report on femtocell

8/11/2019 report on femtocell

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SEMINAR REPORT

ON

FEMTOCELL TECHNOLOGY

Submitted to the Department of Electronics & Communication in partial fulfillment of theRequirement for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted By

PRASTUTI GUPTA

114!"1!#$

S%i R'm Muti Sm''( )*men+, C*--e.e */ En.ineein.

&Te0%n*-*.y B'ei--y

Utt' P'de,% Te0%ni0'- Uni2e,ity Lu0(n*3


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CERTIFICATE

This is certifying that Seminar Report entitled E!TOCE"" TEC#NO"O$% 'hich is

submitted by PRASTUTI GUPTA in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the a'ard of degree

() Tech in department of Electronics and communication of *ttar +radesh Technical *ni,ersity

"uc.no')

The matter presented in this report has not been submitted by me in any other *ni,ersity/0nstitute

for the a'ard of any other degree)

Date12222222222222 +R3ST*T0 $*+T3

Signature of student

This is certifying that the abo,e statement made by the student is correct to the best of my

.no'ledge and belief)

4!s) Shilpa Sa5ena6 4!s) Na7ia +ar,een6

3ssistant professor- EC #ead of Department- EC

SR!S8CET- (areilly SR!S8CET- (areilly

Date1999999) Date1999999)

4!rs) Rachna 3rya6

3ssistant professor- EC

SR!S8CET- (areilly

Date1999999)

5i6


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AC7NO)E8GMENT

0t gi,es sense of pleasure to present the report of the () Tech seminar underta.en during () tech

also ta.e the opportunity to ac.no'ledge the contribution of professor- head department o

Electronics & communication)+re inal %ear) 0 o'n special debt of gratitude to !s) Na7ia +ar,een

!s) Shilpa Sa5ena - !rs) Rachna 3rya - department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering- Shri Ram !urti Smara. 8omen:s College of Engineering and Technology- (areilly

for their constant support and guidance throughout the course of my 'or.) Their sincerity

thoroughness and perse,erance ha,e been a constant source of inspiration for me) 0t is only their

cogni7ant efforts that our endea,ors ha,e seen light of the day)

0 also ta.e the opportunity to ac.no'ledge the contribution of professor- head department of

Electronics and Communication Engineering- Shri Ram !urti Smara. 8omen:s College o

Engineering 3nd Technology- (areilly for his full support and assistance during de,elopment of

the pro;ect)

0 also do not li.e to miss the opportunity to ac.no'ledge the contribution of our faculty

members of the department for their .ind assistance and cooperation during the de,elopment of my

seminar) "ast but not the least- 0 ac.no'ledge my friends for their contribution in the completion of

the pro;ect)

Signature1

Name1 +rastuti $upta

Roll No1


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ABSTRACT

Can you hear me no' 'as a popular phrase for a 'hile amongst people 'ho 'ere moc.ing the

poor sound and co,erage of their mobile phones) 3lthough it turned into something of a ;o.e- it:sno laughing matter 'hen your cell phone suddenly loses its ability to allo' you to en;oy clear

communication) *nfortunately- this is often the case in homes and buildings 'here co,erage

decreases considerably as soon as you go indoors) Since more and more people are ditching their

landlines in fa,or of mobile phones- as 'ell as because of the simple fact that people 'ant to be

able to tal. on their cell phones 'here,er they are- it has become necessary to 'or. on ne'

technology that 'ill facilitate calling co,erage both indoor and outdoor) emtocell technology

could be the ans'er) 0n addition to facilitating better indoor call co,erage- this emerging

technology reduces the drain that ad,anced mobile ser,ices 4such as mobile broadband6 are placing

on the capacity offered by phone companies)

One of the solutions that people ha,e started to use is femtocell technology) This technology may

be better .no'n to the user as an 3ccess +oint (ase Station- a small de,ice 'hich is installed in the

home or office in order to offer better support to mobile phones there) These base stations can

accommodate up to fi,e cell phones 'hich means that you can get increased co,erage for your

'hole household) Essentially- you set up the femtocell technology in your home and it ser,es to

enhance the cell phone signal that you recei,e indoors so that your call quality isn:t decreased

