Report on the Drug Report on the Drug Problem Problem

in the Americasin the Americas

Ambassador Paul E. SimonsAmbassador Paul E. SimonsExecutive Secretary Executive Secretary

Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD)Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD)

Committee on Hemispheric SecurityCommittee on Hemispheric SecurityOrganization of American StatesOrganization of American States

February 7, 2013February 7, 2013

“ “ The region’s leaders held an invaluable discussion on The region’s leaders held an invaluable discussion on the global drug problem. We agreed on the need to the global drug problem. We agreed on the need to analyze the results of the current policy in the analyze the results of the current policy in the Americas and to explore new approaches to Americas and to explore new approaches to strengthen this struggle and to become more strengthen this struggle and to become more effective. We have issued the OAS a mandate to that effective. We have issued the OAS a mandate to that end.”end.”

Juan Manuel SantosJuan Manuel SantosPresident of ColombiaPresident of ColombiaClosing speech at VI Summit of the AmericasClosing speech at VI Summit of the Americas

Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Inter-American Drug Abuse Control CommissionCommission

25 Years of Accomplishment: • Policy Development • Multilateral Evaluation• Institutional Strengthening• Capacity Building

Rio Plan of Action - April 1986Rio Plan of Action - April 1986

Political milestone: Political milestone: • Hemispheric cooperation Hemispheric cooperation

increasingly vital to effective increasingly vital to effective efforts to reduce demand for efforts to reduce demand for drugs, prevent drug abuse, and drugs, prevent drug abuse, and combat unlawful drug combat unlawful drug trafficking. trafficking.

Programmatic vision:Programmatic vision:• Effective Inter-American Effective Inter-American

response in research, response in research, information exchange, training, information exchange, training, and mutual assistance and mutual assistance

Anti-Drug Strategy in the Hemisphere, Anti-Drug Strategy in the Hemisphere, 19961996

• Shared Responsibility Shared Responsibility • Global perspective Global perspective • International CooperationInternational Cooperation• Balanced approach between demand and Balanced approach between demand and

supply reduction supply reduction

Hemispheric Drug StrategyHemispheric Drug Strategyand Plan of Action, 2011-2015and Plan of Action, 2011-2015

• Human rights Human rights • Vulnerable groups Vulnerable groups • GenderGender• Public affairs efforts Public affairs efforts • Drug dependency as a chronic, relapsing Drug dependency as a chronic, relapsing

disease disease • Evidence-based policiesEvidence-based policies• Inclusive, multi-stakeholder approach Inclusive, multi-stakeholder approach

Policy development – Demand ReductionPolicy development – Demand Reduction

• Declaration of Principles on Drug Declaration of Principles on Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation in the Treatment and Rehabilitation in the HemisphereHemisphere

• Hemispheric Guidelines on School Hemispheric Guidelines on School Prevention and Workplace Prevention Prevention and Workplace Prevention

Impact: More than 20 Countries have Impact: More than 20 Countries have developed school prevention developed school prevention programs using the Hemispheric programs using the Hemispheric GuidelinesGuidelines. .

Policy Development: Supply ReductionPolicy Development: Supply Reduction • Model regulations on chemical Model regulations on chemical

control control • Guide for private sector Guide for private sector

chemical/pharmaceutical chemical/pharmaceutical supportsupport

• Guide on internet diversion of Guide on internet diversion of pharmaceuticals pharmaceuticals

• Model legislation on Model legislation on submersibles and semi submersibles and semi submersiblessubmersibles

Impact: 24 CICAD countries have developed norms on precursors and chemical controls

Policy Development: Drug LegislationPolicy Development: Drug Legislation

• CICAD is developing first compilation of CICAD is developing first compilation of drugs laws in the hemispheredrugs laws in the hemisphere

• CICAD experts conducting comparative CICAD experts conducting comparative studies on legislative and regulatory studies on legislative and regulatory regimes in place in member countries. regimes in place in member countries.

Impact: Data base and studies will Impact: Data base and studies will provide CICAD members valuable provide CICAD members valuable comparative tool to upgrade legislation. comparative tool to upgrade legislation.

