research article agromorphological traits...

Research ArticleAgromorphological Traits Variability ofthe Ethiopian Lentil and Exotic Genotypes

Fikru Mekonnen1 Firew Mekbib1 Shiv Kumar2 Seid Ahmed3 and Tilak R Sharma4

1 School of Plant Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Haramaya University PO Box 138 Dire Dawa Ethiopia2 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) Tel Hadya PO Box 5466 Aleppo Syria3 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) PO Box 5689 Addis Ababa Ethiopia4Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural UniversityPalampur 176 062 India

Correspondence should be addressed to Fikru Mekonnen tiewoastgmailcom

Received 18 February 2014 Accepted 23 May 2014 Published 22 June 2014

Academic Editor Ayman Suleiman

Copyright copy 2014 Fikru Mekonnen et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Understanding the genetic relationships and diversity of Ethiopian lentil in relation to lentil from other countries is importantin attempting to widen the genetic base of germplasm in the country The objectives of this study were to generate informationon agromorphological variability to estimate PCV GCV heritability and expected genetic advance of quantitative traits of lentil228 genotypes with different population types were studied for 11 agromorphological traits and rust disease severity score for twoseasons (2011-2012) over three locations The analysis of variance showed highly significant variations (119875 le 001) among genotypesfor all characters studied As per genetic parameter values four groups of character were deduced It is inferred that the exoticgenotypes introduced from ICARDA showed rich genetic bases for 100-seed weight number of seeds per plant seed weight perplant resistance source for rust and high yielder in high yielding environment where rainfall is not a major problem Use theEthiopian accessions for developing cultivars that could be used in double cropping and drought prone areas

1 Introduction

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik subsp culinaris) is a shortslender annual cool-season food legumeThe center of originof lentil is the Near East where it was first domesticated in theFertile Crescent around 7000 BC [1] According to Barulina[2] two varietal types based on seed size were recognizedthe small-seeded microsperma and the macrosperma withrelatively large flattened pods The largest lentil producer isIndia followed by Canada and Turkey accounting for 68of the global production [3] In Africa Ethiopia Moroccoand Tunisia are the leading producers but 61 of the areasand 68 of the production belong to Ethiopia [4] Lentil isan important dietary source of macro- and micronutrientsfor both rural and urban dwellers It provides sufficientamounts of the most essential amino acids to meet nutrientrequirements It is a cash crop fetching the highest pricein domestic market compared to all other food legumes

and major cereal crops [5] Global African and Ethiopianlentil productivity is about 887 kgha 644 kgha [3] and1168 kgha respectively [6] Biotic and abiotic factors limitlentil productivity and seed quality The major yield gapcontributing factors are insect pests diseases low yieldinglandraces grown by farmers and the narrow genetic base[7 8]

Prior knowledge of genetic variability and characteri-zation of genetic resources within the germplasm availableat a gene bank has an important implication for futureutilization and collection activities to identify areas of majorpriority for conservation and improvement programs [9]Quantitative traits provide an estimate of genetic diversityand various numerical taxonomic techniques have been suc-cessfully used to classify and measure the pattern of geneticdiversity in germplasm as in lentil [10 11] Morphologicalcharacterization is the first step in the classification anddescription of any crop germplasm [12] The assessment of

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in AgricultureVolume 2014 Article ID 870864 15 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014870864

2 Advances in Agriculture

Table 1 Geographical climatic and soil features of the experimental sites

Agroecological Sirinka Sinana Chefe DonsaRange of temperature (∘C) 21ndash32 93ndash209 89ndash283Mean annual rainfall (mm) 876 808 851Altitude (masl) 1850 2450 1900Latitude 12∘111015840N 7∘71015840N 8∘441015840NLongitude 39∘621015840E 40∘101015840E 39∘951015840ESoil texture Clay soil Clay soil Light soilSoil type Eutric vertisol black soil Pellic vertisol slightly acidic Afisols and vertisol black soil

genetic variability present in a given crop population canbe determined by using the biometrical components suchas range variance coefficient of variation standard errorand heritability The relative magnitude of these componentsdetermines the genetic properties of the population inparticular the degree of resemblance between germplasmthat is various determinants of the phenotype [13] Reference[14] emphasized that the uses of the genetic coefficient ofvariability together with heritability and genetic advancevalues would determine the best picture of the amount ofprogress to be expected from a selection and determine theselection method to improve a character

Several researchers investigated the diversity of economi-cally important traits of lentil germplasmand found consider-able variations [10 11 15ndash20] Some quantitative evaluationsof the Ethiopian landraces revealed potential variability formorphological traits [5 7 8 21ndash25] Understanding thegenetic relationships and diversity of the Ethiopian lentil inrelation to the germplasm from other countries is importantto widen the genetic base of a germplasm However infor-mation is not exhaustive for different population structuresof local and exotic genotypes on the genetic variability ofimportant traits which have economic benefit Hence theobjectives of this study were to generate information onmorphological variability and to estimate the phenotypiccoefficient of variation the genetic coefficient of variationthe heritability and genetic advance of quantitative traits inlentil

2 Materials and Methods

21 Description of the Study Sites The field experimentswere conducted on a hot spot area for rust The areasincluded Sirinka Agricultural Research Center (SIARC) inthe northeastern part of Ethiopia for two seasons (2011 and2012) Chefe Donsa in the central part of Ethiopia and SinanaAgricultural Research Center (SARC) in southeastern partof Ethiopia during the 201112 cropping season (Table 1 andFigure 1)

22 Plant Materials Out of the 228 genotypes consideredfor this study 158 were planted for morphological evaluationat SRARC in the 20102011 cropping season Of these 104genotypes were from the Ethiopian lentil gene pool collectedfrom six major lentil production regions (Figure 2) and werekept by the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation (IBC)

0

Amhara regionOromiya regionSirinka

SinanaChefe Donsa

300000 600000 900000 1200000150000

Map of trial sites

150000012000009000006000003000000

150000012000009000006000003000000

1500000

1200000

900000

600000

300000

1500000

1200000

900000

600000

300000

N

SEW

(km)

Figure 1 Geographical position of the experimental sites

The accessions represent over 17 of the 618 lentil accessionholdings of IBC Rust susceptible checkEL-142and wilt sus-ceptible checkILL-590NEL 590 as well as six commercialnational released varieties (Alemaya Adaa Teshale AlemTena Chekol and Derash) were used as a check Ten elitebreeding lines from the DebreZeit Agricultural Research Sta-tion (DZARC) Ethiopia were included Thirty-six parentallines and elite lines based on superiority for agronomic traitsintroduced from the International Center for AgriculturalResearch in Dry Areas (ICARDA) were included (Table 2)In the 201112 cropping season 228 genotypes plus RILs wereincluded in the study across three locations Sirinka ChefeDonsa and Sinana

23 Experimental Layout and Design A randomized com-plete block design (RCBD) was used with three replicationsin the 20102011 cropping season at SIARC A unit plotcomprised 2-meter length row with a plot size of (08m2)Row-to row distance was 20 cm The distance between twoplots was 50 cm and the distance between two blocks was100 cmThegenotypeswere planted in the first week of July Inthe 201112 cropping season the experiment was carried out

Advances in Agriculture 3

Table 2 List of genotypes and their origin

Source oforigin

Number ofgenotypes Name of genotype Type of

genotypes

Tigray 8 Acc no 219957 235383 237503 237504 241785 242604243447 Landrace

Amhara 54

Acc no 36003 36025 36028 36039 36041 36061 3607136085 36088 36089 36097 36103 36104 36105 36137 3613936150 36162 36165 36168 207258 207274 207287 207309212745 215248 215249 223221 228242 229179 229182229183 231247 235013 235015 235016 235017 236484236486 236487 237502 238978 238979 241784 241786243433 243436 243440 243443 244606 244610 244615244619 244623

Landrace

Oromya 29

Acc no 36001 36007 36009 36013 36015 36019 3602336029 36033 36042 36048 36058 36110 36120 36131203141 215806 216877 228809 230521 230833 230834230837 231248 235698 236438 236892 237027 238971

Landrace

SNNP 2 Acc no 36147 and Acc No 228243 LandraceSomali 1 Acc no 230832 Landrace

DZARC 6

ILL4225 x ILL4605 ILL 6821 Alemaya ILL 1 x ILL1169ILL 6027 ADAA ILL 7978 Teshale Alemaya xFLIP88-41L Derash ILL 7981 Aleme Tena and P160ILL2704 Chekol

Improvedvariety

Unknown 10 Acc no 36134 207260 211062 211078 211110 220120 211131233349 233973 241782 Landrace

