persons who are unaware of presence of electrical power and are carrying out the work in the vicinity of live parts are exposed.

People working in restricted areas are provided with appropriate safety gears. But what about people in public places? They don’t wear rubber shoes or rubber gloves every time. Thus people are at major risk from electrical installations in public places. Thus ensuring Electrical Safety in public places is very important.

Approaches to prevent accidentsAccidents occur suddenly and unexpectedly. We can adopt different approaches to ensure safety:1. Enforcement of safety rules and acts. Rules are to be made mandatory. Persons are to be made accountable for acts. Punishments and rewards are to be used appropriately. Most importantly these rules must be followed.

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2. Human resource development approach: Training persons to follow safety principles. Special periodical courses are to be arranged.3. Psychological approach Awareness of safety is created in the workplace by placing large signboards, displaying drawings, DO’S and DON’TS conducting drills, distributing.4. Safety management approach Management is committed to safety and accident prevention. A safety manager is to be appointed and safety systems are installed. Persons are made accountable for safety5. Engineering - analytic approach: This approach lays emphasis on cause and effect relationship and determination of various methods to eliminate possible causes at the root. E.g. Short circuits can be handled by automatic protection system.

Safety is ensured by quality assurance and quality control at various stages including:Including specification, design of system and product, manufacture, testing, dispatch, receipt, storage, civil works, installation, testing, commissioning and operation, maintenance and HRD and safety maintenance.

Thus adopting these simple guidelines Electrical Safety in public places can be minimized to a great extent.

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THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES

Following are some of the rules formulated by the Government of India to ensure safe Electric supply and safety of consumers. Here Rule no. 36 and 40 have been mentioned. Based on these rules we surveyed various public places. After going through our survey and images shown below, you will observe that these rules are not at all followed.

RULES

36. Handling of electric supply lines and apparatus:

(1) Every person who is working on an electric supply line or apparatus or both shall be provided with tools and devices such as gloves, rubber shoes, safety belts, ladders, earthing devices, helmets, line testers, hand lines and the like for protecting him from mechanical and electrical injury. Such tools and devices shall always be maintained in sound and efficient working conditions. (2) Every telecommunication line on supports carrying a high or extra-high voltage line shall, for the purpose of working thereon, be deemed to be a high voltage line.

40. Street boxes:

(1) Street boxes shall not contain gas pipes, and precautions shall be taken to prevent, as far as reasonably possible, any influx of water or gas.

(2) Where electric supply lines forming part of different systems pass through the same street box, they shall be readily distinguishable from one another and all electric supply lines at high or extra-high voltage in street boxes shall be adequately supported and protected to as to prevent risk of damage to or danger from adjacent electric supply lines.

(3) All street boxes shall be regularly inspected for the purpose of detecting the presence of gas and if any influx or accumulation is discovered, the owner shall give immediate notice to any authority or company who have gas mains in the neighborhood of the street box and in cases where a street box is large enough to admit the entrance of a person after the electric supply lines or apparatus therein have been placed in position, ample provision shall be made-(a) To ensure that any gas which may by accident have obtained access to the box shall escape before a person is allowed to enter; and(b) For the prevention of danger from sparking.

(4) The owners of all street boxes or pillars containing circuits or apparatus shall ensure that their covers and doors are so provided that they can be opened only by means of a key or a special appliance.

On the next page images proving that these rules are not being obeyed are being displayed.

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Fig. 1: It is mentioned in the above rules that a person working on an electric supply lines must be provided with tools and devices such as gloves, rubber shoes, safety belts, ladders, earthing devices, helmets, line testers, hand lines and the like for protecting him from mechanical and electrical injury. The image shows lack of all these safety gears with electricians. The electrician is not even using a ladder.

Fig. 2: It displays the electricians without safety gears. The wires carried by them are also in pathetic condition.

Fig. 3: It shows a street box with no proper maintenance. The street box is covered throughout by Advertisements due to which the danger symbols on the street box are not visible.Also this street box had been locked using a rope. However the owners of all street boxes or pillars containing circuits or apparatus must ensure that their covers and doors are so provided that they can be opened only by means of a key or a special appliance.

Further survey was done to find out if these rules were followed. MSEDCL (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Ltd.) officials were also interviewed to find out their maintenance routine and various safety gears they are equipped with.

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 1

SURVEY

We surveyed various electrical equipments in public places based on the rules formulated by the Government of India. The major threats with respect to electricity were found to be Street Boxes, Street Lamps and Live Electrical Cables. Most of these equipments were a threat in public places because of poor maintenance. Moreover the region around these equipments was prone to collection of water due to rain, which increased the risk of electricity conduction. Given below are the actual images captured during our survey which clearly depicts the poor electrical safety in public places.

