research article electron microscopic studies of ilmenite from...

Research ArticleElectron Microscopic Studies of Ilmenite from the ChhatrapurCoast Odisha India and Their Implications in Processing

D S Rao1 and D Sengupta2

1 Mineral Processing Department CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology Bhubaneswar Odisha 751 013 India2Department of Geology and Geophysics Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721 302 India

Correspondence should be addressed to D S Rao drdandasrinivasraogmailcom

Received 2 April 2014 Revised 20 June 2014 Accepted 25 June 2014 Published 15 July 2014

Academic Editor Franco Tassi

Copyright copy 2014 D S Rao and D Sengupta This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Ilmenite from the Chhatrapur coast Odisha India was studied using optical microscope X-ray diffraction particle size analysisand electron microprobe to decipher their micromorphology texture(s) and elemental composition The micromorphologicalfeatures by electron microscope indicate that weathering processes such as mechanical and chemical affected the placer heavymineral ilmenite These detrital ilmenites contain TiO

2in the range of 5025 to 5541 and FeO 4272 to 4999 in addition

to Al2O3 MgO MnO CaO Na

2O Cr

2O3 NiO ZnO ZrO

2 V2O5 and HfO

2(0 to 0034) Ti(Ti + Fe) ratio in the ilmenite

varied from 0413 to 05 which indicates the effect of weatheringoxidation confirming microscopic observations All the resultsrevealed that these ilmenite grains were derived from the gneissicgranitic basic and high grade metamorphic rocks belonging tothe Eastern Ghats Group of the Precambrian complex of coastal Orissa

1 Introduction

Ilmenite (FeTiO3) an important and the most abundant

ore mineral of titanium occurs in India along the coastalbeach sands of Odisha Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu andKerala states One important occurrence in Odisha is in thecoastal stretch over a strike length of 18 kms (covering atotal area of 26Km2) between Gopalpur in the south andconfluence of the Rushikulya river with Bay of Bengal atGanjam in the north [1ndash6] The Indian Rare Earths Limited(IREL) a public sector undertaking of the Departmentof Atomic Energy Government of India is mining andprocessing ilmenite along with other heavy minerals likegarnet monazite rutile sillimanite and zircon from thesesands since 1984 at its Chhatrapur (Matikhalo) plant Severalresearchers have studied the ilmenites from across the worldto assess the provenance from the geochemistry of ilmenites[7ndash11] However no in depth study has been undertakenon the variation in the chemical composition from grainto grain for the Chhatrapur beach placer ilmenites asidefrom some preliminary investigations [12 13] and the workon surface microtextures [14] In view of this the authors

present here a detailed mineral geochemistry (by EPMA)for characterizing the ilmenites from the beach sands ofChhatrapur area Ganjam district Odisha The results havebeen interpreted based on the present study for not onlythe understanding of the provenance of the ilmenites in thisregion but also their effects in processing andor utilization

2 Geology of the Area

The coastal area of Odisha (from Gopalpur to the Mahanadidelta) runs in a NEndashSW direction nearly perpendicularto the strike of the Eastern Ghats rocks The Chhatrapurbeach placer deposit (84∘5410158401015840221015840ndash85∘310158401015840481015840N Lat 19∘1510158401015840ndash19∘26101584010158403610158401015840 E Long) is located in the GanjamDistrict of OrissaState on the southeastern sea coast of India The details ofthe location map are described elsewhere [6] The Orissacoast in general and the Chhatrapur coast in particular areessentially alluvial devoid of any rocky exposures and consistof unsorted fine tomedium grained rounded to subroundedand moderate to well sorted sand [15] mixed to varyingdegrees with heavy ilmenite sillimanite zircon monazite

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of GeochemistryVolume 2014 Article ID 192639 8 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014192639

2 Journal of Geochemistry

garnet rutile and pyroxenes as well as amphiboles and light(quartz feldspar) minerals The coast is characterised byextensive formation of dunes [4] that have around 20 of theheavy minerals [2] These dunes are separated by low-lyingareas and interdunal valleys Regionally the area forms a partof the Precambrian (belonging to the Eastern Ghats) complexand includes upper Gondwana laterites Tertiary sedimentsand Quaternary beach placersThe Eastern Ghats mobile beltis one of the oldest groups of rocks in the Indian Peninsula[16]The rocks of this belt are mainly consisting of charnock-ites khondalites granites granodiorites and unclassifiedgranulites The belt shows a fairly consistent trend (NEndashSW) for over 1000 kms from Prakasam District of AndhraPradesh to the southeastern edge of the Talcher coalfield ofOdishaTheEasternGhats aroundChhatrapur in theGanjamDistrict form detached hill ranges that are mainly composedof charnockite khondalite group granites granodioritesand unclassified granulites The charnockite rocks are silicarich with orthopyroxene (hypersthene)-bearing granuliticcomposition whereas khondalite is metasedimentary andcontains a variety of minerals such as sillimanite + garnet plusmngraphite plusmn spinel plusmn cordierite and hypersthene in additionto quartz and K-feldspar (orthoclase) [17 18] Associatedwith these and also included in the khondalite group arethe quartzitesgarnetiferous quartzites liptinites and calc-silicate rocks More or less these Eastern Ghats rock typesform a banded assemblage metamorphosed under granulitefacies conditions and are permeated by quartz-feldsparneosomes [4] Based on the mode of occurrence of differentlithounits along with their structural analysis Rao et al [4]published a stratigraphic succession of the areaThis area liesin a semiarid subtropical climate The main drainage systemof this area is the river Rushikulya (that flows southeasterly)which originates from the highlands of EasternGhat group ofrocks and debouches into the sea at Ganjam Of course manystreams and streamlets (Bahuda and Ghoda Hoda) whichoriginate from the nearby coastal hills also join the sea nearby the Chhatrapur deposit These streams are ephemeral innature and are the major suppliers of the sediments to thisregion

3 Materials and Methods

Concentrated ilmenite sample from Chhatrapur coast wasobtained from the Indian Rare Earths Limited CompanyChhatrapurThe sample was characterized by optical micros-copy X-ray diffraction (XRD) particle size analysis scanningelectron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanal-ysis (EPMA) The samples were mounted in epoxy resin(cold mounting) and polished using conventional methodsfor optical and electron microscopic studies The polishedsection of ilmenites was then examined and analysed by aJEOL Super Probe JXA-8600 model electron microprobeoperating along with a current setting of 2 times 10minus8 A and usingStandard Programme International (SPI) mineral standardsand online ZAF correction procedures Particle size analysisof the sample was carried out using laser diffraction analyzer(CILAS-1180 Particle Size Analyzer France make)

Inte

nsity

(cou

nts)

ilmenitepseudorutileP

I

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

010 15 20 25 30 35 40

2120579 (deg)

