report on situation analysis to identify skills … · 2021. 6. 9. · field work conveniently...

of 64

The United Republic of Tanzania

MINISTRY OF HEALTH, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT GENDER

CHILDREN ELDERLY AND CHILDREN

REPORT ON SITUATION ANALYSIS TO

IDENTIFY SKILLS DEMANDS IN FIRST AID

TRAINING AND SERVICES

Department of Human Resource Development

University of Dodoma,

Facult of Social Science in Community

Development,

Building No. 11,

P. O. Box 743,

40478 DODOMA. Telegrams.. “AFYA”, DODOMA

Telephone: + 255 026 2323267

July, 2017

of 64

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children

(MoHCDGEC) in collaboration with Tanzania Red Cross Society (TRCS) and

Vocational Education Training Authority (VETA), conducted a consultative

stakeholders meeting held on 27th April 2017 at Regency Park hotel with financial

support from TRCS. This is a response to the felt need of TRCS to standardize and

formalize its first Aid training. In the same line, Tanzania Red Cross Society was in

the process of updating its First Aid curriculum with the intention that the courses to

be recognized and being regulated by relevant Government Authority.

Through consultation meeting between TRCS and MOHCDGEC, VETA as a

training Authority was seen as an appropriate regulatory body due to the nature of

the First Aid training. The stake holders meeting involved representatives from

MoHCDGEC, TRCS, VETA, Fire and Rescue Brigade and National Institute of

Transport (NIT). This meeting was the initial step which provided the opportunity

for the institutions and key stakeholders to share experience and came up with better

and common understanding of the requirements to be fulfilled for the process to be

achieved successfully.

Methodology

Desk review:

This situation analysis was conducted by means of desk review such as International

Federation of the Red Cross Societies and Red Crescent Societies of 2016, the

Occupational Health and Safety Act 2003 and The Public Health Act 2009. Review

of secondary data included reports on first aid training from TRCS and VETA

Centres Registration and Accreditation Guidelines.

of 64

The Survey

Field work conveniently sampled nine (9) regions for survey. The regions were Dar

es Salaam, Arusha, Morogoro, Tanga, Mwanza, Dodoma, Shinyanga, Mbeya and

Kilimanjaro. Tools used were self-administered questionnaires for interview and

focus group discussion guides.

Issues assessed were admission criteria, studies duration, assessment, certification

and competencies required for first aid training. The study also looked on challenges

regarding training and first aid services.

Findings

Findings from the situation analysis revealed that, first aid training is being

conducted in most formal sector organizations compared to informal sector and the

entire community. Despite of these trainings, curricula used not updated and

standardized and duration of training varies from one organization to another. Also,

there is no standard certifications for both trainers or trainees. However, Tanzania

Red Cross Society is known by most respondents as one of the prominent provider

of first aid training in the country. First aid training has been rated important to be

provided to individuals, professionals, formal and informal organizations. Similarly,

respondents mentioned suggested technical knowledge, skills and behavioral

needed in the provision of first aid services as shown in Appendices 3-5.

Recommendations

It is recommended that first aid trainings to be formalized in terms of registration of

institutions providing training, accreditation of courses so that recognized

certification can be offered. It it is also recommended that the Government should

draw up a policy guidelines for implementing first aid training to key groups such as

of 64

drivers, formal and informal sector operators. It is also recommended that, VETA

should establish a Trade Advisory Committee for health sector so as to

accommodate first aid training in the national vocational qualifications framework.

of 64

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 2 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................. 5 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................... 6 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................... 7 List of Appendices ............................................................................................................................................ 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 8 GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................................................... 10 LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 13 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 13 1.2 Rationale ............................................................................................................................................ 15 1.3 Objectives of the Situation Analysis .................................................................................................. 17 1.3.1 Main Objective ............................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.2 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 17 1.3.2.1 To Explore views of the stakeholders on the current situation regarding first aid training and

services; 17 1.3.2.2 To assess the demand of first aid training and services among employers, employers and

community; .................................................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.2.3 To determine competences required for first aid training and services; ........................................ 17 1.3.2.4 To Recommend resources required for effective teaching and learning first aid, and ................... 17 1.3.2.5 To ascertain the learning strength and gaps of first aid training and services pin terms of

knowledge, skills and attitude for effective delivery of first aid services. ..................................................... 17 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 18 2.1 First Aid Training and Services ......................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Study design ....................................................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Sample techniques and size................................................................................................................ 21 3.3 Source of Data and Method of Collection.......................................................................................... 22 3.4 Data Processing and Analysis ............................................................................................................ 22

3.6 The Validity and Reliability of Data Collected ................................................................................ 23

3.6.1 The Validity of the Data ................................................................................................................ 23

3.6.2 The Reliability of the Data ............................................................................................................ 24

3.7 Limitations ....................................................................................................................................... 24

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 25 4.1 Documentary Review .......................................................................................................................... 25 4.2 Field Survey ........................................................................................................................................ 26 4.3 Interview questionnaires ..................................................................................................................... 26 4.4 Focus Group Discussion Guides ........................................................................................................ 26 5.0 Analysis of Field Work: Employers and Regulatory Bodies ................................................................ 27 5.1.1 Awareness on Policies, Acts and Guidelines Supporting First Aid Training and Services ........... 27 5.1.2 Implementation of Policies, Acts and Guidelines Supporting First Aid Training and Services .... 28 5.1.3 Institutions providing First Aid Training and Services .................................................................. 29

of 64

5.1.4 Knowledge, skills and Attitude in First Aid Training and Services ............................................... 29 6.0 Analysis on Responses from Health Institutions ................................................................................. 31 6.1.1 Current Status of First Aid Tools and Equipment .......................................................................... 32 6.1.2 Skills Requirements for First Aid Training .................................................................................... 34 6.1.3 Challenges facing Health Institutions in Providing First Aid Training and Services ............................. 35

6.2 Analysis of Interview Results from Employees ................................................................................... 36 6.2.1 Employees: awareness on first aid training and services ................................................................... 36 6.3 Results from Focus Group Discussion Guide ..................................................................................... 37 6.3.1 Awareness on First Aid Training and Services from FGDs........................................................... 37 Awareness ...................................................................................................................................................... 37 6.3.2 Current Situation of the First Aid Training and Services in the Community ................................ 38 6.3.3 Suggested Knowledge, Skills and Attitude for First Aid Training and Services ........................... 39 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................... 42 5.1 Discussion: Points to be expanded later (available information) ......................................................... 42

5.2 Career Path of First Aid ...................................................................................................................... 42 5.3 Challenges facing First aid training and services: Views from stakeholders ....................................... 43 5.4 Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 43 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 45 COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 46 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................. 47

APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................ 48

List of Tables

Table 1: Number of Employers and Regulatory Bodies Visited by Region .................................... 27

Table 2: Awareness of Acts, Policies and Guidelines supporting first aid training and services by

Category ........................................................................................................................................... 28

Table 3: If the Mentioned Policies Effectively Implemented .......................................................... 29

Table 4: Suggested Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes/Behavior for First Aid Training and Services

by Employers and Regulators .......................................................................................................... 30

Table 5: Category of Health Institutions .......................................................................................... 31

Table 6: If first aid Training prepare Graduates to Provide First Aid Services ............................... 31

Table 7: List out essential First Aid training tools and equipment lacking in Health Training

Institutions........................................................................................................................................ 33


by Health Training Institutions ........................................................................................................ 34

Table 9: Awareness of Employees on First Aid Training and Services .......................................... 36

Table 10: Employees attended training in first aid ........................................................................ 36

Table 11: List of Institutions known to Provide First Aid Training ................................................ 37

of 64


by Stakeholders from Informal Sector (Community) ...................................................................... 39

List of Figures

Figure 1: Current Status on First Aid Tools and Equipment for Training ....................................... 32

Figure 2: Availability of adequate human resource and expertise to use or operate available first

aid training equipment ..................................................................................................................... 32

Figure 3: Number of Drivers Attended FGD Reported to have been trained in First Aid .............. 38

List of Appendices

Appendix 1: List of Respondents in Focus Group Discussions (Informal Sector Group Operators

and Employees) ................................................................................................................................ 48

Appendix 2: List of Health Institutions Visited by Region, District, Location and Contacts ......... 49

Appendix 3: Responses from Employers and Regulators on Suggested Knowledge, Skills and

Behaviors required in First Aid........................................................................................................ 52

Appendix 4: Responses on Suggested First Aid Knowledge, Skills and Behaviors from Health

Training Institutions ......................................................................................................................... 55

Appendix 5: Response from Informal Sector Operators on Suggested Knowledge, Skills and

Behavioral Required in First Aid ..................................................................................................... 61

of 64

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of this report on situation analysis in first aid training and services

involved different people and organizations. I wish to acknowledge Tanzania Red

Cross Society for financial support. I am grateful and appreciate the technical

support from the Vocational Education and Training Authority (VETA) in various

roles Dr. Bwire Ndazi and Mr. Enock Kibendela for their supervisory roles, Rehema

Binamungu, Stella Ndimubenya, Julius Mjelwa and Misai Msengi for their

coordination role.

My sincere gratitude to Government Ministries officials, Regional Health

Management Teams (RHMTs) and Regional Medical Officers from Regional

Referral Hospitals of the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Mount Meru in

Arusha, Sekou Toure in Mwanza, Dodoma, Kilimanjaro, Mbeya, Morogoro,

Shinyanga and Tanga for their response during data collection. The following health

institutions are also appreciated for their positive responses during the survey:

Kairuki Hospital and Arafa Upendo Health Centre of Dar es Salaam, Kingolwira

Health Centre, Alliance One Dispensary, the Tanzania Railway Limited Dispensary

of Morogoro and Corner Dispensary of Mwanza.

Many thanks also conveyed to Principals and Academic Officers of Mbeya College

of Health Science, KCMC School of Nursing, Centre for Education Development in

Health of Arusha, Mirembe School of Nursing in Dodoma, Bugando School of

Nursing Mwanza, Tukuyu School of Nursing, Kolandoto School of Nursing and

Suye Health Institute.

of 64

My appreciations are extended to Fire and Rescue Brigades in Dar es Salaam,

Morogoro, Shinyanga and Mwanza for their valuable information in the survey,

Occupational Health and Safety Authority Dar es Salaam, Surface Marine and

Transport Regulatory Authority, Energy Water and Utility Regulatory Authority,

Mbeya Agricultural Training Institute, Mbeya, Tanga, Moshi Regional Vocational

Training and Service Centres and Meta and KIHUMBE Vocational Training Centres

in Mbeya, Dar es Salaam Maritime Institute. Tanzania Red Cross coordinators, first

aid trainers and volunteers in Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Dodoma, Bariadi, Moshi

and Tanga for their valuable responses.

I would like to thank the Ubungo Bus Terminal up country Bus Drivers, daladala

Drivers, bodaboda, and bajaj operators, Fishermen of Tanga and Mwanza, Mama

and Baba Lishe House maids and members of the community who participated

interviews and focus group discussions.

Special thanks to Vermand Ndementria, Dr. Hamis Msengi, Vumilia Mmari, Alice

Mwandu and Raphael Munohi from Ministry of Health Community Development

Gender Elderly and Children for their technical inputs and coordination. I would like

to thank Mr. Dollar Kusenge from National Institute of Transport and Dr. Ijumaa

Mkwazu from Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute also for their technical inputs. Last

but not least, I would like to thank the Tanzania Red Cross Society staff namely Ms.

