report touch[1]

8/4/2019 Report Touch[1]

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ABSTRACT

A touch screen is a display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the

display area, generally refers to touch or contact to the display of the device by a finger or

hand. Touch screen is also an input device. The screens are sensitive to pressure; a user

interacts with the computer by touching pictures or words on the screen, Touch screens

can also sense other passive objects, such as a stylus, the touch screen has two main

attributes. First, it enables one to interact with what is displayed directly on the screen,

where it is displayed, rather than indirectly with a mouse or touchpad. Secondly, it lets

one do so without requiring any intermediate device, again, such as a stylus that needs to

be held in the hand. Such displays can be attached to computers or, as terminals, to

networks. They also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as the

personal digital assistant (PDA), satellite navigation devices, mobile phones, and video

games.



INDEX

1. Introduction

2. History of touch screen

3.Why touch screen?

4. Benefits of touch screen

5.How does a touch screen works

6.Type of touch screen technology

7. Comparisons between different technologies

8.What are touch screen used for?

9. Advantages over other pointing devices

10. Conclusion

11. References



INTRODUCTION

A touch screen is a computer display screen that is sensitive to human touch, allowing a

user to interact with the computer by touching pictures or words on the screen. Touch

screens are used with information kiosks, computer-based training devices, and systems

designed to help individuals who have difficulty manipulating a mouse or keyboard.

Touch screen technology can be used as an alternative user interface with applications

that normally require a mouse, such as a Web browser. Some applications are designed

specifically for touch screen technology, often having larger icons and links than the

typical PC application. Monitors are available with built-in touch screen technology or

individuals can purchase a touch screen kit.

A touch screen kit includes a touch screen panel, a controller, and a software driver. The

touch screen panel is a clear panel attached externally to the monitor that plugs into a

serial or Universal Serial Bus (USB) port or a bus card installed inside the computer. The

touch screen panel registers touch events and passes these signals to the controller.

The controller then processes the signals and sends the data to the processor. The

software driver translates touch events into mouse events.

Drivers can be provided for both Windows and Macintosh operating systems. Internal

touch screen kits are available but require professional installation because they must be

installed inside the monitor.



HISTORY

In 1971, the first "touch sensor" was developed by Doctor Sam Hurst (founder of

Elographics) while he was an instructor at the University of Kentucky. This sensor, called

the "Elograph," was patented by The University of Kentucky Research Foundation. The

"Elograph" was not transparent like modern touch screens; however, it was a significant

milestone in touch screen technology. In 1974, the first true touch screen incorporating a

transparent surface was developed by Sam Hurst and Elographics. In 1977, Elographics

developed and patented five-wire resistive technology, the most popular touch screen

technology in use today. Touchscreens first gained some visibility with the invention of

the computer-assisted learning terminal, which came out in 1975 as part of

the PLATO project. Touchscreens have subsequently become familiar in everyday life.

Companies use touch screens for kiosk systems in retail and tourist settings, point of

sale systems, ATMs, and PDAs, where a stylus is sometimes used to manipulate

the GUI and to enter data. The popularity of smart phones, PDAs, portable game

consoles and many types of information appliances is driving the demand for, and

acceptance of, touchscreens.

From 1979–1985, the Fairlight CMI (and Fairlight CMI IIx) was a high-end musical

sampling and re-synthesis workstation that utilized light pen technology, with which the

user could allocate and manipulate sample and synthesis data, as well as access different

menus within its OS by touching the screen with the light pen. The later Fairlight series

III models used a graphics tablet in place of the light pen.



The HP-150 from 1983 was one of the world's earliest commercial touchscreen

computers. It did not have a touchscreen in the strict sense; instead, it had a

9" Sony Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) surrounded by infrared transmitters and receivers,

which detected the position of any non-transparent object on the screen.

Until recently, most consumer touchscreens could only sense one point of contact at a

time, and few have had the capability to sense how hard one is touching. This is starting

to change with the commercialization of multi-touch technology.