PI

PI

PI

PI

IPIP

III I I

I

IP

P

PPP

IPIP

I

I

Figure 1 X-ray diffraction pattern of the ilmenite sample

4 Results

41 XRD and Particle Size Analysis Thebulk ilmenite samplewas ground to below 45 microns and subjected to X-raydiffraction The X-ray diffraction of the ilmenite sample(Figure 1) indicates predominantly ilmenite (JCPDS num-ber 29-0733) and minor quantities of pseudorutile (JCPDSnumber 29-1494) Similar observation was also made bySasikumar et al [19] for the ilmenite of this area Thevariation of particle size and particle size distribution isshown in Figure 2 The particle size of the sample variedbetween 004 microns to 600 microns The particle size ofthe sample varies between 100 and 500 microns and 80 ofthe ilmenite is around 200 microns The mean particle sizeis 17514 microns Ilmenite in this deposit is fine to mediumgrained and moderately well sorted to well sorted and showsunimodal distribution and fine to coarsely skewed Based onthe particle size and perfection of roundness it can be statedthat the ilmenite from this locality is texturally matured

42 Optical Microscopy Reflected light microscopic studiesof this ilmenite sample indicate that ilmenite is the majorphase withminor amounts of hematiteThe quantity (volumepercentage) of hematite in the sample is too low for whichhematite peaks were not observed in the X-ray diffrac-tion pattern The ilmenite occurs mostly as subroundedto subangular grains marked by numerous surface pitsetch marksgrooves crescentic pits and mesh-like patternsSometimes ilmenite contains exsolved laths streaks andirregular bodies of hematite Similarly hematite also containsexsolved bodies of ilmenite which may be laths fine streaksand as patches Ilmenite-hematite intergrowth also gives riseto emulsion texture and seriate texture The alteration of thegrains has occasionally resulted in an amorphous to cryp-tocrystalline to microcrystalline mass resembling leucoxene(Figure 3) and pseudorutile Leucoxene and anatase occur aspatches along the margins and fractures of ilmenite whichis due to alteration of ilmenite The alteration characteristics

Journal of Geochemistry 3

0

20

40

60

80

100

Particle size (microns)

Cum

ulat

ive v

alue

()

minus100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8000

Figure 2 Particle size analysis of the ilmenite concentrate sample

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

50120583

Figure 3 Mineralogical and textural features of ilmenite takenunder reflected light Note the various sizes and shapes of theilmenite grains and some of the grains are also fresh while some arealtered (a) The ilmenite grains from Chhatrapur Deposit showingthe rows of subparallel pits left by leaching out of the hematiteexsolution lamellae (b) The alteration along grain boundaries (c)along fractures of ilmenite (d) Patchy leucoxene is observed bycomplete alteration of ilmenite

of the ilmenite from this area were studied in detail in [420] Rao et al [4] concluded that the alteration leads toenrichment of TiO

2 MgO Al

2O3 Cr2O3 SiO2 K2O V2O5

BaO CaO and Na2O with loss of FeO MnO and ZnOThey

further advocated that the alteration products could be dueto the exogenic processes that operated on these ilmenitesafter their release from the parent rocks of the Eastern Ghatscomplex

43 Scanning Electron Microscopy Micromorphologicalstudies of ilmenite from the study area by SEM depict thedevelopment of a number of microfeatures on the ilmenitegrains The ilmenite grains of this area exhibit subroundedto rounded shape (Figures 4(b) 4(d) and 5(a)) along withimpact ldquoVrdquo marks and deep pits are seen resulting frommechanical collision and later from solution activity (Figures4(c) 5(b) and 5(d)) Mechanical features like V-shaped pitssuggest that grains are formed by grain to grain collision inan aquatic environment [21] Even the crescentic structures

pits as well as sets of grooves (Figures 5(c) and 6(c)) ori-ented either in same different directions or in differentdirections might have developed by the effects of solutionactivity Undulatory wavy surfaces formed due to solutioneffect and removal of blocks were also observed on theseilmenite grains (Figures 4(c) and 5(d)) The present studyof micromorphological features by electron microscopeestablishes the fact that two types of weathering processessuch as mechanical and chemical affected the placer heavymineral ilmenite that operated during their transportationas well as after deposition

44 Mineral Chemistry The mineral chemistry of ilmenitewas determined by EPMA spot analysis The major andminor elemental composition analyses of the ilmenite fromthis deposit are given in Table 1 along with the structuralformulae and end member compositions The TiO

2content

of the ilmenite from this deposit varies from 5025 to55411 which is comparatively lower or higher than thetheoretical ilmenite 5275 [22] Higher TiO

2may be due

to leaching of other cations Lower TiO2could be due to

the presence of hematite exsolved with ilmenite Sukumaranand Nambiar [7] reported 50 to 56 of TiO

2from the

ilmenites of Ratnagiri coast of Maharashtra which is wellcomparable with the ilmenite of Chhatrapur coastTheminorvariations could be due to the source rock basis The FeOcontent of the ilmenite from this deposit varies from 42719to 49987 The large range of FeO in the ilmenite couldbe due to hematite exsolved with in ilmenite Ilmenite fromthe Honnavar beach is having 50 to 5633 TiO

2and 41

to 4689 FeO [8] The result presented here is broadly inagreement with those of Hegde et al [8] The MnO contentof ilmenite in this deposit varies from 0125 to 0579whiletheMgO content varies from 0069 to 1357The presence ofsignificant amounts of manganese and magnesium indicatesthat the ilmenite of Chhatrapur constitutes a solid solutionseries with pyrophanite and geikielite respectively [23] As aresult of these solid solutions the TiO

2content of the ilmenite

is higher or lower than the ideal value Significant amountsof V2O5(0247 to 0306) Al

2O3(0 to 0087) Cr

2O3(0

to 0089) NiO (0 to 0051) ZnO (0 to 0233) CaO (0 to0061) and Na

2O (0 to 019) were also detected in these

ilmenite grains K2Oand SiO

2were analysed but not detected

in any of these grains However these grains contain traceamounts of ZrO

2(0 to 0036) and HfO

2(0 to 0034) in

their crystal lattice which is reported here for the first time

5 Discussion and Conclusions

The chemical composition (particularly TiO2concentration)

of the ilmenites can be compared with that of the igneousand metamorphic ilmenites to identify the possible sourcerocks [10 11 24] The igneous ilmenites show a widevariation of TiO

2concentrations (42ndash52) whereas the

ilmenite compositions derived from metamorphic sourceshave a mean value of about 51 TiO

2 These Chhatra-

pur ilmenites have titanium dioxide concentration rang-ing from 5025 to 5541 and are well comparable to


(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 4 Micromorphological studies of ilmenite grains from Chhatrapur area (a) general view of the ilmenite concentrate (b) roundedto subrounded grains of ilmenite and (c and d) rounded to subrounded edges of angular grains of ilmenite with flat surface indicating longdistance transportation of the sediments

