Commodity -1 MANGO

2. INTRODUCTION

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) belonging to Family Anacardiaceae is the

most important commercially grown fruit crop of the country.  It is called

the king of fruits.  India has the richest collection of mango cultivars. 

3. BACKGROUND

3.1 Origin

Cultivation of mango is believed to have originated in S.E. Asia. Mango is

being cultivated in southern Asia for nearly six thousand years.

3.2 Area & Production 

India ranks first among world’s mango producing countries accounting for

about 50% of the world’s mango production.  Other major mango producing

countries include China, Thailand, Mexico, Pakistan, Philippines, Indonesia,

Brazil, Nigeria and Egypt. India’s share is around 52% of world production.

An increasing trend has been observed in world mango production averaging

22 million metric tonnes per year. Worldwide production is mostly

concentrated in Asia, accounting for 75% followed by South and Northern

America with about 10% share.

Production mangoes in India during 2006-2007 were shown in below table.

Producing States are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka,

Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.  Other

States where mangoes are grown include Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Haryana,

Punjab etc. (Ref. Table-1)

The state-wise area and production of mangoes are given in Table 1 below:

Table 1 : State-wise Area, Production & Productivity

of Mangoes during 2006-2007

Source : Database of National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture , Govt. of India.

3.3 Economic Importance

The fruit is very popular with the masses due to its wide range of

adaptability, high nutritive value, richness in variety, delicious taste and

excellent flavour.  It is a rich source of vitamin A and C. The fruit is

consumed raw or ripe. Good mango varieties contain 20% of total soluble

State Production In Tonnes

Percentage Share in Total

ANDHRA PRADESH 3194300.00 25.48\UTTAR PRADESH 2673300.00 21.32KARNATAKA 1236800.00 9.86BIHAR 1222700.00 9.75OTHERS 809100.00 6.45GUJARAT 772100.00 6.16MAHARASHTRA 638600.00 5.09TAMIL NADU 537800.00 4.29WEST BENGAL 513300.00 4.09KERALA 511100.00 4.08ORRISA 428800.00 3.42Total 12,537,900

sugars. The acid content of ripe desert fruit varies from 0.2 to 0.5 % and

protein content is about 1 %.

Raw fruits of local varieties of mango trees are used for preparing various

traditional products like raw slices in brine, amchur, pickle, murabba,

chutney, panhe (sharabat) etc. Presently, the raw fruit of local varieties of

mango are used for preparing pickle and raw slices in brine on commercial

scale while fruits of Alphonso variety are used for squash in coastal western

zone.

The wood is used as timber, and dried twigs are used for religious purposes.

The mango kernel also contains about 8-10% good quality fat which can be

used for saponification.  Its starch is used in confectionery industry.

Mango also has medicinal uses. The ripe fruit has fattening, diuretic and

laxative properties. It helps to increase digestive capacity.

4. MARKET ANALYSIS AND STRATEGY

4.1 Demand and Supply patterns

4.1.1 World Trade

Among internationally traded tropical fruits, mango ranks only second to

pineapple in quantity and value. Major markets for fresh and dried mangoes

were: Malaysia, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong and the Netherlands, while

for canned mango were: Netherlands, Australia, United Kingdom, Germany,

France and USA.

Southeast Asian buyers consume mangoes all year round. Their supplies

come mainly from India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia,

Philippines, Australia and most recently South Africa.

Each exporting country has its own varieties, which differ in shape, colour

and flavour. Prices are very low for Indonesian and Thailand fruit and are on

the higher side for Indian fruit. In the United States of America, the prices

vary with the season, higher prices found during February and March, when

mango availability is lowest.

Most international trade in fresh mangoes takes place within short distances.

Mexico, Haiti and Brazil account for the majority of North America’s

imports.  India and Pakistan are the predominant suppliers to the West

Asian market.  Southeast Asian countries get most of their supplies from

the Philippines and Thailand. European Union buyers source mangoes from

South America and Asia. Although Asia accounts for 75 percent of world

production, its dominance does not translate into international trade.

4.1.2 International Markets for Indian Mango

Asian producers find it easier to expand sales to the European Union.

Europe’s acceptance of different varieties is greater, because of a large

demand from Asian immigrant groups. Phytosanitary restrictions are less

stringent.  Transportation costs are not as big a factor in exporting mangoes

to the European Union as in exporting to the United States market: for

example, India and Pakistan are able to compete with non-Asian suppliers to

the European Union, whereas proximity gives Mexico and Haiti a clear

advantage in supplying to the United States market.

