research article dynamic mechanical analysis and high...

Research ArticleDynamic Mechanical Analysis and High Strain-RateEnergy Absorption Characteristics of Vertically Aligned CarbonNanotube Reinforced Woven Fiber-Glass Composites

Kiyun Kim1 P Raju Mantena1 Seyed Soheil Daryadel1 Veera M Boddu2

Matthew W Brenner2 and Jignesh S Patel2

1Composite Structures and Nano-Engineering Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University of MississippiUniversity MS 38677 USA2US Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL)Champaign IL 61821 USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Kiyun Kim kky2729gmailcom

Received 19 May 2015 Revised 16 July 2015 Accepted 21 July 2015

Academic Editor Mircea Chipara

Copyright copy 2015 Kiyun Kim et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The dynamic mechanical behavior and energy absorption characteristics of nano-enhanced functionally graded compositesconsisting of 3 layers of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) forests grown on woven fiber-glass (FG) layer and embeddedwithin 10 layers of woven FG with polyester (PE) and polyurethane (PU) resin systems (FGPEVACNT and FGPUVACNT) areinvestigated and comparedwith the baselinematerials FGPE and FGPU (ie without VACNT) ADynamicMechanical Analyzer(DMA) was used for obtaining the mechanical properties It was found that FGPEVACNT exhibited a significantly lower flexuralstiffness at ambient temperature along with higher damping loss factor over the investigated temperature range compared to thebaseline material FGPE For FGPUVACNT a significant increase in flexural stiffness at ambient temperature along with a lowerdamping loss factor was observed with respect to the baseline material FGPU A Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) was used toevaluate the energy absorption and strength of specimens under high strain-rate compression loading It was found that the specificenergy absorption increased with VACNT layers embedded in both FGPE and FGPU The compressive strength also increasedwith the addition of VACNT forest layers in FGPU however it did not show an improvement for FGPE

1 Introduction

Development of novel light-weight high-strength and high-temperature resistant materials has been the focus ofincreased research formany applications [1] such as aerospaceand automobile structures where the material experiencessevere thermal gradients and requires high flexural rigidityand high vibration damping Due to the increasing demandof required conflicting properties the newly developed func-tionally graded materials (FGM) have been a broad researcharea on account of their tailored properties [2 3] Investi-gation of carbon nanotubesrsquo (CNT) role in CNT-polymercomposites and their dynamic behavior can also help todevelop such FGM [4] CNT can enhance the mechanical

properties of FGM due to their unique material propertiessuch as high stiffness strength and toughness [5 6] Thesenano-enhanced FGM are being considered for blastballisticprotective structures and other armor applications

Zeng et al [7] studied the mechanical properties ofVACNT based sandwich composites using DMA It wasobserved that VACNT based sandwich composites showedhigher flexural rigidity and damping compared to samplesconsisting of carbon fiber fabric stacks without VACNT Inprevious research [8] conducted at the Blast and ImpactDynamics laboratory University of Mississippi the dynamicmechanical behavior and high strain-rate response of aFGM system consisting of VACNT grown on a silicon (Si)wafer substrate have been investigated It was found that

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of NanomaterialsVolume 2015 Article ID 480549 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015480549

2 Journal of Nanomaterials

Fiber-glass fabrics 4 layers

CNTs forest on fiber-glass fabrics

Fiber-glass fabrics

Fiber-glassCNTsresincomposite sheet

Resin-PUPE

10 + 3 layers of FGCNT composite fabrication

Compressed at 125 k to 130k lbs

Figure 1 Schematic of the FGPEVACNT and FGPUVACNT samples with 10 layers of woven fiber-glass + 3 layers of embedded VACNT[9]

VACNT forests grown on Si wafer substrate exhibited signif-icantly higher flexural stiffness damping and specific energyabsorption

In the current study dynamic mechanical behavior andenergy absorption characteristics of a VACNT-enhancedFGM system are investigated VACNT forests were grown onthe woven FG fabric layers with two different thermoset resinsystems PE and PU and embedded within the specimensTwo different experimental techniques DMA and SHPBwere used for evaluating their dynamic properties

