research article dielectric and ac conductivity studies in...

Research ArticleDielectric and AC Conductivity Studies inPPy-Ag Nanocomposites

K Praveenkumar T Sankarappa J S Ashwajeet and R Ramanna

Department of Physics Gulbarga University Kalaburagi Karnataka 585106 India

Correspondence should be addressed to T Sankarappa sankarapparediffmailcom

Received 21 May 2015 Revised 3 August 2015 Accepted 10 August 2015

Academic Editor Cornelia Vasile

Copyright copy 2015 K Praveenkumar et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Polypyrrole and silver nanoparticles have been synthesized at 277K by chemical route Nanoparticles of polypyrrole-silver (PPy-Ag) composites were prepared by mixing polypyrrole and silver nanoparticles in different weight percentages Dielectric propertiesas a function of temperature in the range from 300K to 550K and frequency in the range from 50Hz to 1MHz have beenmeasuredDielectric constant decreased with increase in frequency and temperature Dielectric loss decreased with increase in frequency andincreased with increase in temperature Using dielectric data AC conductivity has been determined Conductivity was found to bein the order of 10minus3 (Ωminus1mminus1) and it increased with increase in temperature Temperature variation of conductivity data has beenanalyzed in the light of Mottrsquos polaron hopping model Activation energy for conduction has been determined Activation energywas determined to be in the order of meV and it has increased with increase in frequency and Ag nanoparticles content This isthe first time that PPy-Ag nanocomposites have been investigated for dielectric properties and AC conductivity and data analyzedthoroughly

1 Introduction

Polypyrrole (PPy) and silver (Ag) are two different types ofconductors PPy is an organic polymer exhibiting semicon-ductivity and Ag is a metal Mixture of PPy and Ag particlesis called hybrid composites because they combine differentelectrical features of the parent constituents Both PPy andAgdisplay a variety ofmorphologies on the nanoscaleThe prop-erties of metal nanoparticles and conducting polymers insti-gated an interest in many researchers to synthesis and studynanocomposite materials [1ndash6] Silver nanoparticles haveapplications in conductive inks and adhesives for variouselectronic components The composites made of a metal andan organic semiconductor are expected to exhibit a good levelof conductivity as well as tunable physical and chemical prop-erties [7] Among them the composites made of polypyrrole(PPy) and silver nanoparticles are the best example Synthesisand size control of PPy nanoparticles have been studied andreported that PPy nanoparticles can be effectively dispersed

due to large surface area and they exhibit good conductivity[8ndash10]

Silver nanoparticles exhibit semiconductor nature due todecrease in size and the optical band gap of silver nanopar-ticles was estimated using UV-visible spectra [11] The roomtemperature conductivity of PPy-Ag composite nanoparticleshas been reported to be 49 times 10minus2Ωminus1mminus1 [12] PPy-Agcomposites exhibited a good ammonia gas sensing [13] Silvernanoparticles coated with PPy showed improved stabilityand functionality and measured enhanced conductivity [14]The combination of polyaniline with silver produced manyfunctional materials that have showed enhanced electricalproperties and varied dielectric properties [15] There are notmany research reports on PPy-Ag composites studied fordielectric and AC conductivity properties as a function oftemperature and frequency over wide ranges In this commu-nication we present dielectric studies carried out on PPy-Agnanocomposites Using dielectric data AC conductivity has

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of PolymersVolume 2015 Article ID 893148 5 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015893148

2 Journal of Polymers

been determined Conductivity data has been analyzed in thelight of Mottrsquos small polaron hopping model [16]

2 Experimental

Highly pure analytical grade pyrrole ammonium peroxi-disulphate methanol acetone silver nitrate and sodiumborohydride were used in the preparation of PPy nanopar-ticles and silver nanoparticles Preparation of PPy nanopar-ticles was carried out at a temperature of 277K Aqueoussolution of pyrrole was prepared and stirred for 30minutes toattain homogeneity Aqueous ammonium persulphate (APS)solution has been added dropwise to the pyrrole solutionAfter addition of few drops of APS the solution turned intogreen indicating the formation of polypyrrole nanoparticlesin the colloidal solution On further addition of APS thesolution became black The reaction has been carried out foreight hours The colloidal solution was filtered and washedwith double distilled water methanol and acetone severaltimes to remove unreacted pyrrole and ammonia The pow-der was collected dried and ground [17]

