research article dyeing studies with eucalyptus ,...

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of TextilesVolume 2013 Article ID 423842 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013423842

Research ArticleDyeing Studies with Eucalyptus Quercetin Rutin and TanninA Research on Effect of Ferrous Sulfate Mordant

Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit1 Charoon Klaichoi2 Nattadon Rungruangkitkrai3

Nattaya Punrattanasin4 Kamolkan Sriharuksa4 and Monthon Nakpathom5

1 Department of Textile Chemistry Technology Faculty of Industrial Textiles and Fashion Design Rajamangala University ofTechnology Phra Nakhon 517 Nakhonsawan Road Kwang Suan Chitladda Dusit District Bangkok 10300 Thailand

2Department of Textile Product Design Faculty of Industrial Textiles and Fashion Design Rajamangala University ofTechnology Phra Nakhon 517 Nakhonsawan Road Kwang Suan Chitlada Dusit District Bangkok 10300 Thailand

3Department of Textile Science Faculty of Agro-Industry Kasetsart University 50 Phaholyotin Road Chatuchak DistrictBangkok 10900 Thailand

4Department of Textile Science and Technology Faculty of Science and Technology Thammasat UniversityRangsit Center Pathumthani 12121 Thailand

5 National Metal and Materials Technology Center National Science and Technology Development AgencyPathumthani 12120 Thailand

Correspondence should be addressed to Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit rattanapholmrmutpacth

Received 28 December 2012 Revised 5 March 2013 Accepted 2 April 2013

Academic Editor Nabil Ibrahim

Copyright copy 2013 Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

Natural dyes from Eucalyptus leaf extract quercetin rutin and tannin were applied to silk fabric by pad-batch and pad-drytechniques under different conditions Ferrous sulfate was used as a mordant The dyeing properties were evaluated by measuringKS and CIELAB values In addition the different fastness properties were evaluated The effect of dyes at different concentrationlevels with respect to their colour strength was also studied

1 Introduction

Natural dyes are comprised of dyes and pigments that areobtained from various parts of plants including roots barkleaves flowers and fruit [1] The major applications arecoloring of food leather wood and natural fibers like woolsilk cotton and flax Natural dyes may have a wide range ofshades Dyeing with natural dyes however normally requiresthe use of mordants which are metallic salts of aluminumiron chromium and copper among others to ensure areasonable color fastness to sunlight and washing [2] Themetal ions of these mordants can act as electron acceptorsfor electron donors to form coordination bonds with the dyemolecules making them insoluble in water [3] Lately therehas been increasing interest in natural dyes as the public isbecoming more aware of the ecological and environmentalproblems related to the use of synthetic dyes The use ofnatural dyes cuts down significantly on the amount of toxic

effluent resulting from synthetic dye processes Natural dyeshave also been used for printing and dye-sensitized solarcells [4ndash7] Alongside their aesthetic qualities natural dyesmay offer other benefits being antibacterial deodorizingand UV protective [8ndash14] The use of natural dyes in textileapplications is growing rapidly reflecting the strict envi-ronmental standards being established in many countriesand the concern about the health hazards associated withsynthetic dyes for example the recent ban on the use of azodyes by the European Union has also increased the scope forthe use of natural dyes [15]

Eucalyptus is one of themost important sources of naturaldye yielding several yellowish-brown colorant Eucalyptushas ample natural tannins and polyphenols ranging from 10to 12 [16]Themajor coloring component ofEucalyptus barkis quercetin which is also an antioxidant It has been used asa food dye with strong antioxidant properties [17] Eucalyptusleaves contain up to 11 of the major components of tannin

2 Journal of Textiles

O

O

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

HO

OH

OH

OH

Quercetin (CI 75670) Rutin (CI 75730)

O

O

O

HO

HO

OOH

OH

Ellagic acid (CI 75270)

OC12H21O9

Figure 1 Color composition of Eucalyptus leaf extract dye

(gallic acid and ellagic acid) with flavonoids (quercetin rutinetc) as minor substances [18ndash20] Tannins and flavonoids areconsidered to be very useful substances during the dyeingprocess because of their ability to fix dyes within fabricsThe structures of the important coloring components ofEucalyptus leaves are given in Figure 1

