REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES

By

Tiffany Crain

&

Rosemary Hébert

OVERVIEW• Infertility and Subfertility

- Male Infertility- Female Infertility- Infertility Tests

• Assisted Reproductive Technologies- Donated Sperm – Intrauterine Insemination- A Donated Uterus – Surrogate Motherhood- In Vitro Fertilization- Gamete and Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer- Oocyte Banking and Donation

• Extra Embryos- Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

• Quiz• References

INFERTILITY & SUBFERTILITY• Infertility is the inability

to conceive a child after a year of frequent intercourse without contraceptives.

• Subfertility means the couple can conceive but it takes longer.

• 30% M, 60% F• 1:6 couples has difficulty

conceiving children

MALE INFERTILITY• Easier to detect but harder to

treat than female infertility.• 1:25 men is infertile.Causes:• <120 million sperm• Hormone imbalance

• IgA antibodies cover sperm

• Varicose vein on the scrotum

• Sperm quality and motility

FEMALE INFERTILITY

• Erratic ovulation• Blocked uterine tubes• Endometriosis• Pituitary or ovary tumors• Pelvic inflammatory

disease• Antisperm secretions• Age

INFERTILITY TESTS

• Males are tested first; sperm are checked for number, motility, and morphology.

• Women are examined to see if reproductive structures are functioning.

ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs)

• From non-donor, donor, fresh or frozen

• In the US, 1:4 million births are from ARTs

• 0.4% of single and 16% of multiple births

DONATED SPERM(INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION)• Doctor puts donated

sperm in woman• $125 or $3,000 if woman

needs fertility assistance

• Seminal fluid washed from sperm

• Donor selection possible

A DONATED UTERUS (SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD)

• A surrogate can carry a baby

• She can also be the biological mother

IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)• “Fertilization in a glass”• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)• $6,500-$15,000 per attempt at a 29% success rate• Problems of passing on infertility

IN VITRO FERTILIZATION• IVF embryos can be stored in liquid nitrogen

and thawed for later use.

GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER (GIFT)

• Several oocytes are removed & the man gives a sperm sample

• Sperm and oocytes are deposited together in the woman’s body where fertilization will take place

• The sperm and the oocytes are deposited past any obstruction that might be blocking traditional methods of fertilization

PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS (PGD)

WHAT TO DO WITH THE EXTRA EMBRYOS

• Store them• Discard them• Donate for research • Donate to other infertile couples

QUIZ

• What’s the difference between GIFT and ZIFT?• Who is checked first males or females? Why?• What’s the difference between infertility and

subfertility?• According to the table provided which form/s of

ART has the highest success rate? Why might this be?

• Based on the information presented if you had fertility problems which reproductive technology would you choose?

REFERENCESDATA:• Lewis, Ricki. Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications. McGraw-Hill, NY, 2007.

IMAGES:• Center for Genetic Education (February 04, 2004) Preimplantation genetic diagnosis [PGD]. Retrieved March 10, 2006 from

Google http://www.genetics.com.au/factsheet/16.htm • College of social sciences University of Hawai’i at Manoa (Spring 2004) Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer [ZIFT] Retrieved March

8,2007 from yahoo http://www.acfs2000.com/picts/zift.gif• RAND Law & Health Research Brief (2003) Retrived Marxh 10,2007 from Google

http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9038/index1.html• http://babies.bsd.uchicago.edu/endo/images/IUI-for-web.gif• http://card.medic.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/card/english/sigen/manual/ebvitri/thaw.gif• http://nmhm.washingtondc.museum/exhibits/imgs/conception3.jpg• http://rapiddetect.com/cgi-bin/image/templates/ovulitepic.jpg• http://womenshealth.jhmi.edu/rei/images/art/IUinsemination.jpg• http://www.advancedfertility.com/pics/cryotank22.jpg• http://www.alien-culture.com/images/fetus.jpg• http://www.besttreatments.co.uk/btuk/images/infertility_sperm_count.jpg• http://www.bo.ibimet.cnr.it/fileadmin/ibimet/images/laboratorio_trapianti.png• http://www.buildingfamiliesinc.com/images/page/about_surrogatemoms_samantha2.jpg• http://www.californiaivf.com/slide0073_image006.jpg• http://www.cnn.com/US/9711/21/septuplets.pm/ap.graphic.babies.jpg• http://www.fertiloscopy.com/femmes/fertiloscopy/img/coupe.gif• http://www.flindersivf.com.au/images/resources/malepage/abnormal_sperm.gif• http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/088/fertility.gif• http://www.infertilitysucks-thebook.com/db2/00140/infertilitysucks-thebook.com/_uimages/bookcoverfeb03.jpg• http://www.med-direct.com/mens-fertility/pics/kit1.jpg• http://www.medixbiochemica.com/medixmab/products/Fertility_markers/en_GB/Fertility_aloitussivu/_files/11520095490008481/d

efault/pipetointia.jpg• http://www.stayhealthynews.com/images/sm_2006_09_19t183859_450x255_us_infertility.jpg

BABIES