To prepare silver nanoparticles the chemical reductionmethod was followed in which aqueous solution of silvernitrate (AgNO

3

) was added dropwise to ice-cooled aqueoussolution of sodium borohydride (NaBH

4

) Thus silver ionswere reduced and clustered to formmonodispersed nanopar-ticles as a transparent sol in the aqueous medium [18 19]The solution was filtered and washed with distilled water andacetone several times The collected powder was dried andground

Polypyrrole-silver (PPy-Ag) composite nanoparticleswere prepared bymechanicalmixing of polypyrrole and silvernanoparticles in the weight percentages defined as (PPy)

100minus119909

(Ag)119909

where the weight percentage 119909 = 10 20 30 40and 50 and are labeled as PPy-AG1 PPy-AG2 PPy-AG3PPy-AG4 and PPy-AG5 respectivelyThe results of SEM andXRD studies have been already published [20] Dielectricproperties as a function of temperature and frequencyhave been investigated in Wayne Kerr Precision ImpedanceAnalyzer (model number 6500B) in the frequency range from50Hz to 1MHz and temperature range from room tempera-ture to 550K

3 Results and Discussions

31 Dielectric Properties The dielectric properties have beenstudied for all the PPy-Ag nanocomposites Figure 1 showsthe variation of dielectric constant 1205761015840 with frequency for allthe five composites From this figure we can note that 1205761015840decrease with frequency for all the samples Dielectric lossfactor 12057610158401015840 variation with frequency for all the five compositesis plotted in Figure 2 The nature of variation of 12057610158401015840 withfrequency is same as that of 1205761015840 with frequency Figure 2 showsthat dielectric loss 12057610158401015840 decreases with increase in frequencyand at the higher frequency loss becomes almost constant andsimilar behavior was observed in [15] Temperature variationof 1205761015840 for PPy-AG1 is shown in Figure 3 FromFigure 3 we notethat 1205761015840 decreases with increasing temperature for small ln(119891)Similar nature of variation of 1205761015840 with temperature has been

8 9 10 11 12 13 141

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

PPy-AG1PPy-AG2PPy-AG3

PPy-AG4PPy-AG5

120576998400times102

ln(f) (Hz)

Figure 1 Dielectric constant 1205761015840 versus ln(119891) for PPy-Ag nanocom-posites at the temperature of 323K


PPy-AG4PPy-AG5

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

8 9 10 11 12 13 14ln(f) (Hz)

120576998400998400times103

minus05

Figure 2 Dielectric loss 12057610158401015840 versus ln(119891) for PPy-Ag nanocompos-ites at the temperature of 323 K

observed for the remaining composites The change in 12057610158401015840with temperature for PPy-AG1 is shown in Figure 4 Similarbehavior of 12057610158401015840with temperature has been observed in the caseof other samples of the presented series

32 Electrical Conductivity Conductivity 120590 was estimatedusing dielectric data as per the following expression [21]

120590AC = 12057610158401015840

120596120576119900

(1)

Journal of Polymers 3

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

2

3

4

5

6

7

ln(f) (Hz)

120576998400times102

323K373K423K

473K523K553K

Figure 3 Dielectric constant 1205761015840 versus ln(119891) for PPy-AG1 nano-composites for different temperatures

8 9 10 11 12 13 14ln(f) (Hz)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

120576998400998400times103

minus2

323K373K423K

473K523K553K

Figure 4 Dielectric loss 12057610158401015840 versus ln(119891) for PPy-AG1 nanocompos-ites for different temperatures

where 120596 = 2120587119891 is the angular frequency and 120576119900

= 885 times10minus12 Fmminus1 permittivity of free space Error on the conduc-tivity was estimated to be within 2 Conductivity variationwith temperature for different frequencies of the compositePPy-AG1 is shown in Figure 5 It can be seen in Figure 5 thatconductivity increases with increasing temperature indicat-ing semiconducting type of behavior