2 Materials and Methods

21 Specimen Preparation 10-layer woven FG fabrics withPE resin (E15-8082) and 10-layer woven FG fabrics with PUresin (3475UrethaneCasting)were prepared as baseline com-posites (FGPE and FGPU) by the autoclave process

Carbon nanotubes were grown on 1210158401015840 by 1210158401015840 sheet ofdesized glass fabric Three sheets of the fabric were arrangedon each of three racks in a steel chamber (sim1810158401015840times 1810158401015840times 910158401015840)which was heated to about 650∘C A solution of 4 by wtferrocene in m-xylene was prepared to implement the float-ing catalyst fabrication of CNTs and fed through three inletmanifolds each of which was externally heated to about350∘C to vaporize the solution Nitrogen and hydrogen at aflow rate of 2000 and 300 cubic cmmin respectively carriedthe vapor into the reaction chamber containing the glassfabrics The fabrics were processed for 60min The temper-ature in the reaction chamber however fluctuated (plusmn50∘C)significantly around 600∘C during the CNT growth processA total ferrocenecatalyst solution of about 300ndash400mL wasused FGPEVACNT and FGPUVACNT specimens having

3 layers of VACNT grownembedded within 10 layers ofwoven FG along with two different resin systems (PE andPU) were fabricated by hand lay-up and compression Aschematic of FGPEVACNT and FGPUVACNT is shownin Figure 1 The composites were then cut into individualsamples as required for DMA (60mm long times 10mm wide times6mm thick rectangular beams) and SHPB (6mm times 6mm times6mm square specimens) tests More details of the specimenpreparation and fabrication are given in [9]

22 DMA Technique Dynamic mechanical behavior of FGPE FGPU FGPEVACNT and FGPUVACNT specimenswas investigated using a TA Instruments Model Q800DMA [10] Rectangular beam specimens with 60mm inlength 10mm in width and 6mm in thickness provided byERDC-CERL (US Army Engineer Research and Develop-ment Center-Construction Engineering Research Laboratory(ERDC-CERL) Champaign IL 61821 USA) were used forthis study Mechanical properties such as storage modulus(flexural stiffness) loss modulus (energy dissipation) tan 120575(inherent damping) and glass transition temperature (119879

119892)

were obtained in the three-point oscillatory bending modeRoller pins on each side (with a span of 50mm) were usedto support the specimens and force applied in the middleof the span All the specimens were subjected to 1Hz singlefrequency with 10 120583m midspan displacement amplitude Forthese experiments only the heating temperature ramp (fromambient 30∘C to 200∘C) was implemented with the temper-ature elevated in 2∘Cmin steps up to the final temperaturePoissonrsquos ratio of 03 is input as a constant parameter for allsamples

Journal of Nanomaterials 3

05

101520253035

30 60 90 120 150 180

Stor

age m

odul

us (G

Pa)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

(a)

05

101520253035

Aver

age s

tora

ge m

odul

us

R

T (G

Pa)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(b)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

00

01

02

03

04

30 60 90 120 150 180Temperature (∘C)

tan 120575

(c)

00

01

02

03

04

05

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age t

an 120575

Tg

(d)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

00051015202530

30 60 90 120 150 180

Loss

mod

ulus

(GPa

)

Temperature (∘C)

(e)

00

02

04

06

08

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

us

FGPEFGPEVACNT

R

T (G

Pa)

(f)

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

usTg

(GPa

)

(g)

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age b

ulk

dens

ity (k

gm

3)

(h)

Figure 2 DMA response of 10-layer woven fiber-glass with PE resin (FGPE) and 10-layer woven fiber-glass with PE resin along withembedded 3 layers of VACNT (FGPEVACNT) (a) storage modulus (b) storage modulus at RT (c) damping loss factor (d) damping lossfactor at 119879

119892 (e) loss modulus (f) loss modulus at RT (g) loss modulus at 119879

119892 and (h) average bulk density of specimens (three each)


05

101520253035

30 60 90 120 150 180

Stor

age m

odul

us (G

Pa)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

(a)

05

101520253035

Aver

age s

tora

ge m

odul

us

R

T (G

Pa)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(b)

