report on land reclamation report based on satellite data ... · land restoration / reclamation...

Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of

Open Cast Coal Mines of Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd.

Based on Satellite Data for the Year 2009

CMPDI A Miniratna Company

Talcher Coalfield, MCL

CMPDI

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Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of Open Cast Coal Mines of Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. based on Satellite Data for the Year 2009

March-2010

Remote Sensing Cell Geomatics Division CMPDI, Ranchi

CMPDI

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CONTENTS

Executive Summary iii-v 1.0 Background 1 2.0 Objective 2 3.0 Methodology 2 4.0 Work plan 6 5.0 Land Reclamation in Mahanadi Coalfields Limited 7

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Executive Summary

1.0 Project Land restoration / reclamation monitoring of 10 opencast coal

mines of Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. (MCL) producing 5 million cu.m. and more (Coal+OB) per year based on satellite data, regularly on annual basis.

2.0 Objective Objective of the land restoration / reclamation monitoring is to

assess the area of backfilled, plantation, social forestry, active mining area, water bodies, and distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest in the leasehold area of the project. This will help in assessing the progressive status of mined land reclamation and to take up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental protection.

3.0 Salient Findings

• Out of the total mine leasehold area of 86.25 Km2 of the 11 opencast projects of MCL viz. Ananata, Balram, Lingaraj, Bharatpur, Bhubaneswari, Jagannath, Hingula, Belpahar, Lakhanpur, Samleswari, Lajkura considered for monitoring during 2009-10; total mined out area is 31.09 Km2 (36.04%) of which 9.47 Km2 area (30.46%) has been planted, 7.55 Km2 area (24.28%) has been backfilled and 14.07 Km2 area (45.26%) is under active mining. It is evident from the analysis that 54.74% areas of the OC projects have already been reclaimed and balance 45.26% area is under active mining. Project wise details are given in Table-1 & Fig-1.

• On comparing the status of land reclamation for the year 2009 with respect to the year 2008 in different projects, it is evident from the analysis that area of land reclamation has increased from 15.85 Km2 (Yr. 2008) to 17.03 Km2 (Yr.2009). Out of 11 projects of MCL, Bharatpur OC ranks on top for land reclamation (66.66%) followed by Lajkura (66.19%) and Belpahar (60.82%).

• Area of plantation has increased from 7.64 Km2 (Yr.2008) to 9.47 Km2 (Yr.2009) in MCL. This increase in area of plantation is the result of the efforts of the MCL taken up towards environmental protection.

Table-1

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Year2008 Year 2009 Year 2008 Year 2009 Year 2008 Year 2009 Year 2008 Year 2009 Year 2008 Year 2009

