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Republic of the Philippines

Philippine Statistics Authority BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS

APRIL 2014

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FOREWORD

The Philippine Statistics Authority - Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (PSA–

BAS) conducted Costs and Returns Survey (CRS) of Garlic Production in August

2013. The CRS was designed to generate data on the cost structure of garlic

production, average use of materials and labor inputs and measures of profitability

of garlic farming in the six (6) major producing provinces, namely: Ilocos Norte,

Ilocos Sur, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Quezon and Mindoro Occidental.

The costs and returns data contained in this report are presented by

province. This report includes other socio-economic variables related to garlic

production. The reference period of the survey is the last completed harvest within

July 2012 to June 2013.

The PSA-BAS gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by the

National Rice Program of the Department of Agriculture (DA). Further, the PSA-BAS

deeply appreciates the cooperation of the respondents who were interviewed by the

Contractual Data Collectors (CDCs) during the survey.

We welcome comments and suggestions from our various users for the

improvement of our data system on cost of production.

ROMEO S. RECIDE

Director

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

LIST OF TABLES iii

I. INTRODUCTION 1

A. Rationale 1

B. Objectives 1

II. SURVEY METHODOLOGY 2

A. Coverage 2

B. Reference Period 2

C. Sampling Frame 2

D. Sampling Design, Sample Size and Sample Selection Procedure 2

III. SURVEY OPERATION 3

A. Pre-survey Training 3

B. Data Collection 4

C. Supervision of Field Operations 4

IV. DATA PROCESSING 4

V. DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS 5

VI. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SURVEY FINDINGS 5

A. Characteristics of Garlic Farmers 5

B. Farm Characteristics 6

C. Farm Practices 8

D. Input Usage 11

E. Average Production Costs and Returns of Garlic 13

F. Other Information 18

STATISTICAL TABLES 25

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page

1 Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by sex, selected 26

provinces, July 2012-June 2013

2 Average age of garlic farmers and percentage distribution 26

by age group, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013

3 Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by educational 27

attainment, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013

4 Average farming experience of garlic farmers and percentage 27

distribution by number of years engaged in garlic production,

selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013

5 Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by main occupation, 28


6 Average farm size, area planted and harvested of garlic focus 29

farm parcels, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013

7 Percentage distribution of garlic farm parcels by tenurial 29

status, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013

8 Percentage of garlic farmers by type of farm investment, 30


9 Percentage of garlic farmers by source of seeds, selected 31


10 Percentage of garlic farmers planting other crops, selected 31


11 Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by month of planting 32

and harvesting, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013

12a Percentage of garlic farmers by method of land preparation and 32

type of labor used, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013

12b Percentage of garlic farmers by method of weeding, selected 33


13 Percentage of garlic farmers by type of solid fertilizers used, 33


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14 Percentage of garlic farmers by type of liquid fertilizers used, 34


15 Percentage of garlic farmers by type of pesticides used, 34


16 Average quantity of planting materials used per hectare by 35

mode of acquisition, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013

17 Average quantity of solid fertilizers applied per hectare, 35


18 Average quantity of liquid fertilizers applied per hectare, 36


19 Average quantity of fertilizer nutrients applied per hectare, 36


20 Average quantity of mulching materials used per hectare, 37


21 Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type, 37


22 Average labor utilization per hectare of garlic production by 38

source of labor, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013

23 Average labor utilization per hectare of garlic production 38

by farm activity, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013

24 Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, 39


25 Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, 41



Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013


Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013


Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013


Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013

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Nueva Vizcaya, July 2012 - June 2013


Nueva Vizcaya, July 2012 - June 2013


Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013


Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013


Quezon, July 2012 - June 2013


Quezon, July 2012 - June 2013


Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013


Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013

38a Inter-provincial comparison of average production costs 59

and returns of garlic per hectare by major cost item, selected


38b Inter-provincial comparison of profitability of garlic production, 59


39 Percentage distribution of garlic produce by disposition item, 60


40 Percentage of garlic farmers reporting on current level of 61

production in comparison with the same period last year,


41 Percentage of garlic farmers with higher volume of production 61

this year by reason for change in production,


42 Percentage of garlic farmers with lower volume of production 62

this year by reason for change in production,


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43 Percentage of garlic farmers reporting problems on production, 62

selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

44 Percentage of garlic farmers who sold produce by major buyer, 63


45 Percentage of garlic farmers reporting problems on marketing 63

of produce, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013

46 Percentage of garlic farmers who availed of loans for garlic 64

production and by source of loan, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

47 Percentage of garlic farmers who are aware and availed of benefit 64

from government programs/interventions in garlic production,


48 Percentage of garlic farmers who received benefit from 65

government programs/interventions on garlic production,


49 Percentage of garlic farmers who used the benefit received and 65

increased farm income, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013

50 Percentage of garlic farmers by perceived effect of climate 66

change on their farming practices, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

51 Percentage of garlic farmers practicing natural farming, 66


52 Percentage of garlic farmers who are members of farmers' 67

organization and by type of benefit received, selected

provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

53 Percentage distribution of garlic farmers reporting on the plan 67

of farm operation, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

54 Percentage of garlic farmers reporting on the recommendations 68

to further improve the garlic production, selected provinces,

July 2012-June 2013

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I. INTRODUCTION

A. Rationale

Garlic (Allium sativum L.), otherwise known as “bawang”, is one of the most

popular cultivated Alliums. It is mainly used as a condiment for flavoring meat,

fish and salads, in fresh and dehydrated forms. It is also known to lower blood

sugar and cholesterol levels. Its many other health-promoting attributes have

resulted in medicinal pills, drinks and powders based on garlic extracts.

In spite of having many other uses and with increasing demand for garlic,

production in the Philippines has been declining by 5.94 percent over the past 10

years. The country produced 8,644 metric tons in 2013. Price per kilogram of

garlic was P70.40. Yet, area harvested for garlic decreased by 5.37 percent in

2013 compared with last year’s record.

The Philippine Statistics Authority-Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (PSA-

BAS) has been doing its share in the government’s continuing efforts to develop

and sustain the growth of agriculture in the country through the provision of

basic statistics. The garlic industry has expressed the need for more information

that can help policy makers and investors in making decisions and policies. Part

of the growing demand for data are statistics on costs and returns of production.

However, the generation of CRS data has not yet been made a regular survey

undertaking of the PSA-BAS given the limited regular budget of the Bureau. With

the funding support from the National Rice Program of the Department of

Agriculture (DA), the PSA-BAS conducted the 2013 Costs and Returns Survey of

Garlic Production.

B. Objectives

The general objective of the survey is to generate data on costs and returns of

garlic production. Specifically, the survey aims to:

• establish an updated production costs structure;

• determine indicators of profitability such as gross and net returns,

returns above cash cost, returns above variable cost, etc.;

• come up with updated data sets on average use of material and labor

inputs; and,

• generate other related socio-economic variables.

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II. SURVEY METHODOLOGY

A. Coverage

The domain of the survey was the province. The 2013 Costs and returns

Survey of Garlic Production covered the six (6) garlic producing provinces. These

were Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Quezon and Mindoro

Occidental.

Garlic farmers who harvested garlic within the reference period and

knowledgeable on the details of garlic farming, particularly on the investments,

material inputs, labor expenses incurred and the disposition of produce served as

samples of the survey.

B. Reference Period

The survey was conducted in August 2013. The reference period of the Costs

and Returns Survey of Garlic Production was the last completed harvest within

July 2012 to June 2013.

C. Sampling Frame

The lists of garlic producing barangays with cumulative share of 80 percent

based on the total area planted served as the sampling frame. These barangays

were identified using the information from the Barangay Agricultural Profiling

Survey (BAPS). The ranking of barangays was updated through interview of key

informants such as Municipal Agricultural Officers (MAOs), Agricultural

Technicians (ATs) and Barangay Officials.

D. Sampling Design, Sample Size and Sample Selection Procedure

A two-stage sampling design was employed with the barangay as the primary

sampling unit and the sample farmer as the secondary sampling unit. The

barangays were drawn using systematic sampling from an ordered list of

barangays. The sample farmers were identified in each sample barangay using

snowball approach during data collection.

The total number of sample barangays per province was fifteen or less. If the

number of major producing barangays that contributed to 80 percent based on

area planted were more than 15, 15 barangays were selected. Those provinces

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with less than 15, all barangays were completely enumerated. The use of

systematic sampling ensured representation of the barangays in the province in

terms of area planted to garlic. The total number of sample farmers per province

was set at 75 and equally allocated to the sample barangays. The list of sample

barangays per province and corresponding number of farmers were provided to

the Provincial Operations Center (POC) prior to the survey.

During data collection, sample farmers were located using snowball

sampling. The names and addresses of garlic farmers residing in the barangay

were obtained from the office of the barangay chairman or any other key

informants in the barangay. It served as the data collector’s starting point in

searching for potential sample farmers.

A set of screening questions was applied to confirm if those listed actually

harvested garlic during the reference period and satisfied the other criteria for

enumeration.

Whether the interviewed farmer was qualified or not, he/she was asked to

identify other farmers of garlic in the barangay to be added in the initial list. The

search continued, and the farmer who met the criteria specified in the screening

questions was qualified as sample for the survey and was interviewed using the

questionnaire for the 2013 Survey on Costs and Returns of Garlic Production. If

the interview was successfully carried out (meaning, all the needed information

were supplied), the household number, full name and residential address of the

sample farmer were written in the List of Sample Farmers. The enumerator

selected again any farmer in the list as the next potential sample for the survey.

The process continued until the required number of samples in the barangay was

covered.

III. SURVEY OPERATION

A. Pre-survey Training

Two (2) levels of training were conducted. This activity aimed to have

uniform understanding of the concepts and procedures used during the course of

field operations.

The first level training involved the selected Central Office (C.O.) Staff who

served as trainers in the next level of training. The second level training was for

the Provincial Operations Center (POC) Staff and Contractual Data Collectors

(CDCs).

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B. Data Collection

Data collection was carried out by Contractual Data Collectors (CDCs)

through personal (face-to-face) interview of the sample farmer in sample

barangays using structured questionnaire. The following activities were

performed during data collection:

• The usual courtesy call on the Barangay Officials to get permission on

the conduct of the survey;

• Requested assistance from the Barangay Officials in identifying the

names and addresses of garlic farmers residing in the barangay.

• Located the residences of the identified garlic farmers and asked the

screening questions to determine if the potential sample farmer was

qualified for the survey.

• Whether the interviewed farmer was qualified for the survey or not,

he/she was asked to identify other garlic farmers in the barangay which

were added in the list, then the search for potential sample farmers

continued until the required sample size for the barangay was achieved.

C. Supervision of Field Operations

Field supervision was conducted by POC Staff and selected Central Office

(C.O.) personnel. Among the tasks carried out by field supervisors were the

conduct of spot checking, monitoring of data collectors work, field editing of

survey returns, back-checking the work of CDCs and preparation of field

supervision report. These activities were undertaken to ensure the quality of data

that were collected.

IV. DATA PROCESSING

Editing and coding of survey returns were done twice. Initial editing of

questionnaires was done at the Provincial Operations Centers (POCs) upon

submission of the accomplished questionnaires by the CDCs. The POC staff served

as editors. Counter editing of questionnaires was done by selected personnel of

Agricultural Accounts and Statistical Indicators Division (AASID), the lead

implementing unit at the Central Office (C.O.) upon submission of the edited and

coded survey returns.

Electronic data processing was done at Central Office using CSPro-based data

capture program that the Information and Communication Technology Division

(ICTD) developed. Training session on the use of data capture program was

conducted in preparation for the said activity. After the data encoding, data

cleaning was done at the AASID using MS Excel program. The output of the data

cleaning was the final set of raw data files which were used for the generation of

data tables.

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V. DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS

Selected personnel of AASID conducted the review and analysis of the micro

data files to ensure consistency, completeness, and verification of extreme values.

Extreme data were verified from the submitted questionnaires. The generated

data tables were validated and compared with the results of the 2006 Costs and

Returns Survey of Garlic Production and other relevant surveys.

VI. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SURVEY FINDINGS

A. Characteristics of Garlic Farmers

(Tables 1–5)

Sex, Age, Educational Attainment and Farming Experience

• For the six (6) provinces covered in the survey, 86.67 percent of garlic

farmers were males. The remaining 13.33 percent were females. The biggest

proportion of male garlic farmers at 97.33 percent was noted each in Ilocos

Norte and Mindoro Occidental. The smallest proportion of male farmers was

reported in Quezon at 70.67 percent.

• The average age of garlic farmers was 49 years old. In Ilocos Sur, Nueva

Vizcaya and Nueva Ecija, the average age was 50 years. Mindoro Occidental

had the youngest age of garlic farmers at 46 years old. By age group, farmers

in the age bracket 41 to 50 years comprised the biggest group at 36.67

percent. There were 28.22 percent who belonged to age bracket 51 to 60

years. Only 2 percent of garlic farmers were more than 70 years old. By

province, Quezon and Ilocos Norte had the biggest proportions of garlic

farmers aged 41 to 50 years at 45.33 percent and 41.33 percent, respectively.

