report on water pollution in the lake huron basin (flint river) - december 1966
DESCRIPTION
REPORT ON WATER POLLUTION IN THE LAKE HURON BASINFLINT RIVERDECEMBER 1966U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORFederal Water Pollution Control AdministrationGreat Lakes RegionDetroit Program OfficeU.S. Naval Air StationGrosse Ile, MichiganFull report with searchable OCR added.Original document at http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100LFR4.PDF?Dockey=9100LFR4.PDFINTRODUCTIONGENERAL DESCRIPTION (Description of Area, Climate, Hydrology)WATER USE (Municipal Water Supply, Industrial Water Supply, Water-related Recreation)SOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES (Municipal, Industrial)POPULATIONS AND WASTE LOAD PROJECTIONSDESCRIPTION OF WATER QUALITY (Physical and Chemical, Microbiological, Biological)DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROJECTIONSSUMMARY AND WATER QUALITY PROBLEMSTRANSCRIPT
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REPORT ON
WATER POLLION IN THE LAKE HURON BASINFLINT RIVER
DECEER 1966
U.S DEPA RTMENT O THE INTERIORederal Water Pollution Control Administration
Great Lakes RegionDetroit Program OfficeUS Naval Air Station
Grosse Ile, Michigan
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PREFACE
This docunt was assled by th Dtroit Progra Office, Fdral
Watr Pollution Control Adinistration, with th intention that it b usd
togther with inforation fro other sourcs t dvlop a coprehnsive
plan for water pollution control in the tributaries of he Lak Huron
Basin. The intnded purpos of the plan would be to restore the usefulnes
of thes watrs for recreational purposs provide a ore suitable environ
t for fish and aquatic lif and enhance the valu of this rsourc. I
would iprov the quality of the area's watrs for unicipal and industria
purposs asthetic njoymnt, and othr benficial uses.
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7/21/2019 Report on Water Pollution in the Lake Huron Basin (Flint River) - December 1966
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...LOCATION PA ...
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Flint River
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SAGINAW
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. AKE HUR RGRAM FE .. REA AES -NS RVER BASN RJ
DAINAGE' BASIN
SANAW V AN TIBUTAI
U.S DEPARTW[NT or THt fIO R
[O[RA WAT ,oLUT CN AISft
- lKE$ G CH
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Description of AreaClimateHydrology
TER USE
Municipal Water SuppyIndustrial Water SupplyWater-related Recreation
SOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ASTES
Municipalndustrial
POPUTIONS AND WASTE LOAD PROJECTIONS
DESCRIPTION OF WATER QUALITY
Physical and ChemicalMicrobiologicalBiological
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROJECTIONS
SURY AND WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
i
Pae No.
1
5
18
25
35
41
59
69
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Table No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
LIST OF TABLES
Flint River Drought Flows
Flint River Sampling Stations
Mnicipal Water Supplies
Oner and Treatent Code (for Table 3)
Industrial Water Use
Mnicipal Water Use Projections
Flint River Municipal Waste
Flint River ndustrial Waste Inventory
Waste Flow Projections
,BOD5 Projections
Flint River Water Qality - 1965
Average Concentrations
Dissolved Oxygen Flctuation - Station X240
Flint River - Seasonal Nitrate-NConcentration
Flint River - 1965 Total and SolublePhosphate Concentrations
Flint River Watr Quality - 1965
Average Concentrations
Flint River - Total and Fecal Coliform Densit ies
Flint River 1965 Total and FecalColiform Density Statistics
Flint River - oadings for tc Run 1965 Model
Flint River ater Quality
Notes for Water Quality Tables
i
Pae No
10, 1
12
0, 21
22
23
24
31
32, 33
37
38
47
48
49
so
51
52
5 3
62
77-80
81
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Fiure No
1
2
3
4
5
6
78
9
0
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
LST OF FGES
Flint River Basin
Time of PassageFlow Duration urve - Flint River nearFlint
Flow Duration urve - Flint River nearFosters
Pae No.
4
13
14
15
Drainage Are vs River Miles 16
Location of Sampling Stations 17
Municipal and ndustrial Waste Outfalls 34
Municipal and Industrial Waste Fow 39Projection Area
Population and Municipal Waste Flow 4Projections
Dissolved Oxygen and BOD 54
Nitrate Concentrations 55
Total Phosphate 56
Tota1 Solids and Chlorides 5 7
Total oliform Densities 58
Dissolved Oxygen - omputed Profile 63
Kjeldahl Nitrogen and Ultimate BOD - 64omputed Profile
Computed Dissolved Oxygen Profiles - 65Effect of Temperature and Ladings -
1965 Summer Survey Flow
Computed Dissolved Oxygen Profiles -Effect of _Temperature and Loadings -7 Day Once-inTen Year Fl
),.
Computed Dissolved OygeProfiles -Effect ofTemperature and Loadings -
1 ay Once-in-Ten Year Fow
iii
66
67
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Fiure No.
20
LIST OF FIGUES(cont'd)
Coputed Dissolved Oxygen Profiles -Effect of Temperature and Loadings - Augented Flow
iv
Pae No.
68
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INODUCTION
AUTHORITY
Comprehensive water pollution control studies were authorized by
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1956 as amended (33 USC 466
et seq..
Sec 3 (a) "The Secretry shall after careful investigation and in cooperation with other Federal agencies withState water pollution control agencies and interstate agenciesand with the municipalities and industries involved prepareor develop comprehensive programs for eliminating or reducingthe pollution of interstate waters and tributaries thereof andimproving the sanitary condition of surface and undergroundwaters. In the development of such comprehensive programs dueregard shall be given to the improvements which are necessaryto conserve such waters for public water supplies, propagationof fish and aquatic life and wildlife recreational purposesand agricultural industrial and other legitimate uses Forthe purpose of this section the Secretary is authorized to
make joint investigations with any such agencies of the conditionof any waters in any State or States and of the discharges ofany sewage industral wastes or substance which may adverselyaffect such waters"
Sec. 5. (f "e Secretary shall conduct research and
techical development work and make studies with respectto the quality of the waters of the Great akes includngan analysis of the present and projected future water qualityof the Great Lakes under varying conditions of waste treat
ment and disposal an evaluation of the water quality needsof those to be served by such waters an evaluation of municipal industrial and vessel waste treatment and disposalpractices with respect to such waters and a study of alternate
means of solving water pollution problems including additionalwate treatment measures with respect to such waters."
Initiation of the Great Lakes-Illinois River Comprehensive Program
Activity followed an appropriation of funds by the 86th Congress late in
1960. In accordance with the prvisions of the Act the Secretary of
Health Educatio and Welfare delegated the responsibility for the study
to the Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control of the Public
Health Service. Passage of the "Water Quality Act of 1965" gave the
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responsibility for these studies to the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration (FWPCA). As a result of Reorganization Plan No 2 of 1966,
the PCA was transferred from the Department of Helth, Educat�on, and
Welfare to the Department of the Interior effective May 10, 1966.
PUPOSE
This repot presents the water uality of the Flint River, Michigan
as it exists tday, and includes predictions of population, water use,
and waste load trends for future years. Its purpose is t present inform-
tion tht can be used s a basis for developing a basin wide water
pollution control program
The objectives of the FWPCA are to enhance the quality and value of
the Nation's water resources, and to prevent, control, and abate water
pollution through coperative local, Stte, and Federal pollution ontrol
plans.
SCOPE
The area covered by this report is the Flint River, Michigan. The
study of the Flint River was conducted by FWPCA on the 60 miles between
the City of Flint and the confluence of the Flint and Shiawassee Rivers.
These two rivers together with the Tittabawassee and CassRivers, form
the Saginaw River which flows 22 miles to Saginaw Bay. Similar reports
are being prepared for each of these rivers.