Lucy Swai and Kheri Issa for their coordination.

Dr. Otilia F. Gowelle

Director of Human Resource Development

of 64

GLOSSARY

Accreditation Is the act of granting credit or recognition, especially

to an education institute that maintain or meets a

general standard of quality

Airway management The process of ensuring that a casualty’s airway

remains open and clear

Bajaji: Is a term used to describe tricycle business

Bodaboda: Is a term used to describe motorcyclists transport

business

Cardiopulmonary

Resuscitation:

Techniques of providing artificial ventilations and

chest compressions to a casualty who is not breathing

and does not have a pulse. Also known as CPR

Competency: A measure of knowledge, skills and attitude required

in a job position

Community: Is a group of people based on common values and

norms, living within a geographically defined area and

share a common language, culture and values.

Daladala: Is a term used to describe town buses

First aid Immediate care given to injured or suddenly ill person.

First aid does not take the place of proper medical

treatment. It consists only of furnishing temporary

assistance until competent medical care, if needed, is

obtained, or until the chance for recovery without

medical care is assured

of 64

First aider A person who has been trained to provide first aid

services.

Good Samaritan

Laws:

Laws that are designed to offer protections for people

who deliver voluntary emergency care. Most

Commonwealth Countries use Laws of Torts.

Mama/Baba Lishe:

Is a term used to describe food vendors in most urban

and rural areas

Occupational

Analysis

An analysis of the duties, tasks, skills and attitudes

required of people in a certain job

Trainer A person responsible in providing training in first aid

Volunteer A person who voluntarily provides first aid to the

community

of 64

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS

BLS Basic life support

AED External defibrillator

CBFA Community Basic First Aid

CPR Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation

CVD Cardio Vascular Diseases

EMS Emergency Medical Care

EWURA Energy Water and Utility Regulatory Agency

FA First Aid

FGD Focus Group Discussion

IFRC International Federation of the Red Cross

Societies and Red Crescent Societies

IPS Infection Preventive Control

KCMC Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre

MOHCDGEC Ministry of Health Community Development

Gender Elderly and Children

MOI Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute

MUHAS

Muhimbili University of Health and Allied

Sciences

NACTE

National Accreditation Council for Technical

Education

NGO Non-Governmental Organizations

NS National Society

NVTC National Vocational Training Centre

NVTD National Vocational Training Division

NVQ National Vocational Qualifications

OHCA Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Agency

OUS Occupational Unit Standards

RHMT Regional Health Management Team

RRH Regional Referral Hospital

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science

SUMATRA Surface Marine Transport Regulatory Authority

TCU Tanzania Commission for Universities

TRCS Tanzania Red Cross Society

VET Vocational Education and Training

VTC Vocational Training Centre

of 64

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Good health is an important element required for national development, poverty

alleviation and other health gains needed by all Tanzanians. To achieve this, the

Government emphasizes on delivery of equitable and quality preventive, primitive,

curative and rehabilitative health services at all levels. In view of this, the

MOHCDGEC in collaboration with other stakeholders, has seen the importance of

strengthening first aid training and services in the country.

Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies are the major first aid providers in the world1.

This started at Solferino Italy when first aid was given to the wounded soldiers, the

sick and injured without discrimination in the 21st Century. The International

Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)2 reaffirms its

commitment to first aid within the changing context to the global health. The

mission of International Federation is to improve the lives of vulnerable people by

mobilizing the power of humanity3

The IFRC has been the world’s leading first aid trainer and provider for more than

150 years. In 2014, over 15 million were trained world wide by 116 societies. With

continuing population growth, first aid technics and services are more in demands

than ever before. In many instances, immediate access to health facilities is not

available and individuals or a community needs to be able to help themselves before

1 1 Report on the First Aid Education European Network, Geneva 4-7, 2006

2 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies: International First Aid and Resuscitation

guidelines 2016, Geneva

of 64

emergencies medical care providers’ arrival. It is important that everyone is able to

give emergency care at any time both at home and at work. To increase the chances

of improving the condition of, or saving the life of an injured or ill person, it is

important to give the right kind of assistance.

Accidents and injuries continue to be an important cause of morbidity, disability and

mortality globally. Statistics shows that, falls are the most common accident, which

can cause serious injury at any time of life. The risk increases with age. In 1998,

about 5.8 million people (97.9 per 100,000 inhabitants) died of injuries worldwide,

and injuries caused 16% of the global burden of disease4. Around the world, almost

16 000 people die from injuries every day. For every person who dies of injuries,

several thousand injured persons survive, but many of them are left with permanent

disabling after-effects. According to the World Health Organization, domestic

accidents affect all age groups but are the primary cause of child mortality in

developed countries. Across the European Union, patients with accidents and

injuries spent a total of 52.5 million days in hospital in 20165. More women than

men over the age of 65 die as the result of accidents in the home, 80% of accidents

occur in domestic settings6.

In Africa, the number of road traffic injuries and deaths have been increasing over

the last three decades7 ; 2010. According to the 20158global status report on road

4 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Accidents_and_injuries_statistics

5 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Accidents_and_injuries_statistics

6 ibid

7 Status report on road safety in countries of the WHO African region 2009, Brazzaville, WHO Office for Africa

8 Global Status report on Road Safety by WHO 2015

of 64

safety, the WHO African region had the highest rate of fatalities from road traffic

injuries worldwide at 26.6 per 1,000population for the year 2013910.

Report by the Tanzania Police Force on accidents caused by vehicles often lead to

death, injury, loss and damage to property. In 2015, a total of 8,777 major traffic

cases were reported nationwide compared to 15,420 cases in 2014. The reported

fatal accidents were 2,909 accidents in 2015 compared with 3,106 reported in 2014.

This is a decrease of 197 accidents or 6.3 percent. Moreover, a total of 3,574 deaths

occurred in 2015 compared to 3,857 deaths which occurred in 2014. This is a

decrease of 283 deaths or 7.3 percent. The total of 9,993 persons were injured in

2015 compared to 15,230 people who were injured in 2014. This is a decrease of

5,237 casualties or 34.4 percent.

The Tanzania practice regarding first aid trainings, curricula used not updated and

standardized and duration of training varies from one organization to another. Also,

certification of training not standard to either trainers or trainees. Moreover,

institutions providing first aid training are neither registered nor accredited by

relevant regulatory authority. Since MOHCDGEC sees the importance of officiating

first aid training and services, is to improve quality of preventive and curative health

services.

1.2 Rationale

First aid is an immediate help provided to sick or injuries person until professional

help arrives. It is concerned not only with physical injury or illness but also with

9 Ibid

10 Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015 Geneva: World Health Organization 2015

of 64

other initial care which includes psychosocial support for people suffering emotional

distress caused by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event11.

The Tanzania Public Health Act of 2009 section 6 paragraph 163 stipulates on all

institutions to operate or manage a school or any other similar institution when it is

satisfied that there are provision of first aid services among others.

The Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2003 Part V Section 58 paragraph 59

directs all work places to ensure availability of trained first aider from a recognized

institution who will be readily available during working hours. The same act also

directs on availability of first aid boxes.

World Health Organization of 2006, emphasizes the importance of providing the

right training to the right people, to create an effective workforce for health care

delivery. Study conducted by the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute (MOI) indicates

only 73/4665 (2%) of the victims received some form of management at the crash

site from good Samaritans. Management offered was splinting of fractures using

pieces of wood, compression dressing to arrest bleeding using victim's clothes.

85/1694 (5%) of the victims who used ambulances to hospital did receive some form

of management. Management offered in ambulance was intravenous line

established, fluid administered and compression dressing to arrest bleeding using

bandages. Those who used other means of transport to hospital didn't receive any

management en route12. This study recommends hospital care to be strengthening in

order to achieve intended results taking into consideration that ambulances are

available mostly in urban areas.

11 Report on the First Aid Education European Network, Geneva 4-7 October, 2006

12 Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute (MOI), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

of 64

With change of technology and lifestyle, illnesses and accidents has increased which

calls for more requirements for standardized, well-coordinated and regulated first aid

training and services.

1.3 Objectives of the Situation Analysis

1.3.1 Main Objective

The main objective was to assess first aid training needs and services in Tanzania in

order to inform the development of standardized competence based curricula.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

1.3.2.1 To Explore views of the stakeholders on the current situation

regarding first aid training and services;

1.3.2.2 To assess the demand of first aid training and services among

employers, employers and community;

1.3.2.3 To determine competences required for first aid training and

services;

1.3.2.4 To Recommend resources required for effective teaching and

learning first aid, and

1.3.2.5 To ascertain the learning strength and gaps of first aid training

and services pin terms of knowledge, skills and attitude for effective

delivery of first aid services.

of 64

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 First Aid Training and Services

First aid interventions seek to “preserve life, alleviate suffering, prevent further

illness or injury, and promote recovery13”. Whilst trained volunteers are expected to

respond, the purpose of educating the public is to develop their knowledge, skills

and attitude to respond in an emergency. It should therefore be the purpose of all

first aid education, no matter who the learners are, to equip them to recognize, assess

and prioritize the need for first aid; provide care using appropriate competencies, i.e.

first aid knowledge, skills, attitude and recognize limitations and seek additional

care when needed.

Educational foundations for first aid competencies encompass knowledge

(awareness of signs and symptoms of the ill or injured person, risks to self and

others from the environment, and evidence-based first aid treatments), skills

(appropriate psychomotor responses to address injury or illness, such as opening an

airway or applying direct pressure on bleeding), and behaviors (series of responses

to an emergency that indicate an awareness to the situation and a willingness to act,

including: – early recognition in identifying emergencies and assessing risks; –

gaining additional help if needed, and providing appropriate care using knowledge

and skills; – accessing additional help by participating in the system of emergency

response to the best of their abilities; – supporting recovery)14.

13 Nielsen: Doubled Survival from Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest in a Rural Community in North-Norway, 2011 pp

124

14 IFRC: International First Aid and Resuscitation Guidelines 2016

of 64

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) has

been the world’s leading first aid trainer and provider for more than 150 years. In

2014, over 15 million people were trained worldwide by 116 National Societies.

First aid skills should be accessible to all as a vital humanitarian act that empowers

people to save lives and helps for recovery from sudden illness or injury.

In Tanzania, there are policies, guidelines and laws which stipulates the existence of

first aid training and services to serve life of citizens. Such policies and laws are

Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2003 and the Public Health Act of 2009.

Study conducted by the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute (MOI) indicates only

73/4665 (2%) of the victims received some form of management at the crash site

from good Samaritans. Management offered was splinting of fractures using pieces

of wood, compression dressing to arrest bleeding using victim's clothes. 85/1694

(5%) of the victims who used ambulances to hospital did receive some form of

management. Management offered in ambulance was intravenous line established,

fluid administered and compression dressing to arrest bleeding using bandages.

Those who used other means of transport to hospital didn't receive any management

en route15. This study recommends pre hospital care to be strengthening in order to

achieve intended results taking into consideration that ambulances are available

mostly in urban areas.

In Tanzania first Aid training and services are offered by health institutions, non-

governmental organizations and Tanzania Red Cross Society. The Society has been

the main provider of first aid training and services for a long time in the country.

15 Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute (MOI) 2016, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

of 64

TRCS provides community basic first aid (CBFA) training during preparedness and

disaster and first aid training at work places.