300 350 400 450 500 550

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

T (K)

500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz

120590times10minus3

(Ωminus1

mminus1)

Figure 5 Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity ofPPy-AG1 composite nanoparticles at different frequencies

10 20 30 40 5020

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

Ag (wt)

500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz

120590times10minus3

(Ωminus1

mminus1)

Figure 6 Conductivity versus wt of Ag in PPy-Ag nanocompos-ites for different frequencies at 119879 = 473K

It also increased with increasing frequency But increasein conductivity with frequency is not appreciable at lowfrequencies All the present composites behaved in the samefashion Conductivity was found to be in the order of10minus3 (Ωminus1mminus1)

Conductivity variation with Ag content for differentfrequencies at the temperature of 473K is shown in Figure 6From Figure 6 it is clear that conductivity increases withincreasing silver content This result reveals that a higher


16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

00

05

10

15

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus05

ln(120590T

) (Ω

minus1

mminus1

K)

(1T) times 1000 (Kminus1)

500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz

Figure 7 The plots of ln(120590119879) versus (1119879) for PPy-AG1 compositenanoparticles Solid lines are the linear fits to the data

number of polarons (electrons) are getting added to theconducting pool in the composites as the Ag content isincreased Also conduction mechanism in these compositesappeared to be getting expedited with increasing frequencyThis could be due to the fact that increase in frequencyenhances polaron hopping frequency

The temperature variation of conductivity has been fitto conductivity expression derived by Mott originally forthe case of small polaron hopping (SPH) in noncrystallinesemiconductor solids It can be noted that in the absence ofa good quantitative theory for explaining conduction mech-anism in conducting polymer composites which behave likesemiconductors here we use Mottrsquos SPH model Accordingto this model the conductivity in the nonadiabatic region isgiven by [16]

120590 =1205900119879expminus

119864119886

119870119861

119879 (2)

where 120590119900

is the preexponential factor and 119864119886

the activationenergy for small polaron hopping The plots of ln(120590119879) versus(1119879) were made as per (2) for the composite of PPy-AG1 andshown in Figure 7 The linear lines were fit to the data in thehigh temperature region where the data appeared linear Theslopes were used to determine the activation energy 119864

119886

forAC conduction

Activation energy 119864119886

versus Ag content determined forthe present composites for different frequencies is plottedin Figure 8 From Figure 8 one can note that 119864

119886

decreaseswith increase of frequency Also 119864

119886

increased with increasein Ag nanoparticles content It may be that addition of Agnanoparticles to the PPy network contributes more to thescattering of polarons such as grain boundary scattering

10 20 30 40 50016

018

020

022

024

026

028

030

032

034

036

Ag (wt)

Ea

(meV

)

500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz

Figure 8 Activation energy versus wt of silver in PPy-Ag nano-composites at different frequency

4 Conclusions

Polypyrrole and silver nanoparticles have been synthesized at277K by chemical route Nanoparticles of polypyrrole-silver(PPy-Ag) composites were prepared by mixing polypyrroleand silver nanoparticles in different weight percentagesDielectric properties as a function of temperature and fre-quency have been measured over wide ranges Dielectricconstant decreases with increase in frequency and temper-ature Dielectric loss decreases with increase in frequencyand increases with increase in temperature Using dielectricdata conductivity has been deduced Conductivity was foundto increase with increase in temperature and frequency Byemploying Mottrsquos small polaron hopping model expressionfor conductivity activation energy has been obtained Acti-vation energy was found to be increased with increase infrequency and Ag content From these results it can bepredicted that by embedding silver nanoparticles in polymermatrix the electrical properties of the nanocomposites canbe improved It can also be concluded that the mechanicalmixing method might be effective and could be used for alarge-scale preparation of the PPy-Ag nanocomposites

