reproduction and genetics. two types of reproduction _________________- only one parent and genetic...
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Reproduction and Genetics
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Two Types of Reproduction
• _________________- Only one parent and genetic material is identical to parent.
• __________________- Two parents and offspring receives genes from both parents.
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
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Asexual ReproductionBinary Fission- asexual reproduction that occurs
in single celled organisms in which genetic material is copied and one cell divides into two identical daughter cells. EX: Bacteria reproduce this way, and Yeast
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Asexual ReproductionBudding- an organism grows a part of of its
main body and this new growth eventually breaks off to become a new organism. Ex: Hydra (simple animal similar to jelly fish)
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Asexual ReproductionFragmentation- Fragmentation is a form of asexual
reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent. Each fragment develops into a mature, fully grown individual. Ex: Starfish, and some fungi.
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Sexual Reproduction• Sexual Reproduction- Type of reproduction in
which male and female reproductive cells combine to form new offspring with genetic material from both parents.
***Offspring has genetic material from each parent which creates- Offspring is NOT identical to parent!
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Sexual Reproduction - Variation
23 Chromosomes 23
Chromosomes
46 Chromosomes
Male Gamete Female Gamete
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Sexual Reproduction - Variation
23 Chromosomes 23
Chromosomes
46 Chromosomes
Male Gamete Female Gamete
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Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Disadvantages
Advantages
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Selective Breeding
• When humans select organisms for breeding to get desirable traits.
Breeding chickens that lay the most eggs
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1. Gregor Mendel – was an Austrian monk born in 1822 who is known as the “father of genetics”
Genetics – the scientific study of heredity
Heredity – the passing of traits from parents to offspring
a. Traits are inherited by parents passing alleles to their offspring (1 allele from dad & 1 allele from mom)
a. Allele= different forms of the same gene (ex: eye color = gene; brown eyes= allele, blue eyes= allele
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b. Some alleles are dominant (R) and some are recessive (r)
• Dominant – will always express its form of a trait when present
• Recessive – will only express its form of a trait when the dominant allele is not present.
Genotypes• Homozygous (rr, RR) SAME ALLELES• Heterozygous (Rr) – dominant trait always shows.
DIFFERENT ALLELES
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Remember: DNA is found in the nucleus. It is organized into a chromosome before it is copied.
Genes are located on chromosomes!!
Sex cells (gametes) are produced by meiosis and have half the number of chromosomes (haploid)
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For every Gene or trait, an individual gets ____ alleles2
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Alleles
____________ alleles are represented by a capital letter and are expressed even if one is present in the genotype.
(Ex: BB= brown eyes, Bb= brown eyes)
___________ alleles are represented by a lower case letter, and are only expressed if the dominant allele in not present. (Ex: bb= blue eyes)
DOMINANT
RECESSIVE
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Vocabulary
______________is the combination of alleles
_______________ is the trait that is expressed
BB bb Bb
Brown eyes Blue Eyes
Genotype
Phenotype
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Give the name of the Genotype
If both alleles are dominant (BB), we call this ____________Homozygous Dominant
The phenotype will be _____________________Brown Eyes
If both alleles are recessive (bb), we call this _________________Homozygous Recessive
The phenotype will be ________________Blue Eyes
If one allele is dominant and the other is recessive (Bb), we call this __________Heterozygous
The phenotype will be _________________Brown Eyes
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Name the Genotype
Bb=
bb=
BB=
Heterozygous
Homozygous Recessive
Homozygous Dominant
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Give me the genotype or genotypes possible for the
following phenotypesBrown Eyes =
Blue Eyes =
BB or Bb
bb
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Brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue eyes (b)
Cross a heterozygous brown eyed man with a blue eyed woman.
________ X ________B b b b
B b
b
b
B b bb
Bb bb
Phenotypic Ratio __________
Genotypic Ratio ____________
2 : 2
2 : 2
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Brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue eyes (b)
Cross a heterozygous brown eyed man with a blue eyed woman.
________ X ________B b Bb
B b
B
b
B B Bb
Bb bb
Phenotypic Ratio __________
Genotypic Ratio ____________
1:2:1
3:1