The Vocational Education and Training Act No. 1 of 1994 mandates VETA to

register Vocational Education and Training Institutions and accredit their

programmes to fit in the National Vocational Qualifications Framework and approve

vocational skills short courses in order to be awarded a recognized certificate. The

First Aid Training programmes are mainly offered as short courses whereby VETA

as government authority mandated for regulating such kind of courses.

Despite of the availability of policies and laws by the Government; studies and

research reports, has shown that first aid training and services are not given the

appropriate priority as compared to the demand.

of 64

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study design

The study involved descriptive design following a qualitative approach (survey). A

survey was deployed in order to explore the current situation regarding first aid

training and services in Tanzania in order to inform the development of a

competence based curricula. The qualitative approach included field visits in nine

convenient sampled regions to meet stakeholders who were Employers, Health

Training institutions, companies, employees, Government agencies and community

members. The qualitative approach included desk review in order to get vast

information regarding first aid training and services. Data collection tools included

self-administered and interview questionnaires, and focus group discussion guides

which were developed jointly by members from MOHCDGEC, Fire and Rescue

Brigade, MOI, NIT, VETA and TRCS.

3.2 Sample techniques and size

The survey sampled thirty one percent of 27 regions of Tanzania mainland which is

nine (9) regions. The regions were selected from five Zones (Northern, Lake,

Central, Southern and Eastern). The regions were Dar es Salaam, Morogoro,

Dodoma, Shinyanga, Arusha, Tanga, Mwanza, Mbeya and Kilimanjaro which were

selected conveniently.

A sample of 1210 respondents was drawn from different sectors/industries in the

nine regions. These sectors include Transport (Road, Railway and Marine),

Hospitality and Tourism (Hotels and Restaurants, Mountain Climbing, Domestic),

Agriculture, Fishery, Service providers (Regulatory Bodies/Employers/Institutions,

RHMT, Health facilities, TRCS branches, Health Training Institutions, Schools,

of 64

Sports, Orphanage and Elderly Centres, Market Places, Food Vendors Services and

community members.

3.3 Source of Data and Method of Collection

Two sources of information for this situation analysis was used. The first was desk

review which included review of policies, guidelines, reports, study reports and

stakeholders’ documents to obtain information. The second source was field visits

which included administered three types of questionnaires: self-administered

questionnaires were sent to regulators and policy makers, employers and employees

to get information on policies and guidelines regarding first aid, current status of

first aid training and services. Questionnaire for interviews was administered to

employees and local leaders, trainers and employers on awareness on first aid

training and services and their participation in first aid training and services. Focus

group discussion guide was administered to first aid trainers and volunteers,

upcountry and town Buses drivers, motorcycle and tricycle riders, food vendors,

market vendors, pedestrians and household members on awareness on first aid and

status of training and services provision,

The selected were due to nature of their work and they are prone to accidents and

emergency illnesses. Similarity, they are expected to access first aid training and

provision of services.

3.4 Data Processing and Analysis

Qualitative data from the documentary review were analyzed using qualitative

thematic approach addressed first aid training and services. Extraction of data were

from original documents using the documentary review tools and the data extracted

focused on documented first aid training and services.

of 64

The data entry and analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social

Sciences software package (SPSS) to provide various descriptive statistics such as

frequency distribution tables, pie and bar charts. Qualitative data which was

obtained from collected information was summarized to generate profiles of the

respondents. Another level of analysis was the interpretation of the findings on the

required competencies, technical and behavioral skills as per MOHCDGEC and

VETA:

• first aid competences;

• technological requirements (first aid equipment and supplies) for the

cadre‘s roles;

• challenges facing first aiders and trainers

• expansion prospects;

• identified the strengths and weaknesses in the modes of delivery of the

training programmes;

• suggested the teaching and learning standards;

• provided the Training objectives and entering behavior of students;

• provided the views onto these items from all the key stakeholders

including employers, trainers, professional bodies and associations, the

society and the MAs/CHWs and PSWs themselves.

3.6 The Validity and Reliability of Data Collected

3.6.1 The Validity of the Data

Validity refers to the ability of the research study to measure what it claims to

measure (Churchill & Brown, 2006). Thus, validity is a measure of any kind that

of 64

measure all of that is supposed to measured. Therefore, to ensure the validity of the

data to be collected, pilot study was carried out for tools pre-testing in order to

ensure the understandability of the questions and correct any misconceptions that

might appear.

3.6.2 The Reliability of the Data

Reliability is the ability to obtain similar results by measuring an object, trait or

construct with an independent but comparable measurer (Churchill & Brown, 2006).

In this situation analysis, the internal consistency of the scale was obtained by

computing the Cronbach Alpha coefficient of reliability which is 0.76 and according

to George and Malley (2003) the Cronbach’s Alpha should not be less than 0.7 in

order for the data to be acceptable for further references. Therefore, the data for the

current study are reliable due to the fact that the calculated value is above 0.7.

3.7 Limitations

The survey team faced some challenges during contacting some respondents as they

felt that they did not have time either to be interviewed or fill in questionnaires.

Some focus group discussions had to be rearranged as turn up was not sufficient.

Hence more time were spent to collect the questionnaire or hold another focus group

discussions.

of 64

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS

The following findings were generated from documentary review, questionnaires

and focus group discussion guide. The findings are displayed in descriptive form,

graphic and tables indicating the findings from documentary review, questionnaires

and focus group discussion guide from the field against a specific theme.

Descriptive presentation from documentary review was used, tables and graphs have

been used to analyze responses from field work. Specific questions were used across

multiple stakeholder categories (i.e. a similar interview question about awareness on

first aid training and services). Tables were titled according to the major themes in

questionnaires and focus group discussion guides.

4.1 Documentary Review

The following results were generated from documentary review. The results are

presented in a descriptive form indicating the findings in relation to first aid training

and services: existence and legal framework themes. Documentary reviewed

included the Tanzania Public Health Act of 2009, Occupational and Safety Act of

2003, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC) first aid

guidelines of 2016 which revealed the history and importance of first aid training

and services. Also, the documents directs that in any workplace and in gatherings of

more than 100 people there must be trained first aiders and availability of first aid

kits. IFRC guideline informs that injuries and acute illnesses originate at domestic,

workplace, roads, public gatherings and institutions are not managed properly. This

finding is supported by a study conducted by MOI in 201616 which indicates that

16 Ibid.

of 64

only 73/4665 (2%) of the victims received some form of management at the crash

site from good Samaritans.

4.2 Field Survey

The field survey used self-administered questionnaires to regulatory bodies

(EWURA, SUMATRA, and OSHA) and employers (RHMT, Industries, non-

government institutions, parastatal organizations, health facilities, health training

institutions), refer Table 1. The themes of the questionnaire for the groups included:

awareness on acts and policies supporting first aid training and services, institutions

that providing first aid training and services and required knowledge, skills and

attitudes for first aiders and challenges and recommendations regarding provision of

first aid training and services.

4.3 Interview questionnaires

Interview questionnaires were used to interview employees (teachers, first aid

trainers, government employees and private sector). The themes of the questionnaire

for the groups included: awareness on access to first aid training and services,

awareness on first aid equipment and supplies and awareness on existence of first

aid training and services; duration, required knowledge, skills and attitudes for first

aiders and challenges and recommendations regarding provision of first aid training

and services.

4.4 Focus Group Discussion Guides

Focus group discussion guides were used to collect information from drivers,

motorcycles and tricycle riders, food vendors, market vendors and community

members). The themes of the questionnaire for the groups included: awareness first

aid training and services, existence of first aid training and services; duration,

of 64

required knowledge, skills and attitudes for first aiders and challenges and

recommendations regarding provision of first aid training and services. Findings

from field survey are presented in tables and graphs. Themes were used differently

according to the category of the respondent.

5.0 Analysis of Field Work: Employers and Regulatory Bodies

Table 1: Number of Employers and Regulatory Bodies Visited by Region

Region

Category

Total

%

Cumulative

Percent

Government

Ministry/Departm

ent

Agency/Authority/Publi

c Corporation

Private Compa

ny

Non-Governm

ental Organiza

tion

Regulatory Body

Institution/Association

Dar es Salaam

0 3 3 0 9 15 30 30

Mbeya 4 2 2 1 0 9 18 48

Kilimanjaro 3 0 2 2 1 8 16 64

Tanga 1 0 2 2 2 7 14 78

Shinyanga 1 0 1 1 0 3 6 84

Arusha 0 0 0 0 3 3 6 90

Morogoro 2 1 0 0 0 3 6 96

Mwanza 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 98

Dodoma 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 100

Total 12 6 10 7 15 50 100

5.1.1 Awareness on Policies, Acts and Guidelines Supporting First Aid

Training and Services

Findings on awareness of policies, acts and guidelines supporting first aid training

and services shows that among 50 respondents, 24 (48%) reported to be aware of

policies, acts and guidelines supporting first aid training and services in the country.

The remaining 26 (52%) were not aware.

of 64

Table 2: Awareness of Acts, Policies and Guidelines supporting first aid training and services by Category

Category Response on Awareness Total Percent

YES NO

Government Ministry/Department

5 7 12 24%

Agency/Authority/Public Corporation

2 4 6 12%

Private Company 4 6 10 20%

Non-Governmental Organization

4 3 7 14%

Regulatory Body Institution/Association

9 6 15 30%

Total 24 26 50 100%

Percent 48% 52% 100%

Further, respondents were asked to mention the existing policies, acts and guidelines

supporting first aid in the Country. The following were the responses

1. The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2003.

2. The Public Health Act of 2009

3. The Tanzania Atomic Energy Act.

4. IFRC guidelines of 2016

5.1.2 Implementation of Policies, Acts and Guidelines Supporting First Aid


Despite of being aware of the availability of policies, acts and guidelines supporting first aid,

among 50 respondents, 23 (46 percent) expressed their opinions that the policies, acts and

guidelines are not effectively implemented.

of 64

Table 3: If the Mentioned Policies Effectively Implemented

Category

Are the mentioned Policies effectively implemented Total

YES NO Not stated

Government Ministry/Department

5 5 2 12

Agency/Authority/Public Corporation

3 3 0 6

Private Company 3 5 2 10

Non-Governmental Organization

3 2 2 7

Regulatory Body Institution/Association

5 8 2 15

Total 19 23 8 50

Percent 38% 46% 16% 100%

5.1.3 Institutions providing First Aid Training and Services

Respondents were also asked to mention the known institutions which provides first

aid training and services, The mentioned institutions were: Tanzania Red Cross

Society (TRCS), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Fire and

Rescue Brigade, Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Sciences (MUHAS),

Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), Bugando Schools of Nursing,

Kolandoto College of Nursing, Mirembe School of Nursing, Kahama School of

Nursing, First Aid Africa, World Vision and the Tanzania Railway Limited

Dispensary

5.1.4 Knowledge, skills and Attitude in First Aid Training and Services

Respondents mentioned important factors for first aid training and services being

knowledge, skills and attitude. See details in Appendix 3. According to their

experiences with the cadre and variation of their needs for competencies are

presented separately in each category.

of 64

Table 4: Suggested Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes/Behavior for First Aid Training and Services by