• Across the provinces surveyed, 26.89 percent and 23.11 percent of the garlic

farmers finished high school and elementary education, respectively. There

were 7.56 percent who obtained college degrees. Provincewise, the

proportions of high school graduates were 41.33 percent in Ilocos Norte,

37.33 percent in Nueva Ecija and 29.33 percent in Ilocos Sur. College

graduates in Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte accounted for only 10.67 percent

each. The proportions of elementary graduates were higher in Quezon at 32

percent and Mindoro Occidental at 30.67 percent.

• On the average, garlic farmers had 13 years of experience in garlic farming.

This ranged from 7 years in Quezon to 20 years in Ilocos Norte. The group of

farmers who had less than 11 years of farming experience comprised 52.22

percent. There were 27.33 percent who reported 11 to 20 years while 14

percent had 21 to 30 years. By province, Quezon had 80 percent of the garlic

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farmers with farming experience of less than 11 years. About 41.33 percent

in Mindoro Occidental had 11 to 20 years while 32 percent in Ilocos Norte

had 21 to 30 years.

Main Occupation

• The main occupation of 83.78 percent of garlic farmers was field crop

farming. Some 6.67 percent were engaged in orchard farming. About 3.78

percent were officials of government and special interest organizations,

corporate executives, managing proprietors and supervisors. Professionals,

and laborers and unskilled workers accounted for 1.33 percent each.

• In particular, the biggest proportions who reported field crop farming as the

main occupation were noted in Mindoro Occidental at 96 percent, Ilocos Sur

at 93.33 percent and Nueva Ecija and Nueva Vizcaya at 92 percent each. In

Quezon, 40 percent were orchard farmers and 48 percent were field crop

farmers.

B. Farm Characteristics

(Tables 6–8)

Farm Size and Area Cultivated to Garlic

• The average size of farms operated by garlic farmers was 0.57 hectare. The

biggest farm size was noted in Mindoro Occidental with an average area of

1.45 hectares. The smallest was recorded in Ilocos Norte at 0.15 hectare.

• The average size of focus parcel planted and harvested to garlic

corresponded to 0.22 hectare and 0.20 hectare. The biggest area planted and

harvested was found in Mindoro Occidental at 0.33 hectare. The smallest

area was located in Ilocos Norte at 0.13 hectare. In Quezon, the area of focus

parcel planted to garlic was 0.27 hectare and the area harvested was only

0.16 hectare.

Tenurial Status

• Across the provinces surveyed, about 44.44 percent of garlic farm parcels

were tenanted, 23.56 percent were fully owned and 11.11 percent were

under owner-like possession. Rent-free parcels comprised 9.33 percent.

There were 4.89 percent under lease or rental arrangement.

• The tenanted farm parcels were common in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur as

reported by 74.67 percent and 78.67 percent, respectively.

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• Among the fully owned farm parcels, Nueva Vizcaya reported the biggest

proportion at 34.67 percent and the lowest in Ilocos Norte at 14.67 percent.

Owner-like possession of farm parcels was prevalent in Mindoro Occidental

with 32 percent reporting.

• In Nueva Ecija, the biggest proportion of garlic farm parcels at 28 percent

was rented free. Farm parcels under CLT and CLOA were reported only in

Quezon and Nueva Ecija at 13.33 percent and 8 percent, respectively.

Farm Investments

• Among the work animals owned and used by garlic farmers, carabao was

reported by 40.22 percent. Cattle was noted by 2.89 percent. In particular,

ownership of carabao was mostly reported by 92 percent in Quezon, 58.67

percent in Mindoro Occidental, 44 percent in Nueva Ecija and 40 percent in

Nueva Vizcaya. There were 8 percent in Ilocos Sur who owned and used

cattle in garlic farming.

• As to farm buildings and other structures, about 21.78 percent of garlic

farmers owned farm houses. Investment on this structure was notable

among 50.67 percent in Quezon, 28 percent in Mindoro Occidental and 21.33

percent in Nueva Ecija. There were 12 percent in Ilocos Sur with

warehouse/storage.

• Irrigation pump was the common farm machinery used in garlic farming with

49.56 percent of garlic farmers reporting. Ownership of irrigation pump was

highest in Ilocos Sur at 94.67 percent and Ilocos Norte at 78.67 percent.

Four-wheel and two-wheel tractors were minimally used in the farming

operations.

• The major farm tools and implements used were plow, spade, scythe,

sprayer, and bolo as reported by 40 to 70 percent of garlic farmers across the

provinces surveyed. Specifically, Quezon recorded the biggest proportion of

garlic farmers who had plow at 90.67 percent and bolo at 98.67 percent. In

Nueva Vizcaya, 98.67 percent and 97.33 percent had spade and bolo,

respectively. Ilocos Norte posted the biggest proportion of garlic farmers at

92 percent who had scythe.

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C. Farm Practices

(Tables 9–15)

Source of Seeds

• Across the provinces surveyed, the major source of seeds of 40.22 percent of

garlic farmers was from their own production. There were around 24

percent each who obtained from Department of Agriculture/Regional Field

Unit (DA/RFU) and Local Government Unit (LGU). Traders and input dealers

were the sources of seeds of 8 percent and 7.56 percent of garlic farmers,

respectively.

• The use of own produced seeds was reported by 86.67 percent of the farmers

in Ilocos Norte, 69.33 percent in Mindoro Occidental and 62.67 percent in

Ilocos Sur. DA/RFU was the source of seeds of 73.33 percent in Nueva

Vizcaya and 64 percent in Nueva Ecija. There were 89.33 percent in Quezon

who sourced seeds from the LGUs. Input dealers provided seeds to 20

percent in Nueva Ecija and 17.33 percent in Mindoro Occidental.

Other Crops Planted Aside From Garlic

• Palay was the common crop planted aside from garlic which was reported by

79.11 percent of garlic farmers across the six (6) provinces. In Ilocos Sur and

Mindoro Occidental, all garlic farmers planted palay. This practice was also

observed by 97.33 percent in Ilocos Norte, 96 percent in Nueva Vizcaya and

80 percent in Nueva Ecija.

• Corn was also an alternative crop for garlic with 19.33 percent reporting. In

Quezon, 97.33 percent of garlic farmers planted corn.

• Planting of vegetables/rootcrops and condiments was cited by 10.89 percent

and 9.78 percent, respectively. There were 33.33 percent in Nueva Ecija and

20 percent in Nueva Vizcaya who planted vegetables and rootcrops.

Cultivation of condiments was also noted among 21.33 percent of garlic

farmers in Ilocos Sur.

Months of Planting and Harvesting

• During the reference period, planting of garlic was done from September to

December of 2012 and from January to February of 2013. However,

November was the common month of planting among 57.11 percent of garlic

farmers across the provinces covered. In particular, this was mostly reported

by 80 percent in Quezon, 77.33 percent in Ilocos Norte and 58.67 percent in

Nueva Ecija. October was the usual month of planting of 52 percent in Ilocos

9

Sur. There were 46.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental who cited planting of

garlic in December.

• Harvesting, on the other hand, took place from December of 2012 to May

2013. Peak harvesting months were February and March as reported by

29.33 percent and 46.89 percent, respectively. By province, harvesting in

February was practiced by 65.33 percent of farmers in Ilocos Norte, 57.33

percent in Ilocos Sur and 46.67 percent in Nueva Vizcaya. March harvesting

was noted in 84 percent of garlic farmers in Quezon and 60 percent in Nueva

Ecija. In Mindoro Occidental, harvesting in March and April was practiced by

49.33 percent and 48 percent, respectively.

Method of Land Preparation and Weeding

• Few farmers in the six (6) provinces used man-machine and man-animal for

land preparation. Two-wheel tractor was used by 24.44 percent, while four-

wheel tractor was utilized by 6.89 percent of garlic farmers for land

preparation. The use of man-animal labor was cited by 14.67 percent.

• By province, the use of two-wheel tractor was dominant in Mindoro

Occidental and Nueva Ecija with 58.67 percent and 52 percent of garlic

farmers reporting, respectively. This was also cited by 32 percent in Nueva

Vizcaya.

• The usage of four-wheel tractor for land preparation was identified by 17.33

percent in Ilocos Sur and 14.67 percent in Nueva Ecija.

• For weeding, the use of chemical spraying was popular among 81.78 percent

of garlic farmers across the provinces surveyed. Manual weeding was

practiced by 69.78 percent.

• All the sample garlic farmers in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur used chemicals to

remove weeds. This was also reported by 93.33 to 98.67 percent in Nueva

Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya and Mindoro Occidental. There was no report of

chemical spraying in Quezon. On the other hand, manual weeding was also

widely adopted by 97.33 percent in Mindoro Occidental. There were 42.67

percent of garlic farmers in Quezon who did manual weeding. Manual

weeding was popular in Ilocos Norte and Nueva Vizcaya as reported by

85.33 percent and 81.33 percent, respectively.

Users of Fertilizers

• Across the representative provinces, about 14.67 percent of garlic farmers

used the solid form of organic fertilizers. Specifically, the users of the solid

organic fertilizer were biggest in Nueva Ecija at 30.67 percent and Nueva

10

Vizcaya at 24 percent of garlic farmers. In Mindoro Occidental, there was no

report on the usage of organic fertilizer.

• For inorganic fertilizers, complete fertilizer (14-14-14) was the commonly

used grade as reported by 60.89 percent of garlic farmers. Urea (46-0-0) was

utilized by 56.22 percent and ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) by 33.56 percent.

By province, the proportions of farmers who applied complete fertilizer (14-

14-14) ranged from 54.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental to 96 percent in

Nueva Ecija. The application of urea (46-0-0) was popular among 81.33

percent in Nueva Ecija. This was also observed in 58.67 percent to 68 percent

in the other provinces except Quezon. In the case of Quezon, urea (45-0-0)

was the only inorganic fertilizer used by garlic farmers with 1.33 percent

reporting.

• For the liquid type of fertilizers, only few at 0.67 percent reported usage of

organic fertilizer. This was noted only in 1.33 percent in Ilocos Sur and 2.67

percent in Nueva Ecija.

• The users of liquid inorganic fertilizer ranged from 0.22 percent for Crop

Giant (16-16-16) to 5.11 percent for Greenbee. By province, users of

Greenbee were 12 percent in Ilocos Sur, 10.67 percent in Nueva Vizcaya and

8 percent in Ilocos Norte. About 6.67 percent of garlic farmers in Ilocos Sur

applied Foliar .

Users of Pesticides

• The liquid form of pesticides was more preferred than the solid form. About

61.11 percent of garlic farmers in six (6) provinces used liquid

herbicides/weedicides, 57.11 percent used liquid insecticides and 5.33

percent used liquid fungicides.

• In particular, Ilocos Norte had the biggest proportion of farmers at 97.33

percent who applied liquid herbicides/weedicides. Ilocos Sur followed with

89.33 percent of farmers.

• For users of insecticides, the biggest proportions were noted in Nueva

Vizcaya at 85.33 percent, Mindoro Occidental at 84 percent and Ilocos Sur at

70.67 percent.

• Users of solid pesticides ranged from 0.22 percent for herbicides/weedicides

and rodenticides to 36.67 percent for fungicides. The users of solid fungicides

were higher in Mindoro Occidental at 60 percent, in Nueva Vizcaya at 56

percent and in Ilocos Sur at 54.67 percent.

• For Quezon, there was no reported usage of any type of pesticides during the

reference period.

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D. Input Usage

(Tables 16–23)

Planting Materials (Garlic Cloves)

• On the average, the quantity of planting materials (cloves) used in the

production of garlic was estimated at 302.83 kilograms per hectare. Of this

quantity, about 41 percent were farmer’s own produced and 33.36 percent

were received from others. The rest at 25.64 percent were purchased.

• Higher quantities of planting materials (cloves) per hectare were noted in

Nueva Vizcaya at 435.82 kilograms and in Ilocos Norte at 419.36 kilograms.

Mindoro Occidental farmers had the least quantity of seeds utilized at

215.98 kilograms per hectare.

Fertilizer

• The application of solid organic fertilizers averaged 65.14 kilograms per

hectare. The usage was highest in Nueva Vizcaya at 157.51 kilograms,

followed by Nueva Ecija at 107.94 kilograms. Ilocos Norte reported the least

application rate at 24.75 kilograms per hectare. No usage of organic fertilizer

was noted in Mindoro Occidental.

• Among the solid inorganic fertilizer grades, higher applications per hectare

were recorded in urea (46-0-0), complete fertilizer (14-14-14) and

ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) corresponding to 141.36 kilograms, 140.32

kilograms and 105.01 kilograms. Crop Giant reported the least application

rates at less than one kilogram per hectare.