Multilateral EvaluationMultilateral Evaluation • 1998 Summit of the Americas 1998 Summit of the Americas

mandates design of a mandates design of a mechanism for multilateral mechanism for multilateral evaluation of country drug evaluation of country drug policiespolicies

Impact: During its first 12 years, Impact: During its first 12 years, MEM has assigned member states a MEM has assigned member states a total of 2,053 recommendations. total of 2,053 recommendations.

CICAD member states are currently CICAD member states are currently adapting the MEM to evaluate countryadapting the MEM to evaluate countrycomplicance with the Hemisphericcomplicance with the HemisphericDrug Strategy and Plan of Action. Drug Strategy and Plan of Action.

Institutional Strengthening: Drug ControlInstitutional Strengthening: Drug Control Growth of National Drug Control Growth of National Drug Control authorities and National Drug authorities and National Drug policiespolicies

Impact: More than 16 Countries have Impact: More than 16 Countries have developed national studies, drug developed national studies, drug information systems, and surveys on information systems, and surveys on drugs.drugs.

11 Countries have developed their 11 Countries have developed their National Drug Policy following National Drug Policy following CICAD’s Guidelines CICAD’s Guidelines

Institutional Strengthening: ObservatoriesInstitutional Strengthening: Observatories

Building a National Drugs Building a National Drugs Observatory: A Joint Observatory: A Joint Handbook (EMCDDA-Handbook (EMCDDA-CICAD)CICAD)

Impact: More than 16 Impact: More than 16 Countries have developed Countries have developed national studies, drug national studies, drug information systems, and information systems, and surveys on drugs with surveys on drugs with CICAD’s assistance.CICAD’s assistance.

Evidence Based Tools to Guide Policy Evidence Based Tools to Guide Policy

• Statistical Summary on Drugs (1999, 2001, 2003) Statistical Summary on Drugs (1999, 2001, 2003) • Comparative Study on Drugs in the Americas (2003) Comparative Study on Drugs in the Americas (2003) • Final report to estimate the socio economic costs of drugs in Final report to estimate the socio economic costs of drugs in

the Americas (2005) the Americas (2005) • Youth and Drugs in South American Countries: a challenge to Youth and Drugs in South American Countries: a challenge to

drug policies (2006) drug policies (2006) • Relationship between Drugs and Crime among Youth Relationship between Drugs and Crime among Youth

Offenders (2010) Offenders (2010) • Sub-regional Report on Drug Use in Secondary School Sub-regional Report on Drug Use in Secondary School

Population (2010) Population (2010) • Drug Consumption in incarcerated population and the Drug Consumption in incarcerated population and the

relationship between crime and drugs (2010) relationship between crime and drugs (2010) • Comparative Analysis of Student Drug Use in Caribbean Comparative Analysis of Student Drug Use in Caribbean

Countries (2010) Countries (2010) • Report on Drug Use in the Americas (2011) Report on Drug Use in the Americas (2011)

Institutional Strengthening: Drug Treatment CourtsInstitutional Strengthening: Drug Treatment Courts

• Court-monitored drug treatment Court-monitored drug treatment programs as alternative to incarcerationprograms as alternative to incarceration

• Consistent with new Hemispheric Drug Consistent with new Hemispheric Drug Strategy Strategy

• Seminars and training for judges, Seminars and training for judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and prosecutors, defense attorneys, and treatment providers. treatment providers.

Impact: Program expanding from base Impact: Program expanding from base countries (U.S., Canada, Chile, Jamaica, countries (U.S., Canada, Chile, Jamaica, Mexico) to Argentina, Trinidad, Costa Mexico) to Argentina, Trinidad, Costa Rica and the Dominican RepublicRica and the Dominican Republic . .

Institution Building: Money LaunderingInstitution Building: Money Laundering

• Development of model Development of model regulations on money launderingregulations on money laundering

Impact: More than 17 Countries Impact: More than 17 Countries established and/or strengthened established and/or strengthened Financial Intelligence Units in Latin Financial Intelligence Units in Latin America with CICAD assistance. America with CICAD assistance.