Fifty-four percent of European Union imports enter during the periods May

to July and November to December, with peak imports in June. French

imports reach peak in April and May, whereas United Kingdom imports are

concentrated during the May to July.  German imports are spread more

evenly throughout the year. Of the top suppliers, Brazil provided chiefly

during the period November to December, the United States during June to

October, South Africa during January to April and Venezuela during April

to July. Pakistan supplies the majority of its exports to the European Union

during June and July;

Indian exports take place mainly during the month of May.

Although a lion’s share of Indian mango goes to the Gulf countries, efforts

are being made to exploit European, American and Asian markets. About

13,000 MT of Alphonso variety is exported to Middle East, UK and

Netherlands every year.  

The different products of mango which are exported include mango chutney,

pickles, jam, squash, pulp, juice, nectar and slices. These are being exported

to U.K., U.S.A., Kuwait and Russia. Besides these, the fresh mangoes are

being exported to Bangladesh, Bahrain, France, Kuwait, Malaysia, Nepal,

Singapore and U.K.

The varieties in demand at the international market include Kent, Tomy

Atkin, Alphonso and Kesar.  Varieties such as Alphonso, Dashehari, Kesar,

Banganapalli and several other varieties that are currently in demand in the

international markets are produced and exported from India.

‘Mahamango’, a co-operative society was established in 1991 with the

support of Maharashtra State Agricultural & Marketing Board (Pune). This

was mainly formed to boost the export of Alphonso mangoes as well as for

domestic marketing.  Facilities like pre-cooling, cold storages, pack house,

grading packing line etc. have been made available at the facility centre of

Mahamango for which the financial assistance was given by APEDA, New

Delhi and Maharashtra State Agricultural & Marketing Board (Pune).

A similar type of association named ‘MANGROW’ has been formed for the

export of Kesar mangoes from Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.

4.2 Import/Export trends

 

India's mango exports were 79,060.88 MT worth Rs 14,193.99 lakh in

2006-2007. 

The trend in export of mangoes during (Value in Rs. Lakh, Quantity in MT)

CountryQTY

(2004-2005)Value

(2004-2005)QTY

(2005-2006)Value

(2005-2006)QTY

(2006-2007)Value

(2006-2007)U.A.E. 10,338.61 2,903.54 26,533.76 7,304.40 22,045.51 6,581.02BANGLADESH 32,503.22 2,971.66 32,770.90 2,766.36 42,887.52 3,994.83U.K. 1,308.56 745.77 839.97 537.93 1,883.19 1,141.28

NEPAL 3,400.94 269.64 4,116.01 322.98 8,055.73 707.26SAUDI ARABIA 2,300.53 747.78 1,564.15 442.2 1,323.56 422.32KUWAIT 267.96 150.45 104.59 107.32 428.04 244.89BAHRAIN 848.69 214.06 620.81 243.56 489.32 171.76SINGAPORE 159.63 84.46 242.24 91.83 230.86 131.8OMAN 143.4 42.74 226.69 75.79 170.08 118.65SWITZERLAND 39.7 23.72 9.01 14.72 167.71 105.41MALAYSIA 185 49.8 243.66 60.21 332.22 86.72NETHERLANDS 532 212.68 260.86 131.52 242.79 84.87JAPAN 237.24 123.36 70.16 47.3 74.54 54.05QATAR 160.29 48.49 40.45 21.8 90.99 45.88CANADA 28.19 13.69 323.77 136.49 75.11 44.84GERMANY 82.55 43.33 4.25 3.66 58.84 40.3HONG KONG 38.5 23.78 29.88 17.83 49.92 33.47BELGIUM 31.45 32.79 20 8.53 57.03 29.53FRANCE 41.79 13.38 158.84 74.01 63.44 28.99YAMEN ARAB REPU 228.75 44.49 680 116.49 63.8 21.39UKRAINE 18.52 8.68 0 0 25.84 14.15AUSTRALIA 1.5 0.64 5.97 1.31 4.44 9.66BRUNEI 9.88 4.09 6.3 1.89 14.6 9.33KOREA REPUBLIC 0.3 0.42 27.39 11.72 21.69 9.19BARBODOS 0 0 0 0 19 9.08RUSSIA 68.03 20.34 0 0 4.94 8.12MALTA 0 0 54 23.31 18 7.83CONGO 1 0.15 0 0 58.8 6.83NORWAY 117.88 28.31 0.9 0.26 10.67 4.88OTHER COUNTRY 0 0 0 0 5.77 4.79VIETNAM 0 0 61 17.65 20.5 3.74BHUTAN 0 0 0 0 40 3.2ITALY 0.7 0.97 2 0.29 3.9 3.18SPAIN 0.55 0.27 0 0 1.09 1.95MALDIVES 4.4 1.2 20.82 5.14 6.52 1.68PAKISTAN 0 0 34.18 6.32 3 1.57SWAJILAND 2.16 2.25 0.4 0.27 0.8 1.17CAYMAN ISLANDS 0 0 0 0 1.8 0.85AUSTRIA 0.07 0.05 0 0 1.29 0.83NEWZEALAND 4.88 1.85 18.5 5.97 3 0.74THAILAND 5.44 7.58 0 0 0.98 0.62POLAND 0 0 0 0 0.31 0.46BAHAMAS 0 0 0 0 0.6 0.3BOSNIA-HRZGOVIN 1.17 0.17 0.5 0.68 2.5 0.27SWEDEN 0.25 0.14 0.56 0.09 0.2 0.14CHINA 1.09 0.5 0.55 0.18 0.1 0.06EGYPT 0 0 0 0 0.07 0.02TURKEY 23.36 13.03 0 0 0.03 0.02U.S.A. 34.86 18.24 83.21 42.29 0.06 0.02

