research article enhancement of esterification of...

Research ArticleEnhancement of Esterification of Propionic Acid withIsopropyl Alcohol by Pervaporation Reactor

Ajit P Rathod1 Kailas L Wasewar12 and Chang Kyoo Yoo2

1 Advance Separation and Analytical Laboratory (ASAL) Department of Chemical EngineeringVisvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT) Nagpur 440010 India

2 Environmental Management amp Systems Engineering Lab (EMSEL) Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringCollege of Engineering Kyung Hee University Seocheon-dong 1 Giheung-gu Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do 446-701 Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to Kailas L Wasewar k wasewarrediffmailcom and Chang Kyoo Yoo ckyookhuackr

Received 31 May 2013 Accepted 24 December 2013 Published 6 February 2014

Academic Editor Saima Q Memon

Copyright copy 2014 Ajit P Rathod et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

With increasing cost of raw materials and energy there is an increasing inclination of chemical process industries toward newprocesses that result in lesser waste generation greater efficiency and substantial yield of the desired products Esterification is achemical reaction in which two reactants carboxylic acid and alcohol react to form an ester and water This reaction is a reversiblereaction and the equilibrium conversion can be altered by varying the process parameters Pervaporation reactor can enhancethe conversion by shifting the equilibrium of reversible esterification reactions Polyvinyl alcohol-polyether sulfone compositehydrophilicmembrane was used for pervaporation-assisted esterification of propionic acid with isopropyl alcoholThe experimentswere carried out in the presence of sulphuric acid as a catalyst at 50∘C to 80∘C with various reactants ratios The esterification wascarried out for catalyst loadings of 0089 kmolm3 to 0447 kmolm3 The molar ratios of isopropyl to propionic acid used for theexperiment were 1 to 15 Maximum conversion was obtained for the ratio of 14 Also effect of other parameters such as processtemperature and catalyst concentration was discussed It was found that the use of pervaporation reactor increased the conversionof the propionic acid considerably

1 Introduction

Esterification reaction is a classic example of an equilibrium-limited reactionThe conversion is generally low due to limitsimposed by thermodynamic equilibrium An ester and wateras byproducts were obtained from this reaction Esters arewidely used in various process industries It is necessary toshift the position of the equilibrium to the ester side by eitherusing a large excess of one of the reactants (generally the alco-hol)Theuse of a large excess of reactant increased the cost forseparation [1] Pervaporation reactor shows potential alterna-tive due to rate-controlled separation process and low-energyutilization as compared to distillation Further pervaporationcan be operated at a temperature that matches the optimaltemperature for reaction with an appropriate membraneThelast characteristic is mainly important for esterifications dueto temperature constraints [2]

Pervaporation membrane reactors have been studied foresterification of acetic acid and ethanol [1] acetic acid andisopropanol [3] oleic acid and ethanol [4 5] tartaric acid andethanol [6] oleic acid and butanol [7] and valeric acid andethanol [8] with various acids or lipases as catalysts In somecases the membrane itself is catalytically active [9]

There is increasing attention towards the use of mem-brane processes to increase the yield of equilibrium-limitedreactions by selective elimination of a reaction product[10]The review on PV separation of water-acetic acid mix-tures and its important results are detailed [11] Novelpoly(vinyl alcohol)-titanium dioxide (PVA-TiO

2) mixed

matrix membranes prepared by incorporating nano-sizedtitanium dioxide (21 nm) and titanium dioxide surface modi-fied with polyaniline (PANI) into PVA and cross-linked withglutaraldehyde [12] Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based nano-composite membranes were prepared by coprecipitation of

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of ChemistryVolume 2014 Article ID 539341 4 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014539341

2 Journal of Chemistry

different amounts of Fe(II) and Fe(III) taken in an alkalinemedium and their pervaporation (PV) performances wereinvestigated to dehydrate isopropanol 14-dioxane and tetra-hydrofuran (THF) fromaqueous feeds containing 10ndash20wtof water in isopropanol and 14-dioxane 5ndashl5 wt of waterin THF [13] Mixed matrix membranes of poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) loaded with phosphomolybdic heteropoly acid (HPA)and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde prepared by the solu-tion casting technique Pervaporation (PV) experiments wereperformed to separate waterndashisopropanol feed mixtures [14]Mixed matrix membranes of sodium alginate (NaAlg) andpoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing 5 and 10wt silicalite-1particles were fabricated by solution casting method andthe cured membranes were cross-linked with glutaraldehydeThese membranes were used in pervaporation (PV) dehy-dration of isopropanol [15] Mixed matrix membranes ofsodium alginate (NaAlg) were prepared by solution castingincorporating 25 5 75 and 10wt of zeolite beta parti-cles The membranes thus prepared were cross-linked withglutaraldehyde and tested for the pervaporation (PV) dehy-dration of ethanol and acetic acid [16] Filled mixed matrixmembranes (MMM) of sodium alginate (NaAlg) were pre-pared by solution castingmethod andwere filledwith 4A zeo-lite particles in varying compositions from 0 to 10wt withrespect to weight of NaAlg polymer Membranes were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and tested for pervaporation (PV)dehydration of acetic acid and ethanol [17] A very few workhas been available on pervaporation reactor for esterificationreactions of propionic acid with isopropanol The reactionstudied for the application of pervaporation reactor is anesterification of propionic acid with isopropanol to give iso-propyl propionate and water

C3H6O2+ C3H8Olarrrarr C

6H12O2+H2O (1)