Institution Building: University OutreachInstitution Building: University Outreach

• Introduced drug content into Introduced drug content into Graduate and Post Graduate Graduate and Post Graduate curriculacurricula

• Expanded university outreach and Expanded university outreach and research on drug related themes. research on drug related themes.

• Developed multidisciplinary model Developed multidisciplinary model of partnership with universities in of partnership with universities in 27 countries in hemisphere.27 countries in hemisphere.

Impact: Introduction of drug Impact: Introduction of drug related themes into nursing, related themes into nursing, medicine, public health, education, medicine, public health, education, psychology, law, and social science psychology, law, and social science faculties. faculties.

Capacity Building: Money LaunderingCapacity Building: Money Laundering

• Courses for Judges and Courses for Judges and Prosecutors, Agents of law Prosecutors, Agents of law enforcement on Money enforcement on Money Laundering Laundering

• Mock trials and investigationsMock trials and investigations

Impact: Impact: • More investigatorsMore investigators• Better judicial decisionsBetter judicial decisions• More money More money

confiscatedconfiscated

Capacity Building: Law EnforcementCapacity Building: Law Enforcement• Andean Regional Andean Regional

Counterdrug Intelligence Counterdrug Intelligence School (ERCAIAD) – only School (ERCAIAD) – only regional counterdrug regional counterdrug intelligence facility.intelligence facility.

• Impact: 1,500 officers trained Impact: 1,500 officers trained in last 12 years; program may in last 12 years; program may be expanded to the Caribbean.be expanded to the Caribbean.

• Trainers: Regional and Trainers: Regional and International International

• Expertise Expertise • PerspectivePerspective

Capacity Building: Drug Treatment CounselorsCapacity Building: Drug Treatment Counselors

• Integrated approach to capacity building Integrated approach to capacity building through training and certification of drug through training and certification of drug prevention and treatment counselors. prevention and treatment counselors.

Impact: Impact: • Expansion from Central America and Mexico to Expansion from Central America and Mexico to

the Caribbeanthe Caribbean• 26 Countries participating 26 Countries participating • More than 2,500 Treatment institutions More than 2,500 Treatment institutions • 3,100 trained (2007-2011)3,100 trained (2007-2011)• Initial assessment in El Salvador suggest “that Initial assessment in El Salvador suggest “that

patients participating in treatment were patients participating in treatment were positively impacted”*positively impacted”*

* An outcome evaluation of Drug Abuse Treatment in El Salvador.* An outcome evaluation of Drug Abuse Treatment in El Salvador.

Our People: Key to CICAD’s SuccessOur People: Key to CICAD’s Success

Executive Secretariat: - 40 top-notch professionals drawn from across the drug

control spectrum: statisticians, public health professionals, lawyers, social workers, pharmacists, prosecutors, political scientists and economists.

- Multinational, multilingual staff drawn from 13 countries, united in passion and commitment to public service.

Impact: Technical knowledge, program skills, and familiarity with member state concerns

Summit Report: Background• VI Summit of the Americas in Cartagena, VI Summit of the Americas in Cartagena,

Colombia April 2012 mandated the OAS to:Colombia April 2012 mandated the OAS to:• Study results of existing drug policies in the Study results of existing drug policies in the

Americas.Americas.• Explore new approaches.Explore new approaches.

Two Part Mandate• Analytical report: Explore existing policy Analytical report: Explore existing policy

environment; examine a broad range of environment; examine a broad range of options to strengthen policies and improve options to strengthen policies and improve implementation.implementation.

• Scenario report: ExamineScenario report: Examine possible drug scenarios to possible drug scenarios to 2025 – relevant, challenging, 2025 – relevant, challenging, clear and plausibleclear and plausible

Methodology• Analytical report Analytical report

• Examine strengths and weaknesses of current policy Examine strengths and weaknesses of current policy mechanisms as well as the institutional capacities and mechanisms as well as the institutional capacities and challenges faced by member states.challenges faced by member states.