• By province, farmers in Nueva Vizcaya posted the biggest usage of complete

fertilizer (14-14-14) and ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) at 271.43 kilograms

and 175.27 kilograms per hectare, respectively. The said province was also a

heavy user of urea (46-0-0) with an application rate of 185.71 kilograms per

hectare. Garlic farmers in Ilocos Sur had the biggest application rate of urea

(46-0-0) at 189.14 kilograms per hectare. In Quezon, only urea (45-0-0) was

used at an average of 0.81 kilogram per hectare.

• In the case of liquid fertilizers, only a smaller quantity averaged at 0.03 liter

per hectare was used. Farmers in Ilocos Sur and Nueva Ecija had 0.07 liter

and 0.11 liter per hectare usage of liquid organic fertilizer, respectively.

• For inorganic liquid fertilizer, Greenbee was the most frequently used which

averaged 0.25 liter per hectare. This was followed by foliar with a usage at

0.22 liter. Higher application was observed for foliar in Mindoro Occidental

at 0.49 liter and for Greenbee in Nueva Vizcaya at 0.73 liter.

12

• As to the nutrient contents, the solid form of fertilizer applied contained

119.86 kilograms of nitrogen, 28.66 kilograms of phosphorous and 22.26

kilograms of potassium per hectare. In particular, Nueva Vizcaya farmers

were heavy users of nitrogen fertilizer at 179.23 kilograms per hectare. Next

was Ilocos Sur farmers with 158.39 kilograms of nitrogen content per

hectare. Ilocos Norte and Mindoro Occidental farmers applied 129.98

kilograms and 136.65 kilograms of nitrogen, respectively. The fertilizer

applied by the garlic farmers in Quezon comprised only of nitrogen

amounting to 0.37 kilogram per hectare.

Mulching Materials

• The common mulching material by garlic farmers in the six (6) provinces was

rice straw at an average of 3,889.08 kilograms per hectare. The usage of rice

straw per hectare ranged from 2,298.89 kilograms in Ilocos Sur to 5,639.51

kilograms in Quezon.

• Other mulching materials were coconut leaves and cogon with respective

application averaged at 21.72 kilograms and 2.17 kilograms. Specifically,

only the garlic farmers in Quezon were the users of coconut leaves at 162.93

kilograms and cogon leaves at 16.29 kilograms per hectare.

Pesticides

• Application of liquid herbicides/weedicides averaged 3.43 liters per hectare.

Farmers in Mindoro Occidental were heavy users of herbicides/weedicides

at 5.66 liters per hectare. Farmers in Nueva Vizcaya used only 2.55 liters per

hectare. There was no report on the usage of pesticides in Quezon.

• The usage of liquid insecticides was higher at an average of 2.17 liters per

hectare. For solid insecticides, the application rate was only 0.21 kilogram

per hectare. Nueva Vizcaya indicated bigger quantity of liquid insecticides

applied at 4.12 liters per hectare.

• On the average, 1.43 kilograms of solid fungicides and 0.16 liter of liquid

fungicides were applied across the provinces covered. In Ilocos Norte, Ilocos

Sur and Nueva Vizcaya, application rates per hectare ranged from 2.17

kilograms to 2.61 kilograms.

• The use of solid rodenticides was reported only in Ilocos Sur at 0.02 kilogram

per hectare. Application of organic type of pesticides was likewise minimal.

13

Labor Utilization

• Across the provinces covered, the average labor utilization in garlic farming

was 209.50 mandays per hectare. It was biggest in Nueva Vizcaya at 235.57

mandays and least in Ilocos Sur at 159.98 mandays.

• By source of labor, the bulk of labor input at 99.61 mandays per hectare were

provided by hired labor. Operator and family labor contributed 63.78

mandays and 44.07 mandays per hectare, respectively. Exchange labor

provided the least at 2.04 mandays per hectare.

• By farm activity, planting and harvesting were the most labor intensive

activities which required an average of more than 30 mandays per hectare

each. This was followed by cleaning and sorting which utilized an average of

29.28 mandays per hectare. Labor requirements in irrigating, drying,

bundling and manual weeding ranged from 12.81 to 18.35 mandays per

hectare.

• By province, labor inputs for planting and harvesting were higher in Nueva

Vizcaya at 48.18 mandays and 38.40 mandays per hectare, respectively.

Similarly, Quezon required 40.81 mandays in planting and 38.69 mandays for

harvesting. Labor utilization for cleaning and sorting was bigger in Nueva

Vizcaya, Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur ranging from 31.75 to 37.49 mandays

per hectare.

E. Average Production Costs and Returns of Garlic

All Provinces

(Tables 24–25)

• In 2013, the cost of producing garlic in six (6) provinces averaged P100,473

per hectare or P48.82 per kilogram.

• Cash outlays amounted to P46,705 per hectare or 46.49 percent of the total

production costs. The bulk of cash expenses were hired labor at P16,066,

inorganic fertilizers at P9,266 and planting materials (cloves) at P4,413.

• Non-cash costs which averaged at P18,447 per hectare shared 18.36 percent.

Planting materials (cloves) accounted for the biggest non-cash cost item at

P9,062 per hectare. Landowner’s share and mulching materials followed at

P5,109 per hectare and P3,128 per hectare, respectively.

• About 35.15 percent or P35,320 per hectare were imputed costs. Operator’s

labor was the major contributor which was valued at P10,715 per hectare.

Planting materials (cloves) received from either the government or private

14

individuals amounted to P7,745. Other big imputed costs items came from

family labor at P7,207 and rental value of owned land at P4,888 per hectare.

• Across the six (6) provinces surveyed, garlic production averaged 2,057.94

kilograms per hectare during the reference period. With an average farmgate

price of P71.08 per kilogram, garlic farmers grossed P146,270.

• Farm receipts over cash costs were estimated at P99,565 per hectare.

Returns above cash and non-cash costs amounted to P81,117 per hectare.

Net earnings stood at P45,797 per hectare. Garlic farmers gained P0.46 for

every peso invested in garlic production.

• Variable costs of production amounted to P90,894 per hectare or 90.47

percent of the total production costs. The remaining 9.53 percent were fixed

costs valued at P9,579 per hectare.

Ilocos Norte

(Tables 26-27)

• Average cost of garlic production in Ilocos Norte amounted to P125,333 per

hectare. This corresponded to P45.17 per kilogram.

• Of the total production costs, 44.87 percent were cash costs equivalent to

P56,237 per hectare. The leading cash costs items were hired labor and

inorganic fertilizer at P18,542 per hectare and P10,800 per hectare,

respectively.

• Non-cash expenses which comprised 28.86 percent amounted to P 36,166

per hectare. Of this amount, P19,404 were the cost of planting materials

(cloves) and P11,242 were the cost of landowner’s share.

• Imputed costs amounted to P32,929 per hectare of which P16,487 were the

cost of operator labor.

• Garlic production in Ilocos Norte which averaged 2,774.80 kilograms per

hectare resulted to gross earnings at P139,353. Farmgate price averaged

P50.22 per kilogram.

• Returns after deducting cash costs were computed at P83,116 per hectare.

When non-cash costs were subtracted, farm receipts amounted to P46,949

per hectare. Net returns settled at P14,020 per hectare. Farmers netted P0.11

for every peso of investment in garlic farming.

• Variable costs of production averaged P119,101 per hectare. This accounted

for 95.03 percent of all costs. Average fixed costs amounted to P6,231 per

hectare.

15

Ilocos Sur

(Tables 28-29)

• In Ilocos Sur, farmers incurred an average cost of P105,294 per hectare in the

production of garlic. Per kilogram, cost was P64.63.

• Of the total production costs, 44.11 percent were cash expenses at P46,450

per hectare. The leading cost items were hired labor at P13,027 and

inorganic fertilizer at P11,565 per hectare.

• Non-cash outlays which accounted for 31.93 percent were valued at P33,623

per hectare. About 53.37 percent of the non-cash costs at P17,943 were the

value of owned-produced planting materials (cloves). Landowner’s share

was another big expense item amounting to P11,933 per hectare.

• Imputed costs amounted to P25,220 per hectare. This was 23.95 percent of

the total costs. Operator labor registered the biggest imputed cost at P7,026

per hectare.

• The average volume of garlic production in Ilocos Sur was 1,629.09

kilograms per hectare. Producer price averaged P76.80 per kilogram and

farmers grossed P125,113.

• Returns above cash costs figured to P78,662 per hectare. Minus the non-cash

costs of production, returns averaged P45,039 per hectare. Accounting for all

the costs, net returns settled at P19,819 per hectare or P0.19 for every peso

of investment.

• Variable costs shared 92 percent of the total costs or P96,862 per hectare.

The remaining 8 percent comprised the fixed costs valued at P8,432 per

hectare.

Nueva Vizcaya

(Tables 30-31)

• The average cost of producing garlic in Nueva Vizcaya was P141,152 per

hectare or P51.05 per kilogram.

• Cash costs at P66,740 per hectare accounted for 47.28 percent of all costs.

Costs of hired labor, inorganic fertilizer and planting materials (cloves)

comprised the bulk of cash expenses at P23,362, P15,064 and P13,679,

respectively.

• Non-cash payments shared 10.39 percent or P14,671 per hectare. Of this

amount, P12,050 were cost of landowner’s share.

16

• Imputed costs amounted to P59,741 per hectare or 42.32 percent of the total

production cost. The leading cost items were planting materials (cloves) at

P16,329, rental value of owned land at P13,990, operator labor at P12,427

and family labor at P11,675.

• Garlic production in Nueva Vizcaya averaged 2,765.13 kilograms per hectare.

Gross returns amounted to P178,123 per hectare at an average price of

P64.42 per kilogram.

• Returns after cash costs were computed at P111,383 per hectare. Returns

above cash and non-cash expenses were P96,712 per hectare. Considering all

costs, farmers netted P36,971 per hectare. For every peso invested in garlic

production, farmers earned P0.26.

• Average variable costs of production amounted to P122,079 per hectare or

86.49 percent of all costs. Fixed costs totaled to P19,073 per hectare.

Nueva Ecija

(Tables 32-33)

• Garlic production in Nueva Ecija entailed an average cost of P89,747 per

hectare or P44.67 per kilogram.

• Cash costs constituted about 46.29 percent of all costs or P41,548 per

hectare. Payment to hired workers was the biggest expense item at P13,756.

• Non-cash costs amounted to P6,589 per hectare and shared 7.34 percent in

total costs. Planting materials (cloves) and mulching materials were the main

expense items at P2,132 and P3,362, respectively.

• Imputed costs averaged P41,609 per hectare. Of this amount, P15,449 were

cost of planting materials (cloves). About P10,756 and P6,179 were costs of

operator and family labor, respectively.

• Average garlic production in Nueva Ecija was estimated at 2,009.19

kilograms per hectare worth P215,861. Farmgate price averaged P107.44 per

kilogram.

• Net of cash costs, garlic farmers earned P174,313 per hectare. After

deducting non-cash costs, returns figured to P167,724 per hectare. Net

returns averaged P126,115 per hectare. For every peso invested in garlic

production, farmers in Nueva Ecija gained P1.41.

• Average variable cost of production comprised 91.12 percent equivalent to

P81,781 per hectare. Fixed costs averaged P7,966 per hectare.

17

Quezon

(Tables 34-35)

• In Quezon, the cost of producing garlic averaged P66,678 per hectare. On a

per kilogram basis, cost was computed at P57.28.

• Cash costs of production averaged P11,505 per hectare or 17.25 percent of

all costs. Hired labor contributed the highest at P8,172 per hectare.

• About P16,087 per hectare were allocated for non-cash outlays of which

planting materials (cloves) accounted for P8,244 per hectare.

• Imputed costs comprised 58.62 percent of the production costs. It amounted

to P39,086 per hectare. Operator labor contributed the highest expenses at

P14,964 per hectare followed by family labor at P11,216 per hectare.

• Garlic farmers in Quezon produced an average of 1,164.01 kilograms per

hectare and grossed P104,392. Average farmgate price was P89.68 per

kilogram.

• Returns above cash costs were P92,887 per hectare and returns above cash

and non-cash costs were P76,800 per hectare. Net of all costs, farmer earned

P37,714 per hectare or P0.57 for every peso of investment in garlic

production.

• About 95.98 percent of the cost incurred in garlic production were variable

costs which amounted to P63,997 per hectare. Fixed costs were minimal at

P2,681 per hectare.

Mindoro Occidental

(Tables 36-37)

• Garlic farmers in Mindoro Occidental incurred an average production cost of

P89,566 per hectare or P42.80 per kilogram.

• Of the total production costs, 59.30 percent were cash costs. This amounted

to P53,110 per hectare. Hired labor and inorganic fertilizers were the major

cash costs items amounting to P18,313 and P11,054 per hectare,

respectively.

• Non-cash costs averaged P14,481 per hectare or 16.17 percent of all costs.