'hen you:re tal.ing indoors) No' many operators such as 3T&T- Sprint and eri7on in *S3

odafone in * are pro,iding emtocell ser,ice

5ii6


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T'b-e */ C*ntent,

E2*-uti*n */ /emt*0e--#

)%'t i, ' Femt*0e--9 "

Femt*0e-- 8e/initi*n4

Need */ /emt*0e--

C*n0e:t */ Femt*0e--;

)*(in. */ Femt*0e--Fi 2, FAP#

Futue */ Femt*0e-- #$

Femt* F*um#;

Femt*0e-- ?end*+,#;

S*me Femt*0e--,#"G C*2e'.e I,,ue,@$ cells are smaller by ,irtue of supporting higher data rates

@$ infrastructure needs to +roliferate ) emtocells are a ,ehicle for e5panding @$ co,erage and

impro,ing indoor co,erage ) 0nfrastructure must e,ol,e to support millions of small cells

Third2generation cellular technology suffers from inadequate indoor2signal penetration- leading topoor co,erage in the en,ironment 'here consumers spend t'o2thirds of their time) +oor co,erage

diminishes the quality of ,oice and ,ideo applications- and slo's do'n high2speed data ser,ices

To .eep customers satisfied- @$ carriers ha,e increased capacity by building additional

microcell sites) This strategy is becoming much less attracti,e) Site acquisition costs are

e5orbitant and continue to mount as space on ,iable to'ers and buildings fills up- landlords

e5act high rents and regulators impose onerous permit requirements) +ublic opposition to the

building of large2scale base stations is increasingly common)

3cquiring a site is only half the battle1 Sophisticated base station equipment must then be

purchased- installed- insured- operated and maintained) The net present ,alue of a cell site in

the *)) is estimated to be >??-???) Carriers thus face a serious dilemma) 8ell its clear more

and more consumers 'ant to use mobile phones in the home- e,en 'hen there:s a fi5ed line

a,ailable) riends and family usually call a mobile number first- and it:s 'here messages and


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contact lists are stored) #o'e,er- it is often the case that pro,iding full or e,en adequate

mobile residential co,erage is a significant challenge for operators)

rom a competiti,e perspecti,e- femtocells are important because mobile operators need to

sei7e residential minutes from fi5ed pro,iders- and respond to emerging o0+ and 8ii

offerings) 0mpro,ing user e5perience in the home is also essential for reducing churn and gaining

mar.etshare and ne' re,enues) #o'e,er- high deployment costs ensure that @$ net'or.s rarely

e5tend beyond the regulatory minimum) *sing femtocells sol,es these problems 'ith a de,ice

that employs po'er and bac.haul ,ia the user:s e5isting resources)


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)%y Femt*0e--9

The @Cs22co,erage- churn and capacity22are stifling @$ adoption) emtocells produce cost

sa,ings as 'ell for the carriers) Consumers home in essence becomes a cell site and there is no

site acquisition costs in,ol,ed) Electricity bills can be minimi7ed) *nlimited mobile minutes for

a fi5ed monthly fee) The call charges can also be reduced based on 'hich subscriber 'e are

using) +ro,ides better co,erage and also prolonged battery life compared to others) +ortable and

easy to install and use)

S:eed

A)> $ The femtocell 'ill be A$ $S! technology- supporting data ser,ices through $+RS andED$E 'hich typically offer up to @P=.bit/s)@$ *!TS emtocells add net'or. capacity and ma.e

it possible to deli,er J)A !bps and


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C*n0e:t */ Femt*0e--

emtocells- also .no'n as Ihome base station:- are cellular net'or. access points that

connect standard mobile de,ices to a mobile operator:s net'or. using residential DS"-

cable broadband connections- optical fibres or 'ireless last2mile technologies)

emtocells are essentially a form of cellular access point) The femtocells pro,ide connecti,ity

bet'een the local mobile phones and an internet router) #o'e,er this is only part of the o,erall

femto cell system required) Se,eral items are needed1

emtocell itself

0nternet router to enable the data to be passed to and from the femto cell ,ia the 0nternet

lin.