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 5 Micromorphological studies of ilmenite grains from Chhatrapur area (a) rounded grains being pitted and fractured along a lineardirection which could be due to mechanical collision of grains (b) Deposition of foreign materials along the fractures as well as grooves ofthe ilmenite grains (c and d) Platy grains having been leached out leaving behind pitsgroves


Table1EP

MAresults

(inwt

)ofvarious

ilmenite

grains

from

theC

hhatrapu

rcoast

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

Al 2O

30061

0001

0036

008

0087

0028

0007

004

60036

0008

0038

0031

0028

0019

0005

0057

0062

0011

004

FeO

44368

45242

45877

44638

45053

4576

846

394

42719

4532

94535

547691

49987

44685

43729

45301

46781

45387

4453

945935

4710

9MgO

0959

0185

0375

066

60659

017

0512

0248

0951

0225

0071

1254

0707

1357

0554

0429

0863

0729

0069

0399

MnO

0281

028

0202

022

0205

0283

0477

0346

0244

0294

0579

041

0286

0125

0493

0161

0501

0177

0147

0206

CaO

00

00018

00013

00061

0019

0021

000

60014

0007

00002

0005

00

0003

0013

Na 2O

00071

00

00

0003

0023

001

0056

0005

0000

40012

000

9019

0223

0026

0039

TiO

253708

5374

153114

55094

53503

53231

51488

55411

52455

53027

5025

45665

53282

54656

52228

5215

352683

53933

53883

51574

Cr2O

30041

0018

0043

0016

0023

004

80033

0025

0025

008

0028

0054

0019

0015

0053

0036

0089

0017

0004

8NiO

00

00

00

00

0003

00028

00023

0034

00013

00

00051

ZnO

0164

00008

00

0049

0038

0041

000

90

0021

00016

0233

0004

40

00031

0ZrO

20

00012

00012

00016

00

0036

00

000

90011

0035

00

001

0011

0028

HfO

20

00015

00003

00034

0033

0026

00

00

00

0021

0029

00

002

V2O

50292

029

0286

0294

0293

0287

0284

0306

0287

0287

0273

0247

0289

0295

0284

0286

0276

0295

0296

0279

Total

99874

99828

99968

1010

399

838

99877

99279

99283

99404

99417

98955

97719

99354

10049

98981

99943

10008

99985

10041

99806

TiTi+

Fe0483

0478

0472

0488

0478

0473

0461

0500

0472

0474

044

80413

0479

0491

0471

0462

0472

0483

0475

0458

Basedon

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

Al

00036

000021

000

4600051

00016

0000

4100027

00022

000

0500023

00018

00016

00012

000

0300034

00036

000

0600024

Fe18

524

18978

19269

18373

18862

19245

19752

17695

19123

19142

20545

22158

18799

18053

19236

19758

19035

18575

19188

19976

Mg

00714

00139

00281

004

8900492

00127

00389

00183

00715

00169

00054

0099

0053

00999

004

200323

006

4500054

00057

00301

Mn

00119

00119

00086

000

9200087

0012

00206

00145

00104

00126

00253

00184

00122

00052

00212

000

6900213

00075

000

6200088

Ca0

00

000

090

000

070

00032

0001

00011

000

03000

08000

040

000

01000

030

0000

02000

07Na

0000

690

00

0000

0300022

0001

00055

000052

0000

0400012

000

0900185

00215

00025

00038

Ti20165

20272

200

6120392

20143

20128

19713

20825

199

20125

1946

618

203

20157

20291

19943

19808

19868

20227

2024

1966

6Cr

00016

000

0700017

000

06000

0900019

00013

0001

0001

00033

00011

00023

000

08000

0600021

00014

00035

000

070

00019

Ni

00

00

00

00

000

010

00012

0000

0900013

0000

050

00

00021

Zn000

60

000

030

000018

00014

00015

000

030

000

080

000

0600085

000017

00

00011

0Zr

00

000

030

000

030

000

040

0000

090

0000

02000

03000

090

0000

02000

03000

07Hf

00

000

020

00

000

05000

05000

040

00

00

0000

03000

040

0000

03V

00117

00117

00115

00116

00118

00116

00116

00122

00116

00116

00113

00105

00116

00117

00116

00116

00111

00118

00118

00114

Total

397

51397

01398

5839523

39765

397

9640215

390

95400

23398

08404

741746

397

71396

39399

8240128

4013

393

09397

1240264

Endmem

ber

compo

sition

Pyroph

anite

06148

06186

0438

04854

044

7506156

10124

08045

05215

064

8212

133

07886

06272

02722

1067

03424

10707

040

103211

04321

Gaekelite

36886

07226

1431

25799

25307

06515

19118

10154

35854

08695

0259

42431

27248

52293

2114

1603

32423

02898

02952

1478

Ilmenite

95697

98659

9813

196935

97022

98733

97076

9818

95893

98482

9852

894968

96648

94499

96819

98055

95687

99309

99384

9809


(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 6 Micromorphological studies of ilmenite grains from Chhatrapur area (a) Step like wavy surface feature developed due to solutioneffect and removal of blocks (b) Crescentic structures and pits produced by solution activities (c) Porouspitted surface developed by solutionactivities (d) Flaky porous and corroded surface developed due to chemical weathering appearing

the metamorphic ilmenites The TiO2concentration of the

present ilmenite suggests that the ilmenites were formed ina high grade metamorphic environment such as granulitefacies metamorphic rocks The granulite facies metamor-phic rocks include charnockites khondalites (quartzitesgar-netiferous quartzites quartz-granulites quartz-garnet-silli-manite-graphite-schist liptinites and calc-silicate rocks)granites pegmatites granodiorites and unclassified gran-ulites Asmentioned earlier the geology of the catchment areaof Rushikulya river and Chhatrapur is dominantly consti-tuted of the Eastern Ghat group of rock types Hence theEastern Ghat group of rocks appears to be the major sourcefor the ilmenite Outcrops of igneous intrusive rocks in theEastern Ghat group also suggest that the ilmenites wereformed in a high grade metamorphic environment [25]

The wide ranges of the V2O5(0247 to 0306) Cr

2O3

(0 to 0089) and NiO (0 to 0051) content indicates that theilmenites from this area represent an admixture ofmultiple ofsource rock types Elevated abundances of these siderophileelements in the Chhatrapur ilmenite suggest that basicrocks like pyroxene granulites along with metasedimentaryrocks like khondalite and charnockite which are present inabundance in the Eastern Ghats complex of Orissa are alsothe source rocks