Imputed costs which shared 24.54 percent were valued at P21,975 per

hectare. The cost of planting materials (cloves) was the major contributor in

non-cash costs at P10,219 per hectare while opportunity cost of operator

labor was the biggest item under imputed costs at P7,307 per hectare.

18

• Garlic production in Mindoro Occidental averaged 2,092.79 kilograms per

hectare with equivalent gross returns of P113,968 per hectare. Garlic price

was quoted at P54.46 per kilogram.

• Returns above cash costs were estimated at P60,858 per hectare while

returns above cash and non-cash costs averaged P46,377 per hectare. Net

earnings stood at P24,402 per hectare. Garlic farmers gained P0.27 for every

peso of investment.

• The bulk of the costs in garlic production at 87.79 percent were variable

costs which averaged P78,631 per hectare. Fixed costs amounted to P10,935

per hectare.

Inter-Provincial Comparison

(Tables 38a-38b)

• On the average, the cost of producing garlic was estimated at P100,473 per

hectare. Production cost was highest in Nueva Vizcaya at P141,152 per

hectare and lowest in Quezon at P66,678 per hectare. Cash costs comprised

the biggest costs in Nueva Vizcaya at P66,740, Ilocos Norte at P56,237,

Mindoro Occidental at P53,110 and Ilocos Sur at P46,450. Imputed costs

contributed the biggest in Nueva Vizcaya at P59,741 per hectare.

• Gross earnings from garlic production averaged P146,270 per hectare.

Farmers in Nueva Ecija grossed the highest at P215,861 per hectare. Those in

Quezon and Mindoro Occidental had the least gross earnings at P104,392 per

hectare and P113,968 per hectare, respectively.

• Garlic farmers netted an average of P45,797 per hectare. Net returns ranged

from P14,020 per hectare in Ilocos Norte to P126,115 per hectare in Nueva

Ecija. Net profit-cost ratio was highest in Nueva Ecija at 1.41 and lowest in

Ilocos Norte at 0.11.

F. Other Information

(Tables 39–54)

Disposition of Produce

• The survey indicated that, on the average, 77.24 percent of the volume of

garlic produced were sold. About 11.23 percent were set aside for planting

materials (cloves). Landowner’s share was 4.30 percent. Home consumption

comprised 1.52 percent while those given away accounted for 2.53 percent.

About 1.39 percent of the total production were paid to creditors.

19

• The proportions of volume sold were highest in Nueva Vizcaya at 88.71

percent and Mindoro Occidental at 81.75 percent. The lowest was noted in

Ilocos Sur at 65.62 percent. However, Ilocos Sur indicated the biggest

percentages of produce set aside for planting materials (cloves) at 19.36

percent and landowner’s share at 10.07 percent. Landowner’s shares in

Ilocos Norte and Nueva Vizcaya were 8.43 percent and 7.64 percent,

respectively. In Quezon, the proportions of produce were higher for home

consumption at 4.62 percent, payment to creditors at 5.97 percent and for

planting materials (cloves) at 15.85 percent. Garlic farmers in Nueva Vizcaya

used only 0.54 percent of their produce for planting materials (cloves).

Production Compared with Last Year

• When compared with the production last year, about 56 percent of garlic

farmers said that their production was lower this year. Some 14.89 percent

reported higher production this year. Only 8.44 percent stated the same level

of production over last year.

• By province, Ilocos Sur recorded the highest proportion of garlic farmers at

88 percent that reported lower production this year. The same was cited by

68 percent in Ilocos Norte and 57.33 percent in Quezon. Higher production

this year was noted by 37.33 percent in Mindoro Occidental. No change in the

production level was reported by 17.33 percent in Ilocos Norte and 13.33

percent in Nueva Vizcaya.

• Among the garlic farmers who had production higher this year, the major

reason cited was the increase in area as reported by 28.36 percent. There

were 22.39 percent each whose reasons were favorable weather condition

and use of good quality planting materials (cloves). Proper farm management

and use of fertilizer were mentioned by 16.42 percent each.

• At the provincial level, all garlic farmers in Quezon who had higher

production cited the use of good quality planting materials (cloves) as their

reason. In Mindoro Occidental, the increase in area and good weather

conditions were pointed out by 32.14 percent and 39.29 percent,

respectively. According to 50 percent of the garlic farmers in Ilocos Norte,

the higher production this year was caused by increase in area while 37.50

percent reasoned the use of fertilizer. The use of good quality planting

materials (cloves) was mentioned by 36.36 percent in Nueva Ecija. Proper

farm management was given by 63.64 percent in Nueva Vizcaya.

• The major reason for low production this year was bad weather condition

with 60.71 percent reporting. Other main reasons were the use of low quality

planting materials (cloves) as stated by 33.33 percent, occurrence of pests

and diseases by 31.75 percent and decrease in area by 12.30 percent.

20

• Among the provinces covered, bad weather condition was the foremost

reason for lower production as indicated by 72 to 77 percent of the farmers

in Quezon, Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. The incidence of pests and diseases

was mentioned by 67.57 percent in Mindoro Occidental and 56.06 percent in

Ilocos Sur. There were 76.67 percent in Nueva Ecija and 80 percent in Nueva

Vizcaya who reported low quality of planting materials (cloves) as the reason

for low production.

Problems Related to Production

• The common production problems encountered by garlic farmers were bad

weather condition/calamities, occurrence of pests and diseases, high cost of

inputs and lack of capital. Correspondingly, these were reported by 47.56

percent, 42.67 percent, 38.44 percent and 10.67 percent of garlic farmers.

Poor soil condition was the constraints given by 5.33 percent and irrigation

problem by 6 percent. Other problems cited were poor quality of planting

materials (cloves) used, rough roads/inadequate transport facilities and lack

of government support.

• Among the six (6) provinces, Quezon had the biggest proportion of garlic

farmers at 96 percent who reported bad weather condition/calamities. In

Mindoro Occidental, 72 percent each reported the occurrence of pest and

diseases, and high cost of inputs as their major problems. Likewise, 76

percent in Ilocos Sur had problem on pests and diseases. High cost of inputs

affected 68 percent of garlic farmers in Ilocos Norte.

Major Buyers of Produce

• Wholesaler-retailers were the major buyers of 26.44 percent of garlic

farmers across the provinces surveyed. Some 22.22 percent transacted

directly to consumers. Selling to agents was reported by 19.11 percent and to

wholesalers and assemblers by 14.67 percent each. Only few at 2 percent

sold their produce to cooperatives.

• At the provincial level, about 33.33 percent to 38.67 percent of garlic farmers

in Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija and Mindoro Occidental cited wholesaler-

retailers as their major buyers. Transaction with assemblers was mentioned

by 66.67 percent in Ilocos Norte. Agent as the major buyer was reported by

44 percent in Ilocos Sur and 28 percent in Mindoro Occidental. There were

69.33 percent in Quezon who sold their produce to consumers.

21

Problems Related to Marketing

• The major marketing problems were unstable prices and low price of

produce as identified by more than half of the garlic farmers in the six (6)

provinces surveyed. There were 23.33 percent who mentioned no buyer of

produce while 11.11 percent had problem on lack of marketing information.

Rough road and high transport cost were the constraints of 2 percent.

• In particular, unstable prices and low price of the produce were the common

marketing problems identified by 80 percent and 74.67 percent of garlic

farmers in Ilocos Norte, respectively. Low price of produce was also

mentioned by 78.67 percent in Ilocos Sur and 69.33 percent in Nueva

Vizcaya. More garlic farmers in Mindoro Occidental at 65.33 percent had

problem on unstable price of garlic. No buyer or market outlet was reported

by 44 percent in Nueva Ecija and 42.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental. Some

22.67 percent in Nueva Ecija cited the lack of marketing information as their

problem.

Access to Credit

• Of the total sample garlic farmers interviewed in the six (6) provinces, about

11.78 percent borrowed capital for garlic production. Mindoro Occidental

reported the highest percentage at 24 percent followed by Ilocos Sur at 18.67

percent. Nueva Ecija had the least at 6.67 percent. There was no report on

the availment of loan in Quezon.

• The major source of loans was private individual as reported by 73.58

percent of the farmer-borrowers. There were 18.87 percent who obtained

loans from cooperatives while 7.55 percent from banks.

• By province, all the farmer-borrowers in Ilocos Norte availed loans from

private individuals. This was also the major source of loans of 88.89 percent

in Mindoro Occidental and 80 percent in Nueva Ecija. Cooperatives were

leading source of 55.56 percent in Nueva Vizcaya.

Access to Government Programs/Interventions

• Awareness of government programs/interventions was reported by 75.56 of

garlic farmers in the six (6) provinces covered. Nueva Ecija reported the

biggest proportion of farmers at 98.67 percent and Mindoro Occidental

posted the least proportion at 40 percent.

• Among the garlic farmers who cited awareness of government

programs/interventions, 64.71 percent of them availed of benefits. The

proportion of those who benefitted from government programs/

22

interventions was highest in Quezon at 98.53 percent. This was distantly

followed by Nueva Vizcaya at 79.71 percent and Nueva Ecija at 74.32

percent. Mindoro Occidental recorded the least proportion at 13.33 percent.

• Majority at 94.55 percent of the garlic farmers in the representative

provinces were recipients of planting materials. In Quezon and Nueva

Vizcaya, garlic farmers received planting materials. This benefit was also

availed by 98.18 percent in Nueva Ecija, 86.36 percent in Ilocos Sur, 75

percent in Mindoro Occidental and 58.82 percent in Ilocos Norte.

• Fertilizers and other inputs were another benefits received by 20 percent.

Few at 3.64 percent cited training on farming technology, 1.36 percent

identified irrigation services and 0.45 percent mentioned pos-tharvest

facilities. The recipients of fertilizers and other inputs were higher in Ilocos

Norte at 35.29 percent and Nueva Ecija at 52.73 percent. In Mindoro

Occidental, 25 percent of garlic farmers availed of training on farming

technology. Farmers in Ilocos Sur at 9.09 percent were beneficiaries of

irrigation facilities.

• Among the garlic farmers who benefited from government programs/

interventions, about 91.36 percent said that they used the benefits.

According to this group of farmers, 30 percent of them reported that the

benefits they received helped increase their income.

• By province, the proportions of garlic farmer who used the benefits received

were higher in Quezon at 97.01 percent, Ilocos Sur and Nueva Vizcaya at

90.91 percent each. It was least in Mindoro Occidental at 75 percent. Those

who claimed that the benefits helped increase their income were biggest in

Mindoro Occidental at 75 percent and Nueva Ecija at 60 percent. This was

cited by only few in Nueva Vizcaya at 14.55 percent.

Farm Practices Affected by Climate Change

• There were 79.56 percent of garlic farmers who said that their farming

practices were affected by climate change. It was reported highest in Quezon

at 92 percent and least in Nueva Ecija at 70.67 percent.

• As to the perceived effect of climate change, decrease in yield was reported

by 72.63 percent, increase in input usage by 23.74 percent and change in

cropping pattern by 16.76 percent. Some 10.34 percent mentioned that

climate change caused decrease in the number of cropping.

• The decrease in yield was mostly reported by 97.10 percent in Quezon, 85

percent each in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur and 78.95 percent in Mindoro

Occidental. Likewise, garlic farmers in Mindoro Occidental at 56.14 percent

cited that climate change resulted to increase in input usage. In Nueva Ecija,

23

about 56.60 percent and 30.19 percent identified change in cropping pattern

and decrease in number of cropping, respectively.

Natural Farming

• In the six (6) provinces covered, natural farming was practiced by 11.33

percent of the garlic farmers. Specifically, this farming method was widely

adopted by 28 percent in Nueva Ecija and 25.33 percent in Quezon. Only few

at less than 3 percent in Ilocos Norte and Nueva Vizcaya were into this

practice.

• By type of practice, the use of organic fertilizer was mentioned by 80.39

percent. The maintenance of buffer zone was practiced by 19.61 percent.

• All the sample garlic farmers in Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur and Nueva Vizcaya

used organic fertilizers. All garlic farmers in Mindoro Occidental did not

practice natural farming.

Membership in Organization and Type of Benefit Received

• About 60.67 percent of garlic farmers in the six (6) provinces were members

of farmers’ organizations. Ilocos Sur posted the highest percentage at 93.33

percent and least in Nueva Ecija at 26.67 percent.

• Among the farmer-members, 47.99 percent availed of training/seminars.

About 31.14 percent were provided with input support and 13.55 percent

had marketing support. Irrigation facilities were availed of by 20.15 percent.

• In Quezon, about 97.96 percent of the farmer-members were recipients of

training and seminars while 48.98 percent availed of input support. Ilocos

Sur had 45.71 percent who received input support. In Mindoro Occidental,

marketing support was reported by 68 percent of the farmer-members.

Plans of Garlic Farmers

• According to 58 percent of the garlic farmers in the six (6) provinces, they

planned to maintain their current operation while 33.56 percent wanted to

expand their operations. The rest had plans to stop the operation or shift to

other crops.