ICARDA 22

L-9-11 X2002S 219 ILL 6821 X2002S 221 7980 X2002S221FLIP 96-47 L7979 X2003S 195ILL 7115 ILL4965 xILL6155FLIP-97-16LILL 8078 ILL 883 x ILL470FLIP-84-95LILL 5722 X2003S 233 ILL 8009 2003S235 X2003S 238 ILL 4605 X2005S 215ILL 6002 2006S122 FLIP 2003-43L ILL 7010 x ILL 1939 ILL 9932 ILL2573 x ILL 7537 FLIP 2003-62 L ILL 9951X2006S 122ILL 7620 x ILL 9151 FLIP 2003-56L ILL 9945X2006S 127X2006S 129F2 X2006S 130FLIP 93-46L ILL 547X2006S 130FLIP 96-46 LILL 7978 X2006S133FLIP87-21L ILL 4349 x ILL4605ILL 6211 X2006S134ILL8174 X2002S 219 shehor-74 ILL 7554 X2003S222ILL 213 X2006S 128ILL 5480

Parent

DARC 11

EL-142ILL 5071 87S-93549XEL-1O3-3 87s-93549XEL-03-4Chekol X R-186-1 Chekol x R-186-2 EL-142 X R-186-3EXOTIC DZ2008 AK Chekol x R-186-8-0 ILL-358 XILL-2573-2-2000 R-186X FLIP-86-38LR-186XFLIP-86-38L-23

Breeding line

ICARDA 15

ILL-28501 FLIP-04-26L FLIP-2004-37L FLIP-2004-7LFLIP-2006-20L FLIP-2006-60L FLIP-87-68L FLIP-93-63LFLIP-97-61L FLIP-97-68L ILL 6037 x ILX 87062FLIP2005-24L ILL-10045 ILL-10680 ILL-590NEL 590L-830 PrecozeILL 4605

Breeding line

ICARDA 70 RIL1-RIL 70 RILGenotypes represent different population groups of lentil germplasm such as landrace elite breeding lines putative parents and recombinant inbred lines (RIL)Unknown = originated from Ethiopia but sites of collection are not mentionedRIL = recombinant inbred line

using the augmented design with a single row of 2m lengthfor each genotype planted in five blocks Eight checks werereplicated within each block Planting was done in the firstweek of July at SIARC in mid-August at Chefe Donsa andin mid-September at SARC The recommended agronomicpackages were applied for raising a successful crop

24 Data Collection Data were recorded on 10 randomlyselected plants on plant basis for plant height (PH) numberof podsplant (NP) number of seedspod (NS) number ofseedsplant (NSPP) and seed weightplant (SWPP) whereasdays to flowering (DFF) days to maturity (DM) aboveground biomass (BI) 100-seed weight in gram (SW) seed


Table 3 Mean squares for agromorphological traits of 158 lentil genotypes at Sirinka in the 201011 cropping season

Sources of variation df Mean squaresDFF DM NP NS SWPP NSPP PH SW BI SY PSS

Replication 2 5619 12481 30673 127 21 89801 3792 001 6475 466752 02Genotype 157 706lowastlowast 4083lowastlowast 3597lowastlowast 03lowastlowast 07lowastlowast 8592lowastlowast 487lowastlowast 099lowastlowast 35878lowastlowast 46454lowastlowast 18lowastlowast

Error 314 139 4547 1263 006 017 2003 813 01 6140 994 02CV 65 7 319 199 368 33 82 122 273 371 97Mean 572 957 353 12 11 429 346 25 2868 849 5LSD (at 5) 6 111 305 04 06 234 05 46 1127 479 08df = Degree of FreedomDF = days to 50 flowering DM = days to 90 maturity NP = number of pods per plant NS = number of seeds per pod SWPP = Seed Weight per PlantNSPP = Number of Seeds per Plant PH = Plant height in cm SW = 100-seed weight in gram BI = Bio mass PSS = Pod set Scorelowastlowast lowast = Significant at 5 and 1 probability levels respectively

0 350 700175 (km)

N Map of trial sites

West HarargeEast WellegaEast ShewaEast HarargeBorenaBaleArssiSouth Gonder

West GojamNorth ShewaNorth GonderNorth WolloSouth WolloSouthern TigrayEastern TigrayCentral Tigray

48∘09984000998400998400E45

∘09984000998400998400E42

∘09984000998400998400E39

∘09984000998400998400E36

∘09984000998400998400E33

∘09984000998400998400E

45∘09984000998400998400E42

∘09984000998400998400E39

∘09984000998400998400E36

∘09984000998400998400E

12∘0998400

0998400998400

N9∘09984000998400998400

N6∘09984000998400998400

N3∘09984000998400998400

N

12∘09984000998400998400

N9∘09984000998400998400

N6∘09984000998400998400

N3∘09984000998400998400

N

Figure 2 Map of Ethiopia showing areas of collection sites (shadedregion) of the landrace accessions

yieldplant (SY) pod set score (PSS) (1ndash9 rating scale where1 = very poor pod setting and 9 = excellent pod setting) andrust severity scored on a 1ndash9 scale (1ndash9 rating scale where 1 =highly resistant and 9 = highly susceptible) before flowering(RSBF) and after flowering (RSAF) were recorded on plotbasis according to [26]

25 Data Analysis Plot mean values were calculated for alltraits and used for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) Theestimation of genetic parameters was analyzed using GenStatRelease 133 [27] Phenotypic and genotypic variances for theaugmented design were computed for all traits based on themethods of [28] The pooled analysis for augmented designwas carried out according to [29 30] using GenStat Release

151 [31] The broad sense of heritability (ℎ2) was estimatedusing the genotype mean according to [14] Consider

ℎ2

= [1205902

119892

1205902119901] times 100 (1)

Genetic advance (GA) for selection intensity (119870) at 5is estimated according to [14] using the formula GA =(119870)(120590119901)(ℎ

2

)The genetic advance as the percentage of the mean

(GAM)was estimated as per [32] formula GAM = (GA119883)lowast100

3 Results

31 Analysis of Variance Highly significant genotypic (119875 le001) differences were observed for all parameters measuredin the 201011 cropping season at Sirinka indicating that thevariation was geneticThemean square CV andmean valuesfor traits of the genotype were presented in Table 3

Moderate variabilities with an intermediate coefficient ofvariation (CV) among the genotypes were observed for daysto 50 flowering days to 90maturity plant height and podset score whereas considerable variations were observed forthe rest of the traits among the genotypes (Table 3)

The analysis of variance for the 201112 cropping seasonwithin the check showed significant variation at Sirinkaexcept for two traits number of seedspods and number ofseedsplant (Table 4) At ChefeDonsa days to 50 floweringnumber of podsplant number of seedspods number ofseedsplant and seed weightplant had nonsignificant vari-ation within the checks (Table 5) At Sinana all traits showedsignificant variability except days to 50 flowering daysto 90 maturity number of seedspods and above groundbiomass within the checks (Table 6) Consistent significantvariations were noted across locations within the checks forplant height 100-seed weight and seed yield (Tables 4 5 and6)

The analysis of variance showed a highly significantvariation (119875 le 001) for days to 50 flowering daysto 90 maturity number of podsplant and number ofseedspods within the test genotypes at Sirinka (Table 4) AtChefe Donsa analysis depicted a highly significant variation



Sources of Variation df Mean squaresDFF DM NP NS NSPP SWPP PH SW BI SY

Block 4 4134lowastlowast 3505lowastlowast 9832lowast 021lowastlowast 16936lowast 116 3549lowast 08lowast 113623lowastlowast 8974Within checks 7 1555lowastlowast 5046lowastlowast 7346lowast 01 12138 19lowast 373lowast 23lowastlowast 67151lowast 9542lowast

Within test genotypes 219 919lowastlowast 1825lowastlowast 10534lowastlowast 02lowastlowast 7227 05 2430lowast 05lowast 18463 2807Between check and test genotypes 1 06 352 9951 03lowastlowast 52276lowastlowast 132lowastlowast 182 46lowastlowast 437621lowastlowast 110311lowastlowast

Residual 35 141 341 302 004 5461 07 135 03 24236 3801df = degree of freedomDFF = days to 50 flowering DM = days to 90 maturity NP = number of pods per plant NS = number of seeds per pod SWPP = seed weight per plantNSPP = number of seeds per plant PH = plant height in cm SW = 100-seed weight in gram BI = biomass PSS = pod set scorelowastlowast lowast = significant at 5 and 1 probability levels respectively

Table 5 Mean squares for agromorphological traits of 228 lentil genotypes at Chefe Donsa in the 201112 cropping season

Sources of variation df Mean squaresDFF DM NP NS NSPP SWPP PH SW BI SY RSAF

Block 4 244 3279lowastlowast 6647lowast 003 14894lowast 14lowast 126lowast 07lowastlowast 77552lowastlowast 3332lowast 103lowastlowast

Within check 7 126 2236lowast 516 004 2926 04 220lowastlowast 12lowastlowast 23490lowast 3363lowast 172lowastlowast

Within test genotypes 219 304lowastlowast 1333 1843 006 4957 03 150lowastlowast 06lowastlowast 8941 1314 48lowastlowast

Between check and test genotypes 1 1015lowastlowast 105 9885lowast 01 11278 23lowast 77 003 227174lowastlowast 41227lowastlowast 273lowastlowast

Residual 35 121 834 1882 006 5601 04 45 01 10084 1183 2lowastlowast lowast = significant at 5 and 1 probability levels respectively

Table 6 Mean squares for agromorphological traits of 228 lentil genotypes at Sinana in the 201112 cropping season