DENMARK 0.02 0.02 0 0 0.05 0.02SOUTH AFRICA 0.4 0.36 21 2.47 0 0.01PORTUGAL 41.15 22.6 0 0 0.01 0.01SRI LANKA 10 1.29 0 0 0.1 0.01ALGERIA 0 0 34 19.25 0 0INDONESIA 0 0 0 0 0.01 0GEORGIA 0.01 0 0 0 0 0CANARY ISLAND 0 0 53 4.87 0 0ERITREA 40 8.38 0 0 0 0GUINEA 0.45 0.44 0 0 0 0ISREAL 0 0 12.8 4.01 0 0SLOVAK REP. 0 0 4 0.45 0 0JORDAN 88 27.11 0 0 0 0HUNGRY 0.03 0.01 0 0 0 0KENYA 2.1 0.35 0 0 0 0CHINESE TAIPEI 0 0 23.41 9.84 0 0BRAZIL 0 0 1.5 1.11 0 0SOMALIA 0 0 0 0 0.01 0IRAN 17 4.92 241.6 107.76 0 0MAURITIUS 0.3 0.51 0 0 0 0SUDAN 105 24.07 0 0 0 0FRENCH POLYNESI 0 0 17 8.87 0 0FINLAND 0.04 0.02 20 9.47 0 0ETHIOPIA 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0GREECE 2.49 2.51 2 0.76 0 0

Total 53,480.04 8,961.09 69,606.59 12,811.16 79,060.88 14,193.99

4.3 Analysis and Future Strategy

Mango has an established export market and poses bright opportunities for

export in the international market whether in fresh or processed forms.

Similarly, the mango industry has provided livelihood opportunities to its

growers and those involved in its marketing channel.

Creation of essential infra-structure for preservation, cold storage,

refrigerated transportation, rapid transit, grading, processing, packaging and

quality control are the important aspects which needs more attention.

There is need for developing processing industries in the southern region of

the country where post harvest losses in handling and marketing are higher.  

There is scope to establish mango preservation factories in cooperative

sector.  Mango growers cooperatives on the lines of Mahamango need to

encouraged to come up in major mango producing States.  This will add to

their income through processing and create additional employment

opportunities for the rural people.

Considerable amount of waste material, e.g, mango stones, peels remain

unutilized which can be used properly by the processors to earn more profit.

This will also help to improve sanitary conditions around factory premises.

5. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY:

5.1 Agro-climatic requirements

Mango is well adapted to tropical and sub-tropical climates. It thrives well in

almost all the regions of the country but cannot be grown commercially in

areas above 600 m. It cannot stand severe frost, especially when the tree is

young. High temperature by itself is not so injurious to mango, but in

combination with low humidity and high winds, it affects the tree adversely.

Mango varieties usually thrive well in places with rainfall in the range of 75-

375 cm. /annum and dry season. The distribution of rainfall is more

important than its amount. Dry weather before blossoming is conducive to

profuse flowering. Rain during flowering is detrimental to the crop as it

interferes with pollination. However, rain during fruit development is good

but heavy rains cause damage to ripening fruits. Strong winds and cyclones

during fruiting season can play havoc as they cause excessive fruit drop.