Vegetable tannin extracts contain a variety of amorphousmaterials including polyphenolic tannins of large relativemolecular mass (119872

119903) such as hydrolysable gallotannin and

tannic acid as well as non-tannins such as flavones andgums [21] Because tannins have a large 119872

119903and are water-

soluble phenolic compounds they undergo typical phenolicreactions notably the chelation of metal ions Tannins havebeen used in textiles for several thousands of years asexemplified by the dyeing of cotton and silk with dyewoodsin which the tannin is ldquofixedrdquo by a metal salt (eg CuSO

4)

employed as a mordant [22] Burkinshow [23] used tanninsas mordants to increase the uptake of cationic dyes (egmauvein) onto cotton by firstly applying tannin to the cottonfollowed by ldquofixingrdquo of tannin by the application of metal (FeAl Cu Pb or Sn) salts

Flavonoids (polyphenolic pigments) are widely present inplants Rutin (3310158404101584057-pentahydroxyflavone-3-rham-no-glucoside) and quercetin (3310158404101584057- pentahydroxyl-flavone)are phenolic compounds derived fromhydroxyl substitutionson a flavone chromophore Flavone-based compounds areknown to form stable complexes with metal cations (Fe CuAl and Cr) [24] Flavonoids and tannins are two of the mostinteresting natural phenolic compounds

Pure quercetin rutin and tannin were also used ascolorants in this study in order to compare their dyeingcharacteristics using CIELAB and KS values as well astheir fastness properties with those of Eucalyptus leavesFeSO4sdot7H2Omordant was used in this work Our interest lies

in the color that these compounds are imparted when addedto silk fabric by pad-dry and pad-batch dyeing techniques

2 Experimental

21 Materials and Chemicals The Eucalyptus leaves (Euca-lyptus camaldulensis) used in this study were collected inThailand Quercetin dihydrate 98 purity (C

15H10O7sdot2H2O

119872119882= 33880) rutin hydrate 95 purity (C

27H30O16sdotxH2O

119872119882= 61052) and tannin Ph Eur 5 (C

76H52O46 119872119882=

170120) were purchased from Sigma Fluka and Lachnerrespectively Plain weave scoured and bleached silk fabricwas used The mordant used was ferrous(II) sulfate heptahy-drate (FeSO

4sdot7H2O) The anionic wetting agent Altaran S8

(sodium alkylsulfate) and anionic soaping agent SyntaponABA were supplied by Chemotex Decin Czech Republic

22 Instruments The mordanting and dyeing were carriedout in a two-bowl padding mangle machine (Mathis typenumber HVF69805) A spectrophotometer (Datacolor 3890)was used to measure the color strength The color strengthin terms of 119870119878 values was calculated using the Kubelka-Munk equation 119870119878 = (1 minus 119877)22119877 where 119877 is reflectanceof the dyed fabric 119870 is the sorption coefficient and 119878 is thescattering coefficient

23 Dye Extraction fromEucalyptus Leaves FreshEucalyptusleaves were dried in sunlight for one month and crumbledusing a blender They were then used as the raw material fordye extraction which was achieved by the reflux technique(70 g of crumbled Eucalyptus leaves was mixed with 1 L ofdistilled water and refluxed for 1 h) The suspension was thenfiltered and the dye solutionwas separated into two parts one

Journal of Textiles 3

Table 1 Color value of silk fabric dyed with eucalyptus leaf extract and quercetin dyes

Type ofdye Concentration

Pad-batch Pad-dry119870119878 119871lowast 119886lowast 119887lowast Dyed sample 119870119878 119871lowast 119886lowast 119887lowast Dyed sample