i

1 Ananata 4.556 0.765 0.783 0.355 0.463 1.539 1.539 2.659 2.785 1.120 1.246

% 28.770 28.115 13.351 16.625 57.879 55.260 42.121 44.740

2 Balram 10.206 0.563 1.066 1.275 0.921 1.665 1.660 3.503 3.647 1.838 1.987

% 16.072 29.230 36.397 25.254 47.531 45.517 52.469 54.483

3 Lingaraj 7.263 0.404 0.631 0.626 0.555 1.598 1.724 2.628 2.910 1.030 1.186

% 15.373 21.684 23.820 19.072 60.807 59.244 39.193 40.756

4 Bharatpur 9.425 1.240 1.292 1.428 1.444 1.335 1.368 4.003 4.104 2.668 2.736

% 30.977 31.481 35.673 35.185 33.350 33.333 66.650 66.667

5 Bhubaneswari 7.326 0.000 0.056 0.112 0.161 0.152 0.247 0.264 0.464 0.112 0.217

% 0.000 12.069 42.424 34.698 57.576 53.233 42.424 46.767

6 Jagannath 4.989 1.643 1.716 0.550 0.575 1.692 1.703 3.885 3.994 2.193 2.291

% 42.291 42.964 14.157 14.397 43.552 42.639 56.448 57.361

7 Hingula 4.832 0.147 0.497 0.426 0.267 1.150 1.201 1.723 1.965 0.573 0.764

% 8.532 25.293 24.724 13.588 66.744 61.120 33.256 38.880

8 Belpahar 9.706 1.544 1.493 0.648 0.671 1.345 1.394 3.537 3.558 2.192 2.164

% 43.653 41.962 18.321 18.859 38.027 39.179 61.973 60.821

9 Lakhanpur 16.174 0.605 0.656 0.999 1.126 1.166 1.383 2.770 3.165 1.604 1.782

% 21.841 20.727 36.065 35.577 42.094 43.697 57.906 56.303

10 Samleswari 7.112 0.332 0.877 1.110 0.710 1.195 1.313 2.637 2.900 1.442 1.587

% 12.590 30.241 42.093 24.483 45.317 45.276 54.683 54.724

11 Lajkura 4.659 0.393 0.405 0.683 0.658 0.519 0.543 1.595 1.606 1.076 1.063

% 24.639 25.218 42.821 40.971 32.539 33.811 67.461 66.189

Total 86.248 7.636 9.472 8.212 7.551 13.356 14.075 29.204 31.098 15.848 17.023

% 26.147 30.459 28.119 24.281 45.733 45.260 54.267 54.740

ProjectsSl No.

Leasehold

Based on Satellite data of the Year 2008 and 2009

Total Mined out Area Total Reclaimed Area

Projectwise Land Reclaimation Status in OC projects of Mahnadi Coalfields Limited

Area in Sq Km (% Calculated in respect of total mined out area )

ii iii iv ii+iii+iv ii+iii

Plantation Backfilled Active Mining Area

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4.556

10.206

7.263

9.425

7.326

4.989

4.832

9.706

16.174

7.112

4.659

2.785

3.647

2.91

4.104

0.464

3.994

1.965

3.558

3.165

2.9 1.606

1.246

1.987

1.186

2.736

0.217

2.291

0.764

2.164

1.782

1.587

1.063

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Ananata Balram Lingaraj Bharatpur Bhubaneswari Jagannath Hingula Belpahar Lakhanpur Samleswari Lajkura

Area (Sq. Kms.)

OPEN CAST PROJECTS

PROJECT WISE STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN MCL

Leasehold

Mined out Area

Reclaimed Area

Year

Fig.1: Land reclamation status in OC projects of MCL in the year 2009

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1.0 Background

1.1 All human activities are based on the land which is most scarce natural resource in

our country. Per capita land availability in India is the lowest owing to high

population density and less land mass. Out of total 329 million hectare (mha) land

mass of the country, coal mining is limited to only on 0.10% (0.36mha) area. As per

XI Plan, to meet the energy demand of the country, coal production would be raised

to 680 million tonnes by the end of the year 2011-12 for which about 40,000 hectare

of land would have to be acquired for coal mining projects. It has been envisaged

that 85% coal production would be from opencast mines, which causes land

degradation due to ground breaking. There is an urgent need to reclaim and restore

the mined out land for its productive use for sustainable development of the coal

mining. This will not only mitigate environmental degradation, but would also enable

coal companies to offer the restored lands to displaced families which would help in

creating a more congenial environment for land acquisition in future.

1.2 Keeping above in view, Coal India Ltd. requested Central Mine Planning & Design

Institute (CMPDI), Ranchi who has well equipped remote sensing facilities and

capabilities to develop an effective system of surveillance for land reclamation/

restoration for all the opencast coal mines with production of more than 5 million cu.

m. per annum (Coal + OB taken together) based remote sensing satellite data,

regularly on annual basis for sustainable development of mining operation within

command area of CIL and its subsidiaries. The annual land reclamation/restoration

status report of all such mines to be put on the website of CIL,

(www.coalindia.nic.in), CMPDI (www.cmpdi.co.in) and the concerned coal

companies in public domain. Detail report to be submitted to State Pollution Control

Board and MoEF and concerned CIL’s subsidiaries. Such monitoring would not only

facilitate in taking timely mitigation measures against environmental degradation,

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but would also enable coal companies to utilize the reclaimed land for larger socio-

economic benefits in a planned way.