00

01

02

03

04

30 60 90 120 150 180

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

tan 120575

(c)

00

01

02

03

04

05

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Aver

age t

an 120575

Tg

(d)

00051015202530

30 60 90 120 150 180

Loss

mod

ulus

(GPa

)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

(e)

00

02

04

06

08

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

us

R

T (G

Pa)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(f)

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

usTg

(GPa

)

(g)

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Aver

age b

ulk

dens

ity (k

gm

3)

(h)

Figure 3 DMA response of 10-layer woven fiber-glass with PU resin (FGPU) and 10-layer woven fiber-glass with PU resin along withembedded 3 layers of VACNT (FGPUVACNT) (a) storage modulus (b) storage modulus at RT (c) damping loss factor (d) damping lossfactor at 119879



23 SHPB Technique The high strain-rate compressive testswere conducted on FGPE FGPU FGPEVACNT andFGPUVACNT specimens using a modified SHPB in theBlast and Impact Dynamics Lab at the University of Missis-sippi MS Aluminum bars of 1902mm diameter were usedas striker incident and transmission bars Square specimenswere cut precisely (6mm times 6mm times 6mm) and testedwith compression SHPB apparatus to evaluate the dynamicmechanical properties such as compressive strength specificenergy absorption and rate of specific energy Polyurea pulseshaper was used tominimize the wave dispersion and achievethe required stress equilibrium [11] Glycerinwas also used for

holding specimens in-between incident and transmission barends to minimize the interfacial friction

3 Results and Discussion

31 DMAResults TheDMA experiments were conducted onFGPE FGPU FGPEVACNT and FGPUVACNT sam-ples (three samples each) to compare and investigate effectsof the embedded VACNT layers on specimensrsquo dynamicmechanical behavior The output data graphs the storagemodulus (flexural stiffness) the loss modulus (energy dissi-pation) and the damping loss factor (tan 120575 ratio of dissipated


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

000 010 020 030

Stre

ss (M

Pa)

Strain

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

Aver

age c

ompr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(MPa

)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Aver

age s

peci

fic en

ergy

abso

rptio

n (k

Jkg)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(c)

0

50

100

150

200

250

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age r

ate o

f spe

cific

ener

gy (M

Jkg-

s)

(d)

Figure 4 SHPB compression test response of FGPE and FGPEVACNT composites evaluated over strain rate of 700 to 800s (a) stress-strain curve of FGPE and FGPEVACNT (b) compressive strength (c) average specific energy absorption and (d) rate of specific energyabsorption

energy to stored energy) for FGPE and FGPEVACNT spec-imens are presented in Figure 2 As can be seen at room tem-perature (RT) FGPEVACNT samples exhibited 40 dropin storage modulus compared to the baseline FGPE samplesThe tan 120575 of FGPEVACNT specimens over the test temper-ature range from 32∘C to 200∘C (or frequency by the time-temperature correspondence principle for viscoelastic mate-rials) appeared to be consistently higher (by about 60) butit was found to be similar as baseline FGPE at119879

119892(120∘C)The

loss modulus of FGPEVACNT was higher at RT comparedto the baseline FGPE but it was much lower at 119879

119892(120∘C)

The average bulk density of FGPEVACNTwas slightly lowerthan the FGPE specimens Glass transition temperature wasalmost the same for both composites (120∘C)

In Figure 3 the dynamic mechanical behavior of FGPUVACNT and FGPU specimens is compared It was found

that the storage modulus of FGPUVACNT increased (fromabout 18GPa to 31 GPa at RT) in comparison with the base-line FGPU samples Additionally FGPUVACNT exhibitedhigher loss modulus at both RT and 119879

119892 The average bulk

density and 119879119892also increased However a significant drop

in inherent damping (tan 120575) was observed at 119879119892with the

addition of VACNT layers (FGPUVACNT)In contrast to previous investigation of VACNT grown on

silicon wafer substrate [8] the addition of VACNT layers didnot show an increase in damping loss factor (tan 120575) in FGPEVACNT and FGPUVACNT samples However a signif-icant drop in damping has been observed in FGPUVACNTsamples The hand lay-up with subsequent pressurizationof the green samples may be the major factor in reduc-tion of damping Increased binding of the polymers with