1) STREET BOXES

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The street boxes are installed at regular intervals besides the roads, on the footpaths. These street boxes consist of transformers with output voltage of 11kV. The inputs for these transformers are 22kV overhead cables. These input as well as output cables were observed lying on the footpaths. Though insulated frequent exposure to sun, rain and other extreme conditions can lead to its wear and tear. This can damage the insulation around the cables. Damage to these cables can cause fatal injuries to people passing by.

Fig. 1.1 displays one of the street boxes with cables lying around. These cables are supposed to be fully covered and underground.Such cables are prone to damage and can be dangerous. Moreover collection of water during monsoon around them can worsen the conditions.

Fig. 1.2 and Fig. 1.3 display the street boxes causing inconvenience to people walking on the footpath. Even here the cables are seen poorly maintained. If damaged, these cables can lead to fatal injuries and accidents. Moreover it could cause tripping of power supply due to short circuit. They may even cause accidents other than those related to electricity. You can see in the picture that the cyclist might get hit by the bus due to inadequate space.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.2

Fig. 1.3

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Fig. 1.5

Fig. 1.6

Fig. 1.7

Fig. 1.4

Fig. 1.4 shows a street box with open door. These boxes are provided with locking system but the repair/maintenance seems to be neglected. Electricity is easily accessible leading to electricity theft. Small children unknowingly might touch the open wires leading to fatal injuries.

Fig. 1.5 shows a street box dismantled from its foundation. It was lying horizontal, thus blocking the footpath. This box was lying open and was like a garbage bin by locals. Anyone walking on the footpath could have been an easy prey of electric shock.

Fig. 1.6 shows cables from street boxes lying on the footpath. Such ‘CHALTA HAI’ attitude can be fatal. These cables could have been easily placed underground reducing the risk of accidents.

Fig. 1.7 was captured in the MSEDCL office. The street box in the campus was maintained properly. There were no cables seen outside this box. These cables were covered properly and they were underground. This is an ideal way of maintaining the street boxes.

2) STREET LAMPS AND LIVE OPEN WIRES

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The street lamps are present after every 15 steps along roadsides. These street lamps are provided with electric supply using cables. However during our survey it was observed that these equipments were poorly maintained. The distribution cables were in pathetic condition. Probability of snapping of these cables was high as they were not maintained properly. They were not at all managed properly, thus increasing the risk of occurrence of accidents.

Fig. 2.1 displays the control box of a street lamp. These control boxes are provided with doors. But in this figure it is seen that the door is open. Moreover these control boxes are just 4 feet above ground level. If these doors are kept open small children are at risk of accidentally touching these live wires.

Fig. 2.2 shows pathetic condition of distribution cables. The transformer was hanged to street lamp pole. These live cables were in close vicinity of residential buildings. It could have easily leaded to a short circuit and then fire.

Fig. 2.3 shows a broken control box of a street lamp. The wires are seen fully exposed. The condition of the control box shows poor maintenance work carried out. Even the supply cables are seen lying open on the footpath.

Fig. 2.2

Fig. 2.3

Fig. 2.1

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Fig. 2.4 shows absence of control box on a street lamp. The supply cables were not at all protected. Moreover these cables were connected using insulation tapes. These live wires were very dangerous and could have lead to an accident if not noticed.

Fig. 2.5 displays a live wire lying open on footpath. This wire didn’t have proper insulation. There was water accumulated around this live wire. This could have easily resulted into conduction of electricity in that area. Such live wires are a major reason for electrocution in public places.

Fig. 2.6 displays bad condition of supply cables around traffic signal post. These cables are prone to snapping because of inadequate protection provided. These cables also increase the risk of accidents.

Thus the survey we carried brings into notice the poor conditions of electrical equipments in public places.

Fig. 2.4

Fig. 2.5

Fig. 2.6

INTERVIEW WITH MSEDCL OFFICIALS

In public places, during the survey we observed lack of maintenance of electrical equipments such as street boxes, distributions boards, street lights and the powers supply cables. We interviewed some officials from MSEDCL (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited), located in Vashi. The purpose of this meeting was to learn about various maintenance practices adopted by the MSEDCL personnel.

We met Deputy Executive Engineer and Assistant Engineer in MSEDCL. Here under is the conversation.

CONVERSATION WITH THE HEAD OF CONSUMER FACILITY CENTRE, MSEDCL (VASHI)

QUESTION: What service techniques do you maintain with your customers?ANSWER: There are four types of customers who visit the office.1. Patrons (Maintain silence) 2. Praisers (Satisfied)3. Walkers (Dissatisfied)4. Talkers (Open).We try to take Fire out of a customer .i.e.F Feel & hear the person I Interact, ApologizeR Resolve the problem / issueE Empower self to take action

QUESTION: What are the actions taken after a complaint is noted?ANSWER: When a complaint is received, the complaint is forwarded to respective regional offices for action. They are forwarded using e-mails or courier. The actions are taken by the engineers in charge.