1.3 CMPDI undertook the above assignment in the year 2008-09 under 100 days

programme of Ministry of Coal (MoC) Govt. of India. Report was submitted to MoC,

CIL and Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. (MCL). During 2008-09, only 6 projects viz.

Ananata, Balram, Lingaraj, Bharatpur, Bhubaneswari and Jagannath were analysed

under 100 days programme of MoC. During 2009-10, all the 11 projects of MCL

were analysed based on satellite data of the year 2009 in addition to balance 5

project viz. Hingula, Belpahar, Lakhanpur, Samleswari and Lajkura based on the

satellite data of 2008, so that all the OC projects can be brought on same baseline

t.e. 2008 for assessing the changes in land reclamation status. Present report is

embodying the finding of the study carried out during 2009-10 for the OC projects of

Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL).

2.0 Objective

Objective of the land reclamation/restoration monitoring is to assess the area of

backfilled, plantation, OB dumps, social forestry, active mining area, settlements

and water bodies, distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest land in the

leasehold area of the project. This is an important step taken up for assessing the

progressive status of mined land reclamation and for taking up remedial measures,

if any, required for environmental protection.

3.0 Methodology

There are number of steps involved between raw satellite data procurement and

preparation of final map. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Hyderabad,

being the nodal agency for satellite data supply in India, provides only raw digital

satellite data, which needs further digital image processing for extracting the

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information and map preparation before uploading the same in the website.

Methodology for land reclamation monitoring is given in given in Fig 1. Following

steps are involved in land reclamation /restoration monitoring:

Figure: 1 - Methodology for Land Reclamation Monitoring

3.1 Data Procurement: After browsing the data quality and date of pass on internet,

supply order for data is placed to NRSC. Secondary data like leasehold boundary,

topo sheets are procured for creation of vector database.

3.2 Satellite Data Processing: Satellite data are processed using PCI GEOMATICA

/ ERDAS IMAGINE digital image processing s/w. Methodology involves the

following major steps:

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• Rectification & Georeferencing: Inaccuracies in digital imagery may occur

due to ‘systematic errors’ attributed to earth curvature and rotation as well

as ‘non-systematic errors’ attributed to satellite receiving station itself. Raw

digital images contain geometric distortions, which make them unusable as

maps. Therefore, georeferencing is required for correction of image data

using ground control points (GCP) to make it compatible to SoI toposheet.

• Image enhancement:

To improve the interpretability of the raw data, image enhancement is

necessary. local operations modify the value of each pixel based on

brightness value of neighbouring pixels using PCI Geomatica / ERDAS

IMAGINE 9.3 s/w. and enhance the image quality for interpretation.

• Training set selection

Training set requires to be selected, so that software can classify the image

data accurately. The image data are analysed based on the interpretation

keys. These keys are evolved from certain fundamental image-elements

such as tone/colour, size, shape, texture, pattern, location, association and

shadow. Based on the image-elements and other geo-technical elements

like land form, drainage pattern and physiography; training sets were

selected/identified for each land use/cover class. Field survey was carried

out by taking selective traverses in order to collect the ground information

(or reference data) so that training sets are selected accurately in the

image. This was intended to serve as an aid for classification.

• Classification and Accuracy assessment

Image classification is carried out using the maximum likelihood algorithm.

The classification proceeds through the following steps: (a) calculation of

statistics [i.e. signature generation] for the identified training areas, and (b)

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the decision boundary of maximum probability based on the mean vector,

variance, covariance and correlation matrix of the pixels. After evaluating

the statistical parameters of the training sets, reliability test of training sets is

conducted by measuring the statistical separation between the classes that

resulted from computing divergence matrix. The overall accuracy of the

classification was finally assessed with reference to ground truth data.

• Area calculation

The area of each land use class in the leasehold is determined using PCI

Geomatica v10.1 / ERDAS IMAGINE v. 9.3 software.