Loamy, alluvial, well drained, aerated and deep soils rich in organic matter

with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 are ideal for mango cultivation.

5.2 Growing and Potential Belts

Mango is cultivated in almost all the states of India. The state-wise growing

belts are given in the following :

State Growing belts

Andhra Pradesh Krishna, East and West Godavari, Vishakhapatnam,

Srikakulam, Chittoor, Adilabad, Khamman, Vijaynagar

Chhattisgarh Jabalpur, Raipur, Bastar

Gujarat Bhavnagar, Surat, Valsad, Junagarh, Mehsana, Khera

Haryana Karnal, Kurushetra

Jammu & Kashmir Jammu, Kathwa, Udhampur

Jharkhand Ranchi, Sindega, Gumla, Hazaribagh, Dumka, Sahibganj,

Godda.

Karnataka Kolar, Bangalore, Tumkur, Kagu

Kerala Kannur, Palakkad, Trissur, Malappuram

Madhya Pradesh Rewa, Satna, Durg, Bilaspur, Bastar, Ramnandgaon, Rajgari,

Jabalpur, Katni, Balagha

Maharashtra Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Raigarh

Orissa Sonepur, Bolangir, Gajapati, Koraput, Rayagada, Gunpur,

Malkanpuri, Dhenkanal, Ganjam, Puri

Punjab Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Ropar

Tamil Nadu Dharmapuri, Vellore, Tiruvallur, Theni, Madurai

Uttaranchal Almora, Nainital, Dehradun, Bageshwar, UdhamSingh Nagar,

Haridwar

Uttar Pradesh Saharanpur, Bulandshahar, Lucknow, Faizabad, Varanasi

West Bengal Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia

5.3 Varieties Cultivated

In India, about 1,500 varieties of mango are grown including 1,000

commercial varieties. Each of the main varieties of mango has an unique

taste and flavour.

Based on time of ripening , varieties may be classified as under :

Early - Bombai, Bombay Green , Himsagar, Kesar,

Suvernarekha

Mid-season - Alphonso, Mankurad, Bangalora, Vanraj,

Banganapalli, Dashehari, Langra, Kishen Bhog,

Zardalu, Mankurad

Late - Fazli, Fernandin, Mulgoa, Neelum, Chausa

Hybrids:

Amrapalli (Dashehari x Neelum), Mallika (Neelum x Dashehari), Arka

Aruna (Banganapalli x Alphonso), Arka Puneet (Alphonso x Janardhan

Pasand), Arka Neelkiran (Alpohonso x Neelum), Ratna (Neelum x

Alphonso), Sindhu (Ratna x Alphonso), Au Rumani (Rumani x Mulgoa),

Manjeera (Rumani x Neelum), PKM 1 (Chinnasuvernarekha x Neelum),

Alfazli, Sunder Langra, Sabri, Jawahar, Neelphonso, Neeleshan,

Neeleshwari, PKM 2 (very few of these hybrid varieties are grown

commercially in the country).

The important mango varieties cultivated in different states of India are

given below :

State Varieties grownAndhra Pradesh - Allumpur Baneshan, Banganapalli, Bangalora, Cherukurasam,

Himayuddin, Suvernarekha, Neelum, TotapuriBihar - Bathua, Bombai, Himsagar, Kishen Bhog, Sukul, Gulab Khas,

Zardalu, Langra, Chausa, Dashehari, FazliGoa - Fernandin, MankuradGujarat - Alphonso, Kesar, Rajapuri, Vanraj, Jamadar, Totapuri, Neelum,

Dashehari, LangraHaryana - Dashehari, Langra, Sarauli, Chausa, FazliHimachal Pradesh - Chausa, Dashehari, LangraJharkhand - Jardalu, Amrapalli, Mallika, Bombai, Langra, Himsagar, Chausa,

GulabkhasKarnataka - Alphonso, Bangalora, Mulgoa, Neelum, Pairi, Baganapalli, TotapuriKerala - Mundappa, Olour, PairiMadhya Pradesh - Alphonso, Bombay Green, Langra, Sunderja, Dashehari, Fazli,

Neelum, Amrapalli, MallikaMaharashtra - Alphonso, Mankurad, Mulgoa, Pairi, Rajapuri, Kesar, Gulabi, Vanraj