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

000 010 020 030

Stre

ss (M

Pa)

Strain

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(a)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Aver

age c

ompr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(MPa

)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Aver

age s

peci

fic en

ergy

abso

rptio

n (k

Jkg)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(c)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Aver

age r

ate o

f spe

cific

ener

gy (M

Jkg-

s)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(d)

Figure 5 SHPB compression test response of FGPU and FGPUVACNT composites evaluated over strain rate of 700 to 800s (a) stress-strain curve of FGPU and FGPUVACNT (b) compressive strength (c) average specific energy absorption and (d) rate of specific energyabsorption

the VACNT surface under pressure may also be contributingto the reduced damping

32 SHPB Results The compression SHPB apparatus wasused to evaluate the energy absorption characteristics of FGPE FGPU FGPEVACNT and FGPUVACNT specimensA typical SHPB compression response for FGPE and FGPEVACNT specimens at strain rate of 700 to 800s is shownin Figure 4 FGPEVACNT displayed higher specific energyabsorption and rate of specific energy compared to the base-line FGPE However compressive strength in FGPEVACNT was marginally lower than baseline FGPE

SHPB compression tests were also performed on baselineFGPU and FGPUVACNT specimens at strain rate of 600to 800s Figure 5 shows typical stress-strain curves of FGPUand FGPUVACNT and compares them in terms of averagecompressive strength specific energy absorption and rate

of specific energy FGPUVACNT exhibited higher specificenergy absorption and rate of specific energy with respectto the baseline FGPU It was also found that the averagecompressive strength of FGPUVACNT increased about30 with respect to FGPU (from 214MPa to 270MPa)

4 Conclusions

Dynamic mechanical behavior and energy absorption char-acteristics of 10-layer woven fiber-glass fabric with two dif-ferent resin systems (PE and PU) have been investigatedas the baseline and effects of embedding VACNT layerswithin these baseline composites were studied From DMAresponse FGPEVACNT exhibited a significantly lowerflexural stiffness at ambient temperature along with higherdamping loss factor over the investigated temperature rangewith respect to baseline FGPE However damping loss


factor was found to be similar as the baseline FGPE at119879

119892 FGPUVACNT showed a significantly higher flexural

stiffness at ambient temperature along with lower dampingloss factor over the investigated temperature range comparedto the baseline FGPUThe lossmodulus at RT increasedwiththe addition of VACNT forest layers in both baseline compos-ites (FGPE and FGPU) but only FGPUVACNT showedan increased loss modulus at 119879

119892 From SHPB response

FGPEVACNT and FGPUVACNT showed improved spe-cific energy absorption and rate of specific energy absorptioncompared to the baseline materials FGPE and FGPU Thecompressive strength of FGPUVACNT increased by about30 with the addition of VACNT forest layers

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The financial support from the US Army Engineer Researchand Development Center-Construction Engineering Re-search Laboratory (ERDC-CERL) Champaign IL USAGrant W9132T-12-P0057 is gratefully acknowledged Theauthorswould like to thankDr BrahmaPramanik for his helpin performing the DMA and SHPB experiments

References

[1] I C Finegan and R F Gibson ldquoRecent research on enhance-ment of damping in polymer compositesrdquoComposite Structuresvol 44 no 2-3 pp 89ndash98 1999

[2] R M Mahamood E T Akinlabi M Shukla and S PityanaldquoFunctionally graded material an overviewrdquo in Proceedings ofthe World Congress on Engineering (WCE rsquo12) vol 3 pp 1593ndash1597 London UK 2012

[3] S Thomopoulos T F Martin and R N Grishanin Eds Struc-tural Interfaces and Attachments in Biology Springer New YorkNY USA 2013

[4] P M Ajayan and J M Tour ldquoMaterials science nanotube com-positesrdquo Nature vol 447 no 7148 pp 1066ndash1068 2007

[5] J N Coleman U KhanW J Blau and Y K Gunrsquoko ldquoSmall butstrong a review of the mechanical properties of carbon nano-tubendashpolymer compositesrdquo Carbon vol 44 no 9 pp 1624ndash1652 2006

