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REPTILES

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Testudines 341 species

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Turtles: Testudines Joyce et al. 2004 Pleurodira Cryptodira Testudines

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Turtle synapomorphies Limb girdles internal to rib cage Lack teeth Loss/fusion of skull bones Anapsid skull Shell dorsal carapace ventral plastron

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Turtle shell Carapace (dorsal shell) Composed of 55-60 bones Fused to ribs Fused to vertebrae Plastron (ventral shell) Composed of 9 bones Bones covered by epidermal "scales"

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Life with a shell Protection from predators Constrained morphology Affects physiology, ecology, selective response Shell shape often reflects ecology ("ecomorphology") Terrestrial: domed Aquatic: flattened, streamlined Storage of calcium Breathing adaptations

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Turtle respiration Ribs (shell) are rigid, so can't use costal muscles to breathe like other vertebrates Lungs are dorsal, attached to carapace Sheets of muscle attach internal organs to shell One set of muscles pulls internal organs distally in body cavity (inspiration) Other set pulls organs inwards and upwards towards lungs, forcing air out Some cutaneous, buccal respiration Cloacal breathing

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1. Premaxilla 2. Prefrontal 3. Frontal 4. Postorbital 5. Parietal 6. Squamosal 7. Supraoccipital 1. Premaxilla 2. Maxilla 3. Vomer 4. Palatine 5. Zygomatic (jugal) 6. Postorbital 7. Quadratojugal 8. Quadrate 9. Squamosal 10. Supraoccipital 11.Parietal

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Turtle Life History Carnivorous, Omnivorous, or Herbivorous Generally long-lived Internal fertilization All species oviparous Nest in soil or sand Temperature dependent sex determination No parental care

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Variation in turtles Skull structure Aquatic, terrestrial traits Limbs Shell Shell structure Plastron hinged/rigid Carapace Shape, extent Skin Omnivore/carnivore/ herbivore

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Chelidae: Chelus fimbriatus 11 genera, 54 spp

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Pelomedusidae: Pelomedusa subrufa 2 genera, 19 spp

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Chelydridae: Chelydra serpentina 2 genera/spp

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Emydidae: Terrapene carolina Emydidae: Trachemys scripta 12 genera, 50 spp

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Chelonidae: Chelonia mydas 5 genera, 6 spp

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Testudinidae: Gopherus berlandieri 11 genera, 58 spp

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Trionychidae: Apalone spinifera 14 genera, 30 spp

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Kinosternidae: Kinosternon flavescens 3 genera, 25 spp

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Turtle phylogeny Gaffney and Meylan (1988) Morphology; parsimony Shaffer et al. (1997) mtDNA, morphology; parsimony Fujita et al. (2004) nDNA; likelihood Krenz et al. (2005) mtDNA, nDNA; parsimony, likelihood, Bayesian 2010 Thomson and Shaffer (50 kb nDNA, mtDNA; parsimony; 'sparse supermatrix') Barley et al. (10+ kb nDNA, mtDNA; likelihood, Bayesian) Sterli (morphology, nDNA, mtDNA, fossil taxa; parsimony) 2015 Crawford et al. Pleurodira Cryptodira

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Barley et al.

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