The present study on beach sand ilmenite of Chhatrapurcoast is restricted only on a concentrate sample drawn fromIREL and hence it could be assumed to be amixture of recent

and older sediments as well as from a near and distant sourcebased on microscopic electron microscopic and availableliterature Mineralogical studies by optical as well as electronmicroscope on the ilmenite from this deposit revealed thatthese grains heave been subjected to chemical weatheringgiving rise to altered rims Chhatrapur ilmenite has under-gone least weathering compared to the ilmenite from beachsands of Kerala and Tamil Nadu [26] Sasikumar et al [27]have reported that the ilmenite of Chhatrapur coast has 90ilmenite and 10 altered ilmenite Ti(Ti + Fe) ratio has alsobeen considered as an important parameter for estimation ofalteration of ilmenites The common process involved in thealteration of ilmenite is hydration and conversion of ilmeniteinto pseudorutile that has Ti(Ti + Fe) ratio between 05 to 06[8] This is due to the leaching of iron The observed ratio ofTi(Ti + Fe) for ilmenite of Chhatrapur coast (0413 to 0500)is comparable to that of the ilmenites from the Honnavarcoast [8]

From microscopic as well as from electron microprobestudies it can be inferred that the ilmenite from the Chhatra-pur coast fall under three different typesThese are as follows

(a) Unaltered ilmenite ilmenites without any sign ofalteration They are fresh and compact (Figures 4(b)4(c) and 5(c))

(b) Moderately altered ilmenite ilmenite grains whichshow signatures of alteration along grain boundariesor fracture planes (Figures 3 5(a) 5(b) and 5(d))


(c) Highly altered ilmenite ilmenite grain is completelyaffected by alteration leading to leucoxene (Figure 3)and forming porous structure (Figures 6(c) and 6(d))often associated with foreign materials along thefractures and grooves (Figures 5(b) 6(b) and 6(c))Sasikumar et al [27] have reported that the ilmeniteof Chhatrapur coast has 90 ilmenite and 10 alteredilmenite

From the above studies it can be concluded that theEastern Ghats group of rocks consists of khondalite suite ofrocks (consisting of garnetiferous quartz-sillimanite schistsgneisses garnetiferous quartzites quartz granulites calc-silicate rocks and quartz- sillimanite-graphite schists) char-nockite suite of rocks (tonalitic and granodioritic varietiesin composition as well as pyroxene granulites) and leptynitebesides intrusive granites pegmatites quartz veins and othermetasediments which appears to be the major source of theChhatrapur beach placer for the heavymineral assemblage ingeneral and ilmenite in particular

6 Implications in Metallurgical Processing

The Ilmenites are the major heavy mineral of the totalheavy mineral assemblage at Chhatrapur coast The physicaland chemical properties of the ilmenites vary drasticallywith respect to their alteration Considering the magneticconducting and density properties used during separationof heavy minerals one from the other it is obvious thatthe altered as well as unaltered ilmenites behave differentlyUnaltered ilmenite has a higher specific gravity and a betterelectrostatic and magnetic response than the iron poorer andtitanium richer altered ilmenite Coexistence of unaltered-altered ilmenite and presence of leucoxene in the sample needto be identified and quantified undermicroscope as they havedirect bearing on separation Since the degree of weatheringor alteration can be an indicator of its economic value com-positional characterisation by such integrated instrumentaltechniques would not only help to adopt better methodsfor industrial processing but also facilitate the production ofdifferent grades of synthetic rutile

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to Indian Rare Earths LimitedChhatrapur Institute Instrumentation Centre of IIT Roor-kee for providing the sample and EPMA respectivelyThanks are also due for the permission of the Director ofCSIR-IMMT Bhubaneswar to publish this paper

References

[1] Indian Minerals Yearbook (Part-II) ILMENITE amp RUTILEIndian Bureau of Mines Nagpur India 50th edition 2011

[2] T K Mukherjee ldquoMining and processing of titanium mineralsin Indiardquo Metals Materials and Processes vol 10 pp 85ndash981998

[3] R G Rao P Sahoo and N K Panda ldquoHeavy mineral sanddeposits of Orissardquo in Special Issue on ldquoBeach and Inland heavymineral sand deposits of Indiardquo Exploration and Research forAtomic Minerals R Dhana Raju M A Ali and S KrishnanEds vol 13 pp 23ndash52 2001

[4] D S Rao G V S Murthy K V Rao D Das and S N Chinta-lapudi ldquoAlteration characteristics of beach placer ilmenite fromChatrapur coast Orissa Indiardquo Journal Applied Geochemistryvol 4 pp 47ndash59 2002

[5] D S Rao B Banerjee and S C Maulik ldquoChemistry of beachplacer heavyminerals of Chatrapur Orissardquo Research Journal ofChemistry and Environment vol 2 no 4 pp 11ndash15 1998

[6] C Satpathy S Routray and D S Rao ldquoHeavy mineral recoveryfrom beach and dune sands of Ganjam Coast Orissa IndiardquoWorld of MetallurgymdashERZMETALL vol 63 no 1 pp 5ndash132010

[7] P V Sukumaran and A R Nambiar ldquoGeochemistry of ilmenitefrom Ratnagiri coast Maharashtrardquo Current Science vol 67 no2 pp 105ndash106 1994

[8] V S Hegde G Shalini and D Gosavi Kanchanagouri ldquoProve-nance of heavyminerals with special reference to ilmenite of theHonnavar beach central west coast of Indiardquo Current Sciencevol 91 no 5 pp 644ndash648 2006

[9] J D Grigsby ldquoChemical fingerprinting in detrital ilmenite aviable alternative in provenance researchrdquo Journal of Sedimen-tary Petrology vol 62 no 2 pp 331ndash337 1992

[10] D A Darby and Y W Tsang ldquoVariation in ilmenite elementcomposition within and among drainage basins implicationsfor provenancerdquo Journal of Sedimentary Petrology vol 57 no 5pp 831ndash838 1987

[11] A K Mohanty S K Das V Vijayan D Sengupta and S KSaha ldquoGeochemical studies of monazite sands of Chhatrapurbeach placer deposit of Orissa India by PIXE and EDXRFmethodrdquo Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics ResearchSection B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms vol 211no 1 pp 145ndash154 2003

[12] K B Rao ldquoOrigin and evolution of the sand dune deposits ofthe Ganjam coat Orissa Indiardquo Exploration and Research forAtomic Minerals vol 2 pp 133ndash146 1989

[13] R Sengupta S Bhattacharya R S Rana S K Mitra and V KJain ldquoPreliminary studies of off-shore heavy mineral placers ofGopalpur-Chatrapur coast Orissardquo Indian Journal of Geologyvol 62 pp 27ndash37 1990

[14] S Bhattacharyya and R Sengupta ldquoSurface microtextures ofheavy minerals from the Bay of Bengal off Gopalpur OrissardquoJournal of Geological Society of India vol 44 no 2 pp 175ndash1841994

[15] K C Sahu U C Panda and D K Sahu ldquoTexture and mineral-ogical composition of sediments alongGanjam coast East coastof Indiardquo Indian Journal of Marine Sciences vol 26 no 2 pp230ndash233 1997

[16] S Bhattacharya ldquoEastern Ghats granulite terrain of India anoverviewrdquo Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences vol 14 no3-4 pp 165ndash174 1996