Eucalyptus

1 gL dye (withoutmordant) 059 865 20 minus36 058 864 21 minus38


1 gL dye + 5 gLFeSO4

154 569 21 minus18 148 609 23 minus16


175 691 24 minus12 163 582 19 minus11

Quercetin

1 gL dye (withoutmordant) 117 854 minus22 60 109 863 minus16 51



455 469 35 201 430 519 17 152


803 367 14 149 761 398 29 168

for evaporating with a rotary evaporator and one for dyeingThe crude dye extract was used for obtaining the standardcalibration curve The dilution of the Eucalyptus leaf extractgives a relatively clear solution with a linear dependence onthe concentration absorbance and an absorption peak (120582max)at 262 nm [25] The concentration of 20 gL was calculatedfrom a standard curve of concentrations versus absorbanceat the 262 nm wavelength

24 Mordanting and Pad Dyeing A simultaneous paddingprocess was used in this research To study the effect of

dye concentration two concentrations of the Eucalyptus leafextract quercetin rutin and tannin dyes were chosen 1 and5 gL Ferrous sulfate mordant was used at concentration of5 gL for each dye concentration and 1 gL of an anionicwetting agent was added to the dye solution The pH of thedyeing solutionwas adjusted to 4 using an acetic acidThis pHwas adopted from the previous studies [12 26 27]The fabricwas then immersed in the dye solution at room temperatureand padded on a two-bowl padding mangle at 80 pick upFor the pad-dry method the samples were dried at 90∘C for3min For the cold pad-batch method the padded fabric was


Table 2 Color value of silk fabric dyed with rutin and tannin dyes


Pad-batch Pad-dry119870119878 119871lowast 119886lowast 119887lowast Dyed sample KS 119871lowast 119886lowast 119887lowast Dyed sample

Rutin

1 gL dye (withoutmordant) 071 875 005 01 065 874 08 minus16



410 601 15 200 230 694 33 197


473 564 12 192 300 631 23 190

Tannin




204 530 23 minus18 177 545 21 minus21


296 401 29 minus44 281 416 41 minus64

rolled on a glass rod and a plastic sheet wrapped around therolled fabric Fabric was then kept at room temperature for 24hours The samples were washed in 1 gL of the soaping agentat 80∘C for 15min and air-dried at room temperature

25 Evaluation of Color Strength and Fastness Properties Thecolor strength (KS) and CIELAB of the dyed samples wereevaluated using a spectrophotometer (Datacolor 3890) Allsamples showed a 120582max value of 400 nm The color fastnessto washing light and rubbing of the dyed samples wasdetermined according to ISO 105-C06 A1S 1994 ISO 105-B02 1994 and ISO 105-X12 2001 respectively

3 Results and Discussion

31 Effect of Dyeing on CIELAB and KS Values The colorvalue results are presented in Tables 1 and 2 Silk fabrics dyedwith Eucalyptus leaf extract and tannin dye showed a paleyellowish-grey shade while those dyed with ferrous sulfateshowed a dark greyish-brown color Silk fabric dyed withquercetin without a mordant had a yellowish-green colorwhile those mordanted with ferrous sulfate produced a darkyellowish-brown shade Silk substrates dyed with rutin gavea pale yellowish-green color while those dyed with ferroussulfate had a yellowish-brown color


Table 3 Color fastness to washing at 40∘C (ISO 105-C06 A1S 1994)

Dyeing and mordanting conditions Color change Color staining of multifibersAcetate Cotton Nylon Polyester Acrylic Wool

Pad-batchEucalyptus 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Eucalyptus + Fe 4 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4Quercetin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Quercetin + Fe 4 4-5 4 4 4-5 4-5 4Rutin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Rutin + Fe 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Tannin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4Tannin + Fe 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5

Pad-dryEucalyptus 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Eucalyptus + Fe 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4Quercetin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Quercetin + Fe 4 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Rutin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Rutin + Fe 4 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Tannin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Tannin + Fe 4 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4

Note Fe FeSO4

Table 4 Color fastness to light (ISO 105-B02 1994)

Dyeing and mordanting conditions Color changePad-batch Pad-dry

Eucalyptus 3-4 3-4Eucalyptus + FeSO4 3-4 3-4Quercetin 2 2Quercetin + FeSO4 3-4 3-4Rutin 3 3Rutin + FeSO4 3-4 3-4Tannin 4 4Tannin + FeSO4 4-5 4-5