• Shed light on the varied dynamics of the drug Shed light on the varied dynamics of the drug phenomenon in each sub-region.phenomenon in each sub-region.

• Draw in contributions from international organizations Draw in contributions from international organizations (PAHO, Intermaerican Development Bank, CEPAL), (PAHO, Intermaerican Development Bank, CEPAL), academic community, civil society, and member state academic community, civil society, and member state experiences. experiences.

• Outreach efforts to ensure that subregional concerns are Outreach efforts to ensure that subregional concerns are incorporated. incorporated.

Methodology• Scenario ReportScenario Report

• Designed to play out possible outcomes or consequences Designed to play out possible outcomes or consequences of new approaches through 2025.of new approaches through 2025.

• Carried out by 46 stakeholder leaders in various fields Carried out by 46 stakeholder leaders in various fields relevant to the drug phenomenon. relevant to the drug phenomenon.

• Central element: 75 stakeholder interviews, analytical Central element: 75 stakeholder interviews, analytical report; two scenario workshops report; two scenario workshops

Framework of the analytic report: Five areas of study

• Drugs and developmentDrugs and development• Drugs and public healthDrugs and public health• Drugs and securityDrugs and security• Drug production and supplyDrug production and supply• Legal and regulatory approaches to the drug Legal and regulatory approaches to the drug

problemproblem

Timeline : Analytical Report• July 2012: Agreement on Terms of Reference

Solicitation from member states of experts• August 2012: Identification of initial experts • September 2012: Organizational meeting,

Washington DC• October 2012: Invitation of 40 additional

collaborators• September – November 2012: Preparation of five

initial chapter drafts• December 2012: Coordination meeting to review

initial chapter

Timeline : Analytical Report• January 2013: Second drafts received, sent to scenario

team

• February 2013: Third draft prepared, sent to scenario team prior to next workshop

• March 2013: Fourth draft prepared following second scenario workshop

• March – May 2013: Finalize and publish report together with scenario report

Outreach Consultations• Money Laundering Group of Experts, Buenos

Aires, September 17-18• Demand Reduction Group of Experts,

Washington DC, October 2-4• COPOLAD meeting on synthetic drugs,

October 20, Mar del Plata• Andean countries meeting, Quito, October 10

Outreach Consultations• Social integration meeting, Santiago, October 29-30• Alternative Development meeting in Lima, November

14-16• CICAD Commission meeting, Costa Rica, November

28-30• Caribbean countries consultation, Trinidad, January

15/16• Central America security: San Salvador January 18

Advisory Committee Meetings• November 1, 2012• December 18, 2012• February 21, 2013

Preliminary Findings -- Overall• Diversity and dynamism of drug problem in the

Americas• Drug consumption problem shared throughout

hemisphere• Impact of Hemispheric Drug Report and Plan of

Action 2011-2015• Winds of change in policy debate• Institutional structures improving but still weak

Preliminary Findings -- Overall

•Weaknesses in drug information and research•Resource shortages, particularly on demand reduction side•Absence of policy diagnosis and evidence in the development of public policies

Drugs and Development• Importance of human dimension of drug Importance of human dimension of drug

problemproblem• Weak incorporation of drugs into broader Weak incorporation of drugs into broader

economic and social development policies. economic and social development policies. • Importance of vulnerable groups Importance of vulnerable groups

Drugs and Public HealthDrugs and Public Health• Overall scope of illicit drug use in the hemisphere. Overall scope of illicit drug use in the hemisphere. • Weaknesses in drug research and drug consumption

survey work. • Overall ability of OAS member states to meet their

drug prevention and treatment obligations

Areas of Study Drugs and Public Health

• What subregional, regional, and global trends What subregional, regional, and global trends in drug consumption can we identify?in drug consumption can we identify?

• How are countries managing efforts to How are countries managing efforts to approach drug use from a public health approach drug use from a public health perspective?perspective?

• What have we learned from trends in What have we learned from trends in treatment and prevention? Successes? treatment and prevention? Successes? Failures?Failures?