Sources of vriation df Mean squaresDFF DM NP NS NSPP PH SW BI SY RSBF RSAF

Block 4 3058lowastlowast 2224lowast 509 004 3196lowast 1478lowastlowast 13lowastlowast 153488lowastlowast 68976lowastlowast 51lowastlowast 161lowastlowast

Within check 7 2242 24731 765lowastlowast 01 2745lowast 537lowast 26lowastlowast 30505 68428lowastlowast 17lowast 59Within test genotypes 219 100546lowastlowast 36536 656lowastlowast 01lowast 2562lowastlowast 293 07lowastlowast 34051 12791lowast 20lowastlowast 46Between check and test genotypes 1 005 1211 1246lowast 02 3451 1849lowastlowast 30lowastlowast 474202lowastlowast 802445lowastlowast 108lowastlowast 691lowastlowast

Residual 35 191 2446 30 01 1165 23 01 29335 8232 08 38RSBF Rust disease severity score before floweringRSAF Rust disease severity score after floweringlowastlowast lowast = significant at 5 and 1 probability levels respectively

(119875 le 001) within test genotypes for days to 50 floweringplant height 100-seed weight and rust disease severity scoreafter flowering (Table 5) whereas at Sinana all traits revealedsignificant variation (119875 le 005) except days to 90 maturityplant height above ground biomass and rust disease severityscore after flowering within test genotypes (Table 6)

The analysis of variance between check and test genotypesfor the 201112 cropping season showed highly significantdifferences except for days to 50 flowering days to 90maturity number of podsplant and plant height at Sirinka(Table 4) At Chefe Donsa significant (119875 le 005) varia-tions were observed for days to 50 flowering number ofpodsplant seed weightplant above ground biomass seedyield and rust disease severity score between checks and testgenotypes (Table 5) whereas at Sinana significant variationswere recorded between checks and test genotypes for numberof podsplant plant height 100-seed weight seed yield andrust severity score before and after flowering (Table 6) Thetest for homogeneity of error variance was significant across

locations because the genotypes perform differently acrossthe three locations for yield and yield component traitsThus it could not make further valid inferences for thepooled ANOVA (Table 7) Besides rust infection was severeat Sinanamild at ChefeDonsa and absent at Sirinka and thenno combined analysis was made for this character

The minimum and maximum values of 11 agromorpho-logical traits analyzed for the 20102011 cropping season atSirinka were presented in (Table 8) The range for days to50 flowering was recorded from 42 to 78 days for Accnumber 36120 and breeding line (FLIP-04-26L) respectively(Table 12) The shortest maturity period was recorded (77days) for Acc number 36025 and the longest (138 days)for FLIP-04-26L Parent X2003S 223 produced the mini-mum (16) number of podsplant while the maximum (733podsplant) was noted for breeding line (R-186XFLIP-86-38L-24)The shortest plant height of 206 cmwas recorded forbreeding line (FLIP-97-61L) and the highest was 447 cm forAcc number 36001Theminimum number of seedspod was


Table 7 Mean squares of the combined analysis of variance for lentil yield and yield component traits and mean values for each location inthe 201112 cropping season

Sources of variation df DFF DM NP NS NSPP PH SW BI SYEnvironment mean squares 2 7540lowastlowast 10650lowastlowast 5579lowastlowast 171886lowastlowast 1621lowastlowast 20283lowastlowast 1532lowastlowast 10316lowastlowast 3431lowastlowast

Genotype mean squares 227 36lowastlowast 12NS 04NS 001NS 02NS 09lowastlowast 89lowastlowast 04lowastlowast 11lowastlowast

Residual mean squares 454 15 161 16 09 07 04 17 02 05Range 41ndash91 60ndash131 121ndash298 04ndash26 206ndash643 227ndash47 08ndash51 2045ndash632 198ndash172Sirinka mean 564 914 374 12 4377 339 27 2698 832Chefe Donsa mean 561 1145 29 15 438 2771 28 2694 868Sinana mean 663 1046 192 19 34 405 24 5213 44Environment mean 64 105 30 16 40 36 25 400 60df = degree of freedomDFF = days to 50 flowering DM = days to 90 maturity NP = number of pods per plant NS = number of seeds per pod SWPP = seed weight per plantNSPP = number of seeds per plant PH = plant height in cm SW = 100-seed weight in gram BI = biomass PSS = pod set scorelowastlowast lowast = significant at 5 and 1 probability levels respectivelyNS = nonsignificant

Table 8 Genetic parameter estimates for agromorphological characters of lentil genotypes at Sirinka 201011 cropping season

Traits Mean Range GV PV PCV GCV ℎ2 GA GAM

DFF 572 42ndash78 187 325 76 10 573 68 118DM 957 77ndash138 1193 1648 115 135 724 192 201NP 353 16ndash733 764 2029 25 405 377 111 315NS 12 05ndash20 01 018 226 301 56 04 348PWPP 15 024ndash81 07 08 584 607 926 17 158SWPP 11 01ndash34 02 03 363 516 489 06 52NSPP 429 55ndash1031 2154 4162 346 478 518 219 51PH 346 206ndash447 134 216 106 134 623 6 173SW 25 138ndash49 03 04 217 249 758 1 389BI 2868 35ndash7678 98067 15955 347 442 615 1605 56SY 849 0ndash3472 11923 21887 411 554 545 528 622PSS 5 2ndash7 05 07 14 171 66 12 232Triats DFF = days to 50 flowering DM = days to 90 maturity NP = number of pods per plant NS = number of seeds per pod NSPP = number of seedsper plant PH = plant height in cm SW = 100-seed weight in gram BI = above ground biomass SY = seed yieldGV = genotypic variance PV = phenotypic variance GCV = genetic coefficient of variation PCV = phenotypic coefficient of variation h2 = broad sense ofheritability GA = genetic advance GAM = genetic advance as the percentage of the mean

recorded (05 seed) for landrace (Acc number 36098) andthe maximum (2 seeds) for parent line (X2003S 2338009)Seed weightplant ranged from 01 g for parent line X2002S219shehor-747554 to 34 g for breeding line R-186XFLIP-86-38L-24 (Table 12) The number of seedsplant ranged from55 for landrace (Acc number 36098) to 1031 for lines R-186XFLIP-86-38L-24 The largest seed size was observedfor parent line FLIP-2004-7L (49 g) while the parent lineX2003S 2338009had a minimum seed weight of 14 g Thelowest biomassplant was recorded for the parent line X2003S223 (35 g) and the highest biomassplant was recorded forthe parent line X2006S 1285480(7678 g) The lowest seedyield (0 g) was recorded for landrace X2003S 223 whereasbreeding line ILL-590 showed the highest seed yield (3472 g)(Table 12)

32 Phenotypic and Genotypic Coefficients of VariationThough variability in population is an indispensable pre-requisite for any improvement it is not the only criterionfor deciding as to which trait is showing the highest degree

of variability Phenotype coefficient of variation (PCV) andgenotype coefficient of variation (GCV) can help in thisregard Estimates of genetic parameter are shown in Tables8 9 10 and 11 PCV and GCV values of approximately morethan 20 are regarded as high whereas values less than 10are considered low and values in between are considered asmedium [33] Based on this delineation high PCV and GCVvalues were recorded for number of podsplant number ofseedspod pod weightplant seed weightplant number ofseedsplant 100 seed weight above ground biomass and seedyield However days to 50 flowering days to 90maturityand plant height showed lower GCV and PCV values in the20102011 cropping season In the 201112 cropping seasonsimilar GCV and PCV patterns were recorded across thethree locations for number of podsplant seed weightplantnumber of seedsplant above ground biomass seed yieldand rust disease score whereas low PCV and GCV werenoted for number of podsplant number of seedspodsseed weightplant and number of seedsplant at ChefeDonsa



Traits Test genotype mean Check mean Grand mean GV PV PCV GCV ℎ2 GA GAM

DFF 563 563 563 774 93 156 171 833 166 294DM 917 912 917 1452 182 131 147 798 222 242NP 357 452 357 7147 10251 75 898 697 459 1288NS 12 13 12 01 02 276 343 65 06 499NSPP 407 596 407 1464 1768 327 327 828 227 557SW 27 31 27 02 05 186 276 456 07 246PH 335 352 335 83 236 86 145 35 35 105BI 2459 3923 2459 5051 21656 289 598 233 706 287SY 752 1492 752 962 3429 412 778 281 339 451Traits DFF = days to 50 flowering DM = days to 90 maturity NP = number of pods per plant NS = number of seeds per pod NSPP = number of seedsper plant PH = plant height in cm SW = 100-seed weight in gram BI = above ground biomass SY = seed yieldGV = genotypic variance PV = phenotypic variance GCV = genetic coefficient of variation PCV = phenotypic coefficient of variation ℎ2 = broad sense ofheritability GA = genetic advance GAM = genetic advance as the percentage of the mean

Table 10 Genetic parameter estimates for agromorphological characters of lentil genotypes at Chefe Donsa 201112 cropping season