• Overlay of Vector data base

Vector data base created based on secondary data. Vector layer like

drainage, railway line, leasehold boundary, forest boundary etc. are

superimposed on the image as vector layer in the Arc GIS database.

• Pre-field map preparation

Pre-field map is prepared for validation of the classification result

3.3 Ground Truthing:

Selective ground verification of the land use classes are carried out in the field and

necessary corrections if required, are incorporated before map finalization.

3.4 Land reclamation database on GIS:

Land reclamation database is created on GIS platform to identify the temporal

changes identified from satellite data of different cut-of dates.

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4.0 Work Plan

4.1 Eleven opencast projects of MCL producing more than 5 million cubic m. (Coal +

OB together) during the year 2009 which have been taken up for land restoration /

reclamation monitoring based on the RESOURCESAT-1(L-IV) satellite data using

ERDAS Imaging digital image processing s/w on GIS platform. In addition to the

above, five projects viz. Hingula, Belpahar, Lakhanpur, Samleswari and Lajkura

were also processed based on satellite data of the year 2008. Land reclamation

monitoring will be carried out regularly on annual basis to assess the progressive

status of land restoration / reclamation in the above opencast mines. The report of

this study has been uploaded on the website of CMPDI, CIL & MCL in public

domain.

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5.0 Land Reclamation Status in Mahanadi Coalfields Limited

5.1 Following eleven opencast projects of MCL were taken up for land reclamation

monitoring during year 2009 in addition to the 5 OC projects viz. Hingula, Belpahar,

Lakhanpur, Samleswari and Lajkura based on satellite data of the year 2008.

� Ananata

� Balram

� Lingaraj

� Bharatpur

� Bhubaneswari

� Jagannath

� Hingula

� Belpahar

� Lakhanpur

� Samleswari

� Lajkura

5.2 Study reveals that out of total 31.09 Km2 mined out area; 17.02 Km2 area (54.74%)

has already been reclaimed. Out of which 9.47 Km2 (30.46%) area has been

revegitated and 7.55 Km2 (24.28%) area are backfilled.

5.3 Analysis of satellite data indicates that area of plantation has increased from 7.63

Km2 (2008) to 9.47 Km2 (2009). This increase of 1.84 Km2 plantation area in one

year indicates that MCL is committed for reclamation of mine land for maintaining

the ecological balance in the region.

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Table 4.1: STATUS OF LAND RESTORATION / RECLAMATION IN MAHANADI COALFIELD LIMITED BASED ON SATELLITE DATA OF THE YEAR 2009

Area. % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area %

Dense Forest 0.081 1.78 0.965 9.45 0.700 9.64 1.560 16.55 0.880 12.01 0.115 0.00 0.160 3.31 0.358 3.68 1.778 10.97 0.729 10.21 0.135 2.90

Open Forest 0.356 7.81 0.057 0.56 0.462 6.36 0.393 4.16 0.551 7.52 0.007 0.13 0.253 5.24 1.304 13.39 4.294 26.50 0.975 13.66 0.960 20.52

Total Forest 0.437 9.58 1.022 10.01 1.163 16.00 1.952 20.71 1.430 19.53 0.122 2.44 0.413 8.55 1.662 17.07 6.071 37.47 1.703 23.88 1.095 23.42

Scrubs 0.249 5.46 1.104 10.82 1.523 20.96 1.153 12.24 1.155 15.76 0.024 0.48 1.250 25.86 0.400 4.11 2.042 12.61 1.093 15.32 0.623 13.32

Social Plantation 0.009 0.20 0.110 1.08 0.034 0.053 0.57 0.056 0.77 0.000 0.00 0.189 3.91 0.045 0.46 0.000 0.00 0.025 0.34 0.000 0.00

Plantation on OB Dump 0.774 16.98 0.956 9.37 0.597 8.22 1.239 13.15 0.000 0.00 1.716 34.40 0.308 6.37 1.448 14.87 0.656 4.05 0.853 11.95 0.405 8.66