Touch screens are popular in hospitality, and in heavy industry, as well as kiosks such as

museum displays or room automation, where keyboard and mouse systems do not allow a

suitably intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display's content.

Historically, the touch screen sensor and its accompanying controller-based firmware

have been made available by a wide array of after-market system integrators, and not by

display, chip, or motherboard manufacturers. Display manufacturers and chip

manufacturers worldwide have acknowledged the trend toward acceptance of touch

screens as a highly desirable user interface component and have begun to integrate touch

screen functionality into the fundamental design of their products.



WHY TOUCH SCREEN?

User interface PCs are quickly becoming the control device of choices for the plant floor,

machine control and any application where the user interface is important. This change

has not been without its difficulties. One challenge industrial PC manufacturers have

faced is simplifying the human machine interface while maintaining accuracy of input.

Industrial grade touches Screen system have quickly become the input device of choice

for several reasons. Touch systems generally have no additional hardware to mount and

protect, such as a mouse or keyboard. A flat panel display can also be sealed by the

factory to prevent damage from dust and water. The ultra thin nature of a touch screen on

a LCD saves critical space, which is a vital for most application.

Durability is tested to over 35 million finger touches with no over performance

degradation. 1 million-touch life max

Design Flexibility: -

Advanced design allows flat and spherical design.

Touch screen are very intuitive; it is natural for people to respond to there environment

by touching. Touch screen are usually manipulated with ease and require minimal

instrumentation training for a user. Best of all, touch screens draw an operator “into” the

application, improving accuracy attention span and speed of response. Although the

touch screen system for the riggers of everyday life, for rugged environments and the best

solution for your application.



BENEFITS OF TOUCH SCREEN

•Reduce training expenses

Touch screen system are far easier to learn then traditional keyboard based. Everyday

retail function like Selection tender, editing and voiding line items and capturing

customer demographic information are made intuitive by virtue of the touch screen- and

the right touch screen software. Many retailers, especially those in the service sector, sell

items that cannot be easily bar coded. Touch system make it easy to ring up these items

and of course, still to allow the use of all standard bar coded technologies. Studies show

reduction in training time in excess of 50% can be expected .Enhanced POS function can

be added with the knowledge that employees will be able to utilizes them quickly and

easily.

•Improve customer Service

If your customer has to wait for your employees to figure out how to use the

store’s system, you are going lose costumer. Touch screen system eliminate this

embarrassing and all too common, problem. Today’s retailers need to learn as much as

possible about there customers needs and buying habits. Capturing customer’s

information is a snap with touch screen POS systems.

Reduce Transaction Times



Studies show touch screen systems process transactions up to 60% faster than traditional

keyboard POS systems. One info touch’ customer has clocked in with a traction rate of

over 60 per Hrs. per register, over20, 000per day-with volunteers.

•Decrease Cost

In a touch screen POS system, the lay out of the color coded “keys” is stored in file on

your hard drive. Change to the layout can be accomplished during the nightly poll of

store data the time and expense of changing hardware key caps is eliminated.



How Does a Touch Screen Work?

A basic touch screen has three main components: a touch sensor, a controller, and a

software driver. The touch screen is an input device, so it needs to be combined with a

display and a PC or other device to make a complete touch input system.

A basic touch screen has three main components:

1. Touch sensor

2. Controller

3. Software driver.

1. Touch Sensor



A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch

sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel

covers the viewable area of the video screen. There are several different touch sensor

technologies on the market today, each using a different method to detect touch input.

The sensor generally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the

screen causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is used to determine the

location of the touch to the screen.

2. Controller

The controller is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensor and the PC. It

takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information that PC can

understand. The controller is usually installed inside the monitor for integrated monitors

or it is housed in a plastic case for external touch add-ons/overlays. The controller

determines what type of interface/connection you will need on the PC. Integrated touch

monitors will have an extra cable connection on the back for the touch screen. Controllers



are available that can connect to a Serial/COM port (PC) or to a USB port (PC or

Macintosh). Specialized controllers are also available that work with DVD players and

other devices.