ORGANIZATION
The Detroit Program Office, located at the Naval Air Staion, Grosse
Ile, Michigan, began collecting water qulity data on the Flint River
in 1965 Its staff include specialists in several professional skills,
2
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including sanitary engineers, hydrologists, chemists, biologists, and
bacteriologists Te resources of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center at Cincinnati, Ohio have been utilized, and assistance and guidance
have been obtained fro the Great LakesIllinois River Basins Project,
Chicago
ACKNOWLEDGNTS
Te Detroit Program Office has received the coop·eration and assis-
tance of local, State, and Federal agencies, as well as interested
individuals The princia agencies taking an active part in providing
assistance in the preparation of the rport are as follows:
State Agencies
Federal Agencies
Michigan Water Resorces CoissionMichigan Departent of Public Health
U S Department of CoerceWeather BureauOffice of Business EconomicsBureau of Census
U. S. Department of the nteriorBureau of Coercial FisheriesBureau of Sports Fiheries and WidlifeBureau of Outdoor RecreationGeological Survey
U S. Department of Defense Detroit District, Corps of Engineersake Survey, Corps of Engineers
3
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Descrition of Area
The Flint River Basin occupies most of Genessee and Laeer Cunties
and portions of Shiawassee, Saginaw, Tuscola, and land Counties The
Flint River is one of the four main tributaries of the Saginaw River
rainage system which drains an area of 6, 260 square miles The Flint
River drains an area of approximately 1, 454 square miles:
The basin is irregular in shape, with the greatest length approxi-
mately 55 miles, and the greatest width approximately 35 miles, narrowing
to about 5 miles near the mouth It is bounded on the north by the
Cass River Basin; on the east by the Black, Belle, and Pine Basins; on
the south by the Clinton and Shiawassee Basins; and on the west by the
Shiawassee Rive Basin jor tributaries incude th North Branch and
the South Branch along with Kearsley Creek, Thread River, and Misteguay
Creek.
The North and South Branches of the Flint River originate in Lapeer
County and join to form the main stem The river then flows generally
suthwesterly about•35 miles to the City of Flint, at which point it
flows northwesterly to the Saginaw River The last five miles flow
through a cutoff canal.
The portion of the basin upstream from the City of Flint consists
of rolling morainic featres interspersed with ancient lake beds
Numerous small lakes in this area drain into the Flint River system
Downstream from Flint the river flows through the bed of glacial Lake
Saginaw, which extends to Saginaw Bay
5
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Flint, the largest city in the basin, and third largest in Michigan,
is a large automobile manufacturing center. Lapeer, the second largest
city in the Flint River Basin is an agricultural and dairy center, and
home of light indusry.
Climate
The clite of the Flint River Basin conforms o the general weater
pattern that exists in the entire lower Great Lakes area. There are wide
seasonal variations in temperature, many storms, and the yearly precipi-
tation distribution remains fairly constant. In the winter this
precipitation i� usually in the form of snow. The air masses moving
toward Michigan are heated in the winter and cooled in the summer by the
waters of the Great Lkes which nearly surround the Stte This results
in a more moderate climate han is experienced to the west and southwest
of Michigan.
The mean yearly temperature is about 45°
F, while the mean summer
and winter temperatures are about 68°
F and 23°
F, respectively. There
is an average yearly precipitation of 30 inches on the basin, of which 60
percent can be expected to fall dring the six month period of May through
October.
Hdrolo
Above Columbiaville, the slope of the stream averages about six feet
per mile, and below that point, about two feet per mile as far as Flint.
From Flint to Flushing, the slope is about four feet per mile. Across
the Shiawassee lats, the slope of the Flint River is less than one foot
per mile. The tributaries to the Flint River follow the same\;pattern.
6
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Flint River nea Otisville Maximum 6, 150 cfsverage 255 cfsMinimum 4.3 cfs
Flint River near lint ximum - 14,900 cfs Average 536 cfs
Minimum 90 cfsFlint River near Fosters . Maximum - 19,000 cfs
Average :684 cfsMinimum 27 cfs
Time of Passage
It is necessay to know the stream travel time of a river in rder
to determine its waste decay rate On the Flint River these times f
assage have been determined fr variou flows at the station lin
River near Flint, and are for the stretch of river between mie points 461
and 9 .
Tme of passage studies on te lint Rier were made by the Detroit
Program Office uring 1965 and 196 These studies sed ultiple
releases of Rhodamine B dye and measured the time of ccurrence an
concentration of the dye at downstream points In the reach between
Flint and Flushing, times of passage were also determined by use of a
cmputer program utilizing cross-sectional measurent s made by Michigan
Water Resources Coission personel The stretch of river between mile
points 46. 1 and 9. 7 coincides wit the intensive samping areas below
Flint.
Drought Flow
The oneday and sevenday low flos (once in 10 yars) have ben
calculated for the Flint River at two of the U;. Geological Survey
stations by use of Gumbel Extremal robability apr Te stations used
8
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were Flint River near Flint and Flint River near Fosters The flow at
the remaining points aong the river was arrived at by comparison of
their drainage areas with that of the U S. Geological Survey stations
Because the Flint gage has a longer period of record than the
Fosters gage, only those flows occurring in the period 1940-1963 were
used in this analysis. This results in a slightly higher flow at Flint
than would have been expected had the entire period of recrod been used
This analysis does not take into account the effect of the operation
of Holloway Dam on the Flint River drought flows his dam should tend
to raise the flow in the river during periods of extended drought he
Michigan Water Resources Coission stated in their "1956 Report on Water
Resource Conditions and Uses in the Flint River Basin that the reservoir
would sustain a flow of 100 cfs in the river during drought years Use
of that figure would add roughly 50 cfs to the flow at each of the
remaining points on the river below the dam
Also, no consideration was made for the reduction in flow between
the intake for the Flint water treatment plant and the Flint sewage
treatment plant
9
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TABLE 1. FNT RIVER DROUGHT FOWS
Se� Fge ) Draine A_L o o n____(, r; m i s
X290
X28
X26
X281+
X2
X2
X27
X26G
Krsy C<·-
Ke1 k
25�
z r
X2
X
X250
X246
242
X240Ben Ru:
ent un
X236
9.
6G5.3
60 3.
72i .4
3 . L;
37 .9
91 S. L:
.7
9�.6
967.7
981 .
93.
1035.
045.5
*Up to bt not incldn ne te
0
-Day F O\'(fs
13. 6
9
20.3
2.
2 L:
27
24:
.6
;:O. 2
.
3.7
O. 240.3
.9
42.3
7y low{c
23.0
23. 7
2
27 .s
7.8
28
30.
30.7
30.9
36.6
37.
37.5
46.
47.
47.5
47.9
4.4
48. :
9.29.
50.9
S
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ABE 1 • FINT RVR DOUGH FLO\�S (ont.)
Draige Ara 1-0y Flw 7Day Lct ( squ ms
_.s)
P Ru Cre0.\c: 1�46.6 4 2. L i. 514·.
Pi Run Ck i12.5 4 f. 53. l
x23L 116 2 5.2
x2: 1116.7 4.7 53 .
X2 1118.9 l5. O 54.0
X "]-3.2 4 1 569
*Up to, bu includg name eam.
11
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TABE 2. FINT RIVR SANG SATIONS
Mainstream Stations
Station ile Point
X220 9.7
X230 4. 7
X26 22.1
X237 28.5
X240 285
X246 33.9
X248 390
X250 39.6
X255 456
X256 46.1
X260 55.9
Tributar Stations
Station ile Point
X239 02
X295 16
X296 25.5
* US. Geological Svey
ocation
Bridge on Tom Creswell R. 2 mi. W of -13
Bridge on Sherdan Rd. 1 m: W. of Fosters(USGS* Gage)
Bridge on E. Burt Rd. in orseville
ontrose outfall, 50 1 N. of -57 bridgenear ontrose
Bridge on -57 near ontrose
End of t. orris Rd. 3 mi N of Flushing
Flushing sewage treament plant
Bridge on W in St. in Flshing
Flint sewage treament plant (USGS Gage)
Bridge on ill Rd 1 mi. W. o Flint
Bridge on Carpener Rd. in Flint
O Tributar
Brent Run
Farmers Cree-South Branch
Swartz Creek
12
Conluenceile Point
27.6
766/14.4
50.5
Location
Bridge on cKinley
Lapeer State Hospital (USGS Gage)
Bridge on Elliott Rd.
1-1/2 mi. N. of Holly(USGS Gage)
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TIME OF -PASSAGE OF THE
FLINT RIVER
FLOW AT F.LINT GAGE
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-
�-.