• Majority or 70.67 percent of the garlic farmers in Mindoro Occidental will

maintain their current operations. This was also cited by 63 to 64 percent in

Quezon and Ilocos Norte. There were 60 percent in Nueva Vizcaya who

24

would expand their operation. In Ilocos Sur, some 20 percent planned to shift

to other crops.

Recommendation to Further Improve Garlic Production

• To further improve garlic production, about 66.89 percent of garlic farmers

recommended price support for the commodity. Financial support was cited

by 44 percent. There were 38.67 percent who recommended regulation of

price of farm inputs. Some 29.33 percent suggested the provision of modern

farming technologies and 17.11 percent pointed out the conduct of soil

testing/analysis. Other recommendations included improvement of

irrigation services, provision of infrastructure facilities, land reform

program, addressing environmental concern, improvement in the quality of

planting materials (cloves) and more market outlets.

• Except for Quezon, the proportion of garlic farmers suggesting price support

ranged from 62.67 percent in Nueva Ecija to 88 percent in Ilocos Sur. In

Quezon, majority at 64 percent and 49.33 percent proposed financial support

and soil testing and analysis, respectively. Only few in Quezon at 2.67

percent recommended price support.

• Regulation of prices of farm inputs was sought by 80 percent in Mindoro

Occidental and 62.67 percent in Ilocos Norte. Likewise, more at 58.67

percent in Mindoro Occidental suggested the provision of new/modern

farming technology.

STATISTICAL TABLES

26

Table 1. Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by sex,


Male Female

All Provinces 86.67 13.33

Ilocos Norte 97.33 2.67

Ilocos Sur 90.67 9.33

Nueva Vizcaya 74.67 25.33

Nueva Ecija 89.33 10.67

Quezon 70.67 29.33

Mindoro Occidental 97.33 2.67

Province

Table 2. Average age of garlic farmers and percentage distribution by age group,


< 31 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 > 70

All Provinces 49 3.33 18.67 36.67 28.22 11.11 2.00

Ilocos Norte 48 5.33 16.00 41.33 25.33 9.33 2.67

Ilocos Sur 50 2.67 18.67 28.00 33.33 14.67 2.67

Nueva Vizcaya 50 1.33 20.00 30.67 34.67 12.00 1.33

Nueva Ecija 50 2.67 14.67 36.00 34.67 9.33 2.67

Quezon 48 4.00 13.33 45.33 22.67 14.67

Mindoro Occidental 46 4.00 29.33 38.67 18.67 6.67 2.67

ProvinceAverage Age

(years)

Age Group (years)

27

Table 3. Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by educational attainment,


Elementary

Level

Elementary

Graduate

High

School

Level

High

School

Graduate

College

Level

College

GraduateVocational

No

Schooling

All Provinces 9.78 23.11 14.22 26.89 12.22 7.56 6.00 0.22

Ilocos Norte 5.33 16.00 8.00 41.33 10.67 10.67 8.00

Ilocos Sur 8.00 16.00 8.00 29.33 17.33 10.67 10.67

Nueva Vizcaya 4.00 24.00 21.33 21.33 17.33 6.67 5.33

Nueva Ecija 5.33 20.00 13.33 37.33 13.33 4.00 6.67

Quezon 29.33 32.00 14.67 8.00 10.67 5.33

Mindoro Occidental 6.67 30.67 20.00 24.00 4.00 8.00 5.33 1.33

Province

Table 4. Average farming experience of garlic farmers and percentage distribution by number

of years engaged in garlic production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

< 11 11 - 20 21 - 30 > 30

All Provinces 13 52.22 27.33 14.00 6.44

Ilocos Norte 20 28.00 30.67 32.00 9.33

Ilocos Sur 16 40.00 30.67 21.33 8.00

Nueva Vizcaya 11 68.00 20.00 2.67 9.33

Nueva Ecija 10 58.67 29.33 5.33 6.67

Quezon 7 80.00 12.00 8.00

Mindoro Occidental 15 38.67 41.33 14.67 5.33

Province

Average Farming

Experience

(year)

Years

28

Table 5. Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by main occupation,


All Provinces 3.78 1.33 0.22 0.67

Ilocos Norte 6.67 2.67 1.33

Ilocos Sur 2.67

Nueva Vizcaya 2.67 1.33 1.33


Quezon 8.00 1.33


Province

Officials of the Government

and Special Interest

Organizations, Corporate

Executives, Managers

Managing Proprietors and

Supervisors

Professionals

Technicians

and Associate

Professionals

Service

Workers

and Shop

and Market

Sales

Workers

Table 5. (Concluded)

Field Crop

Farmers

Orchard

FarmersFishermen

All Provinces 83.78 6.67 0.44 1.11 0.67 1.33

Ilocos Norte 81.33 2.67 1.33 4.00

Ilocos Sur 93.33 2.67 1.33


Nueva Ecija 92.00 1.33 1.33

Quezon 48.00 40.00 1.33 1.33


Farmers, Forestry Workers

and FishermenCraft and

Related

Trades

Workers

Plant and

Machine

Operators

and

Assemblers

Elementary

Occupation:

Laborers

and

Unskilled

Workers

Province

29

Table 6. Average farm size, area planted and harvested of garlic focus farm parcels,


(in hectare)

Farm Size Area Planted Area Harvested

All Provinces 0.5667 0.2224 0.2047

Ilocos Norte 0.1491 0.1347 0.1347

Ilocos Sur 0.2764 0.1838 0.1838

Nueva Vizcaya 0.4356 0.1820 0.1820

Nueva Ecija 0.8231 0.2364 0.2364

Quezon 0.2700 0.2700 0.1637

Mindoro Occidental 1.4460 0.3274 0.3274

Province

Table 7. Percentage distribution of garlic farm parcels by tenurial status, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

Fully

Owned

Leased /

RentedTenanted

Rent

Free

Owner-like

Possession

Held Under

CLT / CLOAMortgaged

All Provinces 23.56 4.89 44.44 9.33 11.11 3.56 3.11

Ilocos Norte 14.67 74.67 10.67

Ilocos Sur 17.33 1.33 78.67 1.33 1.33

Nueva Vizcaya 34.67 56.00 6.67 2.67

Nueva Ecija 22.67 13.33 1.33 28.00 18.67 8.00 8.00

Quezon 28.00 49.33 8.00 1.33 13.33

Mindoro Occidental 24.00 14.67 6.67 13.33 32.00 9.33

Province

30

Table 8. Percentage of garlic farmers by type of farm investment, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

All

Provinces

Ilocos

Norte

Ilocos

Sur

Nueva

Vizcaya

Nueva

EcijaQuezon

Mindoro

Occidental

Work Animal

Carabao 40.22 2.67 4.00 40.00 44.00 92.00 58.67

Cattle 2.89 2.67 8.00 6.67

Farm House 21.78 9.33 13.33 8.00 21.33 50.67 28.00

Warehouse / Storage 4.00 5.33 12.00 2.67 4.00

Tent 0.22 1.33

Farm Machinery

Two-Wheel Tractor 2.89 1.33 5.33 6.67 4.00

Four-Wheel Tractor 0.22 1.33

Irrigation Pump 49.56 78.67 94.67 1.33 62.67 60.00

Engine 9.56 12.00 1.33 14.67 29.33

Farm Tools and Implements

Plow 40.44 42.67 30.67 90.67 78.67

Harrow 32.22 1.33 33.33 26.67 56.00 76.00

Sprayer 65.11 65.33 82.67 85.33 68.00 1.33 88.00

Weeder 0.22 1.33

Spade 50.67 10.67 13.33 98.67 88.00 5.33 88.00

Bolo 69.56 64.00 41.33 97.33 78.67 98.67 37.33

Hoe 10.22 18.67 40.00 2.67

Sled 22.44 12.00 14.67 9.33 8.00 84.00 6.67

Spading fork 7.78 6.67 6.67 5.33 13.33 1.33 13.33

Post Hole Digger 2.22 2.67 8.00 2.67

Rake 17.56 1.33 5.33 37.33 37.33 1.33 22.67

Weighing Scale 22.00 4.00 38.67 44.00 22.67 4.00 18.67

Sprinkler 14.44 2.67 41.33 17.33 25.33

Scissors 30.44 64.00 44.00 61.33 4.00 9.33

Trailer 10.22 5.33 18.67 14.67 22.67

Grass Cutter 3.78 5.33 13.33 4.00

Hose 35.56 73.33 94.67 1.33 38.67 5.33

Scythe 49.56 92.00 76.00 45.33 66.67 17.33

Crates 2.22 1.33 10.67 1.33

Rope 8.22 48.00 1.33

Others a/

5.33 12.00 8.00 1.33 10.67

a/ Others include bamboo strip, electric wire, nylon and sacks

Farm Investment

Farm Buildings and Other Structures

31

Table 9. Percentage of garlic farmers by source of seeds, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

DA/RFU LGU TraderSeed

GrowerCooperative

Co-

Farmer

Own

Produced

Input

Dealer

All Provinces 24.44 24.00 8.00 0.44 0.44 4.67 40.22 7.56

Ilocos Norte 4.00 4.00 2.67 5.33 86.67 1.33

Ilocos Sur 1.33 20.00 6.67 12.00 62.67

Nueva Vizcaya 73.33 33.33 1.33 2.67 1.33 1.33 6.67

Nueva Ecija 64.00 30.67 5.33 1.33 9.33 20.00

Quezon 89.33 12.00

Mindoro Occidental 4.00 9.33 69.33 17.33

Province

Table 10. Percentage of garlic farmers planting other crops, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Palay CornVegetables /

RootcropsCondiments

Legumes

and nutsFruit Trees

a/

All Provinces 79.11 19.33 10.89 9.78 2.00 0.22

Ilocos Norte 97.33 8.00 13.33 10.67

Ilocos Sur 100.00 9.33 5.33 21.33 1.33 1.33


Nueva Ecija 80.00 1.33 33.33 17.33

Quezon 1.33 97.33 6.67


a/ Lanzones

Province

32

Table 11. Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by month of planting and harvesting, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

July August September October November December January February March April May June

Planting

All Provinces 0.67 17.56 57.11 18.44 5.78 0.44

Ilocos Norte 16.00 77.33 6.67

Ilocos Sur 52.00 46.67 1.33

Nueva Vizcaya 4.00 32.00 49.33 13.33 1.33

Nueva Ecija 1.33 58.67 28.00 9.33 2.67

Quezon 4.00 80.00 14.67 1.33


Harvesting

All Provinces 0.22 5.33 29.33 46.89 17.11 1.11

Ilocos Norte 10.67 65.33 22.67 1.33

Ilocos Sur 1.33 57.33 38.67 2.67

Nueva Vizcaya 1.33 18.67 46.67 26.67 6.67

Nueva Ecija 1.33 5.33 60.00 28.00 5.33

Quezon 84.00 16.00


Province2012 2013

Table 12a. Percentage of garlic farmers by method of land preparation and type of labor used,


Two-Wheel

Tractor

Four-Wheel

Tractor

All Provinces 14.67 24.44 6.89

Ilocos Norte 1.33 4.00 2.67



Nueva Ecija 30.67 52.00 14.67

Quezon 16.00


Province Man-Animal

Man-Machine

33

Table 12b. Percentage of garlic farmers by method of weeding,


Manual Chemical Spraying



Ilocos Sur 41.33 100.00



Quezon 42.67


ProvinceWeeding

Table 13. Percentage of garlic farmers by type of solid fertilizers used, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Organic Fertilizer 14.67 1.33 16.00 24.00 30.67 16.00

Inorganic Fertilizer

Urea (45-0-0) 5.78 2.67 5.33 12.00 13.33 1.33

Urea (46-0-0) 56.22 58.67 68.00 62.67 81.33 66.67

Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0) 33.56 48.00 48.00 50.67 9.33 45.33

Ammonium Phosphate (16-20-0) 16.67 21.33 26.67 2.67 13.33 36.00

Complete (12-12-12) 1.11 1.33 5.33

Complete (14-14-14) 60.89 73.33 58.67 82.67 96.00 54.67

Complete (16-16-16) 2.22 5.33 8.00

Crop Giant (15-15-15) 8.22 21.33 14.67 8.00 4.00 1.33

Crop Giant (19-19-19) 8.22 18.67 25.33 1.33 2.67 1.33

Muriate of Potash (0-0-60) 2.00 4.00 1.33 1.33 5.33

Foliar fertilizer 6.22 1.33 13.33 10.67 4.00 8.00

Others a/

3.56 4.00 5.33 4.00 8.00

a/ Others include greenbee, multi-crop and grow best

QuezonMindoro

OccidentalFertilizer

All

Provinces

Ilocos

Norte

Ilocos

Sur

Nueva

Vizcaya

Nueva

Ecija

34

Table 14. Percentage of garlic farmers by type of liquid fertilizers used,


Organic Fertilizer 0.67 1.33 2.67


Crop Giant (15-15-15) 0.22 1.33

Greenbee 5.11 8.00 12.00 10.67

Foliar fertilizer 1.56 6.67 1.33 1.33

Others a/

3.78 5.33 9.33 1.33 4.00 2.67

a/ Others include plant care, power grow and seed growth

Mindoro


All

Provinces

Ilocos

Norte

Ilocos

Sur

Nueva

Vizcaya

Nueva

Ecija

Table 15. Percentage of garlic farmers by type of pesticides used, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Rodenticides

Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid

All Provinces 0.22 61.11 8.67 57.11 36.67 5.33 0.22 0.44 0.44

Ilocos Norte 97.33 17.33 40.00 30.67

Ilocos Sur 1.33 89.33 12.00 70.67 54.67 9.33 1.33 1.33

Nueva Vizcaya 46.67 9.33 85.33 56.00 6.67

Nueva Ecija 65.33 8.00 62.67 18.67 6.67 1.33 1.33

Quezon


Province

Herbicides /

WeedicidesInsecticides Fungicides

Organic

Pesticides

35

Table 16. Average quantity of planting materials (cloves) used per hectare by mode

of acquisition, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

(in kilogram)

All Sources Purchased Own ProducedReceived

From Others

All Provinces 302.83 77.64 124.17 101.01

Ilocos Norte 419.36 29.11 362.33 27.92

Ilocos Sur 368.12 40.69 250.90

Nueva Vizcaya 435.82 187.18 1.32 247.33

Nueva Ecija 260.21 52.17 22.67 185.38

Quezon 220.98 80.86 19.96 120.16


Province

Table 17. Average quantity of solid fertilizers applied per hectare, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

(in kilogram)

All

Provinces

Ilocos

Norte

Ilocos

Sur

Nueva

Vizcaya

Nueva

EcijaQuezon

Mindoro

Occidental

Organic Fertilizer 65.14 24.75 82.34 157.51 107.94 44.81


Urea (45-0-0) 12.36 1.09 21.76 39.38 15.79 0.81

Urea (46-0-0) 141.36 162.33 189.14 185.71 120.13 167.26

Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0) 105.01 115.25 155.59 175.27 14.10 151.50

Ammonium Phosphate (16-20-0) 38.47 45.89 53.86 7.33 34.97 65.85

Complete (12-12-12) 1.41 1.81 5.92

Complete (14-14-14) 140.32 162.92 140.90 271.43 174.97 102.95

Complete (16-16-16) 6.35 7.61 18.33

Crop Giant (15-15-15) 0.38 1.35 0.62 0.49 0.28 0.04

Crop Giant (19-19-19) 0.40 1.41 1.35 0.07 0.11 0.04

Muriate of Potash (0-0-60) 2.00 0.89 1.09 0.56 6.11

Foliar fertilizer 0.83 0.10 0.48 4.08 0.28 0.33

Others a/

0.72 0.02 0.37 2.93 0.37

a/ Others include greenbee, multi-crop and grow best

Fertilizer

36

Table 18. Average quantity of liquid fertilizers applied per hectare, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

(in liter)

Organic Fertilizer 0.03 0.07 0.11


Crop Giant (15-15-15) 0.01 0.06

Crop Giant (15-15-30) 0.04 0.16 0.03 0.04

Greenbee 0.25 0.48 0.57 0.73

Foliar 0.22 0.13 0.26 0.07 0.13 0.49

Mindoro


All

Provinces

Ilocos

Norte

Ilocos

Sur

Nueva

Vizcaya

Nueva

Ecija

Table 19. Average quantity of fertilizer nutrients applied per hectare,


Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l)

All Provinces 119.86 0.01 28.66 0.01 22.26 0.01

Ilocos Norte 129.98 0.02 32.46 0.02 23.81 0.01

Ilocos Sur 158.39 0.03 31.07 0.03 20.95 0.03

Nueva Vizcaya 179.23 39.56 38.10

Nueva Ecija 97.90 0.01 33.49 0.01 27.32 0.02

Quezon 0.37


Phosphorous PotassiumProvince

Nitrogen

37

Table 20. Average quantity of mulching materials used per hectare,


(in kilogram)

Rice Straw Cogon Coconut

Leaves

All Provinces 3,889.08 2.17 21.72

Ilocos Norte 4,744.02

Ilocos Sur 2,298.89

Nueva Vizcaya 4,112.97

Nueva Ecija 3,585.48

Quezon 5,639.51 16.29 162.93

Mindoro Occidental 3,649.97

Province

Table 21. Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Rodenticides

Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Solid (kg) Liquid (l)

All Provinces a/ 3.43 0.21 2.17 1.43 0.16 a/ 0.03 0.01

Ilocos Norte 3.58 0.76 1.30 2.28

Ilocos Sur a/ 3.10 0.30 1.34 2.17 0.36 0.02 0.01

Nueva Vizcaya 2.55 0.43 4.12 2.61 0.33

Nueva Ecija 3.60 0.04 2.17 0.60 0.07 0.17 0.05

Quezon

Mindoro Occidental 5.66 0.03 2.99 1.32 0.16 b/

a/ Less than 0.01 kilogram

b/ Less than 0.01 liter

Herbicides /

WeedicidesInsecticides Fungicides

Organic

PesticidesProvince

38

Table 22. Average labor utilization per hectare of garlic production by source of labor,


(manday)

All

Sources

Operator

Labor

Family

Labor

Exchange

Labor

Hired

Labor

All Provinces 209.50 63.78 44.07 2.04 99.61

Ilocos Norte 217.56 85.02 38.77 1.83 91.94

Ilocos Sur 159.98 45.83 30.87 2.16 81.12

Nueva Vizcaya 235.57 61.72 58.86 5.68 109.31

Nueva Ecija 210.53 72.18 42.41 1.99 93.95

Quezon 229.12 95.67 72.60 60.86

Mindoro Occidental 208.95 44.26 32.40 1.10 131.20

Province

Table 23. Average labor utilization per hectare of garlic production by farm activity, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

(manday)

All

Provinces

Ilocos

Norte

Ilocos

Sur

Nueva

Vizcaya

Nueva

EcijaQuezon

Mindoro

Occidental

Land Preparation

Clearing of Fields 10.86 3.55 4.10 16.61 6.49 31.08 7.52

Plowing

Man 0.10 0.38

Man-Animal 4.86 0.01 0.02 2.49 1.51 24.68 3.42

Man-Machine (Two-Wheel) 1.12 0.12 0.88 1.39 2.68

Man-Machine (Four-Wheel) 0.06 0.03 0.10 0.01 0.15 0.06

Fertilizer Application 0.92 0.42 0.42 1.74 0.94 0.61 1.09

Pesticide Application 0.81 1.18 0.41 0.90 1.04 1.07

Plotting / Levelling 3.16 0.02 3.84 1.47 5.95 5.66

Mulching 7.37 7.34 4.50 6.04 5.61 14.84 7.27

Irrigating 2.80 3.68 4.09 1.80 2.59 3.83

Preparation of planting materials (cloves) 4.73 24.32 3.27 5.39

Planting of cloves 37.42 37.00 27.84 48.18 39.18 40.81 34.03

Care of Crops

Pesticide Application 3.04 4.28 4.52 2.97 1.90 4.06

Thinning 0.06 0.48 0.08

Manual Weeding 18.35 13.98 7.94 21.43 21.56 11.04 25.60

Fertilizer Application 2.20 1.76 2.09 2.82 1.70 0.05 3.52

Irrigating 12.81 30.32 19.21 5.07 14.22 11.72

Harvesting 33.62 26.25 28.04 38.40 31.26 38.69 36.29

Hauling of Produce

Man 2.11 1.18 1.52 4.14 1.63 3.07 1.58

Man-Animal 1.10 0.48 0.66 1.07 0.75 3.10 0.87

Man-Machine 1.35 1.29 1.10 0.86 1.47 0.10 2.32

Drying 14.96 8.50 5.15 23.63 30.96 8.81 9.83

Cleaning/Sorting 29.28 32.55 37.49 31.75 24.87 24.60 27.48

Bundling 16.25 18.34 10.43 20.93 16.35 21.64 13.29

Others a/

0.14 0.48 0.27 0.23 0.04

a/ Others include bagging and piling

Farm Activity

39

Table 24. Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Quantity Unit Value (P)

Production 2,057.94 kg. 146,270 29,936 71.08

Area harvested = 92.0977

Number of farms = 450

CASH COSTS 46,705 9,559 22.70

Planting materials (cloves) 63.55 kg. 4,413 903 2.14

Organic fertilizers

Solid 37.62 kg. 165 34 0.08

Liquid 0.03 li. 27 6 0.01

Inorganic fertilizers

Solid 423.02 kg. 9,164 1,875 4.45

Liquid 0.41 li. 102 21 0.05

Mulching materials 115.31 kg. 159 33 0.08

Pesticides

Solid 1.64 kg. 912 187 0.44

Liquid 5.75 li. 3,216 658 1.56

Hired labor 98.23 mandays 16,066 3,288 7.81

Land tax 323 66 0.16

Caretaker/overseer's wages 106 22 0.05

Rentals:

Land 86 18 0.04

Machine 93 19 0.05

Animals 40 8 0.02

Tools and equipment 43 9 0.02

Fuel 88.36 li. 3,985 816 1.94

Oil 3.64 li. 513 105 0.25

Transport cost of inputs 412 84 0.20

Interest payment on crop loan 762 156 0.37

Landowner's share 684 140 0.33

Irrigation fee 69 14 0.03

Electricity 256 52 0.12

Food expense 2,400 491 1.17

Repairs 2,615 535 1.27

Others a/

91 19 0.04

NON-CASH COSTS 18,447 3,775 8.96

Planting materials (cloves) 134.95 kg. 9,062 1,855 4.40

Organic fertilizers

Solid 15.31 kg. 60 12 0.03


Solid 0.67 kg. 17 3 e/

Liquid 0.11 li. 16 3 e/

Mulching materials 3,456.44 kg. 3,128 640 1.52

Pesticides

Liquid 0.01 li. 5 1 e/

Hired labor in kind 1.38 mandays 238 49 0.12

Harvesters' share 2.41 kg. 188 38 0.09

Caretaker/overseer's wages 0.43 kg. 17 4 e/

Rentals:

Land 6.93 kg. 401 82 0.19

Machine 0.86 kg. 39 8 0.02

Interest payment on crop loan 0.07 kg. 4 d/ e/

Landowner's share 85.89 kg. 5,109 1,046 2.48

Irrigation fee 3.47 kg. 161 33 0.08

ItemPer Hectare Per Farm

(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

40



IMPUTED COSTS 35,320 7,229 17.16


Organic fertilizers

Solid 12.21 kg. 281 58 0.14


Solid 25.92 kg. 562 115 0.27

Soil ameliorants

Solid 0.08 kg. 4 d/ e/


Pesticides

Solid 0.02 kg. d/ d/ e/

Liquid c/ li. 7 2 e/

Operator labor 63.78 mandays 10,715 2,193 5.21

Family labor 44.07 mandays 7,207 1,475 3.50

Exchange labor 2.04 mandays 353 72 0.17

Depreciation 1,144 234 0.56

Interest on operating capital 1,961 401 0.95

Rental value of owned land 4,888 1,000 2.38


Interest payment on crop loan 10 2 e/

Others b/

26 5 0.01

TOTAL COSTS 100,473 20,563 48.82

GROSS RETURNS 146,270 29,936 71.08

RETURNS ABOVE CASH COSTS 99,565 20,377 48.38

81,117 16,602 39.42

NET RETURNS 45,797 9,373 22.25

NET PROFIT-COST RATIO 0.46 0.46 0.46

COST PER KILOGRAM 48.82

a/ Others include bamboo strip, board, red bag, rope, sack and tying materials

b/ Others include bamboo strip and tying materials

c/ Less than 0.01 liter

d/ Less than P 1.00

e/ Less than P 0.01


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

RETURNS ABOVE CASH AND NON-CASH COSTS

41

Table 25. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)

Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram

VARIABLE COSTS 90,894 18,602 44.17

Planting materials (cloves) 21,220 4,343 10.31

Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 507 104 0.25

Liquid 27 6 0.01

Inorganic

Solid 9,743 1,994 4.73

Liquid 118 24 0.06

Soil ameliorant

Solid 4 b/ c/

Mulching materials 3,613 739 1.76

Pesticides

Solid 912 187 0.44

Liquid 3,229 661 1.57

Labor

Hired labor 16,304 3,337 7.92

Operator labor 10,715 2,193 5.21

Family labor 7,207 1,475 3.50

Exchage labor 353 72 0.17


Rentals:

Machine 132 27 0.06

Animals 40 8 0.02


Fuel 3,985 816 1.94

Oil 513 105 0.25



Electricity costs 256 52 0.12


Repairs 2,615 535 1.27

Harvesters' share 188 38 0.09

Landowner's share 5,793 1,186 2.82

Others a/

117 24 0.06

FIXED COSTS 9,579 1,960 4.65

Land tax 323 66 0.16

Lease rental 487 100 0.24





TOTAL COSTS 100,473 20,563 48.82


b/ Less than P 1.00

c/ Less than P 0.01

Item

42

Table 26. Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013


Production 2,774.80 kg. 139,353 18,766 50.22



CASH COSTS 56,237 7,573 20.27


Organic fertilizers

Solid 24.75 kg. 149 20 0.05


Solid 457.96 kg. 10,664 1,436 3.84

Liquid 0.61 li. 136 18 0.05


Pesticides

Solid 3.03 kg. 1,366 184 0.49

Liquid 4.85 li. 2,888 389 1.04


Land tax 95 13 0.03

Rentals:

Machine 366 49 0.13

Animals 10 1 c/

Tools and equipment 25 3 c/

Fuel 182.18 li. 8,613 1,160 3.10

Oil 3.91 li. 569 77 0.20







Repairs 4,741 638 1.71

Others a/

53 7 0.02

NON-CASH COSTS 36,166 4,870 13.03



Solid 6.04 kg. 120 16 0.04


Pesticides

Liquid 0.02 li. 9 1 c/

Rentals:

Machine 3.42 kg. 137 18 0.05




(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

43



IMPUTED COSTS 32,929 4,434 11.87



Solid 27.23 kg. 461 62 0.17

Mulching materials 19.80 kg. 20 3 c/


Family labor 38.77 mandays 7,417 999 2.67




Rental value of owned land 2,310 311 0.83



Others b/

42 6 0.02

TOTAL COSTS 125,333 16,878 45.17

GROSS RETURNS 139,353 18,766 50.22


46,949 6,322 16.92

NET RETURNS 14,020 1,888 5.05





c/ Less than P 0.01


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)


44

Table 27. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)


VARIABLE COSTS 119,101 16,039 42.92


Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 149 20 0.05

Inorganic

Solid 11,245 1,514 4.05

Liquid 136 18 0.05


Pesticides

Solid 1,366 184 0.49

Liquid 2,897 390 1.04

Labor

Hired labor 18,542 2,497 6.68


Family labor 7,417 999 2.67


Rentals:

Machine 503 68 0.18

Animals 10 1 b/

Tools and equipment 25 3 b/

Fuel 8,613 1,160 3.10

Oil 569 77 0.20

Transport cost of inputs 1,093 147 0.39




Repairs 4,741 638 1.71


Others a/

95 13 0.03

FIXED COSTS 6,231 839 2.25

Land tax 95 13 0.03





TOTAL COSTS 125,333 16,878 45.17


b/ Less than P 0.01

Item

45

Table 28. Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013


Production 1,629.09 kg. 125,113 22,998 76.80



CASH COSTS 46,450 8,538 28.51


Organic fertilizers

Solid 55.32 kg. 262 48 0.16

Liquid 0.07 li. 102 19 0.06


Solid 566.63 kg. 11,306 2,078 6.94

Liquid 0.99 li. 259 48 0.16


Pesticides

Solid 2.42 kg. 1,066 196 0.65

Liquid 4.67 li. 3,143 578 1.93


Land tax 63 12 0.04

Rentals:

Land 54 10 0.03

Machine 134 25 0.08

Animals 11 2 c/


Fuel 90.13 li. 3,782 695 2.32

Oil 6.33 li. 757 139 0.46



Landowner's share 1,138 209 0.70



Repairs 1,924 354 1.18

Others a/

404 74 0.25

NON-CASH COSTS 33,623 6,180 20.64


Organic fertilizers

Solid 0.73 kg. 29 5 0.02


Pesticides

Liquid 0.07 li. 28 5 0.02



(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

46



IMPUTED COSTS 25,220 4,636 15.48


Organic fertilizers

Solid 26.29 kg. 1,106 203 0.68

Pesticides

Liquid 0.06 li. 50 9 0.03


Family labor 30.87 mandays 4,723 868 2.90






Others b/

90 16 0.05

TOTAL COSTS 105,294 19,355 64.63

GROSS RETURNS 125,113 22,998 76.80


45,039 8,279 27.65

NET RETURNS 19,819 3,643 12.17





c/ Less than P 0.01


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)


47

Table 29. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)


VARIABLE COSTS 96,862 17,805 59.46


Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 1,397 257 0.86

Liquid 102 19 0.06

Inorganic

Solid 11,306 2,078 6.94

Liquid 259 48 0.16


Pesticides

Solid 1,066 196 0.65

Liquid 3,221 592 1.98

Labor

Hired labor 13,027 2,395 8.00


Family labor 4,723 868 2.90


Rentals:

Machine 134 25 0.08

Animals 11 2 b/


Fuel 3,782 695 2.32

Oil 757 139 0.46




Repairs 1,924 354 1.18


Others a/

494 91 0.30

FIXED COSTS 8,432 1,550 5.18

Land tax 63 12 0.04






TOTAL COSTS 105,294 19,355 64.63


b/ Less than P 0.01

Item

48

Table 30. Average production costs and returns of garlic, Nueva Vizcaya, July 2012 - June 2013


Production 2,765.13 kg. 178,123 32,418 64.42



CASH COSTS 66,740 12,147 24.14


Organic fertilizers

Solid 91.58 kg. 422 77 0.15


Solid 684.14 kg. 14,910 2,714 5.39

Liquid 0.81 li. 154 28 0.06

Pesticides

Solid 3.04 kg. 1,753 319 0.63

Liquid 7.00 li. 3,547 646 1.28


Land tax 182 33 0.07

Rentals:

Machine 29 5 0.01

Fuel 7.18 li. 357 65 0.13

Oil 0.29 li. 34 6 0.01







Repairs 388 71 0.14

NON-CASH COSTS 14,671 2,670 5.31

Planting materials (cloves) 1.32 kg. 99 18 0.04

Organic fertilizers

Solid 65.93 kg. 195 35 0.07


Interest payment on crop loan 0.44 kg. 26 5 a/




(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

49



IMPUTED COSTS 59,741 10,873 21.61




Exchange labor 5.68 mandays 1,111 202 0.40

Depreciation 896 163 0.32



TOTAL COSTS 141,152 25,690 51.05

GROSS RETURNS 178,123 32,418 64.42


96,712 17,602 34.98

NET RETURNS 36,971 6,729 13.37



a/ Less than P 0.01



(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

50

Table 31. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, Nueva Vizcaya, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)


VARIABLE COSTS 122,079 22,218 44.15


Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 617 112 0.22

Inorganic

Solid 14,910 2,714 5.39

Liquid 154 28 0.06


Pesticides

Solid 1,753 319 0.63

Liquid 3,547 646 1.28

Labor

Hired labor 23,362 4,252 8.45


Family labor 11,675 2,125 4.22

Exchage labor 1,111 202 0.40

Rentals:

Machine 29 5 0.01

Fuel 357 65 0.13

Oil 34 6 0.01





Repairs 388 71 0.14


FIXED COSTS 19,073 3,471 6.90

Land tax 182 33 0.07





TOTAL COSTS 141,152 25,690 51.05

Item

51

Table 32. Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013


Production 2,009.19 kg. 215,861 51,034 107.44



CASH COSTS 41,548 9,823 20.68


Organic fertilizers

Solid 67.79 kg. 246 58 0.12

Liquid 0.11 li. 63 15 0.03


Solid 258.52 kg. 5,978 1,413 2.98

Liquid 0.21 li. 78 19 0.04


Pesticides

Solid 0.72 kg. 300 71 0.15

Liquid 5.89 li. 2,892 684 1.44


Land tax 871 206 0.43

Rentals:

Land 259 61 0.13

Machine 34 8 0.02

Animals 11 3 d/


Fuel 99.60 li. 4,540 1,073 2.26

Oil 5.13 li. 784 185 0.39





Repairs 3,001 710 1.49

Others a/

105 25 0.05

NON-CASH COSTS 6,589 1,558 3.28


Organic fertilizers

Solid 28.20 kg. 141 33 0.07


Rentals:

Land 5.08 kg. 524 124 0.26



(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

52



IMPUTED COSTS 41,609 9,837 20.71


Organic fertilizers

Solid 11.96 kg. 200 47 0.10


Solid 119.14 kg. 2,659 629 1.32

Soil ameliorants

Solid 0.39 kg. 20 5 d/


Pesticides

Solid 0.08 kg. 2 c/ d/







Others b/

39 9 0.02

TOTAL COSTS 89,747 21,218 44.67

GROSS RETURNS 215,861 51,034 107.44


167,724 39,653 83.48

NET RETURNS 126,115 29,816 62.77





c/ Less than P 1.00

d/ Less than P 0.01


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)


53

Table 33. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)


VARIABLE COSTS 81,781 19,335 40.70


Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 587 139 0.29

Liquid 63 15 0.03

Inorganic

Solid 8,637 2,042 4.30

Liquid 78 19 0.04

Soil ameliorant

Solid 20 5 b/


Pesticides

Solid 302 72 0.15

Liquid 2,892 684 1.44

Labor

Hired labor 13,756 3,252 6.85


Family labor 6,179 1,461 3.08


Rentals:

Machine 34 8 0.02

Animals 11 3 b/


Fuel 4,540 1,073 2.26

Oil 784 185 0.39




Repairs 3,001 710 1.49

Others a/

144 34 0.07

FIXED COSTS 7,966 1,883 3.96

Land tax 871 206 0.43






TOTAL COSTS 89,747 21,218 44.67


b/ Less than P 0.01

Item

54

Table 34. Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, Quezon, July 2012 - June 2013


Production 1,164.01 kg. 104,392 17,086 89.68



CASH COSTS 11,505 1,883 9.88


Solid 0.81 kg. 29 5 0.02


Land tax 166 27 0.14

Rentals:

Animals 147 24 0.13

Fuel 0.24 li. 12 2 0.01

Food expense 960 157 0.82

Repairs 1,991 326 1.71

Others a/

29 5 0.02

NON-CASH COSTS 16,087 2,633 13.82



Hired labor in kind 10.35 mandays 1,786 292 1.53

Harvesters' share 18.05 kg. 1,410 231 1.21

Landowner's share 10.18 kg. 1,141 187 0.98

IMPUTED COSTS 39,086 6,397 33.58


Organic fertilizers

Solid 44.81 kg. 578 95 0.50





Interest on operating capital 470 77 0.40


TOTAL COSTS 66,678 10,913 57.28

GROSS RETURNS 104,392 17,086 89.68


76,800 12,570 65.98

NET RETURNS 37,714 6,173 32.40





(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)


55

Table 35. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, Quezon, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)


VARIABLE COSTS 63,997 10,474 54.98


Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 578 95 0.50

Inorganic

Solid 29 5 0.02


Labor

Hired labor 9,958 1,630 8.56

Operator labor 14,964 2,449 12.86

Family labor 11,216 1,836 9.64

Rentals:

Animals 147 24 0.13

Fuel 12 2 0.01

Food expense 960 157 0.82

Repairs 1,991 326 1.71

Harvesters' share 1,410 231 1.21


Others a/

29 5 0.02

FIXED COSTS 2,681 439 2.30

Land tax 166 27 0.14


Interest on operating capital 470 77 0.40


TOTAL COSTS 66,678 10,913 57.28

Item

56

Table 36. Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013


Production 2,092.79 kg. 113,968.00 37,313.00 54.46



CASH COSTS 53,110 17,388 25.38



Solid 512.73 kg. 11,017 3,607 5.26

Liquid 0.12 li. 37 12 0.02

Mulching materials 8.14 kg. 4 1 b/

Pesticides

Solid 1.35 kg. 1,069 350 0.51

Liquid 8.82 li. 5,049 1,653 2.41


Land tax 322 106 0.15


Rentals:

Land 106 35 0.05

Machine 82 27 0.04

Animals 59 19 0.03


Fuel 129.83 li. 5,799 1,898 2.77

Oil 4.62 li. 681 223 0.33


Interest payment on crop loan 1,778 582 0.85




Repairs 3,399 1,113 1.62

Others a/

4 1 b/

NON-CASH COSTS 14,481 4,741 6.92



Solid 0.04 kg. 14 5 b/

Liquid 0.41 li. 61 20 0.03


Caretaker/overseer's wages 1.63 kg. 65 21 0.03

Rentals:

Land 22.34 kg. 1,126 369 0.54

Machine 1.83 kg. 92 30 0.04

Landowner's share 10.38 kg. 570 187 0.27



(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

57



IMPUTED COSTS 21,975 7,194 10.50









TOTAL COSTS 89,566 29,324 42.80

GROSS RETURNS 113,968 37,313 54.46


46,377 15,184 22.16

NET RETURNS 24,402 7,989 11.66




b/ Less than P 0.01


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)


58

Table 37. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)