[6] E T Thostenson Z Ren and T-W Chou ldquoAdvances in thescience and technology of carbon nanotubes and their compos-ites a reviewrdquoComposites Science and Technology vol 61 no 13pp 1899ndash1912 2001

[7] Y Zeng L Ci B J Carey R Vajtai and P M Ajayan ldquoDesignand reinforcement vertically aligned carbon nanotube-basedsandwich compositesrdquo ACS Nano vol 4 no 11 pp 6798ndash68042010

[8] P R Mantena T Tadepalli B Pramanik et al ldquoEnergy dissi-pation and the high-strain rate dynamic response of verticallyaligned carbon nanotube ensembles grown on silicon wafersubstraterdquo Journal of Nanomaterials vol 2013 Article ID259458 7 pages 2013

[9] K Kim Dynamic mechanical analysis and high strain-rateenergy absorption characteristics of vertically aligned carbonnanotube (VACNT) reinforcedwovenfiber-glass composites [MSthesis] The University of Mississippi Oxford Miss USA 2015

[10] T A Instruments ldquoQ800 Dynamic Mechanical AnalysisBrochurerdquo 2010 httpwwwtainstrumentscompdfbrochuredmapdf

[11] W W Chen and B Song Split Hopkinson (Kolsky) Bar DesignTesting and Applications Springer New York NY USA 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



CeramicsJournal of


CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of



International Journal of

Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


Fiber-glass fabrics 4 layers

CNTs forest on fiber-glass fabrics

Fiber-glass fabrics

Fiber-glassCNTsresincomposite sheet

Resin-PUPE

10 + 3 layers of FGCNT composite fabrication

Compressed at 125 k to 130k lbs

Figure 1 Schematic of the FGPEVACNT and FGPUVACNT samples with 10 layers of woven fiber-glass + 3 layers of embedded VACNT[9]

VACNT forests grown on Si wafer substrate exhibited signif-icantly higher flexural stiffness damping and specific energyabsorption

In the current study dynamic mechanical behavior andenergy absorption characteristics of a VACNT-enhancedFGM system are investigated VACNT forests were grown onthe woven FG fabric layers with two different thermoset resinsystems PE and PU and embedded within the specimensTwo different experimental techniques DMA and SHPBwere used for evaluating their dynamic properties

2 Materials and Methods

21 Specimen Preparation 10-layer woven FG fabrics withPE resin (E15-8082) and 10-layer woven FG fabrics with PUresin (3475UrethaneCasting)were prepared as baseline com-posites (FGPE and FGPU) by the autoclave process

Carbon nanotubes were grown on 1210158401015840 by 1210158401015840 sheet ofdesized glass fabric Three sheets of the fabric were arrangedon each of three racks in a steel chamber (sim1810158401015840times 1810158401015840times 910158401015840)which was heated to about 650∘C A solution of 4 by wtferrocene in m-xylene was prepared to implement the float-ing catalyst fabrication of CNTs and fed through three inletmanifolds each of which was externally heated to about350∘C to vaporize the solution Nitrogen and hydrogen at aflow rate of 2000 and 300 cubic cmmin respectively carriedthe vapor into the reaction chamber containing the glassfabrics The fabrics were processed for 60min The temper-ature in the reaction chamber however fluctuated (plusmn50∘C)significantly around 600∘C during the CNT growth processA total ferrocenecatalyst solution of about 300ndash400mL wasused FGPEVACNT and FGPUVACNT specimens having

3 layers of VACNT grownembedded within 10 layers ofwoven FG along with two different resin systems (PE andPU) were fabricated by hand lay-up and compression Aschematic of FGPEVACNT and FGPUVACNT is shownin Figure 1 The composites were then cut into individualsamples as required for DMA (60mm long times 10mm wide times6mm thick rectangular beams) and SHPB (6mm times 6mm times6mm square specimens) tests More details of the specimenpreparation and fabrication are given in [9]