_JM TAMOA
J.A� -cKND C
..
FWPC mplin9 tonA UG $re 01
LKE RO ROGRM OGRT LKIO RVR B ROJ
·· · ·S C A L E IN li
F F F
LOCAN OF SAMPING STTONS
FLINT RVE BASI
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WATER USE
Municial Water Sul
The Flint River Basin has a population served by public water
supplies of approximately 280, 000 people. This number is expected to
increase to 620, 000 by 1990, and 1, 300, 000 by 2020 The City of Flint
is the largest user, serving about 2 35, 000 people and numerous industrie
Flint obtains its water from the Flint River at the present time, but
since this source of supply is limited, Flint is planning to tie in with
the City of Detroit water line from Lake Huron. Holloway reservoir
controls the flow of the Flint River for water suppy, and the rech
between the dam and the city serves as an aqueduct All other public
water supplies in the basin come from local wells.
Table 3 lists the individual water users and gives the source of
the supply. Projected use for the basin in 199 0 and 20 20 is shown o
Table 5 .
Indutrial Water Sul
Most of the industies in the Flint River Basin obtain their water
from munic ipal supplies. The only exception is the Vogt Packing
Company in Grand Blanc which has its own well system for its 0 06
million gallons per day (MGD) use
Table 4 lists the industrial users and the use. Projections of 1990
and 2020 use are included in the municipal water in Table 5
Water-related Recreation
The Flint River Basin in 1 965 had approximately 22, 000 boats
registered by its residents
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The Flint River is generally too small for boat traffic, but there
are several reservoirs on the river that are suitable for boating. The
basin has over forty lakes with sizes varying from several acres to
over 400 acres These lakes offer fishing boating swimming, and most
of them are fully developed for suer and year round residence
Commercial boat liveries are located on a number of these lakes
19
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TABLE 3 MICIPAL WATER SUPPLES*Flint River Basin
Town1960Po Owner* Source T·eatment**
New Lothrop 510
Fenton Tp. 280
Burton T 29,700
Clio 2,212
Davison 3,761
Flint 196,940
Flint Tp 300(enesee ty Drain Comission)
Flushing 3 7 6 1
Beecher Metro-olitan District
Grand Blanc 1,565
Grand Blanc Tp 640
Southhampton Su- 120division
Wildwod Su- 320division
M Wel ls in drift 62 to69 deep
T
T
M
M
M
C
M
Wells in rock 73' deep
Wel ls in rock 257 ' deep, wel ls in drft 168 to196 ' deep
Wells in rock 14 ' to317 deep; wel l indrift 1 4 1 deep
Wells in rock 210 to260 deep
Fl nt River
Water from City oflint and wells in rock160 to 1 6 7 deep
Water from City o Flint
5
5
2
Wel ls in rock 350 to 5
M
T
431 deep wel ls indrift 98 to 124 ' deep
Wel ls in rock 287 ' to306 deep
Wells in rock 267 ' to300 ' deep
Wells 200 deep
Wel ls in rock 230 deep
6
*Taken from "Data on Pul ic Water Supplies in Michigan," Engineering Bul letin No 4 by the Michigan Department of Pulic Health
**See Oner and Treatment Code page 22
20
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TABLE 3 MNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES (cont d)Flnt Rver Basn
1960Town Po Oner* Source Trea tment
Montrose 1,466 M Wells n drf 6 ' to7 ' deep
Mt. Morrs 3,484 M Wells n drft 60 I to 3 482' deep
Otsvlle 701 M Well n rock 415 1 deep
Clfford 330 M Well; n rock 400 deep
Columbavlle 789 M Wells n rock 280 to300 ' deep
Lapeer 8,020 M Wells n rock 200 ' deep 5
Lpeer Home s Wels in ro�kTranng Schol
North Branch 832 M Wells n rock 250 ' & 276
deep
*Taken from "Data on Publc Water Supples n Mchgan, " EngneerngBuletn No 4 by the Mchgan Deparment of Publc Heath
**See ner and Treatment Code page 22
2
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OWNER AND TREAMNT CODE
Owner Code :
M City or Village
T Township
p Private
D District
C Conty
s = State
U S Federal
Treatment Code :
Std Filtration*
2 Lime softening'
3 Zeolite softening
4 . Iron remova 1
5. Chlorination
6. Fluoridation
Implis at least chlorination chmical coaglation, and apid
sand filtration.
** ime sof tening incldes filtration
22
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TABLE h . I NDU S TR IAL WATER US EF l i t R i ve r B a s i n
Quant ityae of Uer Used ( GO) ouce Ue
GMC-C Spark P l u g 1 . 5 C i t y of F l i n t P r o ce s & C oo l i n g
- c vi in .2 Ci y of F 1 i n P rocs C o l i n
GMC-Chev. F l i n t D i v . 2 . 0 C i t y o f F l i n t Genera l Mfg.
GCFiher Body D iv . 0 . 08 C i ty of F i n t Genera Mfg.
GMC-Ternstedt 1 . 5 C i t y of F l i n t P roces
GMC- P a r t s D i v i ion 0 . 36 C i ty of F l i n t P rocess
GMC-Chevrol et Assembl y 1 . 4 C i t y of F l i n t P roces
GCChev. Engine& t api ng P l an t 0 7 2 C i t y of F l i n t P roce
Vogt Packing Co . . 06 P r i v a t e we l l s P r oce s s
23
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TABLE 5 . MUNICIPAL WATER US PROJECTIONS (MGD)F i n t R i v e r B a s i n
Mun i c i pa *1 965
40
Inc l udes i ndus t r i a l w ater u se .
24
2 2 0220
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SOURCES AND CACTERISTICS O WATES
Municial
The lint River Basin populatio seed by uncipal waste treatment
systems is approximately 2 10 000 people of whic all but abot 000 are
in Genesee County
The county has a metropolitan sewerage plan hich will seve te Cit
of Flint ' s suburbs with sewer connections and treat the waste at t
Flint sewage treatment plant This sytem should be operable by 96 and
serve the comunities of Montrose, Li nden , Swartz Cee Birh Run , Clo
Grand Blanc and Davidson Swartz Creek , Clio and Davidson ha ve sewage
treatment plants now that will be abandoned when he mero system is
completed The others hae no facilities
The Village of Columbiaville in apeer County has a smal separate
sewer system but has no treatment facilities The Mchigan Wae
esorces Coission has requested that they povde eatment , and he
village is studying the problem
North Branch has a sewage collection system with treatment in
municipally owned and operated septic tanks Upgrading of the system is
scheduled for 96
The following information is based on 1965 monthly average figres
reported to the Michigan Department of Public Healh by the individua
plants. Prior to Janary 196 m inimum chlorination period required
by the Michigan Department of Public Healt was from May 5
September 15 After January 1967 , al mnicipal plants are requied to
disinfect their effents continuously
Pant outfall locations are shown in igue 7 and a sumary of
25
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results listed in Table 6
Davidson Sewage Treatmen Plan - 965
This plant is a trickling filter unit wic serves about 3 000 peop �e
The flow averaged 0 40 million gallons per day MG) d ng 965 , wih
var iations between 0 9 and 0 69 GD The 5- day biochemical oygn
demand BOD5
) removal by this plant was about 70 percent which le an
average effluent BOD5
of 6 milligrams per liter ( mg/ ) The ef
was chlorinated fr om May 5 to September 5 as required by he ic igan
Depar tment of Public Health
Flint Sewage Treatmen Plant - 965
This plant is the largest in te Flin Basin and serve a popu La on
o f approximately 00 000 eople Part of te aveage ow o 6. 5 MD
is treated by a trickling ilter unit and he est by a new actiated
sludge unit The plant, whic h usually opera es with a BOD5
remoa
ef fi c iency in excess of 90 per cent has an average ef fluent BOD5
value
of 4 mg/ The BOD5
dur ing 965 var ied rom 5 o mg/ 1 Te e len
was chlorinated rom May 5 through September 5
During the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration srvey of
the Flint River on August 965 the BOD5
of the effluen was in the 5
mg/ range The plant used about , 00 pounds of c hloine on his date
whi ch is about average.
