reproduction
DESCRIPTION
REPRODUCTION. Ovis canadensis. MATING SYSTEMS. SEXUAL SELECTION. Hatchlings are PRECOCIAL require no further maternal provisioning. Oviparity Ancestral reproductive mode of amniotes Turtles & Crocodilians Large clutches of small eggs (relative to adult size). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
REPRODUCTION
MATING SYSTEMS
SEXUAL SELECTION
Ovis canadensis
Oviparity Ancestral reproductive mode of amniotes
Turtles & Crocodilians Large clutches of small eggs (relative to adult size)
Sea Turtle – no maternal care
Aligator – basic maternal care (nest guarding)
Hatchlings are PRECOCIALrequire no further maternal provisioning
Rattlesnakes (Crotalus)
Protection of young-- frequency of ovoviviparity increaseswith increasing environmental stress
Ovoviviparity (egg retention) lizards and snakes
Live birth of small well-developed young, Small number of eggs hatch internally
(maternal protection)
Horned lizard (Phrynosoma)
Rattlesnakes (Crotalus)
Young are PRECOCIAL independent at birthrequiring no further
maternal provisioning
Extra provisioning-- some degree of “viviparity” (internal transfer of nutrients from mother to young)
Oviparity in birds
In general, birds produce relatively large eggs(with large yolk)
Bald eagle 1-3
Gray partridge 10-20
American Robin 3-4
Blue-winged teal 4-16
Clutch size is highly variable
Active birds – small clutchesMore sedentary birds – larger clutches
Oviparity in birds
Reproductive constraints imposed by flight
Limitations on egg size & clutch size
A solution :
Barn Owl
egg 8x the mass of a similar-sized flying bird
Flightless birds have larger relative egg mass
Kiwi
sequential laying AND sequential hatching
Oviparity in birds
Relative development of young
Precocial
In birds, even relatively precocial young require continued parental investment
Altricial
Oviparity in monotremes
Young are extremely Atricial at hatching
Require extendedpostnatal provisioning
Postnatal care isstrictly maternal(protection & lactation)
Prehatching incubation period is very short compared to birds
Small clutch (1-2); eggs very small relative to maternal size.
Life history of Mesozoic prototherians
Conjecture based on comparison to living groups
Altricial young
Extended post-hatching maternal care
Lactation
Oviparous – some possibly ovoviviparous
Morganucodon
Ptilodus
Marsupials“ovoviviparous” or “semi-viviparous”
Retention of egg shell membranes
Limited placentation
Postnatal care is strictly maternal(protection and lactation)
Neonate extremely altricial, requiring extended postnatal provisioning
Little developmental flexibility – fixed short gestation and extended lactation
Wide variation in litter size
Placentals – evolution of complete viviparity
Elaborate placentation
Prolonged gestation period
Considerable developmental flexibility – gestation and lactation periods are variable
Neonatal development is variable, from:
Placentals – viviparity
but ALWAYS requiring extended postnatal provisioning
highly altricial--Ailurops
-- to highly precocial
Equus
Postnatal provisioning is exclusively maternal(lactation)
Dyacopterus spadiceus
Francis. et al; "Lactation in Male Fruit Bats," Nature, 367:691, 1994.
Lactation
Pre-weaning provisioning by females
Why not male lactation?
What limits PATERNAL care in mammals?
Monogamy is rare in mammals (only 3 to 5% of all species)
Dolichotis
Monogramy is OBLIGATEOften involves mating for life
Generally FACULTATIVE (involving mate guarding, or due
to scarcity of potential mates)
Not OBLIGATE(involving direct paternal
investment)
IN CONTRAST
Monogamy is common in birds (90% of all species)
Why the difference?
Males can directly increasetheir fitness through paternal care
Campephilus
Parental Care in Mammals
Cooperative female kin(the foundation of
social behavior)
LACTATION makes maternal care
absolutely essential inALL mammals
(to ensure direct fitness)
Females may also help female kin rear
offspring(indirect fitness)
Paternal care is restricted
even in species that are monogamous
Haliaeetus
Lasiurus
Most bats have small litters of 1-2 young (in a few species up to 4 young)
Reproductive constraints of flightin bats
Constraints of flight are much greater in viviparous mammals compared to oviparous birds
Pteropus
Females have an unavoidable and prolonged mass increase during pregnancy
Altricial young require protection and nursing (are often are carried in flight)
Bats have very low reproductive output compared to other mammals of similar size (e.g. rodents)
BUT they are much longer-lived
RESULT:
Sexual strategies
The sexes have different fitness perspectives:
Females – mate quality, resource availability
Males – mating opportunities
Result:
Female choice of mates (and often associated resources)
Male-male competition for mating opportunities
Mating systems
Polygyny
uncommon in birds (2% of species)
Single female mating with multiple males, ANDmales take on rearing responsibilities (i.e., “role reversal”)
Harem polygyny -- male “control” of female groups to achieve exclusive matings
Impossible (?) in mammals due to lactation
Polyandry
Single male mating with multiple females
Promiscuity
Both sexes mating with multiple partners
Multiple mating, but NOT necessarily indiscriminate mating
May reflect male-male competition (“sperm competition”)e.g. – “copulatory plugs” in rodents
May involve active selection by femalesFor multiple mates
(i.e., advantages of multiple-sired litters)
Many (most?) mammal species are promiscuous
Sexual Selection
Differential selection for traits in one sex (males) through the action of male-male competition and female choice
Size dimorphism
Sexual combat structures
Display behavior and structures