QUESTION: How long it takes for a complaint to be solved? Is there any feedback system maintained?ANSWER: The complaint must be solved within seven days. We take feedback from them, regarding the complaint the issues, with frequent follow-ups if the complaint is not solved within seven days.

QUESTION: Are any projects coming up to have proper maintenance and thereby reduce the amount of complaints?ANSWER : We have the SCADA ( Supervisory control and data acquisition ) officials who sitting at a particular place can operate substations and monitor events by controls. This project has already been undertaken by Reliance, NCPL as well as Tata power Also introduction of GIS (Geographical Information system) is in progress. It will help to get a complete underground picture like Google maps from electricity poles to the energy meters. Thus, the process of maintenance could be simplified.

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CONVERSATION WITH ASSISTANT ENGINEER, MSEDCL (VASHI)

QUESTION: Is there a team formed for inspecting the various electrical equipments in public places?ANSWER: The inspecting team consists of a senior executive Engineer. He has under him three junior engineers. They check all such electrical equipments. They check all such electrical equipments. The inspecting team also consists of electricians. Their aim is to decrease the loss of electricity.

QUESTION: What are the qualifications of these chief engineers?ANSWER: They are B.E./B.Tech Electrical Engineers.

QUESTION: When are the inspections carried out?ANSWER: Whenever the power supply trips due to any fault, during the repair works various equipments are inspected. These equipments are repaired as soon as possible.

QUESTION: But open wires were found at many places? e.g. Street lamps, street boxes?ANSWER: The maintenance of the street lamps is in municipal corporation’s hands. Even the municipal corporation has appointed electrical engineers to look after them. Our job is to provide these street lamps with proper supply of electricity. These power supply cables are 80% underground in CIDCO area. The remaining wires which are seen above are due to some temporary work carried out when faults are not found during repair work.

QUESTION: But as your department is concerned about the safety of public? Do you ask the municipal corporation to take action against such Negligence?ANSWER: Engineers have been appointed by the municipal corporation to take care about issues regarding street lamps.

QUESTION: Why were street boxes found without locks?ANSWER: All the street boxes are provided with proper latches. However these boxes are provided with locking arrangement. If these boxes are left open, children and common public are at risk. So whenever doors of these boxes are missing, or latches are not functioning they are repaired immediately. If repairing is not possible some temporary techniques such as locking the doors using ropes are adopted.

QUESTION: Are the electricians appointed temporarily?ANSWER: In MSEDCL about 90% electricians have permanent jobs. However outsourcing is also done.

QUESTION: Are the electricians provided with appropriate safety gears?ANSWER: The electricians are provided with following safety gears:

1. Rubber hand gloves2. Safety belts3. Ropes4. Helmets5. Goggles6. Duo rod7. Ladder

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8. Hand tools (Insulated screwdriver, Low Tension line tester, Adjustable screw panel, Torch)

OUR VIEW

On the basis of the interview conducted following views were generated regarding the maintenance practices adopted by the MSEDCL.

During our interaction with Consumer Facility Centre (CFC), we took a look at the complaint form. The complaint form had various common problems faced by the costumers listed one by one. But an option to complaint regarding the poor electrical safety in public places was missing. Adding such options would have made the complaint form more effective. Moreover if registering such safety issues were made possible, it would have made the job of maintenance easy for the MSEDCL officials. The citizens considering their safety would have quickly brought these issues into notice. However the CFC officials were very customer friendly.

The Assistant Engineer told us about the various safety gears the electricians use. However when we asked the electricians to show these gears and tools, only the rubber gloves were shown. This raised a question in our mind whether they are equipped with all such gears and tools. The answer we got for locking of the street boxes shows that defective repair techniques are adopted. Most of the street boxes were found without locks. The doors of some other street boxes were tied temporarily using ropes. Thus, there was much scope for improvement in the practices adopted by the MSEDCL.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

Rusting of boxes…..no proper functioning of doors of boxes……..1. the electricians should be given appropriate safety equipments during work to prevent loss of life.2. also in the complaint form the option regarding the complaint against the condition of open wires and condition of safety box should be mentioned.3. the high voltage wires which are left open on the ground should be properly placed underground.they can be affected by environmental condition like heat water etc.....4. the box present on the street lights are to closed with a lock and a key,so that no one not even small children can touch it.5. the high voltage overhead wires are to placed at an appropriate distance from the houses.6. students need to take active participation in complaining against the safety measures not being followed.

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CONSUMER’S COMPLAINT FORM

RUBBER GLOVES

CONCLUSIONS

Through this report we would like to conclude saying that "WAKE UP INDIA....JAAGO GRAHAK JAAGO"...follow the safety measures and take active participation in complaining against the mishandling of electricity.guyz its never too late........EACH ONE SAVE ONE.........also the government should consider this issue a major one and do the needful.

"NURTURE THE NATURE FOR THE FUTURE"

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