[17] A F Park and B Dash ldquoCharnockite and related neosomedevelopment in the Eastern Ghats Orissa India petrographicevidencerdquo Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh EarthSciences vol 75 no 3 pp 341ndash352 1984


[18] R C Newton ldquoAn overview of charnockiterdquo PrecambrianResearch vol 55 no 1ndash4 pp 399ndash405 1992

[19] C Sasikumar D S Rao S Srikanth B Ravikumar N K Muk-hopadhyay and S P Mehrotra ldquoEffect of mechanical activationon the kinetics of sulfuric acid leaching of beach sand ilmenitefrom Orissa indiardquo Hydrometallurgy vol 75 no 1ndash4 pp 189ndash204 2004

[20] B C Acharya S K Das and J Muralidhar ldquoMineralogymineral chemistry and magnetic behaviour of ilmenite fromChhatrapur Coast Orissardquo Indian Journal of Earth Sciences vol26 no 1ndash4 pp 45ndash51 1999

[21] T K Mallik ldquoMicromorphology of some placer minerals fromKerala beach Indiardquo Marine Geology vol 71 no 3-4 pp 371ndash381 1986

[22] W A Deer R A Howie and J ZussmanAn Introduction to theRock-Forming Minerals ELBS 1985

[23] B Nayak S Mohanty and P Bhattacharyya ldquoHeavy mineralsand the characters of ilmenite in the beach placer sands ofChavakkad-Ponnani Kerala Coast Indiardquo Journal of the Geo-logical Society of India vol 79 no 3 pp 259ndash266 2012

[24] S Bhattacharyya R Sengupta andM Chakraborty ldquoElementalchemistry of ilmenitemdashan indicator of provenancerdquo Journal ofthe Geological Society of India vol 50 no 6 pp 787ndash789 1997

[25] S Bhattacharya and R Kar ldquoAlkaline intrusion in a granuliteensemble in the Eastern Ghats belt India shear zone pathwayand a pull-apart structurerdquo Proceedings of the Indian Academy ofSciences Earth and Planetary Sciences vol 113 no 1 pp 37ndash482004

[26] D S S Babu D Das M Sudarshan V R Reddy S N Chintal-apudi andC KMajumdar ldquo 57FeMossbauer studies on naturalilmenitesrdquo Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics vol 34no 7 pp 474ndash479 1996

[27] C Sasikumar D S Rao S Srikanth B R V NarashimhanB R Kumar and N K Mukhopadhyaya ldquoEffect of naturalweathering and mechanical activation on the acid dissolutionkinetics of Indian beach sand ilmeniterdquo Metals Materials andProcessess vol 18 pp 211ndash224 2006

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of


EarthquakesJournal of


Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of


Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering


GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of


OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in


MineralogyInternational Journal of


MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Geological ResearchJournal of


Geology Advances in


garnet rutile and pyroxenes as well as amphiboles and light(quartz feldspar) minerals The coast is characterised byextensive formation of dunes [4] that have around 20 of theheavy minerals [2] These dunes are separated by low-lyingareas and interdunal valleys Regionally the area forms a partof the Precambrian (belonging to the Eastern Ghats) complexand includes upper Gondwana laterites Tertiary sedimentsand Quaternary beach placersThe Eastern Ghats mobile beltis one of the oldest groups of rocks in the Indian Peninsula[16]The rocks of this belt are mainly consisting of charnock-ites khondalites granites granodiorites and unclassifiedgranulites The belt shows a fairly consistent trend (NEndashSW) for over 1000 kms from Prakasam District of AndhraPradesh to the southeastern edge of the Talcher coalfield ofOdishaTheEasternGhats aroundChhatrapur in theGanjamDistrict form detached hill ranges that are mainly composedof charnockite khondalite group granites granodioritesand unclassified granulites The charnockite rocks are silicarich with orthopyroxene (hypersthene)-bearing granuliticcomposition whereas khondalite is metasedimentary andcontains a variety of minerals such as sillimanite + garnet plusmngraphite plusmn spinel plusmn cordierite and hypersthene in additionto quartz and K-feldspar (orthoclase) [17 18] Associatedwith these and also included in the khondalite group arethe quartzitesgarnetiferous quartzites liptinites and calc-silicate rocks More or less these Eastern Ghats rock typesform a banded assemblage metamorphosed under granulitefacies conditions and are permeated by quartz-feldsparneosomes [4] Based on the mode of occurrence of differentlithounits along with their structural analysis Rao et al [4]published a stratigraphic succession of the areaThis area liesin a semiarid subtropical climate The main drainage systemof this area is the river Rushikulya (that flows southeasterly)which originates from the highlands of EasternGhat group ofrocks and debouches into the sea at Ganjam Of course manystreams and streamlets (Bahuda and Ghoda Hoda) whichoriginate from the nearby coastal hills also join the sea nearby the Chhatrapur deposit These streams are ephemeral innature and are the major suppliers of the sediments to thisregion

3 Materials and Methods

Concentrated ilmenite sample from Chhatrapur coast wasobtained from the Indian Rare Earths Limited CompanyChhatrapurThe sample was characterized by optical micros-copy X-ray diffraction (XRD) particle size analysis scanningelectron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanal-ysis (EPMA) The samples were mounted in epoxy resin(cold mounting) and polished using conventional methodsfor optical and electron microscopic studies The polishedsection of ilmenites was then examined and analysed by aJEOL Super Probe JXA-8600 model electron microprobeoperating along with a current setting of 2 times 10minus8 A and usingStandard Programme International (SPI) mineral standardsand online ZAF correction procedures Particle size analysisof the sample was carried out using laser diffraction analyzer(CILAS-1180 Particle Size Analyzer France make)

Inte

nsity

(cou

nts)

ilmenitepseudorutileP

I

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

010 15 20 25 30 35 40

2120579 (deg)

PI

PI

PI

PI

IPIP

III I I

I

IP

P

PPP

IPIP

I

I

Figure 1 X-ray diffraction pattern of the ilmenite sample

4 Results

41 XRD and Particle Size Analysis Thebulk ilmenite samplewas ground to below 45 microns and subjected to X-raydiffraction The X-ray diffraction of the ilmenite sample(Figure 1) indicates predominantly ilmenite (JCPDS num-ber 29-0733) and minor quantities of pseudorutile (JCPDSnumber 29-1494) Similar observation was also made bySasikumar et al [19] for the ilmenite of this area Thevariation of particle size and particle size distribution isshown in Figure 2 The particle size of the sample variedbetween 004 microns to 600 microns The particle size ofthe sample varies between 100 and 500 microns and 80 ofthe ilmenite is around 200 microns The mean particle sizeis 17514 microns Ilmenite in this deposit is fine to mediumgrained and moderately well sorted to well sorted and showsunimodal distribution and fine to coarsely skewed Based onthe particle size and perfection of roundness it can be statedthat the ilmenite from this locality is texturally matured