!obile telecommunications ser,ice pro,ider core net'or. gate'ay

)*(in. */ Femt*0e--


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emtocells from part of the mobile operation:s net'or.- although they are located at home or in

the business) !ost of the functionality of a completer @$ cell site has been miniaturi7ed onto a

chip- 'hich loo. and operates li.e a 8ii access point- and is connected ,ia broadband DS"

bac. to the mobile operator:s net'or.) 3 femtocell is installed at home and connected to mains

po'er and a standard broadband 0+ connection 4typically DS"6 through to the mobile operator:s

core net'or.) oice calls- te5t massages and data ser,ices are pro,ided by the same systems)

emtocells operate at ,ery lo' radiation po'er le,els 4>? milli'atts pea. output during a call-

much lo'er 'hen idle6- and typically ha,e a range of A?? meters) The signals do not tra,el

through 'alls particularly 'ell- but this is a benefit because it allo's the frequency to be reused

for other calls in nearby building) 8here users 'al. outside or out of range- calls are

automatically handed o,er to the e5ternal mobile net'or.) 3ny standard @$ phone can be used

on the femtocell if permitted by the mobile operator) *nli.e 8ii access points- @$

emotcells operate using licensed spectrum and thus must be supplied and operated in

con;unction 'ith the mobile operator igure < sho's 'or.ing of femtocell)

The battle is most li.ely to be bet'een the modified @$ R3N 4'hich some R3N Net'or.

,endors are .een to promote because it reuses their e5isting RNC products6 ,ersus *!3- 'hich

has ne'- custom designed systems architected to handle the much larger number of cells and

0+ connecti,ity) S0+ based solutions may be of interest 'here the user 'ants to bypass the

net'or. operator )8hen registered handsets enter the range of a femtocell- handing o,er to

the femtocell net'or. is done automatically- such that calls are channeled through the broadband

connection) One femtocell can support up to > mobile handsets)

emtocell technology- 'hich is another bloc. in the i5ed2!obile Con,ergence

concept- is still in its early days and it is recei,ing fierce competition from *!3 and 8i2i

technologies) or instance- one might as. 'hy in,est in femtocells 'hen a cheap 8i2i router

can do the 'or. 'ith a 8i2i supporting handset- gi,en that handsets supporting 8i2i are

becoming more common and are being shipped by hundreds of millions)


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ig1 'or.ing of femtode,ice


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8e,i.n */ Femt*0e--

The follo'ing are the .ey features that are to be considered as the characteristics of femtocell in

the design of femtocell)

L*3>im:'0t Q Space may be limited for some households) 3s a result femtocells must be

physically small- ideally aesthetically pleasing and easy to position) urthermore- they should

also be silent in operation- generate lo' le,els of heat output and ine5pensi,e to run in terms of

on2going LelectricityM cost)

L*3 RF :*3eQ The transmit R po'er output of femtocells is lo' bet'een


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E',y end>u,e in,t'--'ti*nQ "i.e cable modems and DS" routers- femtocells 'ill be installed

by consumers and acti,ated through ser,ice pro,iders) This means that the Operator no longer has

to employ installation teams or ha,e a truc.2roll e,ery time a ne' femtocell is deployed)

rom the end2user perspecti,e the unit must be a simple plug and play installation 'ith a

minimal amount of inter,ention required)

B'0(%'u- 2i' b*'db'nd Q emtocells utili7e 0nternet protocol 40+6 and flat base2station

architectures) (ac.haul connection to Operator net'or.s 'ill be through 'ired broadband

0nternet ser,ice e5isting in the home such as DS"- cable- or fiber optics as a,ailable) There are

no connections required to the 'ider cellular net'or. other than through the 0+ core) This 'ill

benefit Operators by effecti,ely offloading traffic that 'ould other'ise be on the macro2layer

directly onto the internet from the femtocell this not only reduces the load on the core net'or.

but also lo'ers the cost of deli,ering 'ireless traffic 'hen compared to the macro net'or.)