Total Plantation 0.783 17.19 1.066 10.448 0.631 8.220 1.292 13.710 0.056 0.770 1.716 34.399 0.497 10.283 1.493 15.337 0.656 4.05 0.877 12.293 0.405 8.66

Total Vegetation(A) 1.468 32.231 3.193 31.282 3.317 45.189 4.398 46.661 2.642 36.059 1.862 37.320 2.160 44.699 3.556 36.516 8.770 54.13 3.673 51.485 2.122 45.39

Coal Quarry 1.507 33.08 1.330 13.03 1.625 22.37 1.258 13.35 0.172 2.35 1.644 32.96 0.947 19.59 1.311 13.47 1.283 7.92 1.240 17.38 0.543 11.62

Barren OB Dump 0.463 10.15 0.921 9.02 0.555 7.64 1.444 15.32 0.161 2.20 0.575 11.53 0.267 5.53 0.671 6.89 1.126 6.95 0.710 9.95 0.658 14.07

Coal Dump 0.032 0.69 0.330 3.23 0.099 1.36 0.110 1.17 0.075 1.03 0.059 1.18 0.255 5.27 0.082 0.85 0.099 0.61 0.074 1.03 0.000 0.00

Total Mining Area(B) 2.002 43.93 2.581 25.29 2.278 31.37 2.812 29.84 0.409 5.58 2.279 45.68 1.468 30.39 2.064 21.20 2.508 15.48 2.023 28.36 1.201 25.69

Crop lands 0.033 0.72 2.375 23.27 0.342 4.70 0.540 5.73 1.366 18.65 0.007 0.13 0.533 11.03 0.335 3.44 1.285 7.93 0.104 1.45 0.149 3.18

Total Agricultural( C) 0.033 0.72 2.375 23.27 0.342 4.70 0.540 5.73 1.366 18.65 0.007 0.13 0.533 11.03 0.335 3.44 1.285 7.93 0.104 1.45 0.149 3.18

Wastelands 0.642 14.09 0.543 5.32 0.682 9.39 0.599 6.35 2.442 33.34 0.019 0.38 0.009 0.18 2.879 29.56 3.098 19.12 0.824 11.55 0.994 21.26

Sand Body 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00

Ash Pond 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00

Total Wastelands(D) 0.642 14.09 0.543 5.32 0.682 9.39 0.599 6.35 2.442 33.34 0.019 0.38 0.009 0.18 2.879 29.56 3.098 19.12 0.824 11.55 0.994 21.26

Urban Settlement 0.000 0.00 0.075 0.74 0.092 1.26 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.01 0.024 0.50 0.074 0.76 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00

Rural Settlement 0.039 0.85 0.444 4.35 0.301 4.15 0.205 2.17 0.421 5.75 0.000 0.00 0.120 2.49 0.191 1.96 0.150 0.93 0.082 1.15 0.000 0.00

Industrial Settlement 0.137 3.00 0.395 3.87 0.180 2.48 0.175 1.86 0.015 0.20 0.225 4.51 0.033 0.69 0.155 1.59 0.084 0.52 0.100 1.40 0.125 2.68

Total Settelements(E) 0.175 3.85 0.915 8.97 0.573 7.88 0.380 4.03 0.436 5.95 0.225 4.515 0.177 3.671 0.420 4.309 0.234 1.45 0.182 2.552 0.125 2.68

Waterbodies(F) 0.236 5.18 0.599 5.87 0.072 0.99 0.696 7.39 0.031 0.43 0.598 11.98 0.484 10.02 0.485 4.98 0.307 1.89 0.328 4.60 0.084 1.79

Total(A+B+C+D+E+F) 4.556 100.00 10.206 100.00 7.263 99.53 9.425 100.00 7.326 100.00 4.989 100.00 4.832 100.00 9.737 100.00 16.203 100.00 7.134 100.00 4.676 100.00