22 DMA Technique Dynamic mechanical behavior of FGPE FGPU FGPEVACNT and FGPUVACNT specimenswas investigated using a TA Instruments Model Q800DMA [10] Rectangular beam specimens with 60mm inlength 10mm in width and 6mm in thickness provided byERDC-CERL (US Army Engineer Research and Develop-ment Center-Construction Engineering Research Laboratory(ERDC-CERL) Champaign IL 61821 USA) were used forthis study Mechanical properties such as storage modulus(flexural stiffness) loss modulus (energy dissipation) tan 120575(inherent damping) and glass transition temperature (119879

119892)

were obtained in the three-point oscillatory bending modeRoller pins on each side (with a span of 50mm) were usedto support the specimens and force applied in the middleof the span All the specimens were subjected to 1Hz singlefrequency with 10 120583m midspan displacement amplitude Forthese experiments only the heating temperature ramp (fromambient 30∘C to 200∘C) was implemented with the temper-ature elevated in 2∘Cmin steps up to the final temperaturePoissonrsquos ratio of 03 is input as a constant parameter for allsamples


05

101520253035

30 60 90 120 150 180

Stor

age m

odul

us (G

Pa)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

(a)

05

101520253035

Aver

age s

tora

ge m

odul

us

R

T (G

Pa)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(b)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

00

01

02

03

04

30 60 90 120 150 180Temperature (∘C)

tan 120575

(c)

00

01

02

03

04

05

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age t

an 120575

Tg

(d)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

00051015202530

30 60 90 120 150 180

Loss

mod

ulus

(GPa

)

Temperature (∘C)

(e)

00

02

04

06

08

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

us

FGPEFGPEVACNT

R

T (G

Pa)

(f)

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

usTg

(GPa

)

(g)

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age b

ulk

dens

ity (k

gm

3)

(h)





05

101520253035

30 60 90 120 150 180

Stor

age m

odul

us (G

Pa)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

(a)

05

101520253035

Aver

age s

tora

ge m

odul

us

R

T (G

Pa)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(b)

00

01

02

03

04

30 60 90 120 150 180

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

tan 120575

(c)

00

01

02

03

04

05

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Aver

age t

an 120575

Tg

(d)

00051015202530

30 60 90 120 150 180

Loss

mod

ulus

(GPa

)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

(e)

00

02

04

06

08

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

us

R

T (G

Pa)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(f)

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

usTg

(GPa

)

(g)

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Aver

age b

ulk

dens

ity (k

gm

3)

(h)









0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

000 010 020 030

Stre

ss (M

Pa)

Strain

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

Aver

age c

ompr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(MPa

)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Aver

age s

peci

fic en

ergy

abso

rptio

n (k

Jkg)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(c)

0

50

100

150

200

250

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age r

ate o

f spe

cific

ener

gy (M

Jkg-

s)

(d)



119892(120∘C)The


119892(120∘C)










0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

000 010 020 030

Stre

ss (M

Pa)

Strain

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(a)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Aver

age c

ompr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(MPa

)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Aver

age s

peci

fic en

ergy

abso

rptio

n (k

Jkg)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(c)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Aver

age r

ate o

f spe

cific

ener

gy (M

Jkg-

s)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(d)






4 Conclusions










Acknowledgments


References



















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




05

101520253035

30 60 90 120 150 180

Stor

age m

odul

us (G

Pa)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

(a)

05

101520253035

Aver

age s

tora

ge m

odul

us

R

T (G

Pa)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(b)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

00

01

02

03

04

30 60 90 120 150 180Temperature (∘C)

tan 120575

(c)

00

01

02

03

04

05

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age t

an 120575

Tg

(d)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

00051015202530

30 60 90 120 150 180

Loss

mod

ulus

(GPa

)

Temperature (∘C)

(e)

00

02

04

06

08

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

us

FGPEFGPEVACNT

R

T (G

Pa)

(f)

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

usTg

(GPa

)

(g)

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age b

ulk

dens

ity (k

gm

3)

(h)





05

101520253035

30 60 90 120 150 180

Stor

age m

odul

us (G

Pa)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

(a)

05

101520253035

Aver

age s

tora

ge m

odul

us

R

T (G

Pa)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(b)