Inte/een0e 2 The use of femtocells in spectrum also currently used by the macro layer may- if

not managed correctly- gi,e rise to issues 'ith interference bet'een cells macro 'ith femtocell

and in the instance of close pro5imity of t'o or more units- femtocell 'ith femtocell) Operators

'ill li.ely 'ant to launch femtocells on the same channel as their macro cell net'or. for

capacity reasons)

H'nd*2e, 2 Current macro R planning techniques are inappropriate for femtocells) Not least

because of the sheer potential numbers of femtocells and managing the neighbor lists that 'ould

be necessary) 3lso the potential to ping2pong bet'een layers- especially as an end2user mo,es

around the home and enters into areas 'here the signal strength from the macro2cell is greater

than that of the femtocell- must be considered ,ery carefully to ensure that the net'or.s pro,ide

the best o,erall co,erage 'ithout issue) To illustrate- in macro based @$ net'or.s the o,erhead

associated 'ith softhando,ers accounts for a significant proportion of RNC processing

capability) *nderstandably then and in order not to e5acerbate the issue- great care and

sophisticated algorithms are necessary to o,ercome these potential issues and ensure that the

o,er2all net'or. quality is not impacted by inefficient hando,ers and 'asted capacity)


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Se0uity 2 $i,en the requirements for lo'2cost and easy installation- the use of the broadband

internet as the net'or. interface becomes ,ery easy to understand) #o'e,er this raises security

ris.s in that broadband internet has open access) There are ,arious approaches to address this

issue including the embedding of the 0ub interface 'ithin the 0+ signaling itself 'hile net'or.

security is managed by the 0+ security 40+Sec6 protocol)

)*-d3ide 0e--u-' net3*( ,t'nd'd, ,u::*t Q *nderstandably femtocell products are

li.ely to appeal to many endusers around the 'orld) 3s a result differing models 'ill be

de,eloped and offered to satisfy the ,arious needs from the different regions) respecti,e and

e5isting 4@$++6 *!TS and 4@$++A6 CD!3 standards- as 'ell as emerging standards such as

8i!3H- *!( and "TE

Su::*t /* ei,tin. "G %'nd,et, 'nd de2i0e,QSupport for e5isting handsets and de,ices is a

,ery important consideration for the end2user and Operator ali.e- not least because of the cost of

changing de,ices if that 'ere necessary) 0n each technology mar.et- femtocells 'ill support

e5isting handsets and de,ices further helping to dri,e upta.e of @$ ser,ices and femtocells in

particular


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OSI M*de-

P%y,i0'- L'ye

0n computer net'or.s the OS0 +hysical layer pro,ides the means to transport across the net'or.

media the bits that ma.e up a Data "in. layer frame by many de,ices such as s'itch or hub) 3lso-

it is concerned 'ith 'hich type of media you can choose to transmit your data) There are three

basic forms of net'or. media on 'hich data is represented1 Copper cable-iber-8ireless

The +hysical layer consists of hard'are- de,eloped by engineers- in the form of electronic

circuitry- media- and connectors) Therefore- it is appropriate that the standards go,erning

this hard'are are defined by the rele,ant electrical and communications engineering

organi7ations) The ,arious standardi7ation for femtocell as follo's1

0 nte r n a tio n a l T e lec o mmun ic a tio n *n io n 4 0T*6-

Eu ro pe a n T e lec o mmun ic a tio n St a n d a r ds 0 n s titute 4 E T S 0 6-

0 nte r net En gi nee ri ng T a s . or ce 4 0 E T 6-

@r d $ene r a tio n + a r tne r s h ip +ro; ect 4 @ $ ++ 6

Regarding to emtocell net'or.s- this technology can be illustrated 'hen its processes are

organi7ed as layers ) emto 3ccess +oint 4 3+6 is considered as a physical layer de,ice 'hich

responsible for connecting to the ser,ice pro,ider:s net'or. ,ia broadband 4such as DS" or

cable 6) This de,ice ser,e = 2> users and 'ill co,er a radius of >?2A?? meters)

0t is better to describe the specifications of the emtocell Net'or.

igure @1 internal components of emtocell Net'or.
http://www.itu.org/http://www.etsi.org/http://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch26754/http://www,ietf.orghttp://www.3gpp.org/http://www.etsi.org/http://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch26754/http://www,ietf.orghttp://www.3gpp.org/http://www.itu.org/


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8't' -in( L'ye

This layer plays an important role for transferring frames for many users) To control on this issue-

there is a unique address defined by the manufacturer on each 3+4 emto 3ccess point6) This

address 'hich is called cell 0D allo's each 3+ to be .no'n at the other end li.e core

net'or. and this idea 'ill be more clear 'hen 'e tal. about net'or. layer) Regarding to this

address cell 0D- it consists of


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Sy,tem A0%ite0tue

The agreed @$++ #N( architecture follo's an access net'or.2based approach- le,eraging the

e5isting 0u2cs and 0u2ps interfaces into the core ser,ice net'or.) The architecture defines t'o

ne' net'or. elements- the #N( 4a).)a) emtocell6 and the #N( $ate'ay 4a).)a) emto

$ate'ay6) (et'een these elements is the ne' 0u2h interface)