From Tables 1 and 2 it is clear that the color shade of thefabrics dyed with tannin (a major constituent of Eucalyptusleaves) is colorimetrically and visually observed to be verysimilar to that one using Eucalyptus leaf extract dye Thecolors obtained with the different dyes vary in their tonedue to the fact that when the dyes (Eucalyptus leaf extractquercetin rutin and tannin) are combined with ferroussulfate to form dye-ferrous complexes different shades areattained

Tables 1 and 2 also show the color strength (119870119878) valuesof silk fabric dyed with Eucalyptus leaf extract quercetinrutin and tannin respectively It can be observed that the119870119878 values increase with an increase in dye concentrationSilk fabric dyeing by pad-batch technique showed higher119870119878values than pad-dry techniqueThis is because the pad-batchmethod exposes the fibers to the dye molecules for a longertime period promoting greater dyeability

It can be concluded that the successful dyeing of silkfabrics with Eucalyptus leaf extract dye quercetin rutinand tannin is due to the formation of ferrous coordinationcomplexes Ferrous sulfate readily chelated with the dyesAs the coordination number of ferrous sulfate is 6 somecoordination sites remain unoccupied when they interactwith the fiber which allows functional groups such as aminoand carboxylic acids on the fiber to occupy these unoccupiedsites Thus ferrous sulfate can form a ternary complex on onesite with the fiber and on another site with the dye [28]

32 Color Fastness Properties The fastness ratings of silkfabric dyedwith andwithoutmordants at a dye concentrationof 5 gL and ferrous sulfate (5 gL) are presented in Tables 3ndash5 Table 3 indicates that the washing fastness rating of silkfabric dyed with Eucalyptus leaf extract quercetin rutinand tannin is very good (4 to 4-5) A probable explanationfor the good fastness property is that tannin and flavonoids(quercetin and rutin) can formmetal chelateswith the ferrousmordant Hence after mordanting the tannin and flavonoidsare insoluble in water which improves the washing fastness

As seen in Table 4 a light fastness in the range of 3-4(fair) can be observed in the silk fabrics except for that dyedwith quercetin without mordant whose rating was 2 (poor)This is attributed to the fact that the presence of 3-hydroxygroups in quercetin reduces the light fastness due to lowerphotostability [29] Silk dyed with tannin with or without amordant was in the range of 4 to 4-5 (good)

From Table 5 very good (4-5) dry rubbing fastness canbe observed in silk fabric dyed with Eucalyptus leaf extractquercetin rutin and tannin except for those mordantedwith ferrous sulfate whose ratings were 3 to 4 (fair to


Table 5 Color fastness to rubbing (ISO 105-X12 2001)

Dyeing and mordanting conditions

Pad-batch Pad-dryWarp direction Weft direction Warp direction Weft directionColor staining Color staining Color staining Color staining

Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry WetEucalyptus 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Eucalyptus + Fe 3 2-3 3 2-3 3 2-3 3 2-3Quercetin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Quercetin + Fe 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 4 3-4Rutin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Rutin + Fe 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4Tannin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5Tannin + Fe 3 2-3 3 2-3 3 2-3 3 2-3Note Fe FeSO4

good) However the fabrics dyed with Eucalyptus and tanninmordanted with ferrous sulfate show a wet rubbing ratingof 2 to 3 (poor to fair) This is attributed to a difference inthe extent to which the low aqueous soluble ferrous-tannatecomplexes were able to diffuse within the dyed fiberThe largemolecular size complex that was formed within the dyeingbath could be anticipated to display very low diffusionalbehavior and therefore to deposit mostly on the peripheryof the dyed fiber resulting in a low rubbing fastness [21]

4 Conclusions

Silk fabrics dyed with Eucalyptus leaf extract quercetinrutin and tannin using the pad-batch method show highercolor strength than those dyed with the pad-dry techniqueTannins are considered as amain colorant in dyeing processesbecause of the shade similarities of Eucalyptus leaves Thecolor fastness to washing showed very good results whereasthe color fastness to rubbing was fair to good except forsilk fabric dyed with tannin mordanted with Eucalyptus withferrous sulfate where ratings were poor when subjectedto wet rubbing The light fastness rating of the silk fabricmordanted with ferrous sulfate showed a fair to good resultbut in the case of the silk fabric dyed with quercetin withoutmordant the fastness rating was poor The application ofnatural dyes to silk fabric by the pad-batch technique can beconsidered to be an effective ecooption hence this techniquecould be considered to be the most suitable for small scaleindustry and cottage dyeing