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

One of the authors K Praveenkumar acknowledges thefinancial support from UGC New Delhi under UGC-BSRfellowship


References

[1] G E Wnek ldquoElectrically conductive polymer compositesrdquo inHandbook of Conducting Polymers T A Skotheim Ed chapter6 pp 205ndash212 Marcel Dekker New York NY USA 1986

[2] B Tian and G Zerbi ldquoLattice dynamics and vibrational spectraof polypyrrolerdquo The Journal of Chemical Physics vol 92 no 6article 3886 1990

[3] Y Peng L Qiu C Pan C Wang S Shang and F Yan ldquoFacilepreparation of water dispersible polypyrrole nanotube-sup-ported silver nanoparticles for hydrogen peroxide reductionand surface-enhanced Raman scatteringrdquo Electrochimica Actavol 75 pp 399ndash405 2012

[4] Y-C Liu H-T Lee and S-J Yang ldquoStrategy for the synthe-ses of isolated fine silver nanoparticles and polypyrrolesilvernanocomposites on gold substratesrdquo Electrochimica Acta vol51 no 17 pp 3441ndash3445 2006

[5] M F Attia T Azib Z Salmi et al ldquoOne-stepUV-inducedmodi-fication of cellulose fabrics by polypyrrolesilver nanocompositefilmsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 393 no 1 pp130ndash137 2013

[6] S D Solomon M Bahadory A V Jeyarajasingam S ARutkowsky C Boritz and L Mulfinger ldquoSynthesis and study ofsilver nanoparticlesrdquo Journal of Chemical Education vol 84 no2 pp 322ndash325 2007

[7] E Pinter R Patakfalvi T Fulei Z Gingl I Dekany and CVisy ldquoCharacterization of polypyrrole-silver nanocompositesprepared in the presence of different dopantsrdquo The Journal ofPhysical Chemistry B vol 109 no 37 pp 17474ndash17478 2005

[8] W J Kwon D H Suh B D Chin and J-W Yu ldquoPreparation ofpolypyrrole nanoparticles in mixed surfactants systemrdquo Journalof Applied Polymer Science vol 110 no 3 pp 1324ndash1329 2008

[9] F Lopez-Garcıa G Canche-Escamilla A L Ocampo-FloresP Roquero-Tejeda and L C Ordonez ldquoControlled size nano-polypyrrole synthetized in micro-emulsions as PT support forthe ethanol electro-oxidation reactionrdquo International Journal ofElectrochemical Science vol 8 no 3 pp 3794ndash3813 2013

[10] K Suri S Annapoorni R P Tandon C Rath and V KAggrawal ldquoThermal transition behaviour of iron oxidendashpoly-pyrrole nanocompositesrdquo Current Applied Physics vol 3 no 2-3 pp 209ndash213 2003

[11] H Kumar and R Rani ldquoStructural characterization of silvernanoparticles synthesized by micro emulsion routerdquo Interna-tional Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology vol 3no 3 pp 344ndash348 2013

[12] M F Ghadim A Imani and G Farzi ldquoSynthesis of PPyndashsilvernanocomposites via in situ oxidative polymerizationrdquo Journal ofNanostructure in Chemistry vol 4 no 2 article 101 2014

[13] K H Kate S R Damkale P K Khanna and G H Jain ldquoNano-silver mediated polymerization of pyrrole synthesis and gassensing properties of Polypyrrole (PPy)Ag nano-compositerdquoJournal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 11 no 9 pp7863ndash7869 2011

[14] H K Chitte N V Bhat N S Karmakar D C Kothari andG N Shinde ldquoSynthesis and characterization of polymericcomposites embeded with silver nanoparticlesrdquo World Journalof Nano Science and Engineering vol 2 no 1 pp 19ndash24 2012

[15] F Alam S A Ansari W Khan M E Khan and A H NaqvildquoSynthesis structural optical and electrical properties of in-situ synthesized polyanilinesilver nanocompositesrdquo FunctionalMaterials Letters vol 5 no 3 Article ID 1250026 5 pages 2012

