rescue 3 safety and rescue · 2016-03-22 · s srt curriculum identify appropriate search models -...

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R3 Safety and Rescue

©2013 R3SAR

Search Content Review

2015

Rescue 3 Europe Instructor Update

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Locate…

L. A. S. T.

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New Content in Manual

Drivers

Continue to align syllabus with best practice

Several significant water related searches

Defined Curriculum with learning outcomes

Evidence base for our practice

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SRT Curriculum

Identify Appropriate Search Models

- Koester’s Bike Wheel

State what tasks an individual trained at this level would carry our during a river based primary search.

State what tasks an individual trained at this level would carry our during a river based secondary search.

State what tasks an individual trained at this level would carry our during a river based flood-based secondary search.

Body Recovery Considerations

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Containment or defining the search area

Theoretical reasoning

How far in theory could the missing Subject have

travelled?

Statistical reasoning

The use of Lost Person Behaviour data

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Definitions

• Initial Planning Point (IPP)

The location from which we start

Primary Search

Secondary Search

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Koester’s Bike Wheel Analogy

Primary tasking

Axle - Initial Planning Point

(IPP)

Hub – area immediately

around the IPP (often

nominally described as the

300m ring

Spokes – Linear features to

be searched by primary teams

Rim – the containment of the

search area

Reflectors – Areas worth

checking out

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Wheel Segment

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Reflectors

• Large eddies

• Strainers

• Hydraulics

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Databases of Behaviour

Lost Person Behaviour

UK Missing Person Study

Grampian Missing Persons

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Robert Koester

40 databases

34 categories of missing

people

Behavioural profile for each

category of person

Possible scenarios

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Table taken from Robert

Koester’s ‘Lost Person

Behaviour.’ Category Child aged

1 – 3

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• Provides quartile statistics (25%, 50%, 75% and 95%)

Distance from

IPP (Miles)

Number of Children found

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Percentage of people

found

River (Normal Flow) River (Flood Stage)

25% No data 2 miles

50% 0.8 mile 12 miles

75% No data 17 miles

95% 8 miles 38 miles

©2013 R3SAR

Robert Koester Lost Person Behaviour, Water Related data page 282

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Koester’s data

95% subjects found within 8 miles

Data skewed towards IPP

IPP 0.8

mile 50% 50%

8 miles

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15 categories of

people

Presents scenarios

of what may have

happened

Often rural

scenarios

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©2013 R3SAR

Percentage of people Distance from IPP

25% 0.05km

50% 0.2km

75% 1.2km

100% 4.5km

UK Missing Person Behaviour Study – Water Category

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Grampian Police Study

9 categories of missing

people

Scenarios often drawn

from urban settings

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Grampian Police Study

“Even as little as the bodies fingertips trailing on a

stony riverbed, can halt its progress down stream.

…searchers should initially concentrate their

efforts in an area between 100 and 150 meters

down stream from the known point of entry”

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Water related database

Specific water related data base

• Distance found from

known entry point

• Details of the Subject

• Description of the water

body

• Lorna Dennison-Wilkins

• Sussex Police

• Specialist Search Unit

Live database (circa 100 water related entries)

Will go live very soon!

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Snapshots from Dennsion - Wilkins Study

Significant number of cases were located within

1m of the point of entry

Approximately half of cases were found within

15m of the point of entry

…analysis of the data and on-going data collection

will bring clarity.

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Laminar Flow or Turbulent Flow

Water moves in two main ways;

by laminar flow and by turbulent flow. In laminar flow the water travels in parallel bands; in turbulent flow it moves in pulsations in a variable way.

The velocity of water in laminar flow is always low; in turbulent flow it may be low or high.

Transportation of Detritus by Moving Water

Filip Hjulstrom

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Laminar Flow

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A sliding deck

of cards. What

is happening

to the bottom

card?

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Sink & Drift Table from IPP

Table One

Estimated Time to Sink Eight Feet

Age Weight(

lbs)

Chest

Cir. (in.)

Height Sink

Time

(sec)

3 33 20.2 2’9” 7.1

6 48 22.8 3’6” 6.4

12 95 28 5’ 6.2

Men 180 43 5’9” 5.3

Women 148 40 5’4” 5.1

Table Two

Distance (ft.) moved during descent for various currents

Speed (mph)

Time

(sec)

1

mph

2

mph

3

mph

4

mph

5

mph

6

mph

7

mph

1 1.5 2.9 4.4 5.9 7.3 8.8 10.3

2 2.9 5.9 8.8 11.7 14.7 17.6 20.5

3 4.4 8.8 13.2 17.6 22.0 26.4 30.8

4 5.9 11.7 17.6 23.5 29.3 35.2 41.1

5 7.3 14.7 22.0 29.3 36.7 44.0 51.3

6 8.8 17.6 26.4 35.2 44.0 52.8 61.6

7 10.3 20.5 30.8 41.1 51.3 61.6 71.9

8 11.7 23.5 35.2 46.9 58.7 70.4 82.1

9 13.2 26.4 39.6 52.8 66.0 79.2 92.4

10 14.7 29.3 44.0 58.7 73.3 88.0 102.7

Hunsucker, J. L., & Davison, S. J. (2013). Time required for a drowning victim to reach

bottom. Journal of Search and Rescue, 1(1).

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Hunsucker and Davison

Journal of Search and Rescue Vol 1 Issue 1

From the Discussion

…that body searches should begin in the

immediate vicinity of the best estimate of the

point the victim was last on the surface.

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Conwy Incident

Nominal Level

Victim wearing street clothing

Laminar flow present

IPP Searched exhaustively

Search area confined to a few hundred metres

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River Conwy

©2013 R3SAR

Approximation of

point last seen

Location found

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Conwy Incident

Spate Level

Victim wearing PFD and drysuit

Turbulent flow present

Victim travelling

Reflectors drowned- out

Search area based upon theoretical distance travelled

©2013 R3SAR

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Summary

Consider…

Setting containment (rim) based on theoretical distance in spate conditions or if the victim is wearing a PFD

Setting containment based on statistical distance during laminar flow conditions

Always search the IPP regardless of conditions

Understanding of hydrology vitally important Use of reflectors, especially in spate conditions

Datasets are only as good as the submitted information!

©2013 R3SAR

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R3 Safety and Rescue

©2013 R3SAR

www.r3sar.com

[email protected]

Contact:

01978 280252

R3 Safety & Rescue

@R3SAR

rescue 3 safety and rescue · 2016-03-22 · s srt curriculum identify appropriate search models -...

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