Note : The colour of the classes correspond to the colours on the Land Use Map

Belpahar Lakhanpur Samleswari Lajkura

Min

ing A

rea

Agriculture

Bharatpur Bhubaneswari Jagannath

Waste

lands

Hingula

Wate

rbodie

s

Area are in square Kilometer

Settle

ments

Vegeta

tion C

over

Ananata Balram Lingaraj

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Plate 7.1

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Plate 7.2

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Plate 7.3

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Plate 7.4

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Plate 7.5

CMPDI

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Plate 7.6

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Plate 7.7

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Plate 7.8

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Plate 7.9

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7.10

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Plate 7.11

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Plate 7.12

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Plate 7.13

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Plate 7.14

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Plate 7.15

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Plate 7.16

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0

0

1

1

2

2

2

Settlement Plantation Vegetation Cover

Wasteland Mining Area Surface water

0.19

0.77

0.85

0.39

1.89

0.20

0.18

0.78

0.69

0.64

2.00

0.24A

rea (Sq. Kms.)

Landuse /Cover Classes

STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN ANANTA OCP

2008

2009

Year

Figure 7.1

0

1

2

3

Setllement Plantation Vegetation Cover


1.05

0.56

2.67

0.67

2.94

0.43

0.92

1.07

2.13 0.54

2.58

0.60

Area (Sq. Kms.)


STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN BALRAM OCP

2008

2009

Year

Figure 7.2

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0

1

2

3



0.63

0.40

1.77

0.56

2.22

0.08

0.57

0.63

2.69

0.68

2.28

0.07

Area (Sq. Kms.)


STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN LINGRAJ OCP

2008

2009

Year

Figure 7.3

0

1

2

3

4



0.43

1.24

3.11 0.88

2.76

0.62

0.38

1.29

3.11

0.60

2.81

0.70

Area (Sq. Kms.)


STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN BHARATPUR OCP

2008

2009

Year

Figure 7.4

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0

1

2

3



0.48 0.00

2.67

1.31 0.26

0.01

0.44 0.06

2.59

2.44

0.41 0.03

Area (Sq. Kms.)


STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN BHUBANESWARI OCP

2008

2009

Year

Figure 7.5

0

1

2

3



0.22

1.64 0

.27

0.01

2.24

0.60

0.23

1.72

0.15

0.02

2.28

0.60A

rea (Sq. Kms.)


STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN JAGANNATH OCP

2008

2009

Year

Figure 7.6

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0

1

2



0.17

0.15

1.53

0.37

1.58

0.360.18

0.50

1.66

0.01

1.47

0.48

Area (Sq. Kms.)


STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN HINGULA OCP

2008

2009

Year

Figure 7.7

0

1

2

3

4



0.33

1.54

3.53

1.60

1.99 0.52

0.42

1.49

2.06

2.88

2.06 0.49

Area (Sq. Kms.)


STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN BELPAHAR OCP

2008

2009

Year

Figure 7.8

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11



0.23

0.61

10.94

1.22 2.17

0.37

0.23

0.66

8.11

3.10

2.51

0.31

Area (Sq. Kms.)


STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN LAKHANPUR OCP

2008

2009

Year

Figure 7.9

0

1

2

3



0.15

0.33

2.74

1.18

2.31

0.33

0.18

0.88

2.80

0.82

2.02

0.33

Area (Sq. Kms.)


STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN SAMLESHHWARI OCP

2008

2009

Year

Figure 7.10

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0

1

2

3



0.10

0.39

2.25

0.53

1.20

0.08

0.13

0.41

1.72

0.99

1.20 0.08

Area (Sq. Kms.)


STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN LAJKURA OCP

2008

2009

Year

Figure 7.11

Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd. (A Subsidiary of Coal India Ltd.)

Gondwana Place, Kanke Road, Ranchi 834031, Jharkhand

Phone : (+91) 651 2230001, 2230002, 2230483, FAX (+91) 651 2231447, 2231851

Wesite : www.cmpdi.co.in, Email : [email protected]

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