References

[1] R L M Allen Colour Chemistry Nelson London UK 1971[2] S M Robertson Dyes From Plants Van Nostrand Reinhold

New York NY USA 1973[3] R Mongkholrattanasit J Krystufek J Wiener and J

Studnickova ldquoProperties of wool and cotton fabrics dyedwith eucalyptus tannin and flavonoidsrdquo Fibres and Textiles inEastern Europe vol 19 no 2 pp 90ndash95 2011

[4] K Wongcharee V Meeyoo and S Chavadej ldquoDye-sensitizedsolar cell using natural dyes extracted from rosella and blue pea

flowersrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials and Solar Cells vol 91 no 7 pp566ndash571 2007

[5] N M Gomez-Ortız I A Vazquez-Maldonado A R Perez-Espadas G J Mena-Rejon J A Azamar-Barrios and GOskam ldquoDye-sensitized solar cells with natural dyes extractedfrom achiote seedsrdquo Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells vol94 no 1 pp 40ndash44 2010

[6] M Rekaby AA Salem and SHNassar ldquoEco-friendly printingof natural fabrics using natural dyes from alkanet and rhubarbrdquoThe Journal of the Textile Institute vol 100 no 6 pp 486ndash4952009

[7] R Agarwal N Pruthi and S J S Singh ldquoEffect of mordants onprinting with Marigold flowers dyerdquo Natural Product Radiancevol 6 no 4 pp 306ndash309 2007

[8] O Habbal S S Hasson A H El-Hag et al ldquoAntibacterialactivity of Lawsonia inermisLinn (Henna) againstPseudomonasaeruginosardquoAsian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 1no 3 pp 173ndash176 2011

[9] N Reddy S Han Y Zhao and Y Yang ldquoAntimicrobial activityof cotton fabrics treated with curcuminrdquo Journal of AppliedPolymer Science vol 127 no 4 pp 2698ndash2702 2012

[10] Y H Lee ldquoDyeing fastness and deodorizing properties ofcotton silk and wool fabrics dyed with coffee sludge (Coffeaarabica L) extractrdquo Journal of Applied Polymer Science vol 103no 1 pp 251ndash257 2007

[11] Y H Lee E K Hwang Y J Jung S K Do and H DKim ldquoDyeing and deodorizing properties of cotton silk woolfabrics dyed with amur corktree Dryopteris crassirhizomaChrysanthemum boreale Artemisia extractsrdquo Journal of AppliedPolymer Science vol 115 no 4 pp 2246ndash2253 2010

[12] R Mongkholrattanasit J Krystufek J Wiener and M VikovaldquoUV protection properties of silk fabric dyed with eucalyptusleaf extractrdquo The Journal of the Textile Institute vol 102 no 3pp 272ndash279 2011

[13] D Grifoni L Bacci G Zipoli L Albanese and F Sabatini ldquoTherole of natural dyes in the UV protection of fabrics made ofvegetable fibresrdquo Dyes and Pigments vol 91 no 3 pp 279ndash2852011

[14] A K Sarkar and R Dhandapani ldquoStudy of natural colorants asantibacterial agents on natural fibersrdquo Journal of Natural Fibersvol 6 no 1 pp 46ndash55 2009


[15] V Sivakumar J Vijaeeswarri and J L Anna ldquoEffective naturaldye extraction from different plant materials using ultrasoundrdquoIndustrial Crops and Products vol 33 no 1 pp 116ndash122 2011

[16] S Ali N Nisar and T Hussain ldquoDyeing properties of naturaldyes extracted from eucalyptusrdquo The Journal of the TextileInstitute vol 98 no 6 pp 559ndash562 2007

[17] P S Vankar V Tiwari and J Srivastava ldquoExtracts of steambark of eucalyptus globules as food dye with high antioxidantpropertiesrdquo Electronic Journal of Environmental Agriculturaland Food Chemistry vol 6 no 11 pp 2550ndash2556 2007