3. Software Driver

The driver is a software update for the PC system that allows the touch screen and

computer to work together. It tells the computer's operating system how to interpret the

touch event information that is sent from the controller. Most touch screen drivers today

are a mouse-emulation type driver. This makes touching the screen the same as clicking

your mouse at the same location on the screen. This allows the touch screen to work with

existing software and allows new applications to be developed without the need for touch

screen specific programming. Some equipment such as thin client terminals, DVD

players, and specialized computer systems either do not use software drivers or they have

their own built-in touch screen driver external touch add-ons/overlays. The controller

determines what type of interface/connection you will need on the PC. Integrated touch

monitors will have an extra cable connection on the back for the touch screen. Controller



are available that can connect to a Serial/COM port (PC) or to a USB port(PC or

Macintosh). Specialized controllers are also available that work with DVD players and

other devices.

TYPES OF TOUCH SCREEN TECHNOLOGY



1. Resistive Technology

A resistive touch screen panel is composed of several layers, the most important of which

are two thin, metallic, electrically conductive layers separated by a narrow gap. When an

object, such as a finger, presses down on a point on the panel's outer surface the two

metallic layers become connected at that point: the panel then behaves as a pair of

voltage dividers with connected outputs. This causes a change in the electrical current

which is registered as a touch event and sent to the controller for processing. In another

way the resistive system consists of a normal glass panel that is covered with a

conductive and a resistive metallic layer. These two layers are held apart by spacers, and

a scratch-resistant layer is placed on top of the whole setup. An electrical current runs

through the two layers while the monitor is operational. When a user touches the screen,

the two layers make contact in that exact spot. The change in the electrical field is noted

and the coordinates of the point of contact are calculated by the computer. Once the

coordinates are known, a special driver translates the touch into something that the

operating system can understand, much as a computer mouse driver translates a mouse's

movements into a click or a drag.



4-Wire Resistive touch technology:

4-Wire Resistive touch technology consists of a glass or acrylic panel that is coated with

electrically conductive and resistive layers. The thin layers are separated by invisible

separator dots. When operating, an electrical current moves through the screen. When

pressure is applied to the screen the layers are pressed together, causing a change in the

electrical current and a touch event to be

registered.

4-Wire Resistive type touch screens are generally the most affordable. Although clarity is

less than with other touch screen types, resistive screens are very durable and can be used

in a variety of environments. This type of screen is recommended for individual, home,

school, or office use, or less demanding point-of-sale systems, restaurant systems, etc.



Advantages

• High touch resolution

• Pressure sensitive, works with any stylus

• Not affected by dirt, dust, water, or light

• Affordable touchscreen technology

• 75 % clarity

Disadvantages

• Resistive layers can be damaged by a sharp object

• Less durable then 5-Wire Resistive technology

Touchscreen Specifications

Touch Type: 4-Wire Resistive

Screen Sizes: 12"-20" Diagonal

Cable Interface: PC Serial/COM Port or USB Port

Touch Resolution: 1024 x 1024

Response Time: 10 ms. maximum

Positional Accuracy: 3mm maximum error

Light Transmission: 80% nominal

Life Expectancy: 3 million touches at one point

Temperature: Operating: -10°C to 70°C

Storage: -30°C to 85°C

Humidity: Pass 40 degrees C, 95% RH for 96 hours.



Chemical Resistance: Alcohol, acetone, grease, and general household detergent

Software Drivers: Windows XP / 2000 / NT / ME / 98 / 95, Linux, Macintosh OS

5-Wire Resistive Touch screens:

5-Wire Resistive touch technology consists of a glass or acrylic panel that is coated with

electrically conductive and resistive layers. The thin layers are separated by invisible

separator dots. When operating, an electrical current moves through the screen. When

pressure is applied to the screen the layers are pressed together, causing a change in the

electrical current and a touch event to be registered.