VARIABLE COSTS 78,631 25,744 37.57


Fertilizers

Inorganic

Solid 11,031 3,612 5.27

Liquid 98 32 0.05

Mulching materials 3,308 1,083 1.58

Pesticides

Solid 1,069 350 0.51

Liquid 5,049 1,653 2.41

Labor

Hired labor 18,313 5,996 8.75


Family labor 4,771 1,562 2.28



Rentals:

Machine 174 57 0.08

Animals 59 19 0.03


Fuel 5,799 1,898 2.77

Oil 681 223 0.33




Repairs 3,399 1,113 1.62


Others a/

4 1 b/

FIXED COSTS 10,935 3,580 5.23

Land tax 322 106 0.15

Lease rental 1,232 403 0.59

Interest payment on crop loan 1,778 582 0.85




TOTAL COSTS 89,566 29,324 42.80


b/ Less than P 0.01

Item

59

Table 38a. Inter-provincial comparison of average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare

by major cost item, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)

Cash CostsNon-cash

CostsImputed Costs Total Costs Gross Returns

All Provinces 46,705 18,447 35,320 100,473 146,270

Ilocos Norte 56,237 36,166 32,929 125,333 139,353

Ilocos Sur 46,450 33,623 25,220 105,294 125,113

Nueva Vizcaya 66,740 14,671 59,741 141,152 178,123

Nueva Ecija 41,548 6,589 41,609 89,747 215,861

Quezon 11,505 16,087 39,086 66,678 104,392

Mindoro Occidental 53,110 14,481 21,975 89,566 113,968

Province

Table 38b. Inter-provincial comparison of profitability of garlic production, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)

Returns Above

Cash Costs

Returns Above

Cash and Non-cash

Costs

Net ReturnsNet Profit-Cost

Ratio

All Provinces 99,565 81,117 45,797 0.46

Ilocos Norte 83,116 46,949 14,020 0.11

Ilocos Sur 78,662 45,039 19,819 0.19

Nueva Vizcaya 111,383 96,712 36,971 0.26

Nueva Ecija 174,313 167,724 126,115 1.41

Quezon 92,887 76,800 37,714 0.57

Mindoro Occidental 60,858 46,377 24,402 0.27

Province

60

Table 39. Percentage distribution of garlic produce by disposition item,


(in kilogram)

Sold /

To be

Sold

Harvesters'

Share

Other

Laborers'

Share

Landowner's

Share

Land

Lease/

Rental

All Provinces 77.24 0.06 0.05 4.30 0.35





Quezon 66.62 1.24 0.46 0.55


Province


(in kilogram)

For

Home

Consumption

Given

Away

Paid

to

Creditors

Used / To be Used

as Planting Materials

(Cloves)

WastageIrrigation

Fee

All Provinces 1.52 2.53 1.39 11.23 0.37 0.95

Ilocos Norte 1.37 1.80 0.05 14.08 0.08 0.24

Ilocos Sur 1.36 3.31 19.36 0.18 0.09

Nueva Vizcaya 1.64 1.35 0.02 0.54 0.10

Nueva Ecija 1.58 4.25 5.84 12.12 1.18 3.71

Quezon 4.62 1.46 5.97 15.85 0.11 3.00


Province

61

Table 40. Percentage* of garlic farmers reporting on current level of production in comparison

with the same period last year, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Higher This Year Lower This Year About The Same

All Provinces 14.89 56.00 8.44

Ilocos Norte 10.67 68.00 17.33

Ilocos Sur 6.67 88.00 2.67

Nueva Vizcaya 14.67 33.33 13.33

Nueva Ecija 14.67 40.00 8.00

Quezon 5.33 57.33


*Some respondents reported "no point of comparison"

Province

Table 41. Percentage of garlic farmers with higher volume of production this year by reason

for change in production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Increase

in Area

Good

Weather

Good Quality of

Planting Materials

(Cloves)

Use of

Fertilizer

Adequate

Water

Supply

Proper Farm

Management

All Provinces 28.36 22.39 22.39 16.42 1.49 16.42

Ilocos Norte 50.00 25.00 12.50 37.50

Ilocos Sur 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00

Nueva Vizcaya 9.09 9.09 27.27 9.09 63.64

Nueva Ecija 27.27 36.36 9.09 9.09 27.27

Quezon 25.00 100.00


Reasons For Change in Production

Province

62

Table 42. Percentage of garlic farmers with lower volume of production this year by reason

for change in production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Decrease

in Area

Bad

Weather/

Calamities

Pests

and

Diseases

Low Quality of

Planting Materials

(Cloves)

Lack of

Fertilizer

Inadequate

Water

Supply

Poor

GerminationOthers

a/

All Provinces 12.30 60.71 31.75 33.33 1.19 1.19 3.17 3.97

Ilocos Norte 21.57 74.51 19.61 15.69 1.96 3.92 3.92

Ilocos Sur 4.55 77.27 56.06 13.64 12.12 7.58


Nueva Ecija 20.00 3.33 6.67 76.67 3.33 3.33 10.00

Quezon 2.33 72.09 9.30 20.93 2.33


a/ Others include poor quality of produce, poor soil condition and improper farm management

Province

Reasons For Change in Production

Table 43. Percentage of garlic farmers reporting problems on production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Pests

and

Diseases

High

Cost

of

Inputs

Bad

Weather/

Calamities

Lack of

Capital

Rough or

Poor Road /

Inadequate

Transport

Facilities

Inadequate

Supply of

Water /

Irrigation

Problem

Poor

Soil

Condition

Poor

Quality of

Planting

Materials

(Cloves)

Others a/

All Provinces 42.67 38.44 47.56 10.67 2.67 6.00 5.33 4.67 3.11

Ilocos Norte 41.33 68.00 30.67 12.00 2.67 8.00 10.67 4.00

Ilocos Sur 76.00 25.33 46.67 10.67 1.33 5.33 1.33

Nueva Vizcaya 26.67 54.67 49.33 5.33 1.33 5.33

Nueva Ecija 30.67 10.67 20.00 2.67 1.33 17.33 9.33 26.67 4.00

Quezon 9.33 96.00 2.67 5.33 5.33 1.33

Mindoro Occidental 72.00 72.00 42.67 30.67 12.00 4.00 1.33 2.67

a/ Others include lack of knowledge on farm operations and lack of government support

Province

63

Table 44. Percentage of garlic farmers who sold produce by major buyer, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

Agent WholesalerWholesaler-

retailerAssembler Cooperative Consumer

All Provinces 19.11 14.67 26.44 14.67 2.00 22.22

Ilocos Norte 12.00 6.67 10.67 66.67 4.00

Ilocos Sur 44.00 21.33 10.67 20.00 6.67 1.33

Nueva Vizcaya 17.33 10.67 33.33 5.33 38.67

Nueva Ecija 12.00 33.33 36.00 18.67

Quezon 1.33 6.67 29.33 69.33


Province

Table 45. Percentage of garlic farmers reporting problems on marketing of produce,


Unstable

Prices

Rough Roads/

High Transport

Cost

Low

Price of

Produce

No Buyer/

Market

Outlet

Lack of

Marketing

Information

Low

Quality

of Produce

All Provinces 50.44 2.00 55.11 23.33 11.11 1.11

Ilocos Norte 80.00 4.00 74.67 5.33 10.67

Ilocos Sur 56.00 1.33 78.67 10.67 2.67

Nueva Vizcaya 45.33 69.33 9.33 4.00

Nueva Ecija 34.67 30.67 44.00 22.67

Quezon 21.33 1.33 20.00 28.00 12.00 1.33


Province

64

Table 46. Percentage of garlic farmers who availed of loans for garlic production and

by source of loan, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Percentage of

Garlic Farmers Who

Availed Loan

Cooperative BankPrivate

Individual

All Provinces 11.78 18.87 7.55 73.58


Ilocos Sur 18.67 28.57 7.14 64.29

Nueva Vizcaya 12.00 55.56 11.11 33.33

Nueva Ecija 6.67 20.00 80.00

Quezon


Province

Table 47. Percentage of garlic farmers who are aware and availed of benefit from government programs/

interventions in garlic production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Aware of Government

Programs/Interventions

Availed of Benefit from Government

Programs/Interventions






Quezon 90.67 98.53


Province

65

Table 48. Percentage of garlic farmers who received benefit from government programs/

interventions on garlic production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Planting

Materials

(Cloves)

Fertilizer

and Other

Inputs

Training on

Farming

Technology

Irrigation

Facilities

Post Harvest

Facilities

All Provinces 94.55 20.00 3.64 1.36 0.45

Ilocos Norte 58.82 35.29 5.88

Ilocos Sur 86.36 4.55 9.09 4.55

Nueva Vizcaya 100.00

Nueva Ecija 98.18 52.73 1.82 1.82

Quezon 100.00 11.94 7.46


Province

Table 49. Percentage of garlic farmers who used the benefit received and increased farm income,


Used the Benefit Received

From the GovernmentIncreased Farm Income






Quezon 97.01 19.40


Province

66

Table 50. Percentage of garlic farmers by perceived effect of climate change on their farming practices,


Change in

Cropping

Pattern

Decrease in

Number of

Cropping

Increase

in Input

Usage

Decrease

in Yield

Decrease

in Frequency

of Plowing

Others a/

All Provinces 79.56 16.76 10.34 23.74 72.63 0.84 3.63

Ilocos Norte 80.00 5.00 15.00 85.00 3.33

Ilocos Sur 80.00 10.00 5.00 25.00 85.00 5.00

Nueva Vizcaya 78.67 30.51 3.39 23.73 45.76

Nueva Ecija 70.67 56.60 30.19 28.30 35.85 1.89 11.32

Quezon 92.00 10.14 97.10

Mindoro Occidental 76.00 5.26 15.79 56.14 78.95 3.51 3.51

a/ Others include poor quality of produce, pests and diseases, and inadequate water supply

Effect

Province

Affected

by Climate

Change

Table 51. Percentage of garlic farmers practicing natural farming, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

Use of Organic

Fertilizer

Maintain Buffer

Zone

All Provinces 11.33 80.39 19.61


Ilocos Sur 10.67 100.00


Nueva Ecija 28.00 95.24 4.76

Quezon 25.33 52.63 47.37

Mindoro Occidental

ProvincePractices Natural

Farming

Natural Farming Practices

67

Table 52. Percentage of garlic farmers who are members of farmers' organization and by type

of benefit received, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Training/

Seminars

Financial/

Credit

Support

Inputs

Support

Marketing

Support

Irrigation

Facilities

Animal

Dispersal

All Provinces 60.67 47.99 4.03 31.14 13.55 20.15 1.47

Ilocos Norte 77.33 46.55 1.72 10.34 3.45 20.69 1.72

Ilocos Sur 93.33 25.71 8.57 45.71 7.14

Nueva Vizcaya 68.00 45.10 1.96 19.61 25.49 43.14

Nueva Ecija 26.67 40.00 5.00 40.00 25.00 10.00

Quezon 65.33 97.96 2.04 48.98 2.04


Province

Members of

Farmers'

Organization

Benefits received

Table 53. Percentage distribution of garlic farmers reporting on the plan of operation,


Maintain current

Operation

Expand

Operation

Shift to Other

Crops

Stop Planting

Operation

All Provinces 58.00 33.56 5.56 2.89

Ilocos Norte 64.00 21.33 10.67 4.00

Ilocos Sur 56.00 17.33 20.00 6.67


Nueva Ecija 56.00 38.67 2.67 2.67

Quezon 62.67 37.33 2.67


Province

68

Table 54. Percentage of garlic farmers reporting on the recommendations to further

improve the garlic production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Price

Support

Improve

Irrigation

Services

Infrastructure

Facilities

Regulate

Price of

Farm Inputs

Financial

Support

All Provinces 66.89 10.22 6.00 38.67 44.00

Ilocos Norte 86.67 12.00 6.67 62.67 30.67

Ilocos Sur 88.00 1.33 1.33 28.00 57.33

Nueva Vizcaya 76.00 5.33 5.33 44.00 30.67

Nueva Ecija 62.67 24.00 16.00 21.33

Quezon 2.67 1.33 17.33 1.33 64.00


Province


Soil

Testing/

Analysis

Land

Reform

Program

Environmental

Concern

New/ Modern

Farming

Technologies

Marketing

SupportOthers

a/

All Provinces 17.11 0.44 1.11 29.33 6.00 6.44

Ilocos Norte 26.67 1.33 36.00 1.33 6.67

Ilocos Sur 9.33 2.67 18.67 8.00

Nueva Vizcaya 1.33 1.33 1.33 20.00 2.67 8.00

Nueva Ecija 8.00 20.00 16.00 12.00

Quezon 49.33 1.33 1.33 22.67 1.33


a/ Others include input subsidy and improved quality of planting materials

Province

Republic of the Philippines

Philippine Statistics Authority (Bureau of Agricultural Statistics)

Ben-Lor Bldg., 1184 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City Agricultural Accounts and Statistical Indicators Division

Tel. No. 372-3823

[email protected]

http://www.bas.gov.ph

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