42 Optical Microscopy Reflected light microscopic studiesof this ilmenite sample indicate that ilmenite is the majorphase withminor amounts of hematiteThe quantity (volumepercentage) of hematite in the sample is too low for whichhematite peaks were not observed in the X-ray diffrac-tion pattern The ilmenite occurs mostly as subroundedto subangular grains marked by numerous surface pitsetch marksgrooves crescentic pits and mesh-like patternsSometimes ilmenite contains exsolved laths streaks andirregular bodies of hematite Similarly hematite also containsexsolved bodies of ilmenite which may be laths fine streaksand as patches Ilmenite-hematite intergrowth also gives riseto emulsion texture and seriate texture The alteration of thegrains has occasionally resulted in an amorphous to cryp-tocrystalline to microcrystalline mass resembling leucoxene(Figure 3) and pseudorutile Leucoxene and anatase occur aspatches along the margins and fractures of ilmenite whichis due to alteration of ilmenite The alteration characteristics


0

20

40

60

80

100


Cum

ulat

ive v

alue

()

minus100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8000


(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

50120583



2 MgO Al







2content


2may be due



2from the


2and 41




2O3(0 to 0087) Cr

2O3(0







2(0 to 0034) in







2 These Chhatra-



(a) (b)

(c) (d)


(a) (b)

(c) (d)



Table1EP

MAresults

(inwt

)ofvarious

ilmenite

grains

from

theC

hhatrapu

rcoast

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

Al 2O

30061

0001

0036

008

0087

0028

0007

004

60036

0008

0038

0031

0028

0019

0005

0057

0062

0011

004

FeO

44368

45242

45877

44638

45053

4576

846

394

42719

4532

94535

547691

49987

44685

43729

45301

46781

45387

4453

945935

4710

9MgO

0959

0185

0375

066

60659

017

0512

0248

0951

0225

0071

1254

0707

1357

0554

0429

0863

0729

0069

0399

MnO

0281

028

0202

022

0205

0283

0477

0346

0244

0294

0579

041

0286

0125

0493

0161

0501

0177

0147

0206

CaO

00

00018

00013

00061

0019

0021

000

60014

0007

00002

0005

00

0003

0013

Na 2O

00071

00

00

0003

0023

001

0056

0005

0000

40012

000

9019

0223

0026

0039

TiO

253708

5374

153114

55094

53503

53231

51488

55411

52455

53027

5025

45665

53282

54656

52228

5215

352683

53933

53883

51574

Cr2O

30041

0018

0043

0016

0023

004

80033

0025

0025

008

0028

0054

0019

0015

0053

0036

0089

0017

0004

8NiO

00

00

00

00

0003

00028

00023

0034

00013

00

00051

ZnO

0164

00008

00

0049

0038

0041

000

90

0021

00016

0233

0004

40

00031

0ZrO

20

00012

00012

00016

00

0036

00

000

90011

0035

00

001

0011

0028

HfO

20

00015

00003

00034

0033

0026

00

00

00

0021

0029

00

002

V2O

50292

029

0286

0294

0293

0287

0284

0306

0287

0287

0273

0247

0289

0295

0284

0286

0276

0295

0296

0279

Total

99874

99828

99968

1010

399

838

99877

99279

99283

99404

99417

98955

97719

99354

10049

98981

99943

10008

99985

10041

99806

TiTi+

Fe0483

0478

0472

0488

0478

0473

0461

0500

0472

0474

044

80413

0479

0491

0471

0462

0472

0483

0475

0458

Basedon

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

Al

00036

000021

000

4600051

00016

0000

4100027

00022

000

0500023

00018

00016

00012

000

0300034

00036

000

0600024

Fe18

524

18978

19269

18373

18862

19245

19752

17695

19123

19142

20545

22158

18799

18053

19236

19758

19035

18575

19188

19976

Mg

00714

00139

00281

004

8900492

00127

00389

00183

00715

00169

00054

0099

0053

00999

004

200323

006

4500054

00057

00301

Mn

00119

00119

00086

000

9200087

0012

00206

00145

00104

00126

00253

00184

00122

00052

00212

000

6900213

00075

000

6200088

Ca0

00

000

090

000

070

00032

0001

00011

000

03000

08000

040

000

01000

030

0000

02000

07Na

0000

690

00

0000

0300022

0001

00055

000052

0000

0400012

000

0900185

00215

00025

00038

Ti20165

20272

200

6120392

20143

20128

19713

20825

199

20125

1946

618

203

20157

20291

19943

19808

19868

20227

2024

1966

6Cr

00016

000

0700017

000

06000

0900019

00013

0001

0001

00033

00011

00023

000

08000

0600021

00014

00035

000

070

00019

Ni

00

00

00

00

000

010

00012

0000

0900013

0000

050

00

00021

Zn000

60

000

030

000018

00014

00015

000

030

000

080

000

0600085

000017

00

00011

0Zr

00

000

030

000

030

000

040

0000

090

0000

02000

03000

090

0000

02000

03000

07Hf

00

000

020

00

000

05000

05000

040

00

00

0000

03000

040

0000

03V

00117

00117

00115

00116

00118

00116

00116

00122

00116

00116

00113

00105

00116

00117

00116

00116

00111

00118

00118

00114

Total

397

51397

01398

5839523

39765

397

9640215

390

95400

23398

08404

741746

397

71396

39399

8240128

4013

393

09397

1240264

Endmem

ber

compo

sition

Pyroph

anite

06148

06186

0438

04854

044

7506156

10124

08045

05215

064

8212

133

07886

06272

02722

1067

03424

10707

040

103211

04321

Gaekelite

36886

07226

1431

25799

25307

06515

19118

10154

35854

08695

0259

42431

27248

52293

2114

1603

32423

02898

02952

1478

Ilmenite

95697

98659

9813

196935

97022

98733

97076

9818

95893

98482

9852

894968

96648

94499

96819

98055

95687

99309

99384

9809


(a) (b)

(c) (d)





2O3














Acknowledgments


References






































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


0

20

40

60

80

100


Cum

ulat

ive v

alue

()

minus100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8000


(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

50120583



2 MgO Al







2content


2may be due



2from the


2and 41




2O3(0 to 0087) Cr

2O3(0







2(0 to 0034) in







2 These Chhatra-



(a) (b)

(c) (d)


(a) (b)

(c) (d)