DFF 559 573 559 149 293 69 97 506 56 101DM 1141 1132 1141 394 1305 55 100 302 71 62NP 269 353 269 46 1853 79 500 25 07 26NS 15 14 15 01 01 14 158 07 0005 03NSPP 413 502 413 22 5024 36 539 04 02 04SWPP 11 14 11 003 03 178 54 109 01 112SW 28 27 28 05 06 237 262 818 13 466PH 275 285 275 64 143 92 137 452 35 128BI 2626 3056 2626 27890 98880 20 376 282 578 220SY 825 1076 825 4602 1427 257 453 323 251 305RSAF 36 31 36 31 49 491 617 632 29 801

The lowest PCV (10) was recorded for days to 50 flow-ering and the highest (607) for pod weightplant at Sirinka20102011 At Sirinka 20102011 GCVvalues ranged from76for days to 50 flowering to 584 for pod weightplant(Table 8)ThemaximumPCVandGCV recorded for numberof podsplant were 898 and 75 respectively at Sirinka2012 while the lowest PCV and GCV recorded for plantheight were 145 and 86 respectively (Table 9) Days to 90maturity and 100-seed weight showed moderate GCV AtChefe Donsa and Sinana values recorded for both PCV andGCV were similar with those of Sirinka (Tables 10 and 11)Traits such as number of podsplant seed weightplant 100-seed weight above ground biomass seed yield and rustdisease score showed relatively high PCV and GCV valuesacross the four environments (Tables 8ndash11)

33Heritability andGenetic Advance Thebroad sense of her-itability (1198672) estimates of the traits ranged from 04 (num-ber of seedsplant) to 926 (pod weightplant) Accordingto [34] heritability estimate in cultivated plants can be placedin the following categories heritability estimate ranging from5 to 10 low values ranging from 10 to 30 mediumand values 30 and above as high heritability Based onthe above classification most of the characters have shownhigh heritability over locations except at Chefe Donsa At

Chefe Donsa low heritability estimates were recorded fornumber of seedsplant (04) number of seedspods (07)and number of podsplant (25) (Table 10) At Sinanaheritability estimates ranged from 18 to 88 for biomassand 100-seed weight respectively Days to 90 maturitynumber of seedsplant plant height and above groundbiomass had a moderate heritability (177ndash261) (Table 11)whereas seed yield 100-seed weight rust disease scorenumber of podsplant and number of seedsplant scoredhigher heritability

Consistently higher value of heritability was revealed fordays to 50flowering 100-seedweight days to 90maturityand plant height over locations However all these fourcharacters associated with low genetic advance value (GA)because of low GCV whereas 100-seed weight rust severityscore and seed yield showed high heritability values coupledwith high genetic advance values across locations because ofhigh of GCV Numbers of seedsplant seed weightplant andnumber of seedspod have intermediate GCV and heritabilitywith a mild response to selection

4 Discussion

Morphological diversity has been used to characterize germ-plasm from a range of plant species and allows the assessment


Table 11 Genetic parameter estimates for agromorphological characters of lentil genotypes at Sinana 201112 cropping season


DFF 6604 668 661 207 666 69 124 311 79 121DM 1051 1045 1051 866 3312 24 151 261 98 93NP 192 208 193 337 636 302 414 529 86 444NSPP 339 361 34 331 1496 169 36 221 131 385SW 238 27 24 06 07 327 35 871 151 632PH 403 426 404 72 301 66 136 237 27 67BI 5051 6191 5091 6290 35625 156 371 177 699 138SY 402 896 419 8098 1633 679 964 496 458 1092RSBF 2 15 19 12 2 556 719 597 18 889RSAF 58 46 57 12 51 195 394 245 12 211

of genetic diversityThe purpose of this study was to comparethe genetic diversity within and among Ethiopian and exoticlentil genotypes of the Ethiopian possessions In this paperthe characterizations of morphological variation of lentilgermplasm using biometrical model was described

As per ANOVA highly significant phenotypic (119875 le 001)differences were observed for all traits measured indicatingthe existence of variation The presence of highly significantvariation among the genotypes for the morphological traitswas indicative of the presence of high degree of genetic vari-ation for future breeding programs through selection Simi-larly from follow-up study with the simple sequence repeat(SSR) genetic diversity analysis was a supportive evidenceof the presence of a considerable variability among bothlocal and exotic lentil genotypes of the Ethiopia germplasm(unpublished data) In agreement with this report [21 34ndash39] reported significant genetic variations among lentil lan-draces On the other hand some studies showed that nosignificant variation was recorded for some traits like seedweightplant and days to flowering [21 38 40]

The results recorded for coefficient of variation werecomparable with [38] for days to 50 flowering (88) plantheight (91) number of seedsplant (432) and above groundbiomass (315) However [38] reported higher values vis-a-vis with this study for days to 90 maturity (192) podweightplant (47) and seed weightplant (478) In agreementwith this finding [41] also noted comparable range for plantheight on 3974 accessions of lentil However they recordeda wider range of values for 100-seed weight with an overallmean than with our records on lentil accessions In anotherstudy [37] reported a narrow range for yield componenttraits among 46 genotypes from South East Anatolia regionof Turkey as opposed to our findings

Significant variations were noted over locations amongthe test genotypes and within the checks with a few excep-tions In line with this study [24] recorded the wide rangeof genetic variability among yield related characters in exoticlentil lines in Ethiopia Comparable to our study [15 18]noted the presence of variation in characters such as grainand straw yield 100-seed weight days to 50 floweringdays to 90 maturity number of seedspods plant heightpod numberpeduncle and resistance to various biotic anda biotic stresses in the lentil Besides the variation among

environments was significant for all morphological traitsin view of diverse agro-climatic features of the test sitesSimilarly [42] also observed the greater portion of totalvariance was due to environment Reference [5 7 23] alsoreported consistent regional differences among lentil lan-draces of Ethiopia for time to flowering and maturity 100-seed weight seedpod and plant height

ANOVA over locations showed consistent significantvariations were recorded within the checks for 100-seedweight above ground biomass seed yield and rust diseasescoreThese implied that yield incrementwas achieved for thelast three decades largely for 100-seed weight above groundbiomass and seed yield of lentil genotypes A consistentsignificant variation was also recorded within test genotypesover three locations for days to 50 flowering and 100-seedweight Besides reliable variationwas noted over all locationsbetween checks and test genotypes for above ground biomassand seed yield Similarly according to this (unpublished data)follow-up study using the multivariate analysis reported thatseed yield above ground biomass seed weightplant 100-seed weight rust severity score and plant height were themajor agromorphological traits contributing to variationsamong the genotypes

Estimate of PCV and GVC for days to 50 flower-ing days to 90 maturity and 100-seed weight showednarrow differences indicating a relatively low influence ofthe environment on these characters Similar observationof considerable closeness between GCV and PCV for thesecharacters made by [43] indicated low influence of environ-mental factors in lentil In general PCV values for mostof the traits at Sirinka and Sinana were higher than thatrecord noted at Chefe Donsa In addition the PCV wasgenerally higher than theGCV for all characters Consistentlyhigher PCV values were observed across four environmentsfor rust disease scores seed yield pod weightplant seedweightplant number of podsplant 100-seed weight aboveground plant biomass and number of seedsplant Otherstudies showed similar high PCV and GCV for seed yieldabove ground biomass and 100-seed weight [44 45] Incontrast days to 50 flowering days to 90 maturity andplant height showed comparatively low PCV values (lessthan 20) for all locations It was observed that GCV fornumber of podsplant seed yield rust disease score 100-seed