Employers and Regulators

Knowledge and Skills Attitude/Behaviors

1. Fire Management 2. Trauma Management 3. Providing first aid for poison affected victims 4. Drowning Management 5. Ability to conduct an initial casualty assessment 6. Bleeding management 7. Skills in Cardio Pulmonary Recitation 8. Management of chocking 9. How to receive and handle an emergency patient 10. How to make triage 11. Knowledge on how to use the first aid tools 12. How to attend the victim of food poisoning 13. How to examine and treat victims 14. How to attend a person who is too drunk 15. First AID to a customer whom his/drink has been

poisoned with drugs 16. How to do cardiac massage. 17. How to arrest bleeding 18. How to attend a fainted person 19. How to mobilize a broken limb 20. How to secure airway 21. How to manage shock 22. Knowledge on anatomy & physiology 23. Ability to analyze victims` needs 24. Ability to use First Aid tools 25. Precaution when delivering first Aid services 26. Wound dressing skills 27. Ability to cope with the environment in which

service is provided. 28. to build behavior of helping the injured, 29. Medical knowledge 30. Ability to attend accidents involving fire of different

type 31. Ability to attend accidents involving suffocating at

work places 32. Ability to attend injuries of different types 33. Ability to attend accidents involving burns due to

chemicals and acids 34. Skills on basic health and safety requirements in

provision of first aid 35. Ability to conduct initial casualties assessments 36. Skills on providing first aid for people with Cardio

1. Humanity & Hospitality

2. Quick and fast to react,

3. Sensitivity & awareness

4. Ability and willingness to help

5. Sympathetic & Facilitator

6. Tolerant in service provision

7. Sharp minded in decision making

8. Active and coordinated in acting

9. Quick to respond 10. Efficient, calm,

courageous and confident

11. Committed, motivated& readiness attitude

12. Cultural awareness and respectful

13. Self-discipline 14. Counselor& guider 15. Harmony and

kindness 16. To generate habit

for blood donation 17. Ability to keep the

secrets of the victims

18. Able to console the victim

19. attention to details 20. Flexible 21. Reliable

of 64

Vascular Diseases 37. Knowledge and skills on handling first aid in

petroleum and natural gas industry 38. Understanding types of emergencies that might

occurs in specific environment 39. Responsibility to take care on own safety 40. Ability to counsel and guide casualties

6.0 Analysis on Responses from Health Institutions

The survey covered a total number of 67 Health Institutions, among them, 56 (84%)

were directly related to health including training.

Table 5: Category of Health Institutions

Valid Frequency Percent Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Health Institutions 56 83.6 83.6 83.6

Other Training Institution

(Non Health Institutions) 10 14.9 14.9 98.5

Community Organizations 1 1.5 1.5 100.0

Total 67 100.0 100.0

Respondents were asked if training had ever prepared their graduates to be able to

provide first aid services adequately. 61% of them replied as training to have been

prepared their graduates as shown in Table 6.

Table 6: If first aid Training prepare Graduates to Provide First Aid Services


Percent

Cumulative

Percent

YES 41 61.2 61.2 61.2

NO 10 14.9 14.9 76.1

don`t know 8 11.9 11.9 88.1

not stated 8 11.9 11.9 100.0

Total 67 100.0 100.0

of 64

6.1.1 Current Status of First Aid Tools and Equipment

During the survey, three questions were asked to Health Training Institutions on

resources requirements for learning and teaching first aid and results revealed Health

Training Institutions lacks enough tools and equipment for first aid training and

services as 52 of them said HTI don’t have enough tools and equipment for first aid

training as shown in Figure 1 and 2.

Figure 1: Current Status on First Aid Tools and Equipment for Training

22%

78%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Have tools andequipment

Have no tools andequipment

Survey results also showed 62% of HTI said they do not have adequate tools and

equipment for first aid training and services.

Figure 2: Availability of adequate human resource and expertise to use or operate available first aid

training

equipment

of 64

Have Enough Human Resource

38%

No enough Human Resource

62%

Table 7 indicates list of tools and equipment required for first aid training and

services. This response is from 24 respondents out of 40 health training institutions

contacted.

Table 7: List out essential First Aid training tools and equipment lacking in Health Training Institutions

Valid Frequency Percent

Not response 16 24%

1. First aid kit 1 1%

1. Portable ultrasound and x-ray 1 1%

1.Bronchures and leaflets, 2.Different human body modules,3.Stretchers,4.Emergence machineries

1 1%

1.Cardiac defibrilator,2.Chest tube for emergency thoracastomy,3.Portable x-ray machine for emergency use, 4.,Equipments for immobilization,5.Oxygen machines

1 1%

1.CPR machine,2.Ambu badge 1 1%

1.CPR toys, 2.Mouth shield for direct method of artificial respiration, 3.Equipment for artificial pump,4.Flip chart stand for the training

1 1%

1.CPR training supplies, 2.First aid manual 1 1%

1.Dames for CPR,2.Skeleton,3.Protective gears, 4.Industrial first aid kits

1 1%

1. EGG machine - Portable, 2.Emergency drugs and life serving drugs (Some), 3.Demonstration equipment and tools, 4. First aid Guidelines, posters or brochures

1 1%

1.First aid box with all necessary drugs, 2.Recipiratory equipments,4.Stretchers

1 1%

1.First aid kit, 2.Stretcher and triangular bandages 1 1%

of 64

1.First aid kit,2.Blood Pressure machine 1 1%

1.Intubation machine,2.Defibrillators,3.Portable ECG machine,4.Lack of some emergency drugs like Manuftol,5.Lack of hard bands for those with spraying

1 1%

1.Revisable first aid curriculum,2.CPR tool equipment,3.Up to date teaching aid tools like Computer, LCD's

1 1%

1.Skeleton model, 2.Ice boxes, 3.First aid box, 4.Ambu bags, 5.Tents

1 1%

1.Skeleton model, 2.Ice boxes, 3.First aid box,4.Ambu bags, 5.Ambulance and Tents

1 1%

1.Stretchers,2.Anticeptics 1 1%

1.Toy for CPR, 2.Artificial respiration mouth shields, 3.Equipment for artificial pump, 4.Flip chart stand

1 1%

1.Triangle cloths, 2.Bandage,3.Creep bandage 1 1%

1.Triangular bandages, 2.Butterfly bandages, 3.First aid mediatizes

1 1%

Blood Pressure machine 1 1%

Consumable supplies 1 1%

Human models 1 1%

Stretchers for transfer the person to the sick bay 1 1%

Total 67 100%

6.1.2 Skills Requirements for First Aid Training

The following were first aid knowledge and skills reported to be required for first aid

services.


Health Training Institutions

Core/Technical Skills Behavioral Skills

1. Knowledge on anatomy and physiology 2. Community Basic First aid (CBFA) 3. Ability to control communicable disease for

spread disease e.g. Cholera 4. Simple pharmacology for dispensing medicines 5. Ability to control the situation 6. Ability to perform CPR 7. Ability to communicate (emergency

preparedness), 8. Ability to perform quick assessment 9. Knowledge on handling causality 10. Ability to protect him/herself from infection 11. Ability to recognize and respond to life

threatening conditions

1. A person who has sense of human being

2. Courageous and patient 3. Person who is passionate

about emergency Medicare

4. Maintain calmness, empathy & confidentiality

5. Tolerant 6. Communicator 7. Integrity 8. Counselor 9. Uses polite language

of 64

12. Provider should have trained about first aid provision

13. Should be aware about Infection Preventive Control (IPC),4

14. Provider should know some common drugs and how to prescribe them

15. Ability to work under pressure in a team setting 16. Knowledge on Anatomy, Physiology

&Pharmacology 17. How to check vital signs 18. How to handle patients who got heart attack 19. How to handle accident 20. Ability to perform quick assessment 21. Attending person who have lost consciousness 22. Wound dressing and attending thermal wounds 23. Attending fracture cases 24. Skills on how to use first Aid Tools 25. Basic knowledge of life support 26. Skills of knowing how to do CPR 27. How to open air ways 28. Awareness on principles of first aid 29. Principles & techniques of Resuscitation 30. Able to understand the audience 31. Use clear language 32. To assist client after suffocation 33. Control bleeding 34. To conduct CPR 35. To assist mouth to mouth respiration 36. How to check the ABCD

10. Compassion 11. Humble 12. Good listener 13. Honest & Kind 14. Immediate responder 15. Prepared 16. Volunteer 17. Flexible 18. Compassion 19. Positive attitude 20. Ready to help the injured 21. Love 22. Able to keep clients

secrets 23. Facilitator 24. Willing to learn from

others 25. Should be committed 26. Faithfull 27. Sympathizer 28. Confidentiality 29. Cultural awareness

6.1.3 Challenges facing Health Institutions in Providing First Aid


Health Training institutions reported to be facing a number of challenges which

eventually hinders them to provide adequate first aid training and services. Appendix

6 is a list of challenges as reported by the institutions,

of 64

6.2 Analysis of Interview Results from Employees

6.2.1 Employees: awareness on first aid training and services

Employees who were interviewed Majority 49 out of 50 (98%), responded that they

are aware of first aid training and services.

Table 9: Awareness of Employees on First Aid Training and Services


Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Aware 49 98.0 98.0 98.0

Not

stated 1 2.0 2.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

Among them, 22 employees (44%) have attended first aid training. Table 10 shows

percentage of interviewed employees responded to be aware on first aid training and

services.

Table 10: Employees attended training in first aid

Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Yes 22 44.0 44.0 44.0

No 27 54.0 54.0 98.0

Not

stated 1 2.0 2.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

Employees who responded to the interview, mentioned the following institutions

whom they know to be providing first aid training and service. The Tanzania Red

Cross Society was ranked high in provision of first aid training and services. Table

11 shows list.

of 64

Table 11: List of Institutions known to Provide First Aid Training

Name of Organization Frequency Percent

Tanzania Red Cross Society 13 26%

Other Organizations not mentioned 11 22%

Tanganyika Plantation Company Police 8 16%

Fire and Rescue Brigade 7 14%

BONITE Bottlers Limited 3 6%

Tanzania Red Cross Society 3 6%

Hospitals 2 4%

Government Hospital 1 2%

Occupational Safety and Health Authority

1 2%

Serengeti Breweries 1 2%

Total 50 100%

6.3 Results from Focus Group Discussion Guide

This situation analysis report, compiled views and opinions from different

stakeholders in the field. Focus group discussion guide was used to drivers for up

country and town buses, food vendors, market vendors, volunteers and community

members. The themes of the focus groups discussion guide included: awareness on

first aid training and services, institutions that providing first aid training and

services, status of trained first aiders and duration and required knowledge, skills

and attitudes for first aiders and challenges and recommendations regarding

provision of first aid training and services.

6.3.1 Awareness on First Aid Training and Services from FGDs

The focus group discussion guide was administered to seven groups to get the true

picture, information and expression on first aid training and services.

Awareness

All groups which were involved in FGD indicated that they are aware of first aid

services by giving literally definition of first aid that is a service given before getting

to hospital or during disasters. It was followed by a question on which organization

of 64

they know to be providing first aid training and services. Tanzania Red Cross

Society Security companies were mentioned.

6.3.2 Current Sstatus on First Aid Training and Services in the Community

According to respondents from the FGDs, injuries and illnesses has been occurring

in their communities and first aid services has been a provided to causalities in the

community using their own knowledge and experiences. For example, they

mentioned that if someone get a snake bite, they make a cut on the bitten side using

any available sharp instrument to squeeze out the blood to remove the poison. It is

also been observed that very few respondents who have attended any training

concerning first aid. While all of them are admitted that first aid training and

services is very important for their daily life activities. On the other hand many

respondents has given first aid service to causalities such as motorcycle accidents,

victims of car accidents and fainted person. Respondents from FGD admitted that

the first aid services which they are providing to causalities is not professional,

therefore, they are in need of receiving proper first aid training. However, 72 (93%)

drivers never attended any training in first aid, 5 participants (7%) reported to have

been attended first aid training. Refer to Figure 3.