Orissa - Baneshan, Langra, Neelum, Suvarnarekha, Amrapalli, MallikaPunjab - Dashehari, Langra, Chausa, MaldaRajasthan - Bombay Green, Chausa, Dashehari, LangraTamil Nadu - Banganapalli, Bangalora, Neelum, Rumani, Mulgoa, Alphonso,

TotapuriUttar Pradesh - Bombay Green, Dashehari, Langra, Safeda Lucknow, Chausa, FazliWest Bengal - Bombai, Himsagar, Kishen Bhog, Langra, Fazli, Gulabkhas,

Amrapalli, Mallika

5.4 Planting

5.4.1 Planting Material

Mango can be propagated from seed or propagated vegetatively. Plants are

generally propagated vegetatively by using several techniques like veneer

grafting, inarching and epicotyl grafting etc.

5.4.2 Planting Season

Planting is usually done in the month of July-August in rainfed areas and

during February-March in irrigated areas.  In case of heavy rainfall zones,

planting is taken up at the end of rainy season.

5.4.3 Spacing

The planting distance is 10m. x 10m. and 12m. x 12m. in dry and moist

zones respectively.  In the model scheme, a spacing of 8m. x 8m. with a

population of 63 plants per acre has been considered which was observed to

be common in areas covered during a field study.

 

5.5 Training of Plants

Training of plants in the initial stages of growth is very important to give

them a proper shape specially in cases where the graft has branched too low.

  5.6 Nutrition

Fertilizers may be applied in two split doses , one half immediately after the

harvesting of fruits in June/July and the other half in October, in both young

and old orchards followed by irrigation if there are no rains. Foliar

application of 3 % urea in sandy soils is recommended before flowering.

The following table gives the details of fertilizer applied (depending upon

the age of the plants) :

Age of the plant(in years)

Fertilizer applied

1* 100g. N, 50g. P2O5, 100g. K2O10 1kg. N, 500g. P2O5, 1kg. K2O11 -do-

*The doses applied in the subsequent years should be increased every year upto 10 years in the multiple of the first year’s dose.

Well decomposed farm-yard manure may be applied every year. For trench

application of fertilizers, 400g. each of N and K2O and 200g. of P2O5 per

plant should be provided. Micro-nutrients may be applied as per the

requirement in the form of foliar sprays.

  5.7 Irrigation

The frequency and amount of irrigation to be provided depends on the type

of soil, prevailing climatic conditions, rainfall and its distribution and lastly

the age of the trees. No irrigation is required during the monsoon months

unless there are long spells of drought.

Age of the plant (in

years)/Growth stage

Irrigation schedule

1 Irrigated at an interval of 2-3 days during dry season.

2-5 Irrigation interval- 4-5 days .

5-8/ fruit set to maturity Irrigated after every 10-15 days

Full bearing stage 2-3 irrigations after fruit set.

Frequent irrigation during 2-3 months prior to the flowering season is not

advisable as it is likely to promote vegetative growth at the expense of

flowering. Irrigation should be given at 50% field capacity. Generally inter-

crops are grown during the early years of plantation and hence frequency

and method of irrigation has to be adjusted accordingly. The method usually

followed for irrigating mango plants is basin irrigation. However, use of

Drip Irrigation will not only reduce the water requirements but will also help

in fertigation in root zones of the plants.

5.8 Intercultural Operations

The frequency and the time of inter-culture operations vary with age of the

orchards and existence of inter-crops. The weed problem may not exist

immediately after planting the mango crop but it is advisable to break the

crust with hand hoe each time after 10-15 irrigations are applied. In case of

mono-cropping, the area between the basins should be ploughed at least

three times in a year i.e. during the pre-monsoon, post-monsoon period and

in the last week of November.

5.9 Inter-cropping

Intercropping can be taken up till the mango trees attain suitable height and

develop canopy (at 5-6 years of age).Leguminous crops like green gram,

black gram, gram etc., cereals like wheat, oilseeds like mustard, sesame and

groundnut, vegetable crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, potato,

brinjal, cucumber, pumpkin, bitter gourd, tinda, lady’s finger etc. and spices

like chillies can be grown as intercrops. The partial shade loving crops like

pineapple, ginger, turmeric etc. can be cultivated in fully grown orchards. In

addition to field crops, some short duration , less exhaustive and dwarf type

inter- fillers like papaya, guava, peach, plum etc. can be grown till these do

not interfere with the main mango crop .It is advisable to take vegetable

crops as inter crops for better returns.

The average cost of inter cropping would be Rs.10,000 / Acre and it would

yield on an average of 6 tonnes / Acres.