Drugs and Security• Exploration of complex relationship between

organized crime related violence and drugs.• Impact of ingrained violence levels in more

liberalized drug control environment.• Importance of illegal arms trafficking and money

laundering.• Institutional responses and challenges to public and

citizen security

Areas of StudyDrugs and Security

• How closely is the drug problem related to How closely is the drug problem related to transnational organized crime? Can the two be transnational organized crime? Can the two be divorced?divorced?

• What challenges has the drug problem placed on What challenges has the drug problem placed on democratic governance? On human rights?democratic governance? On human rights?

• What practical approaches to strengthening law What practical approaches to strengthening law enforcement and judicial institutions can help improve enforcement and judicial institutions can help improve citizen security?citizen security?

• How can the problem of burgeoning prison How can the problem of burgeoning prison populations be addressed?populations be addressed?

Drug Production• Dynamic nature of drug cultivation, production and

trafficking• All-Colombian U.S. cocaine as an aging, declining

market; Bolivian/Peruvian cocaine shifting to Southern Cone and European/African markets.

• Heroin production shifting from Colombia to Mexico• Marijuana local and ubiquitous, save for Mexican

impact on U.S. market• Importance of synthetics, chemicals, and

pharmaceuticals.

Areas of Study Production and supply of drugs

• What are current/changing trends in the hemisphere on What are current/changing trends in the hemisphere on drug production and supply?drug production and supply?

• What have been the policy successes of reducing illicit What have been the policy successes of reducing illicit production and supply of drugs? And the failures?production and supply of drugs? And the failures?

• Is hemispheric drug policy overly “cocaine-ized”?Is hemispheric drug policy overly “cocaine-ized”?• How will growth in synthetic drugs and diversion of How will growth in synthetic drugs and diversion of

pharmaceutical products transform regional drug policy? pharmaceutical products transform regional drug policy? • Does the concept of “transit” country still make sense? Does the concept of “transit” country still make sense?

Legal and Regulatory Changes• Tradeoffs and policy challenges involved in

legal and regulatory alternatives. • Analysis of international conventions. • Decriminalization initiatives underway.• Policy activism on cannabis – Uruguay, U.S.

state initiatives• Impact of broader liberalization on

consumption, public health, violence.

Areas of Study Legal and regulatory approaches

• How have different legal and regulatory How have different legal and regulatory approaches to drugs affected drug consumption approaches to drugs affected drug consumption and related criminality in the hemisphere?and related criminality in the hemisphere?

• What can we learn from experiences from What can we learn from experiences from pharmaceuticals, alcohol and tobacco control pharmaceuticals, alcohol and tobacco control efforts? efforts?

• How do regional and global approaches to legal How do regional and global approaches to legal and regulatory structures interact? and regulatory structures interact?

• How can legal and regulatory experiences from How can legal and regulatory experiences from Europe and Asia inform the policy debate in the Europe and Asia inform the policy debate in the Americas? Americas?

Key Challenges• A report that speaks to the divergent concerns of

the 34 OAS member states. • A report that is “evidence based” in an

environment of scarce evidence. • A report that is not dead on arrival due to

perceived political bias. • A report that contains fresh perspectives • A report that does not answer all the questions but

poses new ones.

Key Challenges (cont.)• A report that is useful to the scenario team as

it looks ahead.• A report that is inclusive in terms of different

subregional and research perspectives. • A report that is free of ideological jargon and

ideological bias. • A report that avoids simple solutions to

complex problems.

Ambassador Paul E. SimonsAmbassador Paul E. SimonsExecutive SecretaryExecutive Secretary

PSimons@oas.org www.CICAD.OAS.org

Inter-American Drug Abuse Control CommissionInter-American Drug Abuse Control CommissionSecretariat for Multidimensional SecuritySecretariat for Multidimensional Security

Organization of American StatesOrganization of American States1889 F Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20006, USA1889 F Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20006, USATel: +1 (202) 458-3178 ~ Fax: +1(202)458-3658Tel: +1 (202) 458-3178 ~ Fax: +1(202)458-3658