Figure 3: Number of Drivers Attended FGD Reported to have been trained in First Aid

7%

93%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Trained in First aid

Not trained in first aid

of 64

The respondents argued that private companies especially those owned by

international investors has training programmes on first aid for their employees

including drivers. The mentioned organizations were Unifreight, Primefuels, Barrick

Gold Company and the Tanganyika Plantation Company.

Porters and Tour Guides in, who assist tourists to climb Mount Kilimanjaro and

National Parks, respectively are among the groups who are trained in first aid and

provide first aid services. All the twelve organizations which participated in FGD,

reported to be trained on first aid and it is a pre-condition for one to be licensing as a

porter or a tour guide. The Tanzania Red Cross among the mentioned organizations

training the porters and tour guides. Others are international organizations and local

private firms.

6.3.3 Suggested Knowledge, Skills and Attitude for First Aid Training and

Services

Respondents from FGD, expressed the durations for first aid training to be from one

day to five days depending on the cadre or type of occupation. However, it was

suggested that first aid training can be tailored in some training including driving

and vocational and technical training (TVET) occupations.


Stakeholders from Informal Sector (Community)

S/N Technical / Core Skills S/N Behavioral or Attitude Skills

1 Education on First Aid 1 Sound mind

2 How to use first aid tools 2 Attention when giving services,

3 How to attend a person who has got an accident

3 Should not be discriminant.

4 Ability to use First Aid equipment 4 Tolerant, respect, volunteerism.

5 Ability to use first aid equipment 5 Trustful worth, obedient, maintain cleanness, well mannered

6 Understanding of the environment in which service will be delivered

Love and willingness to volunteer

Understanding of any risks that may 6 Wise, Readiness, Active, patient,

of 64

S/N Technical / Core Skills S/N Behavioral or Attitude Skills

happen

7 Ability to analyze the problems, 7 Not to be drunkard at any time when required

8 Ability to know pulse rate of a victim 8 Willingness to learn, read at any time

9 Skills on how to attend a fainted person after an accident

9 Kind, not selfish, tolerant, must be free from any infection

10 Understanding of human body and how it functions

10 Use polite language to victims, kind, sympathy, love

11 Helping a person who has stuck in the car

Clean and neat, don’t be disgusted, cooperative in service provision.

12 How to help a person who has drown 11 Taking victims to safe places, caring.

13 Ability to understand the problem 12 Confident, self-motivated, attentive.

14 Skills on attending a person due fire accidents at a work places

Self-awareness, hygiene

15 Skills on how to attend person with nose bleeding

13 Understanding his /her responsibilities.

16 Skills on assisting a person with fire burns

14 Caring and hope building to victims.

17 Knowledge to differentiate the use of various first aid equipment.

15 Trustworthy with causalities properties.

6.4 Challenges Associated With Better Provision of First Aid

Provision of better first aid training and services had been facing various challenges

and shortfalls. As can be seen in Table 13, the most focusing challenges includes

lack of skilled first aid human resource (23%), lack of equipment and tools (22%),

lack of transportation or equipped ambulances (11%), lack of peoples’ awareness

(8%) and lack of essential drugs (8%). The other challenge includes lack of

coordination and commitment among first aid working team (6%).

Table 13: Challenges Facing Better Provision of First Aid Training and Services

Challenge Frequency Percent Lack of skilled first aid human resource 42 23%

Lack of equipment and tools 41 22%

Lack of transport facilities/lack of equipped ambulance 20 11%

of 64

Lack of people's awareness on first aid 15 8%

Lack of essential emergency drugs 14 8%

Lack of commitment/confidence/coordination among first aid team 12 6%

Communication from stakeholders 4 2%

Lack of community cooperation on first aid 4 2%

Lack of frequent training to update skills 4 2%

Inadequate cooperation from other safety institutions like OSHA and TFDA

4 2%

Financial constraints 4 2%

Poor infrastructure/difficulties to reach remote areas when required to provide service

4 2%

Inadequate motivation 3 2%

Lack of employment to volunteers who provide the service 3 2%

Lack of safety gears 2 1%

Traditional believes 2 1%

Lack of advocacy on first aid 1 1%

PPE 1 1%

Lack of First aid services 1 1%

High risk of disease transmission during practicing first aid 1 1%

Outdated training manual of the Tanzania Red Cross Society 1 1%

Lack of access to first aid equipment store in case of accident 1 1%

Total 184 100%

of 64

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Discussion: Points to be expanded later (available information)

First aid training is recognized and it is included in policies, acts and

guidelines. According to OSHA, sudden injuries or illnesses, some of which

may be life-threatening, occur at work. The OSHA First Aid standard (29

CFR 1910.151) requires trained first-aid providers at all workplaces of any

size if there is no “infirmary, clinic, or hospital in near proximity to the

workplace which is used for the treatment of all injured employees17.”

First aid training and services is seen as an important aspects to all respondent

groups,

First aid has been provided despite that many people not attended formal

training,

Incidences of injuries and emergency illnesses occurs frequently in the

community,

Health Institutions knows first aid but its setting to be based on hospital

setting and not pre-hospital, and

For those institutions providing first aid services have no standardized

curriculum and certificates.

5.2 Career Path of First Aid

First aid career is under any circumstance not for formal employment. This is

because first aid is not for permanent employment since it is applied at a specified

period where there is occurrence of any incidence. It is hereby the responsibilities of

17 OSHA

of 64

curriculum developers to arrange sequence of duties and tasks into stages or levels

from simple to complex.

5.3 Challenges facing First aid training and services: Views from

stakeholders

Poor dissemination of policies, acts and guidelines on first aid training and

services

Lack of enforcement of employers to train their employees on first aid

Lack of standardized curriculum and recognition of institutions providing first

aid training and services

Inadequate tools, equipment and supplies for first aid training and services

Lack of awareness on appropriate first aid to the community

5.4 Recommendations

Government in collaboration with first aid training institutions to put more

efforts in advocating and disseminating the policies , acts and guidelines in

relations to first aid to the community

Relevant authorities and regulatory bodies on safety issues to make close

follow ups ensuring first aid trainings and services are provided as required.

The government should make sure there is standardized curriculum,

certifications, regulated and recognized institutions providing first aid

training and services with adequate tools, equipment and supplies

There should be a joint effort between government and stakeholders on

mobilization and sensitization on the community to uptake first aid training

and services, and

of 64

First aid trainings to be provided using different approaches including audio

visual presentations in the community

of 64

CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION

First aid has been provided from time immemorial, and it has been practiced as per

human being experiences currently first aid is practiced on scientific evidence

proven.

The situation analysis on first aid has revealed as an important issue and highly

demanded due to technological advancement whereby many injuries and emergence

illnesses are occurring frequently.

Currently in Tanzania there is no standardized and regulated first aid trainings,

which is the right time now to address these shortfalls.

In this context, there is a need of consented efforts from government, stakeholders

and the community to ensure quality first aid training and services are provided.

Demands for first aid training and services are seen in the following indicators: -

Presence of Policies and Acts regarding presence of first aid training and

services;

Demands for first aid certificates by some professionals in order to meet

licensing conditions or seek permissions to work such as to become mountain

porters or tour guides.

Some professionals such as Bus Drivers and Conductors demands first aid

skills to be provided to them because they are exposed to road accidents hence

being eligible to provide first aid services when in need.

The suggested knowledge, skills and attitudes on first aid by employers, regulators,

Health Training Institutions, informal sector groups and the community is a signal

of demands for first aid skills to be provided to respective.

of 64

Despite of such demands for first aid training and services, Health Training

Institutions lacks enough tools and equipment for first aid training and services. This

is evidenced in the report as 78% of the visited HTI said to be lacking enough tools

and equipment for first aid training and services.

COMMENTS

The following are comments regarding provision of first aid training and services in

the country.

TRCS should register FA training under the National Vocational Training

Qualification framework as the training is to be provided mostly under short

courses;

All providers of FA training should be registered under TRCS and then under

VETA

Curriculum on FA should be reviewed to address the present demands under

competence based.

Short and tailor made courses should be introduced.

Common Certificates be issued by TRCS in collaboration with VETA

FA training modules should be included in Universities, Colleges, Technical,

Vocational and in Schools curriculums

of 64

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. United Republic of Tanzania: The Vocational Education and Training Act No. 1

of 1994

2. The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2003.

3. The Public Health Act of 2009

4. The Tanzania Atomic Energy Act.

5. IFRC guidelines of 2016

6. Nielsen: Doubled Survival from Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest in a Rural

Community in North-Norway, 2011 pp 124

7. International First Aid and Resuscitation Guidelines 2016.\,

8. Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute (MOI) 2016, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,

9. World Health Organization 2015: Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015 Geneva:

of 64

APPENDICES Appendix 1: List of Respondents in Focus Group Discussions (Informal Sector Group Operators and

Employees)

Sn NAME OF INSTITUTION MALE FEMALE TOTAL

1 Teachers at Jangwani Secondary School 3 0 3

2 Staffs from Administration (Fire) TPC Limited 13 3 16

3 Staff Kilimanjaro Plantation Limited (Farm Department) 3 5 8

4 Staff Kilimanjaro Plantation Limited (Administration) 0 4 4

5 Daladala drivers (Jamatini Bus stop - Dodoma) 17 1 18

6 Mama lishe Chang'ombe Road - Dodoma 0 9 9

7 Bodaboda Group - Ubungo Riverside 6 0 6

8 Business men and women - Uyole market - Mbeya 13 5 18

9 Business men and women - Mwanjelwa market - Mbeya 8 4 12

10 Daladala drivers (Mbeya) 10 0 10

11 Business men and women - Soweto market - Mbeya 12 6 18

12 Bodaboda Group - Sokomatola - Mbeya 10 0 10

13 Bodaboda Group - Uyole Mbeya 15 0 15

14 Ubungo Bus Drivers - Dar es salaam 41 0 41

15 Bodaboda Evaret Group Temeke - Dar es salaam 6 0 6

16 Food vendors at Ilala market - Dar es salaam 4 3 7

17 Bodaboda Group Nyamagana - Mwanza 7 0 7

18 Daladala Drivers - Morogoro 15 0 15

19 Bodaboda Group Chang'ombe road - Dar es salaam 8 0 8

20 Staff Fire and Rescue Force - Morogoro 1 2 3

21 Staff at Kingolwila - Morogoro 2 1 3

22 Staff Aliance Tobacco Dispensary - Morogoro 0 5 5

23 Bajaji Drivers Group - Ubung Dar es salaam 0 5 5

24 Food vendors at Tabata Bima - Ilala Dar es salaam 0 4 4

25 Food vendors - Morogoro Municipal 1 3 4

26 Red Cross Volunteers - Morogoro 3 2 5

27 Food Vendors Group at Morogoro Market - Morogoro 1 3 4

28 Taxi and Daladala Group - Morogoro Town Bus Stop - Morogoro 15 0 15

29 Padestrians at Ubungo - Dar es salaam 5 0 5

30 Taxi Drivers at Mlimani City - Dar es salaam 5 0 5

31 Bodaboda Group at Kinondoni - Dar es salaaam 5 0 5

32 Staff at Bugando Nursing School - Mwanza 1 4 5

33 Group of Fishermen Nyamagana - Mwanza 6 2 8

34 Bodaboda Group - Dodoma 12 0 12

35 Staff Rescue Centre for Child Domestic Abused and Tortured - Ilemela Mwanza

0 3 3

36 Daladala Drivers Dodoma Urban - Dodoma 18 0 18

37 Red Cross Volunteers Rwegasore Road - Morogoro 0 2 2

38 Food Vendors - Nyamagana Mwanza 2 7 9

39 Bus Conductors and Agents Ubungo Bus Terminal - Dar es salaam 40 0 40

40 Porters of Mount Kilimanjaro Porters Organization - Moshi Kilimanjaro

11 2 13

41 Guides of Kilimeru Guide Society - Moshi, Kilimanjaro 4 2 6

42 Porters of Kilimeru Guide Society - Moshi, Kilimanjaro 6 0 6

43 Guides of Kilimanjaro Guides Association - Moshi, Kilimanjaro 7 1 8

44 Member of Tanzania Tour Guides Association - Moshi, Kilimanjaro 10 2 12

45 Red Cross Voolunteers Kilimanjaro Region - Moshi 5 0 5

46 Red Cross Trainers - Kilimanjaro Region 4 1 5

47 Red Cross Volunteers - Tanga Region 3 1 4

48 Red Cross Trainers - Tanga Region 2 0 2

49 Red Cross Volunteers - Dar es salaam Region 3 2 5

50 Red Cross Trainers - Dar es salaam Region 3 0 3

366 94 460

of 64

Appendix 2: List of Health Institutions Visited by Region, District, Location and Contacts