5.10 Crop Management

5.10.1 Regulation of Bearing

 

Proper cultural practices like addition of fertilizers and control of diseases

and insect pests may be adopted to regulate growth and bearing.  Regular

bearing varieties viz. Dashehari and Amrapalli may be grown.

Deblossoming of the panicles with NAA @ 200 ppm. (20 g./100 l. water)

during ‘on’ year may help to regulate the bearing.

5.10.2 Regulation of Fruit Drop

Embryo abortion, climatic factors , disturbed water relation, lack of

nutrition, attack of disease and pest, hormonal imbalances are the major

factors that lead to fruit drop. A spray of Alar (B-Nine) @ 100 ppm. or 20

ppm. 2,4-D (2g. in 100 l. water) in the last week of April or in the last week

of May will control to some extent the summer fruit drop in Langra &

Dashehari. 

5.11 Plant Protection Measures

5.11.1 Insect Pests

Insect pests mostly observed are mealy bug, hopper, inflorescence midge,

fruit fly and scale insects.  For controlling these insects, spraying with

carbaryl, monocrotophos, phosphamidon & methyl parathion are

recommended.

5.11.2 Diseases and Disorders

The crop is suspect to diseases like powdery mildew, anthracnose, die back,

blight, red rust, sooty mould, etc.  In order to control these diseases spraying

of appropriate chemicals/fungicides have to be undertaken preferably on

preventive basis.

Disorders can also affect the crop if proper case and control measures are not

taken.  The major among these are malformation, biennial bearing, fruit

drop, black tip, clustering etc.  The grower needs to seek advice and

professional assistance to prevent/control diseases and disorders in the crop.

 

5.12 Harvesting   and Yield

 

The orchard starts bearing from sixth year onwards and the economic life of

a mango tree exceeds 35 years.

Yield of fruits varies considerably according to the variety, climatic

conditions, plant population etc.  On an average, the yield ranges from 5 to 9

t/acre.  Grafted plants start bearing early.

 

6. POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT

6.1 Grading

 

Grading is mainly based on the size, colour and maturity of the fruits. While

grading, smaller fruits are separated from the larger ones in order to achieve

uniform ripening. Immature, overripe, damaged and diseased fruits are

discarded in the process of grading.

The fruits are generally harvested early in the season at a pre-mature stage to

capture early market. Such fruits are ripened by uniformly dipping in 750

ppm. ethrel (1.8ml./l.) in hot water at 52±20 C for 5 minutes. within 4-8 days

under ambient conditions. Mature fruits are ripened with lower doses of

ethrel for uniform colour development.

6.2 Storage

The mature green fruits can be stored at room temperature for about 4-10

days depending upon the variety. The harvested fruits are pre-cooled to 10-

120 C and then stored at an appropriate temperature. The fruits of Dashehari,

Mallika and Amrapalli should be stored at 120 C, Langra at 140 C and

Chausa at 80 C with 85-90 % relative humidity.

6.3 Packing

Wooden or cardboard boxes, rectangular in shape and bamboo baskets

having capacity to accommodate 5 to 8kg. of fruit is used for packaging and

transportation of mango fruits. The most commonly used containers are

ventilated card board boxes of corrugated fibre board (CFB) cartons. Size of

the box varies to accommodate 5 to 10 kg. of fruit.

6.4 Transportation

 

Road transport by trucks is the most popular mode of transport due to easy

approach from orchards to the market.

6.5 Marketing

Marketing of the produce is mainly controlled by intermediaries like

wholesalers and commission agents.

7. TECHNOLOGY SOURCES

The major sources for technology, as well as quality planting material are:

Central Institute for Sub-tropical Horticulture, P.O. Kakori,

Lucknow-226002, Uttar Pradesh, Tel (0522)-2841022/1023.

Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta,

Bangalore-560089, Karnataka, Tel (080)-28466471/6353.

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012.

Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology,

Kumarganj, Faizabad-224229, Uttar Pradesh, Tel (05270)-

2262097/2161.

Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendra

Nagar, Hyderabad-500030, Andhra Pradesh, Tel (040)-

24015078.

University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580005,

Karnataka, Tel (0836)-2447783.

Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413722,

Maharashtra, Tel (02426) 2243208.

Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli

District, Ratnagiri-415712, Maharashtra, Tel (02358)-

2282064.

Directorate of Horticulture, Shivajinagar, Pune,

Maharashtra-560003

Directorate of Horticulture, Lalbagh, Bangalore, Karnataka.