[16] N F Mott ldquoConduction in glasses containing transition metalionsrdquo Journal ofNon-Crystalline Solids vol 1 no 1 pp 1ndash17 1968

[17] K Praveenkumar T Sankarappa J Kattimani et al ldquoElectricalconductivity in polypyrrole nanoparticlesrdquo International Scien-tific Journal on Science Engineering amp Technology vol 17 no 7pp 772ndash777 2014

[18] J A Creighton C G Blatchford and M G Albrecht ldquoPlasmaresonance enhancement of Raman scattering by pyridineadsorbed on silver or gold sol particles of size comparable to theexcitation wavelengthrdquo Journal of the Chemical Society FaradayTransactions 2Molecular andChemical Physics vol 75 pp 790ndash798 1979

[19] J S Suh D P DiLella and M Moskovits ldquoSurface-enhancedRaman spectroscopy of colloidal metal systems a two-dimen-sional phase equilibrium in p-aminobenzoic acid adsorbed onsilverrdquoThe Journal of Physical Chemistry vol 87 no 9 pp 1540ndash1544 1983

[20] K Praveenkumar T Sankarappa J Kattimani G Chan-draprabha J S Ashwajeet and R Ramanna ldquoElectronic trans-port in PPy-Ag composite nanoparticlesrdquo in Proceedings of the2nd International Conference on Nanotechnology (ICNT rsquo15) pp695ndash699 West Bengal India February 2015

[21] T Sujatha G B Devidas T Sankarappa and S M Hanagodi-math ldquoDielectric and AC conductivity studies in alkali dopedvanadophosphate glassesrdquo International Journal of EngineeringScience vol 2 no 7 pp 302ndash309 2013

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



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CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of



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Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


been determined Conductivity data has been analyzed in thelight of Mottrsquos small polaron hopping model [16]

2 Experimental

Highly pure analytical grade pyrrole ammonium peroxi-disulphate methanol acetone silver nitrate and sodiumborohydride were used in the preparation of PPy nanopar-ticles and silver nanoparticles Preparation of PPy nanopar-ticles was carried out at a temperature of 277K Aqueoussolution of pyrrole was prepared and stirred for 30minutes toattain homogeneity Aqueous ammonium persulphate (APS)solution has been added dropwise to the pyrrole solutionAfter addition of few drops of APS the solution turned intogreen indicating the formation of polypyrrole nanoparticlesin the colloidal solution On further addition of APS thesolution became black The reaction has been carried out foreight hours The colloidal solution was filtered and washedwith double distilled water methanol and acetone severaltimes to remove unreacted pyrrole and ammonia The pow-der was collected dried and ground [17]

To prepare silver nanoparticles the chemical reductionmethod was followed in which aqueous solution of silvernitrate (AgNO

3

) was added dropwise to ice-cooled aqueoussolution of sodium borohydride (NaBH

4

) Thus silver ionswere reduced and clustered to formmonodispersed nanopar-ticles as a transparent sol in the aqueous medium [18 19]The solution was filtered and washed with distilled water andacetone several times The collected powder was dried andground

Polypyrrole-silver (PPy-Ag) composite nanoparticleswere prepared bymechanicalmixing of polypyrrole and silvernanoparticles in the weight percentages defined as (PPy)

100minus119909

(Ag)119909

where the weight percentage 119909 = 10 20 30 40and 50 and are labeled as PPy-AG1 PPy-AG2 PPy-AG3PPy-AG4 and PPy-AG5 respectivelyThe results of SEM andXRD studies have been already published [20] Dielectricproperties as a function of temperature and frequencyhave been investigated in Wayne Kerr Precision ImpedanceAnalyzer (model number 6500B) in the frequency range from50Hz to 1MHz and temperature range from room tempera-ture to 550K