SN REGION DISTRICT NAME OF INSTITUTION

LOCATION MOBILE EMAIL ADDRESS CATEGORY OF THE INSTITUTION

1 Mwanza Ilemela Corner Dispensary

Ilemela 754778322 Health Institution

2 Mwanza Nyamagana

Sekou Toure Hospital

Nyamagna 752206705 Health Institution

3 Shinyanga Shinyanga Urban

Kolandoto College of Health sciences

Kolandoto 785342138 Health Institution

4 Morogoro Mvomero Tanzania Red Cross Society

Dumila Health Institution

5 Morogoro Morogoro Urban

Fire and Rescue Brigade

Mindu 716620113 Health Institution

6 Simiyu Bariadi Tanzania Red Cross Society

Shinyanga 759116341 [email protected]

Health Institution


Kingolwira Health Centre

Zahanati Kingolwira

655090050 [email protected]

Health Institution


Alliance One Dispensary

Mikambarauni

7692225756 Health Institution



Mikambarauni


Health Institution



Zahanati/Kingolwira


Health Institution


Tanzania Red Cross Society

Morogoro 652960106 Health Institution

12 Mwanza Nyamagana


Nyamagana 763124890 [email protected]

Health Institution

13 Mwanza Nyamagana


Nyamagana 764587362 [email protected] Health Institution

14 Dar es Salaam

Ubungo SOS-Children Village

Sinza 714294227 [email protected]

Non Training/Community Organizations



Morogoro Municipal




Mkambarauni 652688271 Health Institution

17 Dar es Salaam

Temeke Arafa Upendo Health Centre

Temeke-Stereo


18 Mwanza Nyamagana


Nyamagana 752206705 [email protected]

Health Institution

19 Dar es Salaam

Kinondoni Kariuki Hospital Mikocheni 684002577 [email protected] Health Institution

20 Mwanza Nyamagana

Bugando School of Nursing

Mwanza 784625862 [email protected]

Health Institution

21 Mwanza Nyamagana


Mwanza City Health Institution

22 Mbeya Mbeya Urban

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

Iyunga 763555915 [email protected]

Health Institution

23 Kilimanjaro

Moshi Urban


Moshi Kilimanjaro

Health Institution

24 Kilimanjaro

Moshi Urban

Moshi Regional Vocational Training and Service Centre

Market street opposite Moshi airport


Other Training Institution (Non Health Institutions)

25 Kilimanjar Moshi Tanzania Red Moshi 625934190 kinyaiyacassian9@g Health Institution

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

of 64

o Urban Cross Society mail.com

26 Kilimanjaro

Moshi Urban


Moshi 768348812 [email protected] Health Institution

27 Tanga Tanga Urban

Tanga Regional Vocational Training and Service Centre

Tanga municipality

[email protected]




Tanga 714418313 Health Institution



Tanga 713490200 [email protected] Health Institution


Tanga Regional Referral Hospital

Bombo - Raska zone

Health Institution



Bombo - Raska zone

Health Institution



Bombo - Raska zone

Health Institution



Bombo - Raska zone

Health Institution



Bombo - Raska zone

[email protected]

Health Institution



Bombo - Raska zone


Health Institution

36 Dar es Salaam

Kinondoni Tanzania Red Cross Society

Mikocheni B Health Institution

37 Kilimanjaro

Moshi Urban

Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre School Of Nursing

Moshi 272754368 [email protected] Health Institution

38 Dar es Salaam

Kinondoni Tanzania Red Cross Society

Mikocheni B 715364835 [email protected]

Health Institution


Mbeya College of Health Science

Hospital hill 7623540433 [email protected]

Health Institution


Mbeya College of Health Science

Mbeya 756888066 [email protected]

Health Institution


Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital

Hospital street Sisimba

Health Institution


Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital

Hospital street Sisimba


Health Institution


Mbeya Regional Vocational Training and Service Centre

Sae Health Institution


META Vocational Training Centre

Mbalizi road 2502891 [email protected]



KIHUMBE Vocational Training Centre

Stereo 252502219 [email protected] Other Training Institution (Non Health Institutions)


Mbeya Agricultural Training Institute

Uyole 733510015 [email protected]



Mbeya Trade School

Mbeya urban 754345718 Other Training Institution (Non Health Institutions)

48 Arusha Arusha Urban

Mount Meru Regional Referral Hospital

East Africa road opposite AICC


49 Arusha Arusha Mount Meru East Africa 786790111 [email protected] Health Institution

of 64

Urban Regional Referral Hospital

road opposite AICC

m




Health Institution




Health Institution




Health Institution


Arusha Technical College

Junction of Nairobi and Moshi-Arusha road

272970056 [email protected] Other Training Institution (Non Health Institutions)


Centre for Education Development in Health Arusha

Sanawari 272548281 [email protected] Health Institution

55 Kilimanjaro

Moshi Urban

Saint Mary Goreti Secondary School

Uru road 754096032 [email protected]

Health Institution


Suye Health Institute

Suye 754269625 [email protected]

Health Institution


Fire & Rescue Brigade

Uwanja wa Taifa

719142963 Other Training Institution (Non Health Institutions)

58 Dodoma Dodoma Urban

Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital

Hospital-Madukani


Health Institution

59 Dodoma Moshi Urban

Regional Helth Management Team (RHMT)

Hospital-Madukani


Health Institution


Regional Helth Management Team (RHMT)

Madukani 754991963 Health Institution


Mirembe School of Nursing

Dodoma Municipal

717697029 [email protected] Health Institution


Mirembe School of Nursing

Dodoma Municipal


Health Institution

63 Mwanza Nyamagana


Bugando Health Institution

64 Dar es Salaam

Kinondoni Kairuki Hospital 322 Regence 2.55223E+11

[email protected]

Health Institution


Tanzania Railways Limited Dispensary

Kichangani Mei Mosi Road

Health Institution








Health Institution

of 64

Appendix 3: Responses from Employers and Regulators on Suggested Knowledge, Skills and Behaviors

required in First Aid

Sn A. Suggested knowledge and skills in First Aid provision

1, Fire Management, 2.Trauma Management, 3.Poison Management, 4.Drawning

Management, 5.

Ability to offer service in case of accidents

1.Accidents involving fire of different types,2.Accidents involving suffocation at work

place, 3.Accidents involving injuries, 4.Accidents involving burns due chemicals and

acids

1.Basci Health and safety requirements in the provision of first AID, 2.Abiliy to conduct

an initial causality assessment

1.Bleeding management, 2.Cardio Pulmonary Recitation, 3.Managemet of chocking,

4.Management of head injuries

1.Dressing wounds, 2.Stop bleeding, 3.Types of diseases spread on mountain

1.Fire, 2.Rescue,3.Health &Safety, 4.First AID tool KIT, 5.Education to Traders about

First Aid

1. First AID for people with Cardio Vascular Diseases eg. Heart Attack,Stroke,2.First

AID in case of Injuries e.g. Bleeding Burn,3.First AID in poisoning ,Low Blood Sugar

(Hypoglycemia),4.Handling Patient Fracture, Spinal Injuries, Head Injury,5.Accute

Respiratory disorder e.g. Severe Asthma Attack

1.Hazard Control

1.How to receive an emergence patient,2.How to make triage,3.How to examine,4.How

to treat,5.How to educate

1.How to attend the causality of food posioning,2.First AID to a customer whom

his/drink has been poisoned with drugs,3.How to attend a person who is too

drunk,4.how to attend a fainted person

1.How to secure air way,2.How to arrest bleeding,3.How to manage shock,4.How to

mobilize a broken limb,5.How to do cardiac massage

1.Knowldge on anatomy & physiology, 2.Self Motivated,

1.Knowledge and skills on handling first aid, Petroleum and natural gas

1.Knowledge on how to attend the victims, 2.How to prevent themselves

1.Knowledge on how to use the firs aid tools, 2.Ability to analyze victims needs

1. Identify type of first aid need at the scene and be able to use necessary tools and

equipment to provide first aid, 2. How to take precautions in providing the required first

aid, 3.How to carry out emergency dressings of wounds (dressing),4.Carry out

pulmonary assistance, 5.Bleeding management

1.Life serving skills,2.Fluent in communication skills,3.Human anatomy and

physiology,4.Some pharmacological knowledge,5.Nursing knowledge

of 64

1.Must have trained on First Aid, 2.Must know how to attend a patient when in need,

3.Knowlwdge on how to use the First Aid Kit

1.Readness, 2.knowledge on first aid

1.Shoul possess the necessary skills on first AID

1.Skills on using first aid equipment, 2.General knowledge on first aid service

1.Stable side possition,2.dealing with emergenicies,3.dressing a cassuality,4.applying a

bandage

1.Taking care of an injured person

1.To provide assistance immediately when the problem arise,2.Help students when get

injuries and take them to the health centre for further medical attention

1.To understand type of injury,2..To provide the right first Aid service,3.To alert the

pupils according to the situation,4.To communicate to the society around the school

1.To understand the kind of Injury,2.to find the best way for treatment,3.to use the

available resources for assistance,5.to make communication with parents, to provide

road safety education to all

1.Training on first AID,2.Ability to use first AID properties like Fire extinguishers, First

AID kits

1.Triage,2.Control bleeeding,3.Posiosning Managment,4.Sufforcation,5.Infection control

and prevention

1.Understand types of emergencies that might occur,2.Practice and become

experience in first AID provision,3.Knowledge on evacuation

1.Understanding when it is necessary,2.Abilty to use the first Aid kit,3.Knowledge and

skills fro delivering the first aid services

Attending poisoned victims by neutralizing poison by antidotes

First AID Kits, Experts

General knowledge on how to attend an emergency of a fainted person

Public Health Training (Or Medicine Training),2.Training of Trainers of First AID

Treat patients accordingly

Sn B. Suggested/Required attitudes and behaviors necessary in provision of First

Aid?