Flushing Sewage Treatment Plant 965
The Flushing sewage treatment plant is a small trickling filte nit
whi ch serves about 500 people The average flow is 0. 48 GD wih
var iations in 965 between 0 35 and 0 67 GD BOD5
dur ing the same
26
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period varied rom 26 to 45 mg/1 with an average o 33 mg/ The
eluent was chlorinate rom May 1 5 through eptember 15
The plant operation during the Federal Wate Pollution ontrol Adin
istration Fl int Ri ver survey o August 1 1, 1 966 was noal o August
Lapeer Sewage Treatment lant 1 965
This tricl ing i lter plant serves about 6 000 people The aeage
low and BOD5
or 1965 were 0 73 MGD and 22 mg/1, respectively Th
plant removes about 90 percent o the BOD5
rom the nluet Fl ow
luctuated during 1 965 between 57 and 8 M and BOD5
va ied beween
and 40 mg/ The e uent was chlorinated o m May 15 through ptembe
Lapeer State Home and Training chooewage Trea�met Plant 1 965
This trickl ing i lter pl ant serves the residens o the tate choo
Average l ow or 1965 was 0 37 MGD with very l ittle variation he aveag
euent BOD5
or the year was 2 mg/1, wth varitions between 1 and 39
mg/1 The plant chl orinates is eluent continuous ly throughout the yea
Swartz Creek Sewage Teatment Plant - 1 965
This actvated sludge plant serves a population o about 3000 The
fl ow or 19 65 averaged 0 31 MGD ith va iations between 0.2 0 to 0 48 MGD
Eluent BOD5 values ranged between 11 and 25 mg/1, with an average o 18
mg/1 The plant e luent was chl orinated rom May 15 to Septembe 1 5
Industrial 1966
Industries in the Flint River Basin are mainly located in and aroun
the City o Fint; the rest o the basin is primaily rural arming land
The industries include eight Genera Motors plants and one small enderin
2 7
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plant Generally, water s purchased from the lnt muncpal system
Most of these plants dscharge ther process waste o the nt Rver
after treatment he eght Genea Motors plants have been rted as
"provdng adequate control by the chgan Water Resources CommssonThe Vogt Packng Comany, whc h operated a smal rende ng lant has een
rated as "provdng control - but adequacy not establshed Ths plan
has been asked to mprove treatment by the Michgan Water Resources
Comsson, and muncpal sewes should be avalable wthn a year
Outfal ocatons for the above pants are shown on ige 7 ad
results of samplng are shown n able Al of ths no t on was
obtaned from the Mchgan Water Resources Commsson n pr 196
General Motors Corporaton (GMC)AC Spark Plug Dvson
Ths plant s located on Dort Hghway n the iy o lnt The
plant whch produces spark plugs has a waste f ow of approx tely 1 5
mllon gallons per day (MGD) s fow s dscharged to Glkey Creek
a trbutary of the lnt Rver Wase const ents nclude yande
hexavalent chromum nckel o1 and suspended solds Treatment fac
tes consst of settlng, and chrome and cyande seaat on
GMC - Buck Divson
The Buck Plant, ocated on Indusral Avenue n ln t dscharges
approxmately 2 2 MGD of general anufacturng and platng wastes to the
Flnt Rver Treatment facltes are settlng and a Utah s!er.
GMC Chevrolet lnt Dvson
Located on Chevrolet Avenue lnt, this plant dscharges about 2
28
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MGD directly to the Flint Rive Waste cons tuens inclde suspended
solids and oil. reatment facilities consist of settlng tanks and oil
removal equipment
GMC Fisher Body Division
he plant is located in Grand Blanc and dscharges is flow of 0 08
MGD to hread Cree which is a tr ibutar y o Swartz Ceek whch in un
empties into the Flint Rer Wastes include ol and suspended so ds
eatment is by a secondary unit and a lagoon
GMC Ternstedt Division·
his plant, located on Coldwater Road in Flint, dsharges i s waste
flow of 5 MGD to Brent Run a ibay of e n Rve second
unit and lagoons treat the wase which contain oil sspended solids
cyanide hexavalent chromum, and coper.
GMC - Part Divsion
Located in the town of Swar Cree he plan dsharges 0 MD
of treated wastes to Swar Creek a trbutary of the Flint Rive aste
constituents include oil and suspended solids, and are reated by setling
tans, oil remoal equipment, and lagoons
GMC Chevrolet Assembly Plant
his plant s located on Van Slyke Road in Flint and discharges is
flow of 1 4 MGD to Swart Creek a tr butary of the lint Rive Waste
constituents include oil and suspended solids he waste flow s
treated by settlng tanks and oil removal equipment.
29
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GMC - Cevrolet Engine and Samping Plant
This p lant is located on Van Slyke Road n l int and dischages i s
flow of O. 72 MGD to Carment Creek a triutary of Swartz Cee which
dra ins into the Flint River Wastes include oi and susended sol ids '
which are treated by settl ing anks and oil remoal equipmen
Vogt Packing Compa
This plant is located in Gand Blanc and discharges a f low o 06
MGD to Thead Creek, a triutay of wartz Ceek which dains no e
Fl int Rive This rendering plant ' s waste constituents include BD
suspended sol ids and suspended volatil e sol ids eament consists o
settl ing
30
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ABLE 6. FL INT R IVER MUNI CI PAL WASTE
(Yea ly avera e for 1 965 i n /1 , un l ess otherwi se noted)A 1 p l ants are scondary un its .
C l 2 *
S u s p .F low 0 5-Day Susp . V o l . A pp 1 i edTemp. FP l at Name (MGD) ( R aw) B O D S o l i d s S o l i d s pH #/day
avion o.4o 2 57 53 7 .7 37
F 1 i nt 2 6 . 5 6 4 30 1 9 7 . 4 1280
l u s h i n g o48 50 3 3 3 0 2 0 3 9
Lapeer 0 . 73 59 22 32 22 7.6 24
Lapeer State
ome 0 . 3 7 7 0 2 1 6 3 8 . 4 26
Swartz Creek 0 . 3 52 8 3 1 27 1 1
r i n ch l or i nati on per i od from May 1 5 throuh Septeber 1 5 , except forLapeer State o whi ch ch l or i nates cont i nuous l y a l l yea r .
31
A.C 2es.
1 . 5
. 9
. 0
• 0
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TABE 7. F IN R IVR IN DUSRIAL WS INVNORY
Industry
GMC-AC Spark P lug D iv.
GMC-Bu ick D iv .
GMCChev . F l i n t D iv .
GMC-Fisher Bod D iv.
GMC-Ternstedt D iv.
Reeivingoat ion Stream
Dort H G i l ke CreekF i nt F i nt River
I n du s t r i a l F l i n t R i ve rAve . F i n t
Chevro etAve . F l i n t
F l i n t R i ve r
Grand B l an hread CreekSwartz CreekF 1 n t R i ve r
Co ldwaterR d . F l i n t
rnt RunF int River
-�
GMCPa t s D i v . M 8S a r t z C r .
Swartz CreekF l i n t R i ve r
·�-ARC.
WasteCons i t uen t s
C N C r6 N i O i Sus . S o l .
Gen. Mfg. &
P l a t in g aste
S us p . So l . O i Gen. Mfg.
O i S S G en .Mfg. Wastes
Waste Flow(MGD)
5
2 2
2 . 0
- .
D.08
Treatmentrovided
r6 & Cs�parat ionSe t t l i n g
Se t t l i n gtah Skimmer
Oi l Removal Se t t l i n g
agoon &Seondar
Rt ingri l9661,
A
A
A
�-
O i SS CC r , Cu
O i S u s p . S ol .
. 5
o . 4
Seondar& agoons
S e t t l i n g Oi remova agoons
A
A
-·-
GMCChev. ssembl an S lkeF int
Sartz CreekF i nt R i ver
* dequa te on t ro l .
O i l S u s p . S o l . 1 . 4 S e t t l i n g Oi l removal
---
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w
w
TABLE 7. F IN R IVER IN DUSRIA \ASE INVNORY(CON )
MRc
Rat ingWaste aste l ow Treatmnt Ar l
Indu_s__rX·--o_ca t oneceiving
$tream Con s t i tunts GD�rov de_d� 9_*MCChv Engine &
Stamp ing P l ant
Vogt ac ing Co .