5-Wire Resistive type touch screens are generally more durable than the similar 4-Wire

Resistive type. Although clarity is less than with other touch screen types, resistive

screens are very durable and can be used in a variety of environments. This type of screen

is recommended for demanding point-of-sale systems, restaurant systems, industrial

controls, and other workplace applications.

Advantages

• High touch resolution

• Pressure sensitive, works with any stylus

• Not affected by dirt, dust, water, or light

• More durable then 4-Wire Resistive technology



• 75 % clarity

Touch screen Specifications

Touch Type: 5-Wire Resistive

Cable Interface: PC Serial/COM Port or USB Port

Touch Resolution: 4096 x 4096

Response Time: 21 ms.

Light Transmission: 80% +/-5% at 550 nm wavelength (visible light spectrum)

Expected Life: 35 million touches at one point

Temperature: Operating: -10°C to 50°C

Storage: -40°C to 71°C

Humidity: Operating: 90% RH at max 35°C

Storage: 90% RH at max 35°C for 240

Chemical Resistance: Acetone, Methylene chloride, Methyl ethyl ketone , Isopropyl

alcohol, Hexane, Turpentine, Mineral spirits, Unleaded Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Motor Oil,

Transmission Fluid, Antifreeze, Ammonia based glass cleaner, Laundry Detergents,

Cleaners (Formula 409, etc.), Vinegar, Coffee, Tea, Grease, Cooking Oil, Salt

Software Drivers: Windows XP, 2000, NT, ME, 98, 95, 3.1, DOS, Macintosh OS, Linux,

Unix (3rd Party)



Positives of Resistive Touch screen

1. Cheaper compared to capacitive touch

2. Touch can be made with any solid material

Negatives of Resistive Touch screen

1. Does not allow multi-touch

2. Transparency of screen is low compared to capacitive touch screen

3. Response time is more compared to capacitive touch screen

2. Projected-capacitive touch screen

Projected capacitive touch screens have front and back protective glass

providing optical and strength enhancement options.

Its middle layer consists of a laminated sensor grid of micro-fine wires, and

optical enhancement options.

During a touch, capacitance forms between the finger and the sensor grid. The embedded

serial controller in the touch screen calculates touch location coordinates and transmits

them to the computer for processing.



3. Surface-capacitive touchscreen

Surface capacitive technology consists of a uniform conductive coating on a glass panel.

Electrodes around the panel’s edge evenly distribute a low voltage across the conductive

layer, creating a uniform electric field.



Positives of Capacitive Touch screen

1. Allows multi-touch

2. Response time is very less compared to resistive touch screen

3. Visibility and transparency of the screen is high

4. Smooth scrolling

Negatives of Capacitive Touch screen

1. Costlier compared to resistive touch screen

2. Only hand can be used to touch, no stylus or other materials can be used to touch

4. Infrared touch screen

Infrared (IR) technology relies on the interruption of an IR light grid in front of the

display screen. The touch frame contains a row of IR-light emitting diode (LEDs) and

photo transistors, each mounted on two opposite sides to create a grid of invisible

infrared light.

The IR controller sequentially pulses the LEDs to create a grid of IR light beams. When a

stylus, such as a finger, enters the grid, it obstructs the beams. One or more photo

transistors from each axis detect the absence of light and transmit signals that identify the

x and y coordinates.



Characters:

1. Clear as glass, improves reading ability

2. Most durable surface

5. SAW touch screen

Surface waves are readily absorbed when a soft object such as a fingertip touches the

substrate.

SAW Touch Screen use pure glass with transmitting and receiving piezoelectric

transducers for both the X and Y axes.

The touch screen controller sends an electrical signal to the transmitting transducer,

which converts the signal into ultrasonic waves within the glass.