1,Responsible to take care on their own safety,2.Humanity &Hospitality around

themselves,3.Quick and fast to react,4.Sensitivity & awareness

1.Ability to help others,2.WWillingnes to help,3.Tolerant in service provission,4.Sharp

minded in decision making

1.Active and coordinated in acting, 2.quick to respond,

3.efficient,4.Sympathetic,5.Facilitator

1.Being calm, 2.Acting fast

1.Calm, 2.Courageous, 3.Confindent

1.Comitment, 2.Motivation,3.Readness attitude,4.continual training of staff

of 64

1. Confidentiality, 2.Cultural awareness and respectfulness, 3.Concelling and

guidance abilities to causalities.

1.Devotion Spirit, 2.Confidence building atitude,3.Caring, 4.Sympathy & Enthusiastic

1.First AID provider should be disciplined (Self), 2.should be confident o what he/she

doing, 3.Confidentiality, 4.Ability to cope with the environment in which service is

provided, 5.Able to maintain cleanness

1.Good environment during training, 2.Facilities for training practically,3.Incentive to

make trainee concentrate, 4.Competent instructor during class hours and practical

training

1.Harmony and kindness, 2.Imeediate response among children and society, 3.to

generate habit for blood donation, 4.to build sympathetic behavior

1. Honesty, 2. Respects to victims, 3. Willing to provide first aid services to others, 4.

Cooperation

1.Honesty,2.Approval on first aid provision, 3.Service provision environment, 4.First

aid work boundaries

1.Immediate in reaction, 2.To create awareness in society in order to avoid more

accidents, 3.to build behavior of helping the injured, 4.To value each other and to help

accordingly

1.Knowing the importance of first AID,2.First Aid Kits,3.to value the first AID kits

1. Confidentiality, 2. To be self-motivated to provide first aid to others, 3.Be able to

Console victims, 4. Value victims, 5. To be smart, clean and careful

1.Love, 2.Self Motivated,3.Readness, 4.Ability to use the First Aid Equipment

1.Must have good conduct and discipline, 2.Must be brave, 3.Must be patient, 4.Must

make quick decisions

1.Patience, 2.Decission Maker, 3.Crictical Analyzing, 3.Quick in Acting, 5.Tollerance

1.Punctuality, 2.Calmness,3.Flexible, 4.Knowlegeable,5.Skills

1.Readnesss for emergencies, 2.preparation of emergency protocols,3.availabity of

skilled staffs

1.Reliable when first aid is needed, 2.must be committed to serve

others,3.confidentiality,4.knowledge on medical issues

1.Respectiful, 2.Tolerant, 3.Ethical issues, 4.Confidentiality, 5.Patient, 6.Volunteerism

1.To understand the importance of First AID provision,2.to have immediate reaction

after the problem,3.to build the sympathy behavior among the children, teachers and

the whole society,4.to enhance the habit of loving and valuing each other

1.Understanding,2.Encourager and Influencer

1.value other life,2.positive atitude,3.readness to help

1.Volunteerism,2.Commitment,3.Willingness,4.Attentiveness,5Passion/Humanity

1.Willingness

Good relationships with patients

of 64

Having sympathy and empathy towards victims, being ready to serve victims` lives,

having humanity towards victims

Helper and educator, understanding various types of hazards

Patience

Appendix 4: Responses on Suggested First Aid Knowledge, Skills and Behaviors from Health Training

Institutions

Sn A. Suggested Knowledge and Skills in First Aid Trainers

1. 1 1. first by knowing anatomy and physiology,2.Community Basic First Aid

(CBFA),3.Communicable disease for spread disease e.g. Cholera,4.Knowing about

RCH maternal child health - mother delivery,5.Simple pharmacology for dispensing

medicines,6.Nutrition,7.Community health

2. 2 1.1.To provide an educate people about First AID,2.To the companies and

factories,3.enough teaching aids

3. 1.Abilitty to control the situation,2.Ability to perform CPR,3.Ability to communicate

(emergency preparedness),4.Ability to perform quick assesement,5.Ability to

protect him/herself from infection

4. 1.Ability to recognize and respond to life threatening condition,2.Provider should

have trained about first aid provision,3.Should be aware about Infection Preventive

Control (IPC),4.Provider should know some common drugs and how to prescribe

them,5.Ability to work under pressure, reassuring and team working

5. 1.Adequate Knowledge on what he or she is teaching,2.Able to lead the

classroom,3.Able to cooperate with right personel,4.Use more practical

training,5.Able to choose topics in relation to participants

6. 1.Anatomy,2.Physiology,3.Pharmacology

7. 1.Assesment Skills,2.CPR skills,3.Demage skills (prevention of further injury)

8. 1.Attending person who have lost conciousness,2.Wound dressing and attending

thermal wounds,3.Attending spraining cases,4.Attending fracture

cases,5.Prescription of drugs such as pain killer,6.To learn how to use and apply

the right fire extinguishers

9. 1.Basic knowledge of life support,2.Knowledge of emergency medicine,3.Skills of

knowing how to do CPR,4.How to open air ways,5.How taking vital sign,

6.Cammulation and I.V access

10. 1.Basic materials for a first aid kit,2.Principles of first aid,3.Main steps of

emergency Achon,4.Transport a casuality,5.Principles of

Resuscitahon,6.Resuscitahon techniques

of 64

11. 1.Be skillful and knowledgeable on the subject, 2.Understand your audiences,3.Use

clear language,4.Use appropriate training methods,5.Use teaching

aids,6.Continuous monitoring,7.Find evaluation

12. 1.Can be CO, AMO, MD or special, 2.Aperson should be trained on emergency

care

13. 1.Control bleeding,2.To conduct CPR,3.To assist client after suffocation,4.To clear

airway,5.To assist mouth to mouth respiration,6.To assist person after electric

shock,7.To assist person after accident

14. 1.Determine if the person is alive or dead, 2.Check vital signs,3.Put the victim in

recovery position,4.Make sure airway is open,5.Perform mouth to mouth

respiration,6.Perform CPR,7.Call for help (Police or Ambulance)

15. 1.First aider to be patient,2.to maintain privacy during proving first aid,3.to have

good communication during providing first aid

16. 1.Full stocked firs aid dpt.,2.Appointed person to take care of first Aid

arrangements,3.information to employees on first aid arrangements

17. 1.How to check vital signs,2.How to open airway,3.How to do CPR,4.Basic

knowledge of life support

18. 1.How to handle patients who got heart attack,2.How to handle accident

victims,3.How to handle a person take poison

19. 1.How to handle the situation, handling the patient accordingly and

stablizing,2.How to check the ABCD (Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability and

Exposure),3.Call for an ambulance immediatelly,4.Perform CPR Immediately

20. 1.How to receive emergency case,2.how to arrange triangle

21. 1.Identify the emergency,2.know how to receive emergency patient,3.know how to

check for vital signs,4.know how to position patient accordingly,5.know how to care

for unconscious patient

22. 1.Knowledge and skills in heart attack,2.Knowledge and skills in fatal

accidents,3.Knowledge and skills in unconciousness,4.Knowledge and skills in

human anatomy

23. 1.Knowledge and skills in offering first aid life rescue,2.Use of available resources

as per need,3.Be in position to advise,4.Courage to act based on situation,5.Ability

to provide service once required

24. 1.Knowledge of attending and emergency patient

25. 1.knowledge on ABC,2.CPR technique knowledge,3.knowledge on first aid drug

and administration,5.knowledge on team work approach

26. 1.Must have completed a formal medical school,2.Have the knowledge of

emergency medicine,3.Completed full first aid school

of 64

27. 1.Must know the normal Anatomy.2.Must know Physiology,3.knowledge in

essential medicine,4.know pulse rate know to perform it,5.know to perform Cardio-

pulmonary Resuscitation

28. 1.open air way,2.check for breathing,3.check for circulation,4.asses any

disability,5.expose the patient

29. 1.Professional first aid,2.Should be able working for any environment,3.To stop the

danger,4.Understanding for what you do,5.Mobilization,6.Working the

community,7.Evaluation to the area of accident

30. 1.Professional,2.Working according to environment,3.To know what to

do,4.Working with the community,5.Keep clear to danger,6.Mobilization,7.Scene

assessment

31. 1.Provision of first aid to a shocked person,2.Electric shock,3.Bleeding, fractures

and sprains,4.Carrying and transporting casualities,5.Suffocation,6.Drowning

32. 1.Quick assessment of the patient,2.Reform ABCD procedures,3.Handling of

different emergency cases or transfer,4.Opening up I.V line,5.Use of infusions or

application and doses,6.Appropriate referral mechanisms,7.Administration of first

aid medication

33. 1.Quick thinking and action,2.Ability to use first aid equipments,3.How to give report

to other practitioners

34. 1.Should be aware of occupational safety health requirements,1.Contents of first

aid kit,3.Be aware of safety symbols

35. 1.Should know different illness,2.Should have knowledge of emergency

conditions,3.Should have knowledge and skills of life support,4.Should be able to

improvise indifferent and difficult circumstances

36. 1. Should know how to take quick judgment and decision, 2.Skills of triage and

quick decision, 3.Knowledge of take vital signs and stop bleeding,4. How to

stabilize, neck joints and coma,5.How to use emergency equipment

properly,6.Emphathy

37. 1.Should know to do CPR,2.Should know to manage preumothorax,3.Control of

bleeding,4.Stabilizing fracture,5.Giving in fluids,6.In case of spiral injury to put a

patient in proper position be able to know danger signs

38. 1.Skills in First Aid provision,

39. 1.The use of first aid kits,2.Ordering medicines and equipment for first aid kit,3.How

to help an injured person,4.How to help a person with a broken bone,5.How to help

a person with heart attack

40. 1.They must know how to perform CPR,2.They must know how to put a patient in

recovery position,3.The must know several ways of controlling bleeding,4.Have to

be quick and fast in decision making,5.Knowledge on how to mobilize

fracture,6.They must know how to use fire extinguisher,7.Knowledge on triage

system

of 64

41. 1.To know about anatomy and physiology,2.To know about communicable

diseases and community health,3.To know about management of emergency

delivery,4.To know about simple pharmacology (Dispensing),5.To know about how

to educate the community against famine and its results - tutritions,6.To know to

care victims of sudden illness or trauma

42. 1.To know advanced trauma support,2.to know tools,3.emergency drugs

43. 1.Trained on first aid,2.Had background on other professions such as mechanical,

nurse and teacher,3.Middle age between 25 to 50 years,4.Member of Tanzania

Red Cross Society first aid,5.Ready to be volunteer,6.Involved in community or field

work

44. ABC (A-Ensure clear air way-Ensure Breathing-Ensure Cardiac function [heart

beat])