[18] L Chapuis-Lardy D Contour-Ansel and F Bernhard-ReversatldquoHigh-performance liquid chromatography of water-solublephenolics in leaf litter of three Eucalyptus hybrids (Congo)rdquoPlant Science vol 163 no 2 pp 217ndash222 2002

[19] E Conde E Cadahia Garcia-Vallejo and M C ldquoLow molec-ular weight polyphenols in leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensisE globules and E rudisrdquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 8 no 4pp 186ndash193 1997

[20] E Conde E Cadahia M C Garcia-Vallejo Fernandez deSimon and B ldquoHigh ressure liquid chromatographic analysisof polyphenols in leaves of Eucalyptus cmadulensis E globulesand E rudis proanthocyanidins ellagitannins and flavonolglycosidesrdquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 8 no 2 pp 78ndash83 1997

[21] S M Burkinshaw and N Kumar ldquoA tannic acidferrous sulfateaftertreatment for dyed nylon 66rdquo Dyes and Pigments vol 79no 1 pp 48ndash53 2008

[22] S M Burkinshaw and N Kumar ldquoThe mordant dyeing of woolusing tannic acid and FeSO

4 part 1 initial findingsrdquo Dyes and

Pigments vol 80 no 1 pp 53ndash60 2009[23] S M BurkinshawChemical Principles of Synthetic Fibre Dyeing

Chapman and Hall Glasgow UK 1995[24] C Septhum V Rattanaphani and S Rattanaphani ldquoUV-Vis

spectroscopic study of natural dyes with alum as a mordantrdquoSuranaree Journal Science Technology vol 14 no 1 pp 91ndash972007

[25] E A Yarosh T I Gigoshvili and M D Alaniya ldquoChemicalcomposition of eucalyptus jumanii cultivated in the humidgeorgian subtropicsrdquo Chemistry of Natural Compounds vol 37no 1 pp 86ndash87 2001

[26] R Mongkholrattanasit and T Vitidsant ldquoDyeing and colourfastness properties of silk and cotton fabrics dyed with euca-lyptus leaves extractrdquo in Proceedings of the 6th InternationalConference Textile Science (TEXSCI rsquo07) pp 285ndash286 LiberecCzech Republic 2007

[27] RMongkholrattanasitWWongphakdee and C SirikasemlertldquoDyeing and colour fastness properties of silk and cotton fabricsdyed with eucalyptus bark extractrdquo RMUTP Research Journalvol 1 no 1 pp 41ndash49 2007

[28] S D Bhattacharya and A K Shah ldquoMetal ion effect on dyeingof wool fabric with catechurdquo Coloration Technology vol 116 no1 pp 10ndash12 2000

[29] S V Bhat B A Nagasampagi and M Sivakumar Chemistry ofNatural Products Narosa New Delhi India 2006

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


O

O

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

HO

OH

OH

OH

Quercetin (CI 75670) Rutin (CI 75730)

O

O

O

HO

HO

OOH

OH

Ellagic acid (CI 75270)

OC12H21O9

Figure 1 Color composition of Eucalyptus leaf extract dye

(gallic acid and ellagic acid) with flavonoids (quercetin rutinetc) as minor substances [18ndash20] Tannins and flavonoids areconsidered to be very useful substances during the dyeingprocess because of their ability to fix dyes within fabricsThe structures of the important coloring components ofEucalyptus leaves are given in Figure 1

Vegetable tannin extracts contain a variety of amorphousmaterials including polyphenolic tannins of large relativemolecular mass (119872

119903) such as hydrolysable gallotannin and

tannic acid as well as non-tannins such as flavones andgums [21] Because tannins have a large 119872

119903and are water-

soluble phenolic compounds they undergo typical phenolicreactions notably the chelation of metal ions Tannins havebeen used in textiles for several thousands of years asexemplified by the dyeing of cotton and silk with dyewoodsin which the tannin is ldquofixedrdquo by a metal salt (eg CuSO