When you touch the screen, you absorb a portion of the wave traveling across it. The

received signal is then compared to the stored digital map, the change recognized, and a

coordinate calculate



Characters:

1. Durable glass construction

2. High optical clarity

3. Activated by a finger, gloved hand or soft tip

4. Not completely sealable, can be affected by large amounts of dirt, dust, and / or

water in the environment



COMPARISION BETWEEN THE TECHNOLOGIES



WHAT ARE TOUCH SCREEN USED FOR?

The touch screen is one of the easiest PC interfaces to use, making it the interface of

choice for a wide variety of applications. Here are a few examples of how touch input

systems are being used today:

Public Information Displays:

Information kiosks, tourism displays, trade show displays, and other electronic displays

are used by many people that have little or no computing experience. The user- friendly

touch screen interface can be less intimidating and easier to use than other input devices,

especially for novice users. A touch screen can help make your information more easily

accessible by allowing users to navigate your presentation by simply touching the display

screen.

Retail and Restaurant Systems:

Time is money, especially in a fast paced retail or restaurant environment. Touch screen

systems are easy to use so employees can get work done faster, and training time can be

reduced for new employees. And because input is done right on the screen, valuable

counter space can be saved. Touch screens can be used in cash registers, order entry

stations, seating and reservation systems, and more.



Customer self-services:

In todays fast pace world, waiting in line is one of the things that has yet to speed up.

Self-service touch screen terminals can be used to improve customer service at busy

stores, fast service restaurants, transportation hubs, and more. Customers can quickly

place their own orders or check themselves in or out, saving them time, and decreasing

wait times for other customers. Automated bank teller (ATM) and airline e-ticket

terminals are examples of self-service stations that can benefit from touch screen input.

Control and Automation Systems:

The touch screen interface is useful in systems ranging from industrial process control to

home automation by integrating the input device with the display. Valuable workspace

can be saved. And with a graphical interface, operators can monitor and control

complex operations in real-time by simply touching the screen

Computer Based Training:

Because the touch screen interface is user-friendlier than other input devices, overall

training time for computer novices, and therefore training expense, can be reduced. It

can also help to make learning more fun and interactive, which can lead to a more

beneficial training experience for both students and educators.



Assistive Technology:

The touch screen interface can be beneficial to those that have difficulty using other input

devices such as a mouse or keyboards. When used in conjunction with software such as

on-screen keyboards, or other assistive technology, they can help make computing

resources more available to people that have difficulty using computers.

And many more uses...

The touch screen interface is being used in a wide variety of applications to improve

human-computer interaction. Other applications include digital jukeboxes, computerized

gaming, Student registration systems, multimedia software, financial and scientific

applications, and more.



ADVANTAGES OVER OTHER POINTING DEVICES

Touch screens have several advantages over other pointing devices:

• Touching a visual display of choices requires little thinking and is a form of direct

manipulation that is easy to learn.

• Touch screens are the fastest pointing devices.

• Touch screens have easier hand eye coordination than mice or keyboards.

• No extra work space is required as with other pointing devices.

• Touch screens are durable in public access and in high volume usage.

Disadvantages

• User’s hand may obscure the screen.

• Screens need to be installed at a lower position and tilted to reduce arm fatigue.

• Some reduction in image brightness may occur.

• They cost more than alternative devices.



CONCLUSION

Touch systems represent a rapidly growing subset of the display market. The majority of

touch systems include touch sensors relying on vacuum-deposited coatings, so touch

coatings present opportunity for suppliers of vacuum coatings and coating equipments.

Touch sensor manufactures currently require thin films in the areas of transparent

conductors, optical interference coating and mechanical protective coatings. Touch

sensors technical requirements dovetail well with those of the flat panel and display filter

markets. The reality should provide value added opportunities to operations participating

in these areas.



REFERENCES

1.www.touchscreen.org

2.www.touchscreen.com

3. www.wikipedia.org

report touch[1]

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