H*me N*deB 5HNB6Q Connected to an e5isting residential broadband ser,ice- an #N(

pro,ides radio co,erage for standard @$ handsets 'ithin a home) #N(s incorporate the

capabilities of a standard Node( as 'ell as the radio resource management functions of a

standard Radio Net'or. Controller 4RNC6)

HNB G'te3'y 5HNB>G)6 2 0nstalled 'ithin an operator:s net'or.- the #N( $ate'ay

aggregates traffic from a large number of #N(s bac. into an e5isting core ser,ice net'or.

through the standard 0u2cs and 0u2ps interfaces)

Lu>% Inte/'0e 2 Residing bet'een an #N( and an #N(2$8- the 0uh interface includes a

ne' #N( application protocol 4#N(3+6 for enabling highly2scalable- ad2hoc #N( deployment)

The interface also introduces an efficient- scalable method for transporting 0u control signaling

o,er the 0nternet)


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C-',,i/i0'ti*n */ /emt*0e--

Since a large number of femtocells can be installed by subscribers- in certain scenarios femtocell

access shall be restricted to certain subscribers 'ho are authenticated and authori7ed for e5clusi,e

access and related net'or. ser,ice)

3dditionally- femto (S can pro,ide a mechanism deli,ering initial access information 4e)g) (S

0D- frequency- closed group information- NS+- roaming capability6 of it:s o'n and neighboring

femto (Ss to any !Ss in order to facilitate their net'or. disco,ery/selection and entry

procedure to femtocells)emto (S can be classified into = types1

B',ed *n be'e 0*nne0ti*n 0':'bi-ity

Open femto (S 1 +ro,ides bearer connecti,ity 4full net'or. ser,ices6 toany !S

Closed femto (S 1 Only pro,ides bearer connecti,ity to allo'ed

4identifiable6 !S

B',ed *n initi'- '00e,, in/*m'ti*n 0':'bi-ity

0nitial access able femto (S 1 +ro,ides initial access information for any !Ss

0nitial access unable femto (S 1 Not allo' to pro,ide initial access

information

Femt*Ce-- O:en Ae', 'nd C%'--en.e,:

emtocells are a complicated technology and there ha,e been a number of issues and concerns

'hich need to be addressed1

Inte/een0e

The placement of a femtocell has a critical effect on the performance of the 'ider net'or.- and

this is one of the .ey issues to be addressed for successful deployment) (ecause femtocells can use

the same frequency bands as the con,entional cellular net'or.- there has been the 'orry that

rather than impro,ing the situation they could potentially cause problems)


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emtocell may be affected by the neighboring !S4s6 'hich associates 'ith different

!acro/emto (S4s6 0n order to find out the D" interference situation- !S needs to report the

scan result to 'hich it is associated)0n order to find out the *" interference situation- (Ss

should e5change the scan reports)

C*nt*2e,y *n 0*n,ume :*:*,iti*nThe impact of a femtocell is most often to impro,e

cellular co,erage- 'ithout the cellular carrier needing to impro,e their infrastructure 4cell to'ers-

etc)6) This is net gain for the cellular carrier) #o'e,er- the user must pro,ide and pay for an

internet connection to route the femtocell traffic- and then 4usually6 pay an additional one2off or

monthly fee to the cellular carrier) Some ha,e ob;ected to the idea that consumers are being as.ed

to pay to help relie,e net'or. shortcomings) On the other hand- residential femtocells normally

pro,ide a personal cell 'hich pro,ides benefits only to the o'ners family and friends)

u'-ity */ ,e2i0e 0n shared2band'idth approaches- 'hich are the ma;ority of designs

currently being de,eloped- the effect on uality of Ser,ice may be an issue)

EDui:ment -*0'ti*nThere are issues in this regard for access point base stations sold to

consumers for home installation- for e5ample) urther- a consumer might try to carry their base

station 'ith them to a country 'here it is not licensed)