Table1EP

MAresults

(inwt

)ofvarious

ilmenite

grains

from

theC

hhatrapu

rcoast

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

Al 2O

30061

0001

0036

008

0087

0028

0007

004

60036

0008

0038

0031

0028

0019

0005

0057

0062

0011

004

FeO

44368

45242

45877

44638

45053

4576

846

394

42719

4532

94535

547691

49987

44685

43729

45301

46781

45387

4453

945935

4710

9MgO

0959

0185

0375

066

60659

017

0512

0248

0951

0225

0071

1254

0707

1357

0554

0429

0863

0729

0069

0399

MnO

0281

028

0202

022

0205

0283

0477

0346

0244

0294

0579

041

0286

0125

0493

0161

0501

0177

0147

0206

CaO

00

00018

00013

00061

0019

0021

000

60014

0007

00002

0005

00

0003

0013

Na 2O

00071

00

00

0003

0023

001

0056

0005

0000

40012

000

9019

0223

0026

0039

TiO

253708

5374

153114

55094

53503

53231

51488

55411

52455

53027

5025

45665

53282

54656

52228

5215

352683

53933

53883

51574

Cr2O

30041

0018

0043

0016

0023

004

80033

0025

0025

008

0028

0054

0019

0015

0053

0036

0089

0017

0004

8NiO

00

00

00

00

0003

00028

00023

0034

00013

00

00051

ZnO

0164

00008

00

0049

0038

0041

000

90

0021

00016

0233

0004

40

00031

0ZrO

20

00012

00012

00016

00

0036

00

000

90011

0035

00

001

0011

0028

HfO

20

00015

00003

00034

0033

0026

00

00

00

0021

0029

00

002

V2O

50292

029

0286

0294

0293

0287

0284

0306

0287

0287

0273

0247

0289

0295

0284

0286

0276

0295

0296

0279

Total

99874

99828

99968

1010

399

838

99877

99279

99283

99404

99417

98955

97719

99354

10049

98981

99943

10008

99985

10041

99806

TiTi+

Fe0483

0478

0472

0488

0478

0473

0461

0500

0472

0474

044

80413

0479

0491

0471

0462

0472

0483

0475

0458

Basedon

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

Al

00036

000021

000

4600051

00016

0000

4100027

00022

000

0500023

00018

00016

00012

000

0300034

00036

000

0600024

Fe18

524

18978

19269

18373

18862

19245

19752

17695

19123

19142

20545

22158

18799

18053

19236

19758

19035

18575

19188

19976

Mg

00714

00139

00281

004

8900492

00127

00389

00183

00715

00169

00054

0099

0053

00999

004

200323

006

4500054

00057

00301

Mn

00119

00119

00086

000

9200087

0012

00206

00145

00104

00126

00253

00184

00122

00052

00212

000

6900213

00075

000

6200088

Ca0

00

000

090

000

070

00032

0001

00011

000

03000

08000

040

000

01000

030

0000

02000

07Na

0000

690

00

0000

0300022

0001

00055

000052

0000

0400012

000

0900185

00215

00025

00038

Ti20165

20272

200

6120392

20143

20128

19713

20825

199

20125

1946

618

203

20157

20291

19943

19808

19868

20227

2024

1966

6Cr

00016

000

0700017

000

06000

0900019

00013

0001

0001

00033

00011

00023

000

08000

0600021

00014

00035

000

070

00019

Ni

00

00

00

00

000

010

00012

0000

0900013

0000

050

00

00021

Zn000

60

000

030

000018

00014

00015

000

030

000

080

000

0600085

000017

00

00011

0Zr

00

000

030

000

030

000

040

0000

090

0000

02000

03000

090

0000

02000

03000

07Hf

00

000

020

00

000

05000

05000

040

00

00

0000

03000

040

0000

03V

00117

00117

00115

00116

00118

00116

00116

00122

00116

00116

00113

00105

00116

00117

00116

00116

00111

00118

00118

00114

Total

397

51397

01398

5839523

39765

397

9640215

390

95400

23398

08404

741746

397

71396

39399

8240128

4013

393

09397

1240264

Endmem

ber

compo

sition

Pyroph

anite

06148

06186

0438

04854

044

7506156

10124

08045

05215

064

8212

133

07886

06272

02722

1067

03424

10707

040

103211

04321

Gaekelite

36886

07226

1431

25799

25307

06515

19118

10154

35854

08695

0259

42431

27248

52293

2114

1603

32423

02898

02952

1478

Ilmenite

95697

98659

9813

196935

97022

98733

97076

9818

95893

98482

9852

894968

96648

94499

96819

98055

95687

99309

99384

9809


(a) (b)

(c) (d)





2O3














Acknowledgments


References






































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


(a) (b)

(c) (d)


(a) (b)

(c) (d)