Table 12 Means for yield and yield components of the genotypes at Sirinka 201011

Genotype name DF DM NP NSS PWPP SWPP NSPP PHH SW BI SY PSS36001 57 89 397 09 18 12 39 447 26 3452 78 536003 56 91 478 07 19 09 45 388 21 3157 599 636007 58 90 388 18 2 15 86 384 21 3593 796 636009 58 90 356 13 14 09 47 399 19 2948 609 536013 58 90 398 12 39 23 52 394 21 4408 74 536015 59 98 297 19 19 12 52 419 25 5458 1286 536019 55 94 411 12 19 15 69 37 22 3119 716 536023 54 84 345 06 16 06 41 368 21 2378 306 536025 46 77 342 11 2 11 39 336 21 2547 622 6Alemaya 57 107 552 13 15 24 70 316 31 4496 1609 6ADAA 61 128 291 17 19 13 43 404 28 2497 459 4EL-142 56 93 361 11 11 1 45 355 2 3218 511 5X2003S 222213 66 103 327 11 17 11 36 36 2 3908 952 4X2003S 238 55 92 325 11 23 14 40 322 38 3774 1248 636028 59 98 382 07 14 13 52 411 22 453 1456 636029 57 89 399 13 21 11 49 318 23 3316 767 536033 55 86 374 1 13 1 37 338 24 2579 784 736039 55 88 435 12 21 12 68 336 23 1814 609 536041 56 89 554 11 18 14 60 347 21 2465 759 536048 57 88 527 09 1 13 49 351 18 2804 892 536058 51 84 411 06 09 08 40 321 29 1705 552 636061 54 82 363 06 08 06 22 305 2 1633 308 6TESHALE 56 98 269 12 2 13 34 337 36 3729 1197 5X2006S 1285480 77 125 50 12 46 2 59 429 28 7678 1533 3L-9-12 59 114 353 1 15 12 38 367 36 316 74 436071 57 91 331 09 1 09 39 415 24 4065 1046 636085 57 91 58 12 2 19 77 398 3 3927 1172 636088 57 95 344 11 12 09 40 375 3 3996 1153 536089 60 97 327 11 05 11 41 333 23 2372 1058 536097 58 98 564 1 17 15 75 349 24 2889 865 436098 56 106 183 05 05 02 6 299 21 711 01 436103 53 86 275 14 13 1 36 356 25 2744 909 536104 53 88 372 11 17 13 45 349 27 2745 773 636105 56 87 297 11 03 08 33 298 31 145 416 5211062 60 91 389 16 19 16 63 37 2 4494 939 5X2003S 195 72 130 352 12 15 11 43 346 25 2871 843 5X2002S 2196821 57 96 352 12 15 11 43 346 25 2871 843 5X2006S 129F2 51 94 286 12 15 11 43 346 25 2871 843 536110 57 91 409 17 21 17 68 398 22 3745 1365 536120 42 87 233 05 1 04 12 257 22 174 303 736131 59 92 363 16 12 14 59 371 21 369 1274 536042 54 84 455 08 22 09 37 354 19 2234 48 636137 59 99 332 14 15 09 44 34 21 251 786 436139 53 97 407 09 18 07 34 358 2 2436 558 636147 60 99 48 11 18 12 50 388 24 3316 977 636150 56 89 344 13 19 08 46 359 24 2616 763 536162 57 100 347 13 2 1 43 366 23 2371 67 536165 57 95 303 14 09 1 44 39 24 3139 834 6X2005S 2156002 57 96 341 08 16 1 25 408 39 3298 1017 536168 59 104 266 1 11 09 27 341 25 2675 897 5203141 59 90 411 1 15 13 42 354 23 3205 1184 5


Table 12 Continued

Genotype name DF DM NP NSS PWPP SWPP NSPP PHH SW BI SY PSS207258 58 90 50 1 13 12 47 391 26 3247 1042 6207274 59 91 399 11 15 13 48 381 23 2725 992 5207260 58 94 409 12 09 11 52 383 23 3403 927 5207287 52 91 464 11 23 14 51 351 22 3119 1071 6207309 57 89 369 1 13 1 35 318 23 2481 57 5211078 54 88 479 14 21 15 61 31 21 2186 703 6211131 53 87 407 17 14 18 65 323 2 2604 102 6212745 57 91 363 15 19 12 57 333 22 3227 1069 7X2006S 1336211 53 98 18 13 12 07 20 305 37 1355 364 5238979 59 91 601 13 23 19 81 33 21 2592 886 5215248 56 87 455 12 15 12 51 314 22 2375 714 5215249 58 90 397 14 11 16 53 357 24 2657 87 5215806 58 91 26 18 08 08 35 329 25 1896 568 5216877 58 92 293 13 06 08 35 334 21 2268 824 4220120 56 91 236 13 07 06 27 377 2 1497 349 6223221 58 89 233 15 08 07 35 347 2 2169 728 5228242 59 90 349 18 15 14 65 373 22 2595 835 5228243 59 87 246 19 06 05 43 331 2 1325 352 5228809 53 87 324 06 1 07 21 359 2 2311 639 5219957 53 97 313 12 05 1 41 373 25 3513 1074 6211110 59 91 389 18 16 12 62 384 18 390 963 5229179 59 97 297 18 11 09 53 403 22 2965 723 5229182 59 95 405 1 11 11 43 41 22 3426 833 5229183 59 92 298 13 1 08 40 36 22 2656 648 5230521 59 93 287 13 12 07 40 382 19 3667 992 5230832 59 93 433 13 09 1 54 382 17 2708 818 5230833 59 93 526 1 11 14 60 369 2 3273 915 5230834 58 93 27 15 1 07 37 347 18 3462 941 4230837 58 90 449 08 16 1 35 359 19 4026 1182 4231247 59 93 364 12 11 11 44 356 23 2975 1034 6231248 58 88 426 07 1 1 29 322 24 3015 897 5X2006S 1307547 54 86 209 07 07 04 13 271 23 918 983 6FLIP-2004-7L 51 99 176 16 14 13 28 32 49 2708 928 4233349 57 90 198 12 11 06 26 302 25 1592 43 5233973 57 89 306 15 12 1 40 318 24 2524 143 4X2003S 223 66 124 16 08 81 04 6 25 29 35 0 5X2003S 1957115 57 96 352 12 15 11 43 346 25 2871 843 5235013 57 91 236 13 23 11 31 307 25 2483 927 5235015 58 91 454 11 22 12 50 355 24 1996 668 5235016 58 89 292 11 17 09 32 333 27 2841 916 5235017 58 91 384 11 13 08 42 33 24 1966 669 5235383 57 89 362 12 19 12 47 408 26 310 979 6235698 53 88 521 08 14 1 40 336 22 1968 683 5236438 58 90 332 09 12 08 30 345 2 3581 1137 5236484 57 88 522 1 17 14 51 336 21 2731 87 6X2006S 1307978 56 92 408 1 19 16 39 359 41 3346 1013 5X2002S 2217979 46 89 205 08 09 06 18 333 23 1766 407 5X2002S 2217980 58 99 289 09 17 15 30 361 42 3107 1091 5236486 57 88 305 09 08 09 34 35 22 1834 619 5236487 53 88 36 14 08 1 39 334 23 2073 73 5236892 58 91 369 11 1 09 41 377 22 2403 598 5


Table 12 Continued

Genotype name DF DM NP NSS PWPP SWPP NSPP PHH SW BI SY PSS237027 50 83 253 08 11 07 21 333 39 1469 473 5237502 60 90 368 12 1 09 44 338 21 1955 541 5237503 59 92 418 15 12 14 67 393 26 2799 939 5237504 59 92 454 09 18 11 39 364 23 2273 762 5X2003S 224 57 96 352 12 15 11 43 346 25 2871 843 5238971 58 90 31 15 11 09 42 328 25 2628 807 5238978 60 97 312 09 07 08 33 358 24 2474 707 4X2003S 2338009 51 85 198 2 14 04 29 274 14 758 303 2X2006S 1348174 67 119 45 12 32 18 54 405 29 4139 756 5X2006S 127 72 124 291 09 1 07 28 317 22 1888 287 3241782 59 109 266 14 08 06 28 362 24 2685 665 4241784 56 90 36 12 16 12 41 365 26 282 98 6241785 57 88 351 1 11 11 36 348 26 276 956 5241786 55 87 513 12 14 17 69 354 24 3916 1454 5242604 58 92 526 12 22 18 65 363 25 3924 1348 6243433 59 94 324 09 14 1 28 328 23 2413 732 5243436 59 91 241 11 11 06 28 272 23 1173 35 5243440 57 94 307 07 11 1 20 358 23 2441 885 5243443 53 94 271 11 15 1 26 349 25 2734 822 5243447 53 94 269 11 22 11 26 347 27 2579 957 6X2006S 1229932 54 86 181 1 09 05 20 305 21 1634 314 5X2006S 1279945 51 90 276 08 1 05 21 282 24 2067 421 4244606 53 85 266 12 1 07 34 317 22 2582 832 5244610 53 85 338 13 15 09 50 348 22 2221 868 5244615 58 85 347 12 17 09 42 336 22 2613 758 5244619 58 87 338 12 12 08 32 367 2 2272 651 5244623 53 85 264 1 13 07 29 378 23 2632 653 5X2006S 1229951 53 88 363 13 21 11 41 33 18 2401 646 6X2002S 219shehor-747554 46 82 102 08 07 01 8 288 25 597 91 6ILL-590 56 87 407 13 12 11 42 356 32 4683 3473 6X2003S 236 57 96 352 12 15 11 43 346 25 2871 843 6EXOTIC DZ2008 AK 61 115 122 12 15 1 16 318 33 5643 964 5R-186XFLIP-86-38L-24 60 109 733 14 15 34 103 371 28 6429 2009 4FLIP-2006-60L 54 126 23 13 15 1 31 246 34 200 543 5FLIP-97-68L 56 104 461 13 15 17 59 311 31 5415 1651 5ILL-358 X ILL-2573-2-2000 64 112 32 14 15 12 46 304 29 2881 995 5FLIP-04-26L 78 138 30 11 15 12 26 381 42 5788 612 5ILL-28501 58 114 362 16 15 16 59 377 31 3891 98 587S-93549XEL-1O3-4 47 95 332 11 15 1 37 279 26 2158 812 587s-93549XEL-103-5 57 109 316 14 15 09 46 364 26 3747 1097 5FLIP-2006-20L 74 124 204 1 15 08 21 318 32 2958 309 5Derash 57 103 555 13 15 25 71 356 3 446 1622 5ALEMETENA 50 94 253 12 15 11 33 219 36 1722 856 5Chekol x R-186-8-1 54 109 307 12 15 13 38 311 33 303 1192 5R-186X FLIP-86-38L 58 103 272 18 15 14 50 319 25 2629 805 5FLIP-87-68L 60 122 41 13 15 17 60 293 31 266 93 5Chekol 57 98 38 14 15 11 54 294 23 2581 1048 5ILL-10045 60 115 89 11 15 03 10 351 31 3052 616 5FLIP-97-16L 61 102 17 13 15 05 28 447 23 5317 605 5ILL-10681 63 116 415 13 15 19 53 321 33 2022 897 5