*
A Adequate Contro l .
an 1 ykeF l i n t
Carmn CreekSwar tz Creek 1 int R iver
ran B l a n head CreekSwartz CreekF i nt R i ve
0 i l , S us p . S ol . 0.72 e t t l i n g ,i reva Lagoons
A
--
B O D , S u s p . S o l . ,S u s p . o l . S o l .
006 Sett l i ng B
B Contro l p rovi de adequac no t e stab l i shed ( ad i t i ona l t reatnt requested ) .
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+CH[S&NOr-i•
' : ---J:
CATION M
Ii
3\
1
,g MA YVIL�f • • :�i-• ;L
3 4
• :
. j,:�
I: G,...
t..• :_ . :
�, l .· -'-� EMEs :R-{ • • • • LAK� '"
!, J .
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FM =:r�.
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LAPEER CO
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.
AE NUO PROGRAM OHC![T KS-\lt0\ 1R 64\RJUNICIPAL 6 IDUSTRIA WASTE OUFA
FLINT RIVER BASIN
U.S DC ATl OP i 1IDDrAL A 'LUO DL tDta4T
A 0 [ , � N A
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treatment, 27, 850 pounds would reach the rive In order to show an
improvement over present water quality, 99 percent or more removal will
be necessary at that time .
36
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TABLE 8 . WASTE FLOW PROJECTIONS
1965 1990 2020
Municipal (MGD)
Residential 18 8 75 182
Idustia 1 _ 20 44
Total 27 . 5 95 22
Industial 9 5 22 48(diect to iver)
Total to Rive 3 7 0 117 274
37
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TABLE
Muni c i a 1
Res ident i a lI ndus t r i a lToa l un ic ipa
Present 92% removalWi t h 90% remova Wi th 95% remova lWi th 9 remova l
I ndus t r i a l( d i rect to r iver )P res ent 3 remova lWi th 90% removal i t h 9% removal i th 99% remova l
Total o befoe eP resen t 90% removaWith 90% removal
Wi th 95° remova lWith 9 removal
9 • BOD5
PROJECTIONS
965#day
35 ,6006 , 020
4 , 6 2 03 , 3 804, 622 , 080
4 6
3 09 7 3 65l
42 ,9304, 2 97 4,293
2 , 46829
38
990#/day
, 5 0 0 3 , 6 0 0
2 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 2 , 5 06 , 2 5 5 , 2 5
2 , 9602 , 0 7 0
2964830
28 , 0601 2 , 0 7 0
2 ,806
6 , 4 0 3 , 2 8
2020#/day
2 6 0 , 0 0 03 0 , 5 0 0
290 , 5002 3 , 2 0 029, 050 4 5 2 52,905
6,6404650
66433266
297 , 402 7 , 8 5 02 9 , 7 4
4 ,8572 9 7
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+C[SNIN- - -,. ,.
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SHIAWAEE CO.
LO C A T IO N MA P
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DESCRIPTON OF WATER QUALITY
The Detroit Program Office conducted surveys of the Fl int River
during 1965 to determine the qual ity of this watercourse Figure 6 shows
the general locations of sampl ing stations X260 and X240, sampled
approximatel y twice a month, and several municipal sewage tratment pl ant
samling stations The remaining stations shown on Figure 6 were OXSAG
stations which were samled approximately once every 4 hours over a 24-hou
period on the August 11 12, 1965 survey
Chemical
The fol lowing water qual ity measurements were made dring 1965 wi th
respect to chemical criteria: dissolved oxygen, BOD5
, nitrogen (amonia,
organic, and nitrate) , phosphates (total and total soluble) , sol ids
(total, suspended, and volatile suspended), chlorides, iron, and phenols
Table 10 shows the seasonal average and range of disslved oxygen
levels for the regular Fl int River sampl ing stations, X240 and X260
This table also lists the aveage seasonal and yearly results of the
nitrogens, phosphates, solids, chlorides, phenols, and BOD5
The yearly average dissolved oxygen at the ustream station X260,
located above the City of Fl int, was 9 8 mi l ligrams per l iter (mg/1) 91
percent satuated, with a range of 6. 4 to 13. 2 mg/1 (68 to 111 percent
saturated).
In the lower Fl int River, at Station X240, the yearly aveage
dissolved oxygen was 9. 4 mg/1, with a range of 3 7 to 3 6 mg/1 Dis
solved oxygen saturation at Station X240 averaged 90 percent during 965,
with a range of 35 to 170 pecent saturation
41
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Maxiu dissolved oxyge saturatios of 100 to 170 percet at both
of these statios were oted i measureets ade durig May, Jue August
Septeber, ad October
The etire reach of the Flit River was sampled at 7 saplig
statios over a 24 hour period o August 1-2 965 Dissolved oxyge
ad teperature deeratios were ade every four hous A copsite
saple was prepared ad aalyzed for BOD ad other cheical deteria
tios Saples for bacteriologial aalysis were collectd o two of the
six rus
Table 11 shows the daily dissolved oxyge fluctuatio durig this
survey for Statio X240
The percet saturatio _icreased durig the daylight hours to a high
of 170 percet i mid-afteroo ad declied durig the hours o f dark
ess. This icreased percet saturato is due aily to the presece of
sigificat phytoplakto populatios ad/or photosynthetic productio i
the river
Figure 10 shows the results of the August 11 12 1965 survey ad
lists the observed idividual dissolved oxyge average vales ad their
rages for each statio
The lowest dissolved oxyge levels were recorded at Statio X250,
located dowstrea fro the City of Flit ' s sewage treatet plat The
24our dissolved oxyge average was 3 4 g/1 with respective aximu
ad iiu values of 5 7 ad 0 6 g/1 The average dissolved oxyge
saturatio was low with 45 percet, ad a rage of 7 to 68 percet sat
uratio The effect of the City of Flit ' s uicial wastes o the Flit
Rver is apparet fro the low dissolved oxyge levels ecoutered dow
strea of the City of Flit s sewage treatmet plat
42
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The average dissolved oxygen increased from 9.0 mg/1 at Station X240
to a high of 11.5 mg/1 at Station X220 downstream. The increase in the
average dissolved oxygen and percent saturation is associated with exces
sive algal growth and subsequent production of oxygen.The average BOD5 results at Stations X260 and X240, from measurements
de during suer and fall of 1965, were 4 and 6 mg/1, respectively.
�ive-day BOD results of composite samples taken during the special
OXSAG survey on August 11- 12, 1965 on the entire reach of the'Flint River
are illustrated in Figure 10.
High BOD5
levels of 6 to 11 mg/1 were recoded downstream at
Stations X240, X236, X230, and X220. These high BOD5 reults were found
at the same locations as the high dissolved oxygen and coincided with
high phytoplankton poulations as evidenced by biological sampling.
The Fint River had a definite seasonal variation in the nitrate
concentration during the 1965 sapling eriod at Stations X240 and X260.
The nitrate concentration at Station X240 increased from an average of 1.4
mg/1 in January to April _to an average of 1 96 mg/ 1 in the May through
September period. In the October to December period, the nitrate
concentration rehed an average level of 3.10 mg/1. The average annual
nitrate concentration at Station X240 was 1.93 mg/1 Station X260 had
an average annual nitrate concentration of 0.83 mg/1, with lower values
in the suer and fall, as shown in Table 12
Figure 11 depicts the increase f·;itrate concentraions during
the special OXSAG survey conducted on August 1 1-12, 1965, and the average
annual nitrate concentrations for the two regular sampling stations The
nitrate concentration increased from 090 mg/1 at Station X260, above the
City of Flint, to an average of 3.20 mg/1 at Station X236, downstream
43
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from Motrose Stations X230 and X220 had nitrate concentrations of 2 50
to 2 30 mg/1
The average annual ammonia nitrogen concentration in the Flint River
&t Station X260 above Flint, was 0 56 mg/1 ; and at Station X240, downstream from Flint, was 1 09 mg/1 Average annual organic nitrogen
concentrations for Stations X260 and X240 were 0 25 and 0 27 mg/1, respec-
tively
The average seasonal variation and annual total and soluble phosphate
concentrations found in the Flint River during 1965 at the regular
sampling stations, X260 and X240, are shown in Table 13.