Directorate of Horticulture, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

Directorate of Horticulture, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

8. ECONOMICS OF A ONE ACRE MODEL

8.1 High quality commercial cultivation of crop by using improved

planting material and drip irrigation leads to multiple benefits viz.

Synchronized  growth, flowering and harvesting;

Reduction in variation of off-type and non-fruit plants;

Improved fruit quality;

Early maturity;

Increase in average productivity;

High efficiency in water application and water use efficiency;

High fertilizer use efficiency;

Minimum incidence of pests and diseases.

Costs & Returns:

8.2 A one acre plantation of the crop is a highly viable proposition. 

The cost components of such a model along with the basis for costing

are exhibited in Annexures I & II.   A summary is given in the figure

below.  The project cost works out to around Rs.1.50 lakhs per acre.

COST OF PROJECT

             

                                                                                                               (Amount in Rs.)

Sl. No.

Component Proposed Expenditure

1. Cultivation Expenses

(i) Cost of planting material 2,000

(ii) Manures & fertilizers 5,000

(iii) Insecticides & pesticides 2,000

(iv) Cost of Labour 8,400

(v) Others, if any, (Power) 3,600

Subtotal 21,000

2. Irrigation

(i) Tube-well/submersible pump 45,000

(ii) Cost of Pipeline -

(iii) Others, if any, please specify -

Subtotal 45,000

3. Cost of Drip/Sprinkler 25,000

4. Infrastructure

(i) Store & pump house 15,000

(ii) Labour room 5,000

(iii) Agriculture Equipments 5,4000

Subtotal 25,400

5. Land Development

(i) Soil Leveling 4,000

(ii) Fencing 29,600

Subtotal 33,600

6. Land, if newly purchased (Please indicate the year)*

Grand Total 1,50,000         *Cost of newly purchased land will be limited to one-tenth of the total project cost

8.3 The major components of the model are:

Land Development:  (Rs.4.0 thousand):  This is the labour cost of

shaping and dressing the land site and developing a layout.

Fencing (Rs.29.60 thousand):  It is necessary to guard the orchard by

barbed wire fencing to safeguard the valuable produce from

poaching.

Irrigation Infra-structure (Rs.45 thousand):  For effective working

with drip irrigation system, it is necessary to install a bore well

with diesel/electric pumpset and motor.  This is part cost of

tube-well.

Drip Irrigation & Fertigation System (Rs.25.0 thousand):  This is

average cost of one acre drip system for mango inclusive of the

cost of fertigation equipment.  The actual cost will vary

depending on location, plant population and plot geometry.

Equipment/Implements (Rs.5.4 thousand):  For investment on

improved manually operated essential implements a provision

of another Rs.10 thousand is included.

Building and Storage (Rs.20.0 thousand):  A one acre orchard would

require minimally a labour shed and a store-cum pump house.

Cultivation (Rs.21.0 thousand):  This is to cover costs of land

preparation and planting operations, planting material, inputs

and power.

8.4 Labour cost has been put at an average of Rs.70 per man-day. 

The actual cost will vary from location to location depending upon

minimum wage levels or prevailing wage levels for skilled and

unskilled labour.

8.5 Returns from the Project:  In the development stage returns

from inter-cropping are estimated at Rs.25,000 annually.  The yield

from the plantation is estimated at 5 tonnes in the first year of bearing

rising to 7 tonnes.  The produce has been valued at Rs. 10,000 per

tonne in this exercise.

Project Financing:

8.6 Balance Sheet:  The projected balance sheet of the model is

given at AnnexureIII.  There would be three sources of financing the

project as below:

                           Source                                              Rs. Thousand

                        Farmr’s share                                            

75.00                          

                        Capital subsidy                                      30.00  

                        Term loan                                               45.00

                        Total                                                     150.00

8.7 Profit & Loss Account:  The cash flow statement may be seen

in Annexure IV.   Annexure V. projects the profit and loss account of

the model.  Gross profit increases from Rs.25.5 thousand per annum

to Rs.43.3 thousand per annum in the first three years of bearing and

thereafter more or less stabilize.

Annexure-I

ESTIMATED PROJECT COST

(Rs. in thousand)

Sr. No.