Other regulatory issues relate to the requirement in most countries for the operator of a net'or. to

be able to sho' e5actly 'here each base2 station is located- and for EF


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Handover Operation

#ando,er 4called handoff in the *S6 is the process by 'hich a mobile phone s'itches bet'een

different call sites during a phone call- continuing 'ith seamless audio in both directions) One

of the most comple5 aspects of mobile phone systems) emtocell users need this capability

'hen entering or lea,ing their home Q perhaps a rare use case- but essential nonetheless)

H'nd*2e in M*bi-e P%*ne ,y,tem,

3s a person mo,e around 'hen on a call- your mobile phone continuously measures the signal

le,el and quality from nearby cell sites) These measurement reports are streamed to the current

acti,e base station- 'hich determines 'hen and 'here to initiate a hando,er sequence) Comple5

algorithms are used 'hen ma.ing these ;udgments- in order to ensure that best use is made of alla,ailable capacity 'hile reducing the li.elihood of dropping a call during 4or by postponing6 a

hando,er) 0n the case 'here connection to the current acti,e cell site is dropped- the system is

smart enough to allo' the mobile phone to request a ne' connection on a different cell site and

reconnect the call) This typically causes a short brea. of up to a fe' seconds in the con,ersation)

0f the call cannot be reconnected- then it drops out) @$ systems are slightly more comple5

because it is possible for a mobile to be acti,ely connected to more than one cell site at the same

time) This feature- called soft hando,er- allo's the same signal transmitted by a mobile phone to

be pic.ed up by multiple cell sites and the best quality reception selected on a continuous basis)

Femt*0e-- H'nd*2e

emtocells do not implement soft hando,er- regardless of the radio technology used) 0nstead- all

calls are s'itching instantly to or from the femtocell and the e5ternal outdoor cellular net'or.)

This is .no'n as hard hando,er and 'ould typically not be audible or noticeable to the caller)

The A$ and @$ systems from the same mobile net'or. co2e5ist- as is ,ery common 'ith $S!

and *!TS- and then hando,er bet'een A$ and @$ can also occur) Operators prefer to use @$

systems because of the higher traffic capacity and lo'er costs) Their systems are therefore

configured to automatically select @$ 'here good reception is a,ailable- re,erting to A$ 'hen

out of co,erage typically either in a rural area or inside building 'here @$ signals can:t so

easily penetrate 4due to operating at higher frequencies and ha,ing fe'er @$ call sites thus being

further a'ay6)


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O:timiin. H'nd*2e int* ' Femt*0e--

There are potentially three approaches to optimi7ing hando,er into a femtocell1

1 Addin. /emt*0e--, t* t%e nei.%b* -i,t, */ t%e *utd** m'0* 0e--, This is unli.ely

to be as scalable or 'or.able solution) 3lthough neighbor lists can be quite large- the time

ta.en to scan round many different settings increases proportionally) 0n dense urban areas- there

may potentially be some


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Ad2'nt'.e,

3 emtocell is used for compensating poor cellular co,erage inside the homes Q in some places) 3

emtocell can also gi,e lo'er call charges 'hile the caller calling from home- using the

emtocell as it directly connects to the core net'or. through the internet) Some ,endors are also

planning to incorporate all the three features Q 8i2i- cellular and DS" into the same bo5 to

achie,e ma5imum functionality)The ,oice calls/data calls through the emtocells are encrypted

and the cell phones automatically s'itches o,er to the emtocells 'hen they come in their

range Q eg) in homes- 'here they are installed) emtocell units can handle up to three or four

simultaneous calls- from the same operator- depending on the model) They can operate 'ith

normal cellphones- 'ithout any enhancements)emtocell units can help related cellular ser,ices

li.e @$ by offering a better speed and data rate 'hen inside buildings- 'here the co,erage and

data rate is generally lesser than outside) $enerally- the cell to'ers are bac.2hauled by

using lines 'ith band'idth of around !bps 4in some places6 and hence 'hen ne'er ser,ices

li.e @$ are introduced- these lines may not be sufficient and hence may require a upgrade)