Table 12 Continued

Genotype name DF DM NP NSS PWPP SWPP NSPP PHH SW BI SY PSSChekol X R-186-2 61 110 469 14 15 16 62 384 31 3453 1188 5FLIP-2004-37L 63 109 321 19 15 13 50 291 25 1818 601 5FLIP-84-95L 59 129 124 1 15 05 13 332 41 2952 486 5EL-142 X R-186-3 58 112 66 14 15 24 95 376 24 4379 1566 2FLIP-97-61L 63 129 44 14 15 21 70 206 32 1354 466 436134 55 90 331 12 15 1 37 327 22 2892 108 5GM 57 96 353 12 15 11 43 346 25 2868 849 5SEM 21 39 65 01 01 02 82 16 02 452 182 03SE Difference 3 55 92 02 02 03 116 23 03 64 257 04LSD at 5 6 108 181 04 04 07 227 46 05 1259 507 08CV 65 7 319 199 165 368 33 82 122 273 371 97DF = days to 50 flowering DM = days to 90 maturity NP = number of pods per plant NSS = number of seeds per pod PWPP = Pod weight per plantSWPP = seed weight per plant NSPP = number of seeds per plant PH = plant height in cm SW = 100-seed weight in gram BI = biomass SY = seed yield PSS= pod set score

weight number of seedsplant and biological yieldplantwas high in both seasons However traits such as daysto 50 flowering days to 90 maturity and plant heightconsistently showed lower GCV values of between 24 and17The remaining traits lack consistency and showed low tomoderate GCV for number of seedspods seed weightplantand pod weightplant Similar significant and considerablevariation for (phenotypic and genotypic) results was reportedfor biological yieldplant seed yieldplant and 100-seedweight by [15 35 43 45ndash48] However as opposed to thisfinding [49 50] reported higher GCV and PCV for days to50 flowering but they reported the same record for days to90 maturity and plant height Similarly [35] reported theminimum PCV and GCV for days to maturity and numberof seedspod

According to [51] most characters have showed highheritability estimate over locations except at Chefe Donsadue to severe wilt incidence Reference [52] reported com-parable high heritability estimates for all traits except forplant height and biological yield on lentil Reference [15]similarly recorded high heritability for 100-seed weight daysto 50 flowering and days to 90 maturity Reference [7]also reported high heritability for seed weight and daysto 50 flowering In line with our finding [53] reportedthat those days to 50 flowering showed higher heritabilityestimates however they differed in reporting with highergenetic advance 100-seed weight rust severity score andseed yield showed high heritability values coupled with highgenetic advance values across locations because of high GCVNumbers of seedsplant seed weightplant and number ofseedspods have intermediate GCV and heritability with amild response to selection Similar to our findings [45]reported higher degree of PCV GCV and genetic advancefor seed yieldplant on lentil However in contrast tothese reports higher PCV GCV and genetic advance wererecorded for biological yieldplant

The GCV along with heritability estimates provide areliable estimate of the amount of genetic advance expectedthrough phenotypic selection [54] Based on the underlying

facts four groups of traits were categorized as per the analysisthe first group included plant height days to 50 floweringand days to 90 maturity which have low GCV with a highheritability but they end upwith low genetic advance [42 44]made a similar report that high heritability estimate for daysto 50 flowering and days to 90 maturity with low geneticadvance values on lentil The second group of characters wasabove ground biomass number of seedsplant and numberof podsplantwith intermediateGCV heritability and geneticadvance However deviated from our findings studies by[42 44 45] reported high heritability and expected geneticgain estimate for above ground biomass and number ofpodsplant

The third group of characters rust severity score seedyield and 100-seed weight has higher GCV with highheritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentageof the mean Reference [42 44] reported high heritabilityestimate for seed yield and 100-seed weight coupled withhigher genetic gain High heritability for the charactersindicated that these traits were less affected by environmentalfactorsThis is indicative of the fact that these traits aremostlycontrolled by genetic factors and expected to respond todirect selection for traits improvement The fourth group ofcharacters pod weightplant seed weightplant and numberof seedspods showed inconsistent GCV heritability andgenetic advance values across locations These findings indi-cated that measuring yield components in breeding programwould be difficult From our follow-up study by (unpub-lished data) the second and the third groups of charactersresponded more to selection and the most important traitsthat contributed to the genetic divergence of lentil From ourfollow-up association study (unpublished data) these traitsattributed a strong association with seed yield Therefore forselecting high yielding lentil genotypes the breeder shouldgive emphasis to higher seed weightplant more numberof podsplant and plants with short to intermediate heightThis observation is in accordance with [55 56] selectionbased on number of podsplant and seed weightplant whichwere the most important characters that contributed to


seed yield However days to 90 maturity rust diseaseseverity score and days to 50 flowering which otherwisehad a negative phenotype correlation with seed yield hadsubstantially negative direct effect on seed yield (unpublisheddata)

5 Conclusion

This study has described a high phenotypic diversity forimportant agromorphological characteristics of landracesand exotic genotypes of Ethiopia gene pool The incidenceof highly significant variation between landraces and exoticline for the majority of traits considered is a sign of thepresence of a high degree of genetic variation implyingthe great potential of the Ethiopian germplasm in futurebreeding programs through selection As per the analysisfour groups of traits were categorized Some promisinglandraces were identified with superior plant characteristicssuch as early flowering and early maturing accessions widerange of genetic base for plant height number of seedsplantresistance to rust and both low and high yielding linesSeed yield 100-seed weight in gram rust disease score andtotal number of seedsplant consistently showed higher GCVheritability and genetic advance in the lentil genotypes Allthese important agromorphological characteristic traits withtheir associated genotypes could be successfully utilized inbreeding programs that are aimed at improving the yield andthe yield components of lentil The wide genetic base that ispossessed by the Ethiopian germplasmwould be integrated ina breeding program and used as a parent in a recombinationbreeding

In conclusion this study has demonstrated that the exoticaccessions introduced from ICARDA have a rich geneticpotential for 100-seed weight number of seedsplant seedweightplant short stature and resistant source for rustThe Ethiopian landraces were potentials for earliness highernumber of podsplant and long plant height This studyhas showed a high phenotypic diversity of important plantcharacteristics of the Ethiopian lentil germplasm Howeveradditional search is needed to develop a specific plant idotypefor major agroecological zone to provide as a platform forlocal adaptation and then breed for location relevant traitssuch as a biotic stresses and identification source of resistancefor other major important diseases

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors are most grateful for Gonder University Hara-maya University Federal Ministry of Education ICARDALegumeResearch Program ICARDAEthiopia country officeEthiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Center NationalChickpea and Lentil Research Project in Debrezeit Agricul-tural Research Center Sirinka Agricultural Research Center

and Sinana Agricultural Research Center and Institute Bio-diversity Conservation for research funding supports of thisstudy

References

[1] D Zohary ldquoThe wild progenitor and the place of origin of thecultivated lentilLens culinarisrdquo Economic Botany vol 26 no 4pp 326ndash332 1972

[2] H Barulina ldquoLentils of the USSR and other countriesrdquo in Bul-letin of Applied Botany Genetics and Plant Breeding Supplementpp 265ndash304 USSR Institute of Plant Industry of the LeninAcademy of Agricultural Science Leningrad USSR 1930

[3] W Erskine ldquoGlobal production supply and demandrdquo in TheLentil Botany Production and Uses F J William ErskineMuehlbauer A Sarker and B Sharma Eds pp 4ndash12 CABILondon UK 2009

[4] FAOSTAT ldquoDistribution of global lentil production amongIndia Canada and Turkey (the ldquobig threerdquo producers) and bycontinentrdquo FAOSTAT 2009 httpfaostatfaoorg

[5] G Bejiga S Tsegaye and A Tullu ldquoStability of seed yield forsome varieties of lentil grown in the Ethiopian highlandsrdquo CropResearch vol 9 pp 337ndash343 1995

[6] CSA Central Statistical Agency Agricultural Sample SurveyReport on Area and Production of Crops Statistical BulletinAddis Ababa Ethiopia 2012

[7] G Bejiga S Tsegaye A Tullu and W Erskine ldquoQuantitaveevaluation of Ethiopian landraces of lentil (Lens culinaris)rdquoGenetic Resources and Crop Evolution vol 43 no 4 pp 293ndash301 1996

[8] F Asnake and G Bejiga ldquoBreeding lentil for wider adaptationrdquoin Forage and Food Legumes of Ethiopia Progress and ProspectsProceedings of the Workshop on Food and Forage Legumes AKemal K Gemechu A Seid et al Eds pp 80ndash86 EIAR andICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in theDry Areas (ICARDA) Aleppo Syria Addis Ababa EthiopiaSeptember 2003