The average annual total phosphate concentration was 0 21 mg/1 at
Station X260 and 4 36 mg/1 at Station X240 Soluble phosphate, as a
'
percent of total phosphate, at Stations X260 and X240 ranged from 6
to 76 percent
Figure 12 illustrates the average and range of total phosphate
concentrations for the two regular sampling stations, and also the res\ts
of the special survey condu cted on August 1 1-12, 19 65
Total solids and chlorides were significantly high in the Flint
River as shown in Table 10 The average annual total solids concentra
tion at Stations X260 and X240 were 395 mg/1 and 505 mg/1 respectively
Chloride levels made up 9 and 16 percent of th total solids
Figure 13 depicts the increase in total solids and chlorides in the
Flint River below Flint ' s sewage treatment plant during the special
survey conducted on August 11-12, 1965. Chloride concentration of 27 mg/1
at Station X260 increased to 100 mg/1 at Station X250 Chloride levels
accounted for 17 percent of total solids below Flint s sewage treatment
4
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plant.
Average annual phenol concentration in the Flint River at Station X26
was 4 micrograms per liter (ug/1), with a range of O to 9 ug/1. At
Station X240, the annual average phenol concentration was 5 ug/1, with a
range of O to 15 ug/1
Table 14 summarizes average iron, sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, sulfate, and total hardness values found during the 1965 survey
in the Flint River for the two regular samp ing stations Average annual
iron concentration for Station X260 was 1, 350 ug/1, with seasonal averages
of 2, 080, 1, 000, and 230 ug/1 At Statio X240, average annual iron
concentration was 1, 430 ug/1, with seasonal average values of 2, 640, 540,
and 100 ug/1.
Sodium and potassium levels were noticeably increased in the Flint
River from Station X260 to X240 alcium, magnesium, and sulfate
concentrations were typical of concentrations in other tributaries in the
Saginaw River Basin Hardness averaged 241 to 256 mg/1 upstream, and 231
to 233 mg/1 downstream of Flint
Microbioloical
The microbiological findings for the Flint River are from the 1965
sampling period This sampling period was separated into three
intervals - January 11 to y 15, May 15 to September 15, and September 15
to November 30 - to coincide wit the municipal waste chlorination period
beginning May 15 and ending September 15 Representative median, low,
and high total, and fecal coliform results for the regular sampling sta
tions are shown in Table 15
Total coliform densities at Station X260, above the City of Flint,
45
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ranged from 36 to 18 organisms/10 ml with a median annual valu e
of 1, 40 organisms/1 ml Station X24 located be ow the City of Flin'
sewage treatment plant exhibited a median annual total coliform count
of 24 organisms/1 ml with a ange of 20 to 370 0 organisms/1 m
Percent fecal coliform remained fairly constant in the reaches above and
below Flint s sewage treatment pant these value s being 16 and 22 percent
respectively.
Chlorination had a definite effect on the total and fecal coliform
densities at Station X24 during the 1965 chlorination period The median
total coliform count at Station X24 declined from 15 organisms/100 m
in the January 1-y 15 period to a median value of 4 organisms/1 m
in the May 15 September 15 sampling period
A comparison of the average median and geometric mean values of
annual oal and fecal coliform results for Stations X240 and X26 is
shown in Table 16
Figure 14 depicts the variation in total coliform distributions at
various sampling points in the Flint River during surveys conducted on
August 11 and 2 1965 The median annual total coliform densities for
the two regular sampling stations are also shown i Figure 14 On
August 11 the total coliform nsities increased from 7 organisms/1 ml
at Station X260 above Flint to a high of 29, 00 organisms/10 ml at
Station X256 then declined to a low of 50 organisms/1 ml at Station
X20 On August 2 the total coliform density of 800 organisms/0 ml
at Station X26 increased to a high of 15 0 organisms/1 ml at
Station X256 Station X25 had a total coliform count of 3 00 organisms/
10 ml which increased downstream to a value of 12 organisms/10 ml
at tation X22
46
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R i v e r
1 ntX2 :O260
F 1 in tX240X260
F 1 i ntX2�0X260
F 1 i n tX240X260
D i s so l ved Ogenv! Mx Min
1 0 . 2 · 1 2 . 9 5 . 2
1 1 . 7 1 2 . 3 1 0 .
9 . 18 . 3
1 3 . 61 0 . 1
3 . 6 . 4
9 . 1 1 0 . 9 5 . 61 1 . 6 1 3 . 2 1 0 . 5
9 . 4 1 3 . 6 3 . 7 9 . 8 1 3 . 2 6 . 4
TABL 0 , F L I N T R I VER 'TR QUL TY1 65 AVERAGE COCENTRTIONS
eo
5-DayBOD H N O g N N0 N
Jnuar p i l 1 96 5
64
54
64
1 . 0 . 5 1
0 . 500 . 8 1
0 970 . 28
1 . 0 90 . 56
0 220 . 1 6
0 . 3 50 . 3
0 . 2 30 . 2 7
0 2 7
0 . 2 5
1 .411 . 1 8
1 . 96.44
3 . 1 00.10
1 . 9 30 . 3
Tot.�-,
To t . S o • T t .P 04 P 04 S o .
2 . 2 0 1 . 7 ] . 3 1 O . 1 9 369
4.460 . 1 6
3 .26 5 330 . 1 1 4 22
9 . 2 3 6 . 90 550 . 06 0 . 04 4 14
4.360 . 2 1
3 . 29 5050 . 1 3 3 9 5
ote A r e su l t s i n mg/1 e cept heno l s Phoshates reported s PO .N i t o g e n s ( H 3 , N0 3 Oga c ) epor ted s N i t r oen .
*Vo l t l e S us p n de S o l i d s�oal hoshat nlu : otho, oly biologial nd organic. hoshat
S u s p . Vo 1 . :S o l . S . S . C l
3 72 2
1 81 8
91 4
5
1 9
1 14
43
.
77 '29
32 3
6 1 008 3 3
74
8328
P h e n
54
45
82
5
4
HTo soube phosphate (e rforme on filtered smple ) inc ludes soubl ortho s olubl ol and solubl ogaphosphate
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Date
TABLE 11 DISSOLVED OXYGEN FLUCTUATION - FINT RIVERStation X240
Temp DO
Tmeo
c ( m g/1)8/11/65 0930 1 8 0 7 0
1325 22.0 13 1
1710 26.0 13 6
210 2 4 0 10. 3
8/12/65 0125 22.0 6 2
0535 205 3. 7
48
Saturaton74
151
170
124
71
42
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Station
X240
Average
Range
260
Average
Range
TABLE 12 . FLINT RIVERSeasonal Nitrate N Concentration
(mg/ 1 )
Jan April May-Sept
: 1 4 1 1 96
0 8 9- 1 . 60 0 70 2 80
1 . 1 8 044
0 . 9 0 1 6 0 0 20-0 90
49
Oct -Dec. Annual
3 . 10 1 93
90- 4 6 0 0 70-4 60
0 70 0 83
0 3 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 1 6 0
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TABLE 13 FLINT RIVER1965 TOTAL AND SOLUBLE PHOSPATE CONCENTRATIONS
Seasonal
Total Phosphate Soluble Phosphate
mg/1 mg/1Station Averae Minimum Maximum Averae Minimum imum
Jan. AprilX240 2. 20 0. 50 4 70 1 . 7 0.10 4 60X260 0. 31 0.10 0 60 0.19 000 0. 40
y-Sept.X240 4.46 0 .60 8.70 3. 26 0.10 5.10
X260 016 0. 08 0 30 0.11 0 06 0. 20
Oct Dec.X240 9. 23 5. 40 12. 80 6. 90 4.00 8.80X260 0.06 0 04 010 0.04 004 004
AnnualX240 4. 36 0 50 12 80 3 29 010 8 80X260 0 21 0.04 0 60 0.13 0 00 0. 40
50
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BE 16 . LINT RIVER1965 TOTA AND FECA COFORM DENSI STATISTICS
(oranisms/100 ml)
Station Averae
Toa Coliform
X240 94,000
X260 3, 600
Fecal Coliform
X240 8,300
X260 490
Median
24,000
1,400
5, 300
220
53
Geometric
Mean-: · _
20,000
1, 800
1, 900
320
ow High
200 370,000
360 8,000
10 30, 000
60 1, 700
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DIS SOLVED OXGEN PROJECTIONS
The water quality data described in previous sections of this report
were submitted to analyses in a mathemat ical moel depicting oxygen
balance in streams This particular model is a modification of the
classical Streeter-Phelps formulation for oxygen balance in a stream
This equation includes an additional non-conservative oxygen demand
(Kjeldahl nitrogen), which acts in a similar fashion to the BOD factor in
the original formulation.