(ut 'ith emtocells- since the subscribers internet connection is used- there may not be

an issue 'ith e5isting infrastructure if emtocells are adopted in a large scale) emtocells can not

only e5tend the cellular macro net'or. but can also become the primary net'or. if enough

emtocells are adopted in an area) So- all future upgrades etc) can be done by the emtocells

itself- reducing the number of macro base stations required to co,er an area Q but this is a long

shot- based on the current situation and the problems described

Femt*0e-- Bene/it, t* M*bi-e O:e't*,

0mpro,es co,erage

Reduces bac.haul traffic

+ro,ides capacity enhancements

Reduces churn Enables triple play 3ddresses the o0+ threat Stimulates @$ usage Captures

termination fees

T* end u,e,

3llo's for multiple u E5cellent net'or. co,erage 'hen there is no e5isting signal or

poor co,erage)


30/40

#igher capacity- 'hich is important if the end2user uses data ser,ices on his/her mobile

phone)

Depending on the pricing policy of the !NO- special tariffs at home can be applied

for calls placed under femtocell co,erage)

or enterprise users- ha,ing femtos instead of DECT or 8i2i dual mode phones

enables them to ha,e a single phone- so a single contact list etc)

BENEFITS OF FEMTOCELL

(etter co,erage and capacity ue to short transmit2recei,e distanc

"o'er transmit po'er

+rolong handset life

#igher S0NR

#igher spectral efficiency

(S can pro,ide better reception for mobile users

Traffic originating indoors can be absorbed into femtocell net'or.s o,er 0

Cost (enefit

B?-???/year/marcrocell ,s) A??/year/femtocell

Reduced subscriber turno,er

Enhanced home co,erage 'ill reduce moti,ation for users to s'itchcarrier

Reduced distance bet'een sender and recei,er leads to higher signal strength Lcapacity

impro,ementM

"o'ered transmit po'er decrease the interference for neighboring cells Lcapacity

impro,ementM

8i,'d2'nt'.e,


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Some internet data plans today- charge on the basis of band'idth used) So- as.ing the

subscriber to pay additional data charges for internet bac.2end connecti,ity for the core cellular

net'or. may not be easily accepted)

emtocells can support both open and closed usage) That is neighbouring subscribers may or may

not be allo'ed to connect to them) 0f they are- then the access control list needs to be managed by

the cellular net'or.) There 'ill also be a question on the o'nership and the location of

placement- in case of shared o'nerships) 0f they are not- then the indi,idual subscriber may

ha,e to pay the full price 4if they are not subsidised by the ,endor or operator6 for the

femtocells)

0f the emtocells are used to their full capacity- it may require around>?? bps Q 'hich is

a,ailable in broadband net'or.s Q but not for all plans) Similarly- there might be reduction in call

quality/ internet bro'sing if huge files are being do'nloaded from the internet simultaneously)

The determination of location of the emtocells becomes critical as the R channel in 'hich they

need to transmit 'ould be determined by their location and the R channels used by nearby

emtocells) (ut normally- a particular operator may ha,e licenses for different channels in

ad;acent geographic areas so there should not be any o,erlapping 'hich 'ould result in reduction

of quality of communications) 3lso- they should not interfere 'ith the R channel used by the

o,erlapping macro cell net'or.) or all these things- the determination of accurate location is

,ery important Q and it is not clear as to ho' the operators are planning to address this)

Se0uity

Femt*0e-- ,e0uity i,(,

There are a number of concerns that e5ist about femtocell security) (y categorising these

femtocell security concerns it is possible to address them and ensure that any ris.s are minimised)

U,e :i2'0y Since a ,ariety of data about the user- including the ,oice calls and data

themsel,es pass o,er the 0nternet) 3s a result it is necessary to pro,ide security for these 0+

communications and pre,ent any monitoring of the data)


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8eni'- */ ,e2i0e 'nd .ene'- ,e2i0e '2'i-'bi-ity 3 significant area of concern for ser,ice

pro,iders in terms of their femtocell security strategy arises from the fact that the lin. bet'een

the femtocell and the cellular core net'or. is across the 0nternet and it is 0+ based) 3ccordingly

the ser,ice pro,ider is open to denial of ser,ice attac.s 'hich o,erload the net'or. and degrade

the ser,ice or e,en totally pre,ent legitimate users accessing the cellular net'or.)