[9] R W Allard Principles of Plant Breeding John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY USA 1960

[10] W Erskine Y Adham and L Holly ldquoGeographic distributionof variation in quantitative traits in a world lentil collectionrdquoEuphytica vol 43 no 1-2 pp 97ndash103 1989

[11] M Ahmad D L McNeil and J R Sedcole ldquoPhylogeneticrelationships in Lens species and their interspecific hybrids asmeasured by morphological charactersrdquo Euphytica vol 94 no1 pp 101ndash111 1997

[12] J S C Smith and O S Smith ldquoThe description and assessmentof distance between inbred lines of maize The use of morpho-logical traits as descriptorsrdquoMaydica vol 34 pp 141ndash150 1989

[13] K Mather and J L Jinks Biometrical Genetics The Study ofContinuous Variation Chapman and Hall London UK 2ndedition 1971

[14] H W Johnson H F Robinson and R E Comstock ldquoEstimateof genetic and environmental variability in soybeansrdquo Agron-omy Journal vol 47 pp 314ndash318 1955

[15] B T Bicer and D Sakar ldquoGenetic variability and heritabilityfor grain yield and other characters in lentilrdquo Journal BiologicalScience vol 4 pp 216ndash218 2004

[16] B T Bicer and D Sakar ldquoStability parameters in lentilrdquo Journalof Central European Agriculture vol 7 pp 439ndash443 2006


[17] W Erskine P C Williams and H Nakkoul ldquoGenetic andenvironmental variation in the seed size protein yield andcooking quality of lentilsrdquo Field Crops Research vol 12 pp 153ndash161 1985

[18] A Tullu I Kusmenoglu K E Mcphee and F J MuehlbauerldquoCharacterization of core collection of lentil germplasm for phe-nology morphology seed and straw yieldsrdquo Genetic Resourcesand Crop Evolution vol 48 no 2 pp 143ndash151 2001

[19] A Sarker andW Erskine ldquoRecent progress in the ancient lentilrdquoJournal of Agricultural Science vol 144 no 1 pp 19ndash29 2006

[20] S RoyMA IslamA SarkerMAMalekMY Rafii andMRIsmail ldquoDetermination of genetic diversity in lentil germplasmbased on quantitative traitsrdquo Australia Journal of Crop Sciencevol 7 pp 14ndash21 2013

[21] F Edossa T Kassahun and B Endashaw ldquoA comparative studyof morphological and molecular diversity in Ethiopian lentil(Lens culinaris Medikus) landracesrdquo African Journal of PlantScience vol 4 pp 242ndash254 2010

[22] T Seifu Correlation and path coefficient analysis in lentil (Lensculinaries Medik) and their implication for selection [MS the-sis] Alemaya Agricultural University Addis Ababa Ethiopia1988

[23] B Geletu and A Yadeta ldquoGenetic and breeding research inlentilrdquo in Cool-Season Food Legumes of Ethiopia Proceedings ofthe 1st National Cool-Season Food Legumes Review ConferenceDecember 1993 A Telaye G Bejiga M C Saxena and MSolh Eds pp 6416ndash8420 Addis AbabaInstitute of AgriculturalResearch ICARDA Aleppo Syria 1994

[24] D Tigist Genetic variability and associations among yield andyield related characters in exotic lentil lines (Lens culinar-ies Medik) [MS thesis] Alemaya University East HarergeEthiopia 2003

[25] D Ketema Genetic Variation for Agronomic and Root Char-acters in Ethiopian Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) LandracesGrown Under Moisture Stress [MS thesis] Haramaya Univer-sity East Harerge Ethiopia 2007

[26] W Chen Stemphylium Blight Disease Scoring in Field ConditionUSDA-ARSWashington State University PullmanWash USA2007

[27] VSN International GenStat for Windows VSN InternationalHemel Hempstead UK 13th edition 2010

[28] W T Federer ldquoAugmented designs with one-way elimination ofheterogeneityrdquo Biometrics vol 17 pp 447ndash473 1961

[29] C S Lin M R Binns and L P Lefkovitch ldquoStability analysiswhere do we standrdquo Crop Science vol 26 pp 894ndash900 1986

[30] S K Yau and J Hamblin ldquoRelative yield as a measure of entryperformance in variable environmentsrdquo Crop Science vol 34no 3 pp 813ndash817 1994


[32] H A Al-Jibouri P A Miller and H F Miller ldquoGenotypic andenvironmental variances and co variances in an upland cross ofinter specific originrdquo Agronomy Journal vol 50 pp 633ndash6361958

[33] S N Deshmukh and P S Reddy ldquoGenetic variability characterassociation and path coefficients of quantitative traits in Vir-ginia bunch varieties of ground nutrdquo Indian Journal AgriculturalScience vol 56 pp 816ndash821 1986

[34] S C Agrawal M N Khare and P S Agrawal ldquoField screeningof lentil lines for resistance to rustrdquo Indian Journal of Phy-topathology vol 292 pp 20ndash28 1976

[35] M Chakrabotry and M F Haque ldquoGenetic variability andcomponent analysis in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik)rdquo JournalLentil Research vol 12 pp 199ndash204 2000

[36] B T Bicer and D Sakar ldquoStudies on variability of lentil geno-types in Southeastern Anatolia of Turkeyrdquo Notulae BotanicaeHorti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca vol 36 pp 20ndash24 2008

[37] F Toklu B Tuba Bicer and T Karakoy ldquoAgro-morphologicalcharacterization of the Turkish lentil landracesrdquoAfrican Journalof Biotechnology vol 8 no 17 pp 4121ndash4127 2009

[38] T Sultana S Nadeem Z Fatima and A Ghafoor ldquoIdenti-fication of elite pure-lines from local lentil germplasm usingdiversity index based on quantitative traitsrdquo Pakistan Journal ofBotany vol 42 no 4 pp 2249ndash2256 2010

[39] A L A Al-Ghzawi E Bsoul F Aukour Z Al-Ajlouni M Al-Azzam and M M Ajlouni ldquoGenetic variation for quantitativetraits in Jordanian lentil landracesrdquo Advances in EnvironmentalBiology vol 5 no 11 pp 3676ndash3680 2011

[40] K B Singh and S Singh ldquoEvaluation of exotic germplasm inlentilrdquo Journal Agricultural Research vol 6 pp 304ndash306 1991

[41] M Solh andW Erskine ldquoGenetic resources of lentilsrdquo inGeneticResources and Their Exploitation Chickpeas Faba Beans andLentils J R Witcombe and W Erskine Eds pp 205ndash217Martinus Nijhoff The Hague The Netherlands 1984

[42] B N Baidya AM Eunus and S Sen ldquoEstimation of variabilityand correlation in yield and yield contributing characters inlentil (Lens culinaris)rdquo Environmental Ecology vol 6 pp 694ndash697 1988

[43] A S Rathi J S Sindhu and V S Singh ldquoVariability heritabilityand genetic advance in lentilrdquo Legume Research vol 25 pp 113ndash116 2002

[44] O Vir V P Gupta and O Vir ldquoVariation in Macrosperma xmicrosperma derived gene pool of lentil under low and highfertility levels of soil at sub-tropical climate of HimalayasrdquoIndian Journal Agricultural Research vol 32 pp 181ndash184 1998

[45] N Kishore and V P Gupta ldquoEarly generation selection inmicrosperma and macrosperma derived gene pool of lentilrdquoIndian Journal Genetics and Plant Breeding vol 62 pp 34ndash372002

[46] N I Haddad T P Bogyo and F J Muehlbauer ldquoGeneticvariance of six agronomic characters in three lentil (LensculinarisMedic) crossesrdquo Euphytica vol 31 no 1 pp 113ndash1201982

[47] M Singh A Sarker and W Erskine ldquoEstimation of heritabilityusing spatial variability models the case of lentil (Lens culinarisMedik)rdquo Indian Journal Genetics and Plant Breeding vol 65 pp77ndash83 2005

[48] S D Tyagi and M H Khan ldquoCorrelation path-coefficient andgenetic diversity in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) under rainfedconditionsrdquo International Research Journal of Plant Science vol2 pp 191ndash200 2011

[49] S Ayaz B A McKenzie G D Hill and D L McNeilldquoVariability in yield of four grain legume species in a subhu-mid temperate environment II Yield componentsrdquo Journal ofAgricultural Science vol 142 no 1 pp 21ndash28 2004

[50] G Singh I S Singh and R Kumar ldquoGenetic variability forseed yield and its component characters in a macrospermatimes microsperma cross of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik)rdquo CropImprovement vol 31 pp 206ndash209 2004

[51] H F Robinson R E Comstock and P H Harvey ldquoGeneticand phenotypic correlation in corn and their implications inselectionrdquo Agronomy Journal vol 43 pp 283ndash287 1954


[52] S K Jain S K Madaria S K Rao and P K Nigam ldquoAnalysisof yield factors in lentilrdquo Indian Journal of Agricultural Researchvol 29 pp 173ndash180 1995