Long-term oxygen demand and nitrogen balance deterinations wer
mde on stream and waste source samples to determine a laboratory K-rate
in order to calculate the ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand The
ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand stream prof ile was constructed, and
the stream BOD decay rate determined A similar prof ile of the Kjeldahl
nitrogen yielded the nitrogenous demand decay rate These profiles were
checked by a wastes loadings prof ile All rates were converted from the
stream teperature to 20° c .
Reaeration rates were initially calculated based on the O ' Connor
Dobbins forulation for natural streams using computed reach velocities
and deths · These values were used for initia atc runs but were
then modified somewhat in the final tch run for siplicity in he
projection runs The photosynthetic production of agae is not a fac
in the model No attempt was de to match the dissolved oxygen profieto observed data above or near the saturation value
Survey data indicated an apparent high decay rate for the Kjeldahl
nitrogen portion of the total oxygen demand in the stream reach below
59
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the main municipal waste source This high demand rate was indicated
also by the observed dissolved oxygen prof ile Previous work by others
indicated an intensi f ied rate of oxygen demand in this reach ) The
Kjeldahl nitrogen level in this reach had the potential for an abnorml
decay rate With the exception f this reach, a uniform dcay rate was
used throughout the stream A uiform decay rate was used for the car�
bonaceous portion of the total oxygen demand. The resence of significant
algae concentrations as evidence by diurnal dissolve oygen fluctuations
and visual observations of the stream, is believed reponsible for the
anomalous BOD data fund during the 1965 survey Resurveys during 1966
indicated a somewhat different decay rate which more closely resembled
the nitrogen decay rate. This rate was used for the final tch run The
computd mtch run profiles are shown superimposed on te sey data
(Figures 15 and 16) Loadings for the f inal match run are included i
Table 17
The parameters determined for the match run were used to project the
epected dissolved oxygen prof iled for a number of flow and lading
conditions Minor modifications were made for ease in rojection chages
All additional augmentatio was assumed to have the same yield for all
low flow conditions due to the minor increase in flow below the iitial
reach All waste sources were cmbined on a flow basis with the major
muicipal source The concentrations used were those determined durig
the 1965 survey For all projection runs, the initial stream parameters,
with the exception of flow, remained constat
Figures 17 through 20 show computed dissolved oxygen profiles for
the following situations:
60
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Figure 17
igure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
1965 Suer Survey Flow (75 cfs)Temperature ranges - 15° to 30° at o icrementsStream loaigs 1965 - 100%; 1990 316; ad
2020 - 741%
7 Day Oce i 10 Year
Temperature ragesStream loadings 2020 - 741%
1 Day Oce i 10 earTemperature rgesStream loadigs -
2020 - 741%
F 1 OW ( 4] Cf S )
15
°
C to
30
°
at 5
°
icrements1965 - 100%; 1990 - 316%; ad
Flow (38 cfs) 15° to 30° at
0 icrements
1965 - 100%; 1990 - 316%; ad
Augmeted Flow (100 cfs)Temperature rages 15°C to 3C at 0 icremetsStream loadigs - 1965 - 100%; 1990 316%; ad
2020 - 741 %
61
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BLE 1 . · FLN VE - LOADNGS FO MTCH UN 96 MODEL
Flow Day BOD ltimate BOD Kje ldahl . Dssolved OxgMGD cfs
mg/ #/day mg/1 #/dy mg/ #/dy mg/ #d
Muncipal Wastes
lint 2. 9 40 l 12 290 is 3240 12. 2690 4 . 0 8lusing . 4 .6 41 137 53 17 1 .2 2 . 0
ontose . 3 2 . 10 1090 147 90 1 .8 128 .
Cnstrial Wastes-
Bent Run 2.6 4 .0 3 88 3 . 102 2 . 3 so 5.0 1
- ributay Flo�
lint 8 7 0 s 2040 S.6 220 . 9 364 4 . 9 19
(Intial)
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7/21/2019 Report on Water Pollution in the Lake Huron Basin (Flint River) - December 1966
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SURY AND WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
Water quality of the Flint R iver Basin is, in generl, good above
and degraded below the City of Flint The upper portion of Karsley
Creek is managed as a trout stream The Flint River provides wate
suply for the City of Flint, with storage in the Hollwy Reservo ir
locted 20 miles upstrem The strem reaches below the municiplities
hve moderate levels of coli form bcteri a Belw the City of Flint,
however, these levels are excessive during the non-chlorination period
The Flint River below Flint hs extreely high levels f nutrients -
levels of nitrte were 2 /1 and phosphte about 4 4 g/1 in 1965
Chloride levels were in excess o f 8 0 mg/1 in this area. A severe dissolve
oxygen depression appears below the Flint sewage treatent plant
he Flint River Basin above the confluence of the South Branch Flint
River is srsely populated, having only two counities North Branch
(832), and Clifford (330) . Lapeer (8, 020) is located idwy up the South
Branch Flint Ri ver Also located in this area is the Lapeer State and
Home Train ing School The only other counity in this art of the basin
is Metamora (390) The counity of Colubiville (78 9) is locted on
the Flint River about 10 iles abve the headwaters of the Holloway
Reervoir. Otisville (70 1) and Otter Lke (523) are two counities in
the Flint River drainage below Holloway Reservoir Kearsley Creek jins
with the Flint River at the City of Flint Ortonville (702) is at its
headwaters, and Davison (1, 745) is on Black Creek near its confluence
with Kearsley Creek Bth counities are upstream of Kearsley Creek
Reservoir, which is a 2, 000 acre feet emergency water supply for the C ity
69
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of Flint The City of Flint, in 1960, had a population of 196, 940 and
is the third larges city in Michigan There are nmeros suburbs
located in the mmediate area : Burton Township 29700, Flint Town-
ship 300, Ciy of Flushing 76 1, Mt Morris Township 17, 000,Grand Blanc (1, 565, Grand Blanc Township 640 Frther downstream,
other communities are : Mont;se · 1, 466, and on the tributaries Mt
Morris 3, 484, and Clio 2, 212 The community of New othrop 510)
is loated on Misteuay Creek a tributary to the Fint River nea its
conflence with the Shiawassee River Mistequay Creek jins the natural
channel of the Flint River downstream f the Cutff Canal which diverts
excess flows to the Shawassee River
The follwing counities provide secondary waste reatment Flint,
Flushing, Davison, Lapeer, Lapeer State Home and Training School, and
Swartz Creek The comunities of Colmbiaville and orth Branch have no
formal teatment system, although there are some sewers which d ischarge
raw or semi treated sewage to the Flint River There are a nmbe of
industrial sources in the City o Flint which dscharge directly to
various points along the Flint River These inclde the following divi-
sions of the General Mtors Corporation AC Spark Plug, Buick, Chevrole
Flint, Ternstedt, Chevrolet Assebly Plant and Chevrolet Engine and
Stamping Plant. The Fisher Body Division of General Motors Corporation
is located in he conity of Gran Blanc, and the Parts Division
General Motors Corporation is lcated in the counity of Swartz Creek
All of these indstrial sorces are rated adeqate by the Michigan Water
Resorces Commission The Vgt Packing Company at Grand Blanc is rated
as "providing cntrol, " although the adequacy of control has not been
70
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established. Many communities in the basin have jined the Genesee
County-Metropolitan System which has six districts for sanitary sewers
and sewage treatment plants
In February 1965, a reconnaissance survey of the Flint River from
above Columbiaville to its confluence with the Shiawassee River was
conducted Twenty-one locations on 61 miles of stream were sampled
Moderately high bacterial levels were found from Columbiaville to the
Holloway Reservoir, where a decrease in bacterial concentration was
noted High bacterial levels were found below the outfall of the Flint
sewage treatment plant. The bacterial level below Flint declined in the
area of Montrose. A moderate incr ease in concentration was noted in the
lower ten miles of stream although there was an abrupt decrease in the
last two iles belw the Flint River Cutoff Canal. Chloride concentra
tions increased moderately from above Columbiaville to the Cty of Flint,
and mre than doubled at the City of Flint to remain at a high level
throughout the remainder of the stream A severe dissolved oxygen
depletion was noted below the City of Flint. A moderate depression was
noted in the area from above Columbiaville to the Hollway Reservoir An
increase in disslved oxygen ccurred in passage thrugh the reservoir
o locations on the Flint River were sampled routinely by the FWPCA
in 1965 These wee above the City of Flint and at the community of
Montrose he results are indicated on Table 18
The data indicate that a substantial increase occurs in the pollution
level of the river from Flint and the other sources. Chloride level
tripled, the nitrogen levels - nitrate nitrite and ammonia - doubled.