F'ud 'nd ,e2i0e t%e/t This form of femtocell security addresses the scenarios 'here

unauthorised users connect to the femtocell and use it in an unauthorised fashion) This may be

done to a,oid being charged for calls- or to transfer the costs of the calls to the authorised

femtocell user) This 'ould clearly gi,e significant ad,erse publicity 'hich 'ould not be 'anted

by the operator)

Femt*0e-- ,e0uity me',ue,

0n order to pre,ent femtocell security attac.s from succeeding- there are se,eral areas that

can be addressed1

U,e */ IP,e0 0n order to ensure that the femtocell security is maintained across the

0nternet 0+sec or 0+ security is used) The 0+sec standard is a 'idely used standard defined by the

0nternet Engineering Tas. orce 40ET6)

Femt*0e-- Se0ue Aut%enti0'ti*n 3uthentication is required by both the ser,ice pro,ider or

operator to ensure that ,alid femtocells are connecting to the core net'or.) 3dditionally

femtocells need to be correctly identified 'ithin the net'or.) emtocell security procedures using

S0! cards authentication or H)>?F are used)

)ie-e,, -in( ,e0uity The 'ireless lin. is an area 'here femtocell security is needed to ensurethat unauthorised users do not connect or ta.e o,er the femtocell) Techniques include ensuring

that the femtocll co,erage area does not e5ceed the physical area 'here the femtocell is to be

used)

EAP Eten,ib-e Aut%enti0'ti*n P*t*0*- This form of protocol is used in a number of

'ireless net'or.s and its use has been proposed for pro,iding femtocell security


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)i>Fi 2, FAP

H*me *utin.+ my 0e-- :%*ne

$oal 1 To get full net'or. co,erage at home

O:ti*n 1 Bin. t%e :%*ne t* t%e net3*(

0f your cell phone is equipped 'ith 8i2i capabilities- you can connect to your 8i2i router at

home and use a o0+ pro,ider to route your calls) There are se,eral cell phone models

already on the mar.et that fit this criteria) They are sometimes called dual2mode phones U

horrible name) This approach is also sometimes called o8i2i or e,en oi- short for,oice2o,er28ii) The i+hone has 8ii capabilities- so it could theoretically ma.e calls o,er

that channel- but 3pple didn:t include that functionality out of the bo5 4probably because it

'ould be counter to the interests of 3T&T- their carrier partner6) (ut- you can ma.e calls o,er

8ii using an i+hone by installing soft'are from Truphone)

O:ti*n # Bin. t%e net3*( t* t%e :%*ne

This is 'here femtocells come in) The idea is to put a mini cell to'er in your home) "ast 'ee.-

!otorola a nn o unced that it has started trials of femtocells 'ith an unidentified ma;or European

operator) 4Rumors say that it is Orange)6

Futue */ Femt*0e--

O:e't*, 2ie3

(y A?


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35/40

Femt* F*um

Femt*0e-- ?end*+,


36/40

S*me Femt*0e--,


37/40

C*n0-u,i*n

V emtocells are on a road to no'here)

V *nsatisfactory co,erage and the increasing number of high2data2rate application are t'odri,ing forces for femtocell de,elopment)

V +otential to pro,ide high quality net'or. access)

V +ro,ide huge capacity gain)

V Not li.ely to be an immediate and outright success)

Number of hard'are e,olutions 'ill probably be needed before form factor- usability and quality

of ser,ice are adequate)

V Can ta.e a couple of years)

V Therefore- the ma;or immediate benefit is impro,ing in2house co,erage especially in rural

regions- since A$ and @$ co,erage and capacity for urban users is usually sufficient for in2house

co,erage)


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REFRENCES

http1//''')thin.femtocell)com/system/'hatWareWfemtocells)html

http1//''')thin.femtocell)com/system/crystal2frequency2oscillators2in2emtocells)html

http1//''')femtoforum)org

''')google)com

''')lycos)com

(oo. by Kie Xhang- $uillaume de la Roche and En;ie "ie

'i.epedia
http://www.thinkfemtocell.com/system/what_are_femtocells.htmlhttp://www.thinkfemtocell.com/system/crystal-frequency-oscillators-in-Femtocells.htmlhttp://www.femtoforum.org/http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.lycos.com/http://www.thinkfemtocell.com/system/what_are_femtocells.htmlhttp://www.thinkfemtocell.com/system/crystal-frequency-oscillators-in-Femtocells.htmlhttp://www.femtoforum.org/http://www.google.com/http://www.lycos.com/


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report on femtocell

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