Particulars Scale Unit CostTotal

Qty Cost1 LAND & SITE DEVELOPMENT      

LAND Acre 1

Cost of DevelopmentLand DevelopmentLevelling & Dressing Acre 4000 1 4.00Fencing & Gates Per Rft. 35 846 29.60

  Sub Total 33.602 BUILDING      

Store / Pump House Sq Ft. 150 100 15.00

Labour Shed Sq Ft. 100 50 5.00

  Sub Total 20.003 PLANT & MACHINERY      

Irrigation system      Borewell Nos. 25000 1 25.00

SIP sets & Electrical InstallationLS

20000           

1 20.00Drip Irrigation inc. Fertigation system

LS25000 1 25.00

Farm Equipment Machinery LS 5400 1 5.40  Sub Total 75.40

4 COST OF CULTIVATION      Land Preparation / Planting 4.20Planting Material 2.00Input Cost 7.00Power Cost 3.60Other Farm Operations 7.20  Sub Total  21.00

  TOTAL 150.00

Annexure-II

COST OF PRODUCTION & PROFITABILITY

(Rs. in thousand)

Particulars Year-I Year-IIYear-

IIIYear-IV Year-V to XV

Income 50.00 60.00 70.00 70.00 70.00

Sales 50.00 60.00 70.00 70.00 70.00

Cost 24.50 25.60 26.70 26.70 26.70

Fixed 24.50 25.60 26.70 26.70 26.70

Manure/fertilizers/chemicals 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00

Direct Labour cost 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20

Other cost 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60

Harvesting & transportation cost 6.20 7.30 8.40 8.40 8.40

General expenses 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

Gross profit 25.50 34.40 43.30 43.30 43.30

Depreciation 6.80 6.80 6.80 6.80 6.80

Interest -term loan 5.40 5.40 5.20 4.20 3.20

Pre-operative Exp. W/O - - - - -

Profit before tax 13.30 22.20 31.30 32.30 33.30

Taxes - - - - -

Profit After Taxes 13.30 22.20 31.30 32.30 33.30

Retained Profit 13.30 22.20 31.30 32.30 33.30

Net cash Accrual 20.10 29.00 38.10 39.10 40.10

Annexure-III

PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

(Rs. in thousands)

Particulars Year 0 Year I Year II Year III Year IV

LIABILITIES        

Farmer's Share 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00

Capital Subsidy 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00

Reserves & Surpluses - 13.30 35.50 66.80 99.10

Term Loan 45.00 45.00 36.80 28.60 20.50

Total 150.00 163.30 177.30 200.40 224.50

ASSETS

Fixed Assets 150.00 150.00 143.20 136.40 129.60

Less Depreciation - 6.80 6.80 6.80 6.80

Net Block 150.00 143.20 136.40 129.60 122.70

Cash & Bank Balance - 20.10 40.90 70.90 101.80

Total 150.00 163.30 177.30 200.40 224.50

Annexure-IV

CASH FLOW STATEMENT

(Rs. in thousand)

PARTICULARS Year 0 Year I Year II Year III Year IV

SOURCES OF FUNDS

Increase in Farmer's Share 75.00 - - - -

Net Profit - 13.28 22.18 31.32 32.31

Increase in Subsidy 30.00 - - - -

Depreciation - 6.82 6.82 6.82 6.82

Increase in  Term Loan 45.00 - - - -

Total 150.00 20.10 29.00 38.15 39.13

 

DEPLOYMENT

Increase in Fixed Assets 150.00 - - - -

Decrease in Term Loan - - 8.18 8.18 8.18

Total 150.00 - 8.19 8.19 8.19

Opening Balance - - 20.10 40.90 70.85

Surplus/Deficit - 20.10 20.81 29.95 30.94

Closing Balance - 20.10 40.90 70.85 101.79

Annexure-V

PROJECTED PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

(Rs. in thousands)

Particulars Year I Year II Year III Year IV Year V

Sales Realisation 50.00 60.00 70.00 70.00 70.00

Total Costs 24.50 25.60 26.70 26.70 26.70

Gross Profit 25.50 34.40 43.30 43.30 43.30

Depreciation 6.80 6.80 6.80 6.80 6.80

Pre-Operative Expenses W/O - - - - -

Interest on Term Loan 5.40 5.40 5.20 4.20 3.20

Profit before Tax 13.30 22.20 31.30 32.30 33.30

Taxes - - - - -

Profit after Tax 13.30 22.20 31.30 32.30 33.30

Retained Profit 13.30 22.20 31.30 32.30 33.30

Net Cash Accruals 20.10 29.00 38.10 39.10 40.10

 

PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT

 

Opening Balance 0.00 13.30 35.50 66.80 99.10

Closing Balance 13.30 35.50 66.80 99.10 132.40