The phosphate levels, however increased 20 times (2 000 percent) from a
71
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level of 0 2 mg/1 above Flint to a level of 4 0 mg/1 at Montrose The
increase was even more spectacular during the lower flow periods (summer)
There was not as great a difference in the disolved oxygen and BOD level
of the two locations due to the recovery zone of fifteen miles of stream
passage Bacterial densities increased substantially in the stream
although this increase was predominantly during nondisinfection period
of September to y
An ·dditional location on the Flint River at Flushing downstream
from the Flint sewage treatment plant, was sampled from September to
December 1965 The results are indicated on Table 18
The degraded quality of the river is evident from the data Orgnic
demand is indicated by both the BOD5
and ammonia nitrogen levels
Nutrient levels - nitrate and phosphate increased considerably in the
river ' s passage through the Flint area, with a fiftyfold increase (5,000
percent) in the phosphate concentration. Chlorides increased fourfold ;
dissolved oxygen levels were low even though the sampling period did not
include the high temperature low flow midsummer period Bacterial
densities were high, although the disinfection period was not included
in the survey
Samples were collected on a monthly basis from y to November at
two locations in the Basin These were Farmers Creek at Lapeer and the
headwaters of Swartz Creek near Holly The results of those analyses
are listed on Table 18
The data indicate that there is considerably more pollution entering
Farmers Creek than Swartz Creek, as evidenced by the higher chloride and
phosphate levels he Farmers Creek sampling station was located on the
72
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tri_'d, and the phosphates increased from 008 to 70 mg/1 a twenty
fold increase. There was a minor decrease in dissoved oxygen level
Below the Flint sewage treatment lant outfall at a location aboe
the City of Fushing sewage treatment plant, there were excessive increase
in most pollution indicies Chlorides increased to 100 mg/ 1 and remained
at this level downstream Nitrates increased to 2 8 mg/1 as nitrogen Th
total phosphate concentration in the river increased to 1 1 8 mg/1 and
remained at this level for the remainder of the stream The oxidizable
�itrogen concentration increased to 2 mg/1 as nitrogen and accounted
for severe oxygen depletion found in the river at tis point Both the
BOD and COD (chemical oxygen demand) increased t moderate levels of
pollution and continued to increase downstream Bacterial levels indicate
only moderately polluted waters Brent Run, a tributary which oins the
Flint River at Montrose, and which receives the effuent from the Tern
stedt Division, General Motors Corporation, had hig levels of chlorides,
dissolved solids, and conductivity. Both nitrogen and phosphate concen
trations in this stream were hig although BOD and COD levels were low
The dissolved oxygen evel was at saturation
There was considerable diurnal variation in dissolved oxygen at a
stations Maximum variation (10 mg/1) was found in the recovery area near
Montrose. Average daily concentration at this location and at all down
stream locations was above saturation Minimum observed dissolv ed
oxygen 0 8 mg/1 - was just above te Flushing sewage teatment plant
outfal. Average daily concentration at this location was at 35 mg/1
The dissolved oxygen sag from above the City of Flint to this location
showed an average reduction of mg/1 in the stream.
74
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The City of lint presently (1965) accounts for in excess of 90
percent of the waste flows in the basin. Present removal fficiency is
in excess of 90 percent for this plant in terms of 5day BOD loadings.
The City of lint currently obtains its water supply from the Flint Rier with return via the l int sewage treatment plant. During the seven da y
once-in�ten year low flow about 88 percent of the river flow yield bel ow
lint would have passed through the sewage treatment plant unless excess ·
water was released from sorage This area is expeted to have a te-in
to the Lake Huron water supply under construction by the City of Detroit.
With water supply from Lake Huron the storage now available in Holloway
Reservoir could sustain a flow of 100 cfs in excess of sewage treatment
plant flows during drought years
The present high ratio of seage treatment plant flow to natural
river flow results n hgh concentrations of nutrents - 10 mg/1 of total
phosphates and 3 mg/1 of nitratenitrogen were found during the 1965
survey, which had an average flow of 75 cfs - about 1-1/2 times the 7 day
once-in-ten-year flow. The concentrations remained at about the same
level throughout the stream to its junction in the Shiawassee lats area
The effect of these nutrients in the lint River was readily apparent
in both the physical observations of algae and in the supersaturated
dissolved oxygen levels caused by photosynthesis. The sewage treatment
plant phosphate level of about 30 mg/1 represents approximately 50 per
cent removal. The l int area d ischarges increased the phosphate level
by about 140 ti mes during the 1965 survey. Phosphate removal of 95
percent (3 mg/1 effluent) would have resulted in a ri ver concentration
of 1.7 mg/1 during the 1965 survey.
5
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The principal quality demanding uss f water in the Flint River
Basin are munic ial and industrial water supply, aquatic life, recreation
and aesthetics
The use of the Flint River as a source of water for industrial and
municpal use is expected to decrease considerably with the completion
of the Lake Huron-Fint Project of the Detroit Water Serices A prime
consideration for quality objectives is the impact of the Flint River on
the Saginaw River. The Flint River, with approimatey 24 percent of th
flow, contributes about 50 percent of the phosphate loadings to the
Saginaw River The removal of nutrients and organic materials is desirabl
also to prevent the severe algal blooms which currenty degrade even the
aesthetic quality of the Flint River below Flint
76
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Tbe 18 Wte Q y FNT RIV1965
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Tbl 18 tr Qlity (c ' )
Part X20 at FhnN [Av Lw
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NH3-N 5 4 70 3 . 50
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t Solid 50 470
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Po p 1
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FN RIV
1965
X20 t MntseHigh NS Lw
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7/21/2019 Report on Water Pollution in the Lake Huron Basin (Flint River) - December 1966
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(
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Tble 18 . Watr Qity ( cont 'd ) RV1965
Puie ters
T tl Iron'
sodi
possum
Cac
Mgesium
fate
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Coductivty
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NS
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66
25
11
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900
31;000 17 , 6,00<
88,ooo 3,200 130,00(
420 490 83
X2 Mnoe
NS Avg Lw High.
14 - .00 830
13 62 12 248
13 15 3 3914 62 45 74
14 23 14 45
14 8 9 49 132
14 239 76 32 0
17 70 430 1160
15 4000 400 370,00
13 5 , 30 10 30,0
13 45 . 10 3, 0
NS Avg Lw Hig
7/21/2019 Report on Water Pollution in the Lake Huron Basin (Flint River) - December 1966
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NS • • • • • • • • • • •
NOT
tor
W '
Ner o ss
Ci sClFeS04Si
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • •
orideInula
• • • • • • Silic • • • • • ci
T es rerd as 3
• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
MesSoiPossio
• • • Bt
igens : nia 3) , orc, ns {N03 dis <) rerte nen eqint N)
ss : rerted s 4
T phosps inclde : oro, bolo, d orc
! soe phosps nclude solle ortho, sle , dsole c
·pK: re n sd s
A re�t coed m lte 1) cept :
phenols d n · • • • • • • • • • mcro r r 1conduct . • • • • • • • mcrs r cr (s/)
cioloial ers
T Colfo )
rer o(