45. ABC principles

46. A person who knows how to perform first AID

47. Check for the situation (secure your safety)

48. Communication and technical now how on First Aid

49. First aid knowledge

50. How to perform firs AID

51. Information for employees about First AID arrangements

52. Medical knowledge

Sn B. Suggested attitudes and behaviors necessary for First AID Trainers

1 1.A person who has sense of human being,2.Courageous and patient

2 1.A person who is passionate about emergency Medicare, 2.A person who

understand the capabilities of his or her students,3.The trainer should be up to date

on first aid

3 1.Calmness,2.Empathy,3.Being ready to act,4.Open minded,5.Efffective

communicator

4 1.clothes,2.Bandages,3.short sticks

5 1.Confidetiality,2.Emergncy skills,3.Ethics,4.Tolerance

6 1.Customer care clients,2.Communi

7 1.Discipline, 2.Confidentiality,3.Neutrality,4.Cleanliness,5.Confidence

8 1.Empathy, 2.Confidentiality,3.Patientness

9 1.Empathy, 2.Quick in Acting,3.Intensive knowledge on First AID

10 1.Empathy, 2.You have an idea of what you have to do,3.Enough knowledge of first

aid

11 1.Emphathy,2.Knowledgable,3.Friendly to trainees,4.Tolerance,5.Counsellor

12 1.Ethical person,2.Commited person

of 64

13 1.Ethics & Respects,2.Monitoring &reassuring,3.make the causality

comfortable,4.Handling the patient

14 1.Good communication to the trainees,2.Patience to the trainees

15 1.Having polite language,2.Quick assessment up to five minutes

16 1.He or she must be calm and compansionate,2.Psychologically fit in both

educational psychology and medical psychology,3.Humble,4.Good

listener,5.Cooperative

17 1.Honestly,2.Kindness,3.Impatiallity,4.To work within your regulations or

rules,5.Accurate and capable

18 1.Immediaterresponse to the mergencies,2.Giing care with confidence,3.Explain

what you are going to do,4.Answer questions honestly

19 1.Kin eyes and sharp hands,2.Preparedness,3.Active thinking,4.Positive

thinker,5.Don't rush but quick in action

20 1.Kind and willing to work,2.Commited and dedicated

21 1.kind person,2.Fast in taking action (flexible)

22 1.Kind,2.Carefull,3.Making the causality comfortable,4.Monitoring and

reassuring,5.Respect

23 1.Knowledge on how to attend casuality,2.Quick in action according to

needs,3.Reassurance

24 1.Lack of community awareness on first aid, 2.lack of equipment (first aid

kit),3.Lack of knowledge amongst community members

25 1.Must be honesty, 2.Impartiality,3.Humanity,4.Volunteerism,5.Working through

boundaries

26 1.Needs competency, 2.needs skills & knowledge,3.needs flexibility,4.needs

punctuality

27 1.Optimisim,being confident,3.Having a sense of compassionate

28 1.Passionate, neutrality, kind,2.Responsive person

29 1.Patient - centred,2.Quick to respond

30 1.Polite and able to receive advice from others,2.Willing to receive further training

frequently with changes,3.Creative,4.Able to use different participatory teaching

methods

31 1.Positive attitude,2.Correct knowledge,3.Compassion and respect for human

life,4.Empathy,5.Concentration

32 1.Proactive or quick in Achon,2.Good communication skills

33 1.Quick response to an emergency

34 1.Readness to help the injured ones,2.commitment,3.love

35 1.Respect, 2.Confidentiality,3.Care

36 1.Respect,2.Knowledge,3.Love

of 64

37 1.Respectiveness,2.Understandable and able to act in a right way

immediately,3.Able to keep client secret,4.Volunteerism,5.Able to relent other to be

involved in different activities

38 1.Responsible and care one,2.Be able to facilitate first aid service,3.Should have

broad knowledge in psychology,4.Willingness to learn from others

39 1.Should be a committed person,2.a person who will be able to identify the

case,3.who will be able to take necessary action quickly,4.able to re-evaluate and

make decision and act

40 1.Should be committed,2.Having compassions to patients

41 1.Should be eager to teach others about it,2.Have undertook the teaching

methodology

42 1.Should be flexible,2.Should be calm,3.Should be panctual,4.should be

knowlegeable,5.should be faithful

43 1.Should be sympathetic,2.A person who is calm and cool,3.A person who is able

to learn

44 1.Should be calm,2.Not being in a state of panic,3.Handlewith care e.g. if there

fracture at the limbs or spine

45 1.Show sympathy to the patient,2.You should show empathy to the patient,

46 1.Smart,2.Confidence

47 1.They should be brave,2.Should be calm and patient,3.Must be committed,4.Must

have discipline

38 1.Well minded,2.Humble,3.Sharp minded

39 1.Willingness of helping others when they are in need,2.Respecting others and

maintain confidentiality,3.Quick in action,4.Reflecting safety to others,5.Reassuring

50 Committment,2.Proffessional ethics,3.Conidence

51 Confidentiality

52 To be talkative and friendly

of 64

Appendix 5: Response from Informal Sector Operators on Suggested Knowledge, Skills and Behavioral

Required in First Aid

Sn A. Suggested knowledge and skills in first aid training

Valid

1. Ability to help injured person depending on kind of wound

2. Ability to offer preventive measures to reduce possibility of occurrence of diseases or wound,

3. Skills on dressing wounds and measure breathing pressure of a patient

4. Able to control blood, helping wounded person, poisoned person and person injured in accident

5. Any kind of knowledge such as little nursing skills and capable on using any kind of first aid kit equipment

6. Anyone but better a trained personnel

7. Being aware of kind of first aid service needed, No need of knowledge, Training and first aid kit equipment

8. Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), management of choking, management of a suspected spinal or head injury, and management of bleeding

9. Current first aid education qualifications, equipment and knowledge on first aid and how to use those equipment

10. Education training on first aid, self-consciousness and having first aid equipment

11. First aid training skills, Know first aid service centres, attentive in offering first aid service, provide awareness of first aid services on environmental surrounding

12. First aid training skills, self confidence in provision of first aid, skills on kind of first aid service to be offered and with attention

13. General meaning of first aid, special equipment of first aid and proper use of first aid equipment

14. Good health, aware of providing first aid, ability to use first aid equipment and well trained in providing first aid service

15. How to attend a person needs first aid

16. How to handle situation area, how to lay a person in a good position, how to dress a person with a bandage and how to carry an injury person

17. How to provide first aid service

18. Know what have happened, Ensure safety for causality and first aid to unconscious client, Cardio Pulmonary Recitation

19. Knowledge and skills in preserving life, knowledge and skills in preserving further harm, knowledge and skills to perform with minimum equipment and knowledge and promote recovery

20. Knowledge on first aid equipment, assessment of the victim quickly and precautions on handling victim

21. 1. Knowledge on first aid, knowledge on type of first aid service needed, 2. Being attentively, careful and confident on providing first aid service

of 64

22. Knowledge on first aid, required equipment, able to read and write

23. Knowledge on how to use the equipment, any person who is physically fit and mentally fit

24. Knowledge on providing first aid, awareness on health skills, awareness on using medicine and greater knowledge on spread of infections

25. Knowledge on providing first aid, Precaution skills on providing first aid, Knowledge on health and hygiene in general and knowledge on first aid kit equipment

26. Management of bleeding, management of choking, management of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and management of breathing

27. Mountain sickness, helping a person with muscle disorders, overcoming food diet or menu, vision or sight problems, diarrhea

28. Must be aware on providing first aid service, with good health, knowledge and experience on providing first aid and having required equipment for first aid service

29. Must know kinds of medicines and having skills on first aid

30. Ability to help a wounded person and ability to use first aid kit equipment

31. Nursing a patient, health care course and ward attendance

32. Person with first aid training skills, nurse, person with community health training skills and doctors

33. Person without any communicable disease, able to use first aid tools and ability to provide first aid service

34. Qualified on first aid training, knowledge on using first aid equipment and ability to use human resources in provision

35. Recognize patient’s needs, First aid training skills and elementary first aid skills

36. Required training on first aid, understand a person in need of first aid, first aid equipment and flexibility on providing first aid service

37. Rescue accident victim person, using first aid equipment, providing information or report

38. Rescue techniques, stages of providing first aid, ability to recognize perfect use of first aid equipment and how to maintain personal safety when providing first aid

39. Rescue techniques, stages of providing first aid, importance and ability to use of first aid equipment and how to maintain personal safety when providing first aid

40. Skills on helping injured person, knowledge on using required equipment and Don't segregate a patient

41. Skills on wound protection, Skills on using equipment, Skills on accident protection and Kindness

42. To identify the problem needs first aid, removing a victim in the accident area, providing the required first aid service and sending the accident victim to medical services.

43. Trained personnel

44. Using first aid kit equipment, Skills on saving injured person and its environment

45. What kind of sickness you are dealing with, the age of the victim or sex and the

of 64

equipment to use

B. Suggested attitude and behaviors necessary in provision of first aid training

46. Be sympathetic

47. Brave, personal safety, Cleanliness

48. Call for emergency help, ready to help the person, know what to do in life or death situation and make safety a priority

49. Calm, alert, act fast, look, ask, listen and feel

50. Calmness, kindness, patience, silence and encouragement

51. Careful on provision of first aid service

52. Civilized and with polite language, enough knowledge on provision of first aid, listener and ready to provide enough information when needed and first aid training skills in general

53. Cleanliness of first aid provider, skills on solving first aid problems, Generous and kindness of first aid provider

54. Cleanliness, Check on kind of wound

55. Cleanliness, Skilled and well trained on provision of training to others

56. Compassion and confident without fear

57. Cool person with good heart, a volunteer person ready to act

58. Counselling victim, understand the problem, provide service you are aware to and if you are not aware bring victim to hospital

59. Discipline, Cleanliness, not discriminant, volunteering

60. Don't be coward, Be Patient and Tolerant

61. First aid ethics

62. Friendly, carefully, appear knowledgeable and confidentiality

63. Good communication skills in regard to first aid, ability to work in team, ability to work under pressure and leadership and knowledge of own limits

64. Good physical appearance, polite, willingness and honest person

65. He or she must settle, know how to use first aid equipment, must be a trained doctor.

66. Honest, secret person to his or her client, willingness person and humane

67. Honest, secret person, willingness to volunteer and humane

68. Knowledge on first aid, careful person and have awareness on equipment required

69. Listener and who treat a patient well with attention, Careful person, investigator and who transfer information very fast to a nearby health centre

70. Love his or her work, compassion, polite and appreciate his service

71. Love, Calmness without anger, less fear and care on providing first aid service

72. Maintain cleanliness, willingness on helping others, polite person when helping a victim and integrity and honest person

73. Must be generous to a patient, Don't segregate a patient due to his colour, religion or tribe, Volunteer, Awareness in providing medicines, Offer service when needed, Don’t favor and having love to a patient

of 64

74. Must be polite, not be disgusted and help patient to reach to a special place for further treatment

75. No discrimination, integrity, Cleanliness, and self confidence

76. Polite, generous and honest, kindness and willingness person to volunteer

77. Polite, intelligent, brave, patient, reasonable and kindness

78. Positive attitude, honest and faithful behavior, limits of providing services to the tourists, ethics and how to assist or help a tourist to reach target.

79. Quickness and sensitivity to reaction, cooperation and teamwork, obedience

80. Readiness in helping infected person, good communication with others, having specified knowledge on first aid and good physical appearance

81. Self-motivated, empathy, knowledge on first aid and values

82. Should not be discriminant to any kind of patient, maintain cleanliness, Must be capable to provide service any time need and be aware of first aid kit equipment

83. Should not be rude, good treatment of victims

84. Skilled person on provision of first aid training and experience for a long period

85. Sympathy, Readiness in providing service, Love and faith

86. To have a first aid skills of high level and to have a teaching skills to participant

87. Volunteer, Honest, Not discriminant, and discipline in providing first aid

report on situation analysis to identify skills … · 2021. 6. 9. · field work conveniently...

Documents