4)

employed as a mordant [22] Burkinshow [23] used tanninsas mordants to increase the uptake of cationic dyes (egmauvein) onto cotton by firstly applying tannin to the cottonfollowed by ldquofixingrdquo of tannin by the application of metal (FeAl Cu Pb or Sn) salts

Flavonoids (polyphenolic pigments) are widely present inplants Rutin (3310158404101584057-pentahydroxyflavone-3-rham-no-glucoside) and quercetin (3310158404101584057- pentahydroxyl-flavone)are phenolic compounds derived fromhydroxyl substitutionson a flavone chromophore Flavone-based compounds areknown to form stable complexes with metal cations (Fe CuAl and Cr) [24] Flavonoids and tannins are two of the mostinteresting natural phenolic compounds

Pure quercetin rutin and tannin were also used ascolorants in this study in order to compare their dyeingcharacteristics using CIELAB and KS values as well astheir fastness properties with those of Eucalyptus leavesFeSO4sdot7H2Omordant was used in this work Our interest lies

in the color that these compounds are imparted when addedto silk fabric by pad-dry and pad-batch dyeing techniques

2 Experimental

21 Materials and Chemicals The Eucalyptus leaves (Euca-lyptus camaldulensis) used in this study were collected inThailand Quercetin dihydrate 98 purity (C

15H10O7sdot2H2O

119872119882= 33880) rutin hydrate 95 purity (C

27H30O16sdotxH2O

119872119882= 61052) and tannin Ph Eur 5 (C

76H52O46 119872119882=

170120) were purchased from Sigma Fluka and Lachnerrespectively Plain weave scoured and bleached silk fabricwas used The mordant used was ferrous(II) sulfate heptahy-drate (FeSO

4sdot7H2O) The anionic wetting agent Altaran S8

(sodium alkylsulfate) and anionic soaping agent SyntaponABA were supplied by Chemotex Decin Czech Republic

22 Instruments The mordanting and dyeing were carriedout in a two-bowl padding mangle machine (Mathis typenumber HVF69805) A spectrophotometer (Datacolor 3890)was used to measure the color strength The color strengthin terms of 119870119878 values was calculated using the Kubelka-Munk equation 119870119878 = (1 minus 119877)22119877 where 119877 is reflectanceof the dyed fabric 119870 is the sorption coefficient and 119878 is thescattering coefficient

23 Dye Extraction fromEucalyptus Leaves FreshEucalyptusleaves were dried in sunlight for one month and crumbledusing a blender They were then used as the raw material fordye extraction which was achieved by the reflux technique(70 g of crumbled Eucalyptus leaves was mixed with 1 L ofdistilled water and refluxed for 1 h) The suspension was thenfiltered and the dye solutionwas separated into two parts one





Eucalyptus




154 569 21 minus18 148 609 23 minus16


175 691 24 minus12 163 582 19 minus11

Quercetin




455 469 35 201 430 519 17 152


803 367 14 149 761 398 29 168








Rutin




410 601 15 200 230 694 33 197


473 564 12 192 300 631 23 190

Tannin




204 530 23 minus18 177 545 21 minus21


296 401 29 minus44 281 416 41 minus64










Note Fe FeSO4
















4 Conclusions


References









































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials







Eucalyptus




154 569 21 minus18 148 609 23 minus16


175 691 24 minus12 163 582 19 minus11

Quercetin




455 469 35 201 430 519 17 152


803 367 14 149 761 398 29 168








Rutin




410 601 15 200 230 694 33 197


473 564 12 192 300 631 23 190

Tannin




204 530 23 minus18 177 545 21 minus21


296 401 29 minus44 281 416 41 minus64










Note Fe FeSO4
















4 Conclusions


References









































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials







Rutin




410 601 15 200 230 694 33 197


473 564 12 192 300 631 23 190

Tannin




204 530 23 minus18 177 545 21 minus21


296 401 29 minus44 281 416 41 minus64










Note Fe FeSO4
















4 Conclusions


References









































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials








Note Fe FeSO4
















4 Conclusions


References









































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials









4 Conclusions


References









































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials



research article dyeing studies with eucalyptus ,...

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