3 Results and Discussions

31 Dielectric Properties The dielectric properties have beenstudied for all the PPy-Ag nanocomposites Figure 1 showsthe variation of dielectric constant 1205761015840 with frequency for allthe five composites From this figure we can note that 1205761015840decrease with frequency for all the samples Dielectric lossfactor 12057610158401015840 variation with frequency for all the five compositesis plotted in Figure 2 The nature of variation of 12057610158401015840 withfrequency is same as that of 1205761015840 with frequency Figure 2 showsthat dielectric loss 12057610158401015840 decreases with increase in frequencyand at the higher frequency loss becomes almost constant andsimilar behavior was observed in [15] Temperature variationof 1205761015840 for PPy-AG1 is shown in Figure 3 FromFigure 3 we notethat 1205761015840 decreases with increasing temperature for small ln(119891)Similar nature of variation of 1205761015840 with temperature has been

8 9 10 11 12 13 141

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


PPy-AG4PPy-AG5

120576998400times102

ln(f) (Hz)

Figure 1 Dielectric constant 1205761015840 versus ln(119891) for PPy-Ag nanocom-posites at the temperature of 323K


PPy-AG4PPy-AG5

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

8 9 10 11 12 13 14ln(f) (Hz)

120576998400998400times103

minus05

Figure 2 Dielectric loss 12057610158401015840 versus ln(119891) for PPy-Ag nanocompos-ites at the temperature of 323 K

observed for the remaining composites The change in 12057610158401015840with temperature for PPy-AG1 is shown in Figure 4 Similarbehavior of 12057610158401015840with temperature has been observed in the caseof other samples of the presented series

32 Electrical Conductivity Conductivity 120590 was estimatedusing dielectric data as per the following expression [21]

120590AC = 12057610158401015840

120596120576119900

(1)


8 9 10 11 12 13 14

2

3

4

5

6

7

ln(f) (Hz)

120576998400times102

323K373K423K

473K523K553K


8 9 10 11 12 13 14ln(f) (Hz)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

120576998400998400times103

minus2

323K373K423K

473K523K553K




300 350 400 450 500 550

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

T (K)

500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz

120590times10minus3

(Ωminus1

mminus1)


10 20 30 40 5020

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

Ag (wt)

500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz

120590times10minus3

(Ωminus1

mminus1)





16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

00

05

10

15

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus05

ln(120590T

) (Ω

minus1

mminus1

K)


500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz




120590 =1205900119879expminus

119864119886

119870119861

119879 (2)

where 120590119900



119886

forAC conduction



119886


119886


10 20 30 40 50016

018

020

022

024

026

028

030

032

034

036

Ag (wt)

Ea

(meV

)

500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz


4 Conclusions




Acknowledgment



References





























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




8 9 10 11 12 13 14

2

3

4

5

6

7

ln(f) (Hz)

120576998400times102

323K373K423K

473K523K553K


8 9 10 11 12 13 14ln(f) (Hz)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

120576998400998400times103

minus2

323K373K423K

473K523K553K




300 350 400 450 500 550

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

T (K)

500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz

120590times10minus3

(Ωminus1

mminus1)


10 20 30 40 5020

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

Ag (wt)

500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz

120590times10minus3

(Ωminus1

mminus1)





16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

00

05

10

15

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus05

ln(120590T

) (Ω

minus1

mminus1

K)


500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz




120590 =1205900119879expminus

119864119886

119870119861

119879 (2)

where 120590119900



119886

forAC conduction



119886


119886


10 20 30 40 50016

018

020

022

024

026

028

030

032

034

036

Ag (wt)

Ea

(meV

)

500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz


4 Conclusions




Acknowledgment



References





























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

00

05

10

15

minus25

minus20

minus15

minus10

minus05

ln(120590T

) (Ω

minus1

mminus1

K)


500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz




120590 =1205900119879expminus

119864119886

119870119861

119879 (2)

where 120590119900



119886

forAC conduction



119886


119886


10 20 30 40 50016

018

020

022

024

026

028

030

032

034

036

Ag (wt)

Ea

(meV

)

500Hz10kHz

100 kHz1MHz


4 Conclusions




Acknowledgment



References





























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




References





























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials










CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials



research article dielectric and ac conductivity studies in...

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