[53] M Singh D K Maheshwari R K Mittal S K Sharma andM Singh ldquoGenetic variability and correlation of grain yield andother quantitative characters in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik)rdquoAnnals Agricultural Biological Research vol 4 pp 121ndash124 1999

[54] G W Burton and E H DeVane ldquoEstimation heritability in TallFestuca (Festuca arundinacea) from replicated clonal materialrdquoAgronomy Journal vol 45 pp 478ndash481 1953

[55] S A M Khattab ldquoAssociation and Path analysis in lentil underdifferent irrigation regimesrdquo Egypt Journal Agronomy vol 20pp 13ndash25 1999

[56] S Sarvjeet I Singh R K Gill L Kaur and A Sarker ldquoEvalua-tion of exotic lentil germplasm and studies on genetic parame-ters for various traitsrdquo Journal of Lentil Research vol 3 pp 22ndash27 2006

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Table 1 Geographical climatic and soil features of the experimental sites

Agroecological Sirinka Sinana Chefe DonsaRange of temperature (∘C) 21ndash32 93ndash209 89ndash283Mean annual rainfall (mm) 876 808 851Altitude (masl) 1850 2450 1900Latitude 12∘111015840N 7∘71015840N 8∘441015840NLongitude 39∘621015840E 40∘101015840E 39∘951015840ESoil texture Clay soil Clay soil Light soilSoil type Eutric vertisol black soil Pellic vertisol slightly acidic Afisols and vertisol black soil

genetic variability present in a given crop population canbe determined by using the biometrical components suchas range variance coefficient of variation standard errorand heritability The relative magnitude of these componentsdetermines the genetic properties of the population inparticular the degree of resemblance between germplasmthat is various determinants of the phenotype [13] Reference[14] emphasized that the uses of the genetic coefficient ofvariability together with heritability and genetic advancevalues would determine the best picture of the amount ofprogress to be expected from a selection and determine theselection method to improve a character

Several researchers investigated the diversity of economi-cally important traits of lentil germplasmand found consider-able variations [10 11 15ndash20] Some quantitative evaluationsof the Ethiopian landraces revealed potential variability formorphological traits [5 7 8 21ndash25] Understanding thegenetic relationships and diversity of the Ethiopian lentil inrelation to the germplasm from other countries is importantto widen the genetic base of a germplasm However infor-mation is not exhaustive for different population structuresof local and exotic genotypes on the genetic variability ofimportant traits which have economic benefit Hence theobjectives of this study were to generate information onmorphological variability and to estimate the phenotypiccoefficient of variation the genetic coefficient of variationthe heritability and genetic advance of quantitative traits inlentil

2 Materials and Methods

21 Description of the Study Sites The field experimentswere conducted on a hot spot area for rust The areasincluded Sirinka Agricultural Research Center (SIARC) inthe northeastern part of Ethiopia for two seasons (2011 and2012) Chefe Donsa in the central part of Ethiopia and SinanaAgricultural Research Center (SARC) in southeastern partof Ethiopia during the 201112 cropping season (Table 1 andFigure 1)

22 Plant Materials Out of the 228 genotypes consideredfor this study 158 were planted for morphological evaluationat SRARC in the 20102011 cropping season Of these 104genotypes were from the Ethiopian lentil gene pool collectedfrom six major lentil production regions (Figure 2) and werekept by the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation (IBC)

0

Amhara regionOromiya regionSirinka

SinanaChefe Donsa

300000 600000 900000 1200000150000

Map of trial sites

150000012000009000006000003000000

150000012000009000006000003000000

1500000

1200000

900000

600000

300000

1500000

1200000

900000

600000

300000

N

SEW

(km)

Figure 1 Geographical position of the experimental sites

The accessions represent over 17 of the 618 lentil accessionholdings of IBC Rust susceptible checkEL-142and wilt sus-ceptible checkILL-590NEL 590 as well as six commercialnational released varieties (Alemaya Adaa Teshale AlemTena Chekol and Derash) were used as a check Ten elitebreeding lines from the DebreZeit Agricultural Research Sta-tion (DZARC) Ethiopia were included Thirty-six parentallines and elite lines based on superiority for agronomic traitsintroduced from the International Center for AgriculturalResearch in Dry Areas (ICARDA) were included (Table 2)In the 201112 cropping season 228 genotypes plus RILs wereincluded in the study across three locations Sirinka ChefeDonsa and Sinana

23 Experimental Layout and Design A randomized com-plete block design (RCBD) was used with three replicationsin the 20102011 cropping season at SIARC A unit plotcomprised 2-meter length row with a plot size of (08m2)Row-to row distance was 20 cm The distance between twoplots was 50 cm and the distance between two blocks was100 cmThegenotypeswere planted in the first week of July Inthe 201112 cropping season the experiment was carried out



Source oforigin


genotypes


Amhara 54

Acc no 36003 36025 36028 36039 36041 36061 3607136085 36088 36089 36097 36103 36104 36105 36137 3613936150 36162 36165 36168 207258 207274 207287 207309212745 215248 215249 223221 228242 229179 229182229183 231247 235013 235015 235016 235017 236484236486 236487 237502 238978 238979 241784 241786243433 243436 243440 243443 244606 244610 244615244619 244623

Landrace

Oromya 29

Acc no 36001 36007 36009 36013 36015 36019 3602336029 36033 36042 36048 36058 36110 36120 36131203141 215806 216877 228809 230521 230833 230834230837 231248 235698 236438 236892 237027 238971

Landrace


DZARC 6


Improvedvariety


ICARDA 22


Parent

DARC 11


Breeding line

ICARDA 15


Breeding line









0 350 700175 (km)




48∘09984000998400998400E45

∘09984000998400998400E42

∘09984000998400998400E39

∘09984000998400998400E36

∘09984000998400998400E33

∘09984000998400998400E

45∘09984000998400998400E42

∘09984000998400998400E39

∘09984000998400998400E36

∘09984000998400998400E

12∘0998400

0998400998400

N9∘09984000998400998400

N6∘09984000998400998400

N3∘09984000998400998400

N

12∘09984000998400998400

N9∘09984000998400998400

N6∘09984000998400998400

N3∘09984000998400998400

N





ℎ2

= [1205902

119892

1205902119901] times 100 (1)


2



3 Results

















































4 Discussion

















Table 12 Continued



Table 12 Continued



Table 12 Continued









5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References





























































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014


























Source oforigin


genotypes


Amhara 54

Acc no 36003 36025 36028 36039 36041 36061 3607136085 36088 36089 36097 36103 36104 36105 36137 3613936150 36162 36165 36168 207258 207274 207287 207309212745 215248 215249 223221 228242 229179 229182229183 231247 235013 235015 235016 235017 236484236486 236487 237502 238978 238979 241784 241786243433 243436 243440 243443 244606 244610 244615244619 244623

Landrace

Oromya 29

Acc no 36001 36007 36009 36013 36015 36019 3602336029 36033 36042 36048 36058 36110 36120 36131203141 215806 216877 228809 230521 230833 230834230837 231248 235698 236438 236892 237027 238971

Landrace


DZARC 6


Improvedvariety


ICARDA 22


Parent

DARC 11


Breeding line

ICARDA 15


Breeding line









0 350 700175 (km)




48∘09984000998400998400E45

∘09984000998400998400E42

∘09984000998400998400E39

∘09984000998400998400E36

∘09984000998400998400E33

∘09984000998400998400E

45∘09984000998400998400E42

∘09984000998400998400E39

∘09984000998400998400E36

∘09984000998400998400E

12∘0998400

0998400998400

N9∘09984000998400998400

N6∘09984000998400998400

N3∘09984000998400998400

N

12∘09984000998400998400

N9∘09984000998400998400

N6∘09984000998400998400

N3∘09984000998400998400

N





ℎ2

= [1205902

119892

1205902119901] times 100 (1)


2



3 Results

















































4 Discussion

















Table 12 Continued



Table 12 Continued



Table 12 Continued









5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References





























































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014





























0 350 700175 (km)




48∘09984000998400998400E45

∘09984000998400998400E42

∘09984000998400998400E39

∘09984000998400998400E36

∘09984000998400998400E33

∘09984000998400998400E

45∘09984000998400998400E42

∘09984000998400998400E39

∘09984000998400998400E36

∘09984000998400998400E

12∘0998400

0998400998400

N9∘09984000998400998400

N6∘09984000998400998400

N3∘09984000998400998400

N

12∘09984000998400998400

N9∘09984000998400998400

N6∘09984000998400998400

N3∘09984000998400998400

N





ℎ2

= [1205902

119892

1205902119901] times 100 (1)


2



3 Results

















































4 Discussion

















Table 12 Continued



Table 12 Continued



Table 12 Continued









5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References





























































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014




































































4 Discussion

















Table 12 Continued



Table 12 Continued



Table 12 Continued









5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References





























































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014







































Table 12 Continued



Table 12 Continued



Table 12 Continued









5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References





























































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014

























Table 12 Continued



Table 12 Continued









5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References





























































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014

























Table 12 Continued









5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References





























































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014


























5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References





























































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014




































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014
























research article agromorphological traits...

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