Table1EP

MAresults

(inwt

)ofvarious

ilmenite

grains

from

theC

hhatrapu

rcoast

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

Al 2O

30061

0001

0036

008

0087

0028

0007

004

60036

0008

0038

0031

0028

0019

0005

0057

0062

0011

004

FeO

44368

45242

45877

44638

45053

4576

846

394

42719

4532

94535

547691

49987

44685

43729

45301

46781

45387

4453

945935

4710

9MgO

0959

0185

0375

066

60659

017

0512

0248

0951

0225

0071

1254

0707

1357

0554

0429

0863

0729

0069

0399

MnO

0281

028

0202

022

0205

0283

0477

0346

0244

0294

0579

041

0286

0125

0493

0161

0501

0177

0147

0206

CaO

00

00018

00013

00061

0019

0021

000

60014

0007

00002

0005

00

0003

0013

Na 2O

00071

00

00

0003

0023

001

0056

0005

0000

40012

000

9019

0223

0026

0039

TiO

253708

5374

153114

55094

53503

53231

51488

55411

52455

53027

5025

45665

53282

54656

52228

5215

352683

53933

53883

51574

Cr2O

30041

0018

0043

0016

0023

004

80033

0025

0025

008

0028

0054

0019

0015

0053

0036

0089

0017

0004

8NiO

00

00

00

00

0003

00028

00023

0034

00013

00

00051

ZnO

0164

00008

00

0049

0038

0041

000

90

0021

00016

0233

0004

40

00031

0ZrO

20

00012

00012

00016

00

0036

00

000

90011

0035

00

001

0011

0028

HfO

20

00015

00003

00034

0033

0026

00

00

00

0021

0029

00

002

V2O

50292

029

0286

0294

0293

0287

0284

0306

0287

0287

0273

0247

0289

0295

0284

0286

0276

0295

0296

0279

Total

99874

99828

99968

1010

399

838

99877

99279

99283

99404

99417

98955

97719

99354

10049

98981

99943

10008

99985

10041

99806

TiTi+

Fe0483

0478

0472

0488

0478

0473

0461

0500

0472

0474

044

80413

0479

0491

0471

0462

0472

0483

0475

0458

Basedon

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

Al

00036

000021

000

4600051

00016

0000

4100027

00022

000

0500023

00018

00016

00012

000

0300034

00036

000

0600024

Fe18

524

18978

19269

18373

18862

19245

19752

17695

19123

19142

20545

22158

18799

18053

19236

19758

19035

18575

19188

19976

Mg

00714

00139

00281

004

8900492

00127

00389

00183

00715

00169

00054

0099

0053

00999

004

200323

006

4500054

00057

00301

Mn

00119

00119

00086

000

9200087

0012

00206

00145

00104

00126

00253

00184

00122

00052

00212

000

6900213

00075

000

6200088

Ca0

00

000

090

000

070

00032

0001

00011

000

03000

08000

040

000

01000

030

0000

02000

07Na

0000

690

00

0000

0300022

0001

00055

000052

0000

0400012

000

0900185

00215

00025

00038

Ti20165

20272

200

6120392

20143

20128

19713

20825

199

20125

1946

618

203

20157

20291

19943

19808

19868

20227

2024

1966

6Cr

00016

000

0700017

000

06000

0900019

00013

0001

0001

00033

00011

00023

000

08000

0600021

00014

00035

000

070

00019

Ni

00

00

00

00

000

010

00012

0000

0900013

0000

050

00

00021

Zn000

60

000

030

000018

00014

00015

000

030

000

080

000

0600085

000017

00

00011

0Zr

00

000

030

000

030

000

040

0000

090

0000

02000

03000

090

0000

02000

03000

07Hf

00

000

020

00

000

05000

05000

040

00

00

0000

03000

040

0000

03V

00117

00117

00115

00116

00118

00116

00116

00122

00116

00116

00113

00105

00116

00117

00116

00116

00111

00118

00118

00114

Total

397

51397

01398

5839523

39765

397

9640215

390

95400

23398

08404

741746

397

71396

39399

8240128

4013

393

09397

1240264

Endmem

ber

compo

sition

Pyroph

anite

06148

06186

0438

04854

044

7506156

10124

08045

05215

064

8212

133

07886

06272

02722

1067

03424

10707

040

103211

04321

Gaekelite

36886

07226

1431

25799

25307

06515

19118

10154

35854

08695

0259

42431

27248

52293

2114

1603

32423

02898

02952

1478

Ilmenite

95697

98659

9813

196935

97022

98733

97076

9818

95893

98482

9852

894968

96648

94499

96819

98055

95687

99309

99384

9809


(a) (b)

(c) (d)





2O3














Acknowledgments


References






































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


Table1EP

MAresults

(inwt

)ofvarious

ilmenite

grains

from

theC

hhatrapu

rcoast

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

Al 2O

30061

0001

0036

008

0087

0028

0007

004

60036

0008

0038

0031

0028

0019

0005

0057

0062

0011

004

FeO

44368

45242

45877

44638

45053

4576

846

394

42719

4532

94535

547691

49987

44685

43729

45301

46781

45387

4453

945935

4710

9MgO

0959

0185

0375

066

60659

017

0512

0248

0951

0225

0071

1254

0707

1357

0554

0429

0863

0729

0069

0399

MnO

0281

028

0202

022

0205

0283

0477

0346

0244

0294

0579

041

0286

0125

0493

0161

0501

0177

0147

0206

CaO

00

00018

00013

00061

0019

0021

000

60014

0007

00002

0005

00

0003

0013

Na 2O

00071

00

00

0003

0023

001

0056

0005

0000

40012

000

9019

0223

0026

0039

TiO

253708

5374

153114

55094

53503

53231

51488

55411

52455

53027

5025

45665

53282

54656

52228

5215

352683

53933

53883

51574

Cr2O

30041

0018

0043

0016

0023

004

80033

0025

0025

008

0028

0054

0019

0015

0053

0036

0089

0017

0004

8NiO

00

00

00

00

0003

00028

00023

0034

00013

00

00051

ZnO

0164

00008

00

0049

0038

0041

000

90

0021

00016

0233

0004

40

00031

0ZrO

20

00012

00012

00016

00

0036

00

000

90011

0035

00

001

0011

0028

HfO

20

00015

00003

00034

0033

0026

00

00

00

0021

0029

00

002

V2O

50292

029

0286

0294

0293

0287

0284

0306

0287

0287

0273

0247

0289

0295

0284

0286

0276

0295

0296

0279

Total

99874

99828

99968

1010

399

838

99877

99279

99283

99404

99417

98955

97719

99354

10049

98981

99943

10008

99985

10041

99806

TiTi+

Fe0483

0478

0472

0488

0478

0473

0461

0500

0472

0474

044

80413

0479

0491

0471

0462

0472

0483

0475

0458

Basedon

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

6(O)

Al

00036

000021

000

4600051

00016

0000

4100027

00022

000

0500023

00018

00016

00012

000

0300034

00036

000

0600024

Fe18

524

18978

19269

18373

18862

19245

19752

17695

19123

19142

20545

22158

18799

18053

19236

19758

19035

18575

19188

19976

Mg

00714

00139

00281

004

8900492

00127

00389

00183

00715

00169

00054

0099

0053

00999

004

200323

006

4500054

00057

00301

Mn

00119

00119

00086

000

9200087

0012

00206

00145

00104

00126

00253

00184

00122

00052

00212

000

6900213

00075

000

6200088

Ca0

00

000

090

000

070

00032

0001

00011

000

03000

08000

040

000

01000

030

0000

02000

07Na

0000

690

00

0000

0300022

0001

00055

000052

0000

0400012

000

0900185

00215

00025

00038

Ti20165

20272

200

6120392

20143

20128

19713

20825

199

20125

1946

618

203

20157

20291

19943

19808

19868

20227

2024

1966

6Cr

00016

000

0700017

000

06000

0900019

00013

0001

0001

00033

00011

00023

000

08000

0600021

00014

00035

000

070

00019

Ni

00

00

00

00

000

010

00012

0000

0900013

0000

050

00

00021

Zn000

60

000

030

000018

00014

00015

000

030

000

080

000

0600085

000017

00

00011

0Zr

00

000

030

000

030

000

040

0000

090

0000

02000

03000

090

0000

02000

03000

07Hf

00

000

020

00

000

05000

05000

040

00

00

0000

03000

040

0000

03V

00117

00117

00115

00116

00118

00116

00116

00122

00116

00116

00113

00105

00116

00117

00116

00116

00111

00118

00118

00114

Total

397

51397

01398

5839523

39765

397

9640215

390

95400

23398

08404

741746

397

71396

39399

8240128

4013

393

09397

1240264

Endmem

ber

compo

sition

Pyroph

anite

06148

06186

0438

04854

044

7506156

10124

08045

05215

064

8212

133

07886

06272

02722

1067

03424

10707

040

103211

04321

Gaekelite

36886

07226

1431

25799

25307

06515

19118

10154

35854

08695

0259

42431

27248

52293

2114

1603

32423

02898

02952

1478

Ilmenite

95697

98659

9813

196935

97022

98733

97076

9818

95893

98482

9852

894968

96648

94499

96819

98055

95687

99309

99384

9809


(a) (b)

(c) (d)





2O3














Acknowledgments


References






































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


(a) (b)

(c) (d)





2O3














Acknowledgments


References






































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in








Acknowledgments


References






































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in





















Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in

research article electron microscopic studies of ilmenite from...

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