00

01

02

03

04

30 60 90 120 150 180

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

tan 120575

(c)

00

01

02

03

04

05

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Aver

age t

an 120575

Tg

(d)

00051015202530

30 60 90 120 150 180

Loss

mod

ulus

(GPa

)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

(e)

00

02

04

06

08

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

us

R

T (G

Pa)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(f)

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

usTg

(GPa

)

(g)

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Aver

age b

ulk

dens

ity (k

gm

3)

(h)









0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

000 010 020 030

Stre

ss (M

Pa)

Strain

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

Aver

age c

ompr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(MPa

)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Aver

age s

peci

fic en

ergy

abso

rptio

n (k

Jkg)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(c)

0

50

100

150

200

250

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age r

ate o

f spe

cific

ener

gy (M

Jkg-

s)

(d)



119892(120∘C)The


119892(120∘C)










0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

000 010 020 030

Stre

ss (M

Pa)

Strain

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(a)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Aver

age c

ompr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(MPa

)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Aver

age s

peci

fic en

ergy

abso

rptio

n (k

Jkg)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(c)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Aver

age r

ate o

f spe

cific

ener

gy (M

Jkg-

s)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(d)






4 Conclusions










Acknowledgments


References



















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




05

101520253035

30 60 90 120 150 180

Stor

age m

odul

us (G

Pa)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

(a)

05

101520253035

Aver

age s

tora

ge m

odul

us

R

T (G

Pa)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(b)

00

01

02

03

04

30 60 90 120 150 180

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

tan 120575

(c)

00

01

02

03

04

05

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Aver

age t

an 120575

Tg

(d)

00051015202530

30 60 90 120 150 180

Loss

mod

ulus

(GPa

)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Temperature (∘C)

(e)

00

02

04

06

08

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

us

R

T (G

Pa)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(f)

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Aver

age l

oss m

odul

usTg

(GPa

)

(g)

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

FGPUFGPUVACNT

Aver

age b

ulk

dens

ity (k

gm

3)

(h)









0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

000 010 020 030

Stre

ss (M

Pa)

Strain

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

Aver

age c

ompr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(MPa

)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Aver

age s

peci

fic en

ergy

abso

rptio

n (k

Jkg)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(c)

0

50

100

150

200

250

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age r

ate o

f spe

cific

ener

gy (M

Jkg-

s)

(d)



119892(120∘C)The


119892(120∘C)










0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

000 010 020 030

Stre

ss (M

Pa)

Strain

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(a)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Aver

age c

ompr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(MPa

)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Aver

age s

peci

fic en

ergy

abso

rptio

n (k

Jkg)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(c)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Aver

age r

ate o

f spe

cific

ener

gy (M

Jkg-

s)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(d)






4 Conclusions










Acknowledgments


References



















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

000 010 020 030

Stre

ss (M

Pa)

Strain

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

Aver

age c

ompr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(MPa

)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Aver

age s

peci

fic en

ergy

abso

rptio

n (k

Jkg)

FGPEFGPEVACNT

(c)

0

50

100

150

200

250

FGPEFGPEVACNT

Aver

age r

ate o

f spe

cific

ener

gy (M

Jkg-

s)

(d)



119892(120∘C)The


119892(120∘C)










0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

000 010 020 030

Stre

ss (M

Pa)

Strain

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(a)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Aver

age c

ompr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(MPa

)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Aver

age s

peci

fic en

ergy

abso

rptio

n (k

Jkg)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(c)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Aver

age r

ate o

f spe

cific

ener

gy (M

Jkg-

s)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(d)






4 Conclusions










Acknowledgments


References



















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

000 010 020 030

Stre

ss (M

Pa)

Strain

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(a)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Aver

age c

ompr

essiv

e stre

ngth

(MPa

)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(b)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Aver

age s

peci

fic en

ergy

abso

rptio

n (k

Jkg)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(c)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Aver

age r

ate o

f spe

cific

ener

gy (M

Jkg-

s)

FGPUFGPUVACNT

(d)






4 Conclusions










Acknowledgments


References



















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials











Acknowledgments


References



















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials










CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials



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