In the present paper experiments were conducted foresterification of propionic acidwith isopropanol coupledwithpervaporation andwithout pervaporation Also effect of vari-ous parameters such as initial mole ratio of isopropyl alcoholover propionic acid process temperature and catalyst con-centration on the performance of pervaporation reactor wasdiscussed

2 Experiment

21 Membrane Polyvinyl alcohol-polyether sulfone (PVA-PES) composite kind of hydrophilic membrane was usedin flat sheet module of pervaporation reactor (supplied byPermionics Membranes Pvt Ltd India size of test cell240mm times 180mm times 25mm and MOC of test cell SS-316)with active membrane area 00155m2

22 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Thermal stability ofPVA-PES membrane was determined with SII Co ExstarTGDTA (Japan) Thermogravimetric analyzer was used inorder to know their upper temperature limit The sample(6mg)was placed in an aluminumpan andheated over a tem-perature range of 30 to 400∘C at a heating rate of 10∘Cminminus1

5000

0000

minus5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Temperature (∘C)

DTA

(120583V

)

2502(∘C)minus4102 120583V

2564(∘C)minus5725120583V

2616(∘C)minus4984120583V

303

279

1000

800

600

400

TG (

)

325 120583Vmiddotsmg

Figure 1Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) analysis ofmembraneof PVA-PES

Feed tank

Test cell

Recirculating(feed) pump

Freshwaterinlet

Chiller

To vent

Vacuum pump

Permeate collectorand condenser

Figure 2 Typical diagram of pervaporation reactor (PVR)

The thermal stability was determined over temperature rangefrom 30ndash400∘C In PVA-PESmembrane the onset of thermaldecomposition started at 2502∘C and decomposition endsaround 2616∘C with melting point 2564∘C as shown inFigure 1 observed total weight loss was 303 This shows ahigh thermal stability of the PVA-PES membrane

23 Apparatus Esterification reaction and separation werecarried out in a laboratory-scale semibatch pervaporationreactor supplied by Permionics Membranes Pvt Ltd India(Figure 2) A vacuum of less than 8 mbar was generated witha vacuumpump (Make ILMVACGmbHModel Diaphragmpump chem Resistant MPC 301Z) Cold water was suppliedfrom a chiller to condense the permeate water vapor For per-vaporation experiments the flat sheet membrane test cell wasused Recirculation pump was used (Make Ravel Hiteks pvtLtd Model RH-P-120L) to circulate the retentate solution

24 Esterification Analytical grade chemicals were used inthe esterification reaction The CAS number source and

Journal of Chemistry 3

0102030405060708090

100

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)

With PV

Without PV

c

onve

rsio

n (X

A)

Figure 3 Comparison of experimental results for propionic acidconversion (119879 = 80∘C 119862

119862

= 0358 kmolm3 119877 = 14 119878119881 =1519m2m3) with PV (998779) and without PV (◻)

grades of the chemicals used are as follows propionic acid(CAS 79-09-4 Qualigens 99) isopropyl alcohol (CAS 67-63-0 Qualigens 99) and Sulphuric acid (CAS 7664-93-9Qualigens 999) All the chemicals were used without anyfurther treatment Esterification experiments utilized theequivalent mole of propionic acid (500mL) and isopropylalcohol (510mL) giving a mole ratio of isopropyl alcoholto propionic acid as 1 1 Experiments were carried out withsulphuric acid as a catalyst The water was removed by apply-ing vacuum on the permeate side Permeate was condensedand collected in round bottom flask

25 Analysis The permeate composition and the amountof product (isopropyl propionate) in reaction mixtures wereobtained by titration with 0125N NaOH Few titration wasperformed in triplicate and results were obtained in the rangeof plusmn3 which is acceptable

3 Results and Discussion

Esterificationwith andwithout pervaporationwas carried outin a laboratory-scale pervaporation reactor Effect of variousparameters such as process temperature (50ndash80∘C) initialmole ratio of isopropyl alcohol over propionic acid (1ndash15)and catalyst concentrations that were varied from 0089 to0447 kmolm3 on the performance of pervaporation reactorwas carried out The results are discussed in further section

From Figure 3 it was found that pervaporation enhancedthe conversion more than without pervaporation In case ofpervaporation considerable enhancement was observed andthe conversion was increased from its equilibrium value of66 to 87using a PVA-PESmembraneThismembranewasthemost selective one for water transport ofmembranes usedin this work [18] if the removal of water is indeed the majormechanism for the enhancement of yield

Catalyst concentration may be an alternative way toaccelerate ester production [19] In view of this the cat-alyst concentration was varied from 0089 kmolm3 to0447 kmolm3The experimental results for conversion ofpropionic acid during pervaporation process over variouscatalyst concentrations were presented in Figure 4 It can be

0102030405060708090

100

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)

c

onve

rsio

n (X

A)

Figure 4 Effect of change in catalyst concentration on conversionof propionic acid (119879 = 80∘C 119877 = 14 119878119881 = 1519m2m3) 119862

119862

=0089 kmolm3 (◻) 119862

119862

= 0179 kmolm3 (times) 119862119862

= 0268 kmolm3(l) 119862

119862

= 0358 kmolm3 () 119862119862

= 0447 kmolm3 (998779)

0102030405060708090

100

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)

c

onve

rsio

n (X

A)

Figure 5 Effect of change in ratio of initial reactants on con-version of propionic acid (119879 = 80∘C 119862

119862

= 0358 kmolm3 119878119881 =1519m2m3) 119877 = 1 (◻) 119877 = 12 (times) 119877 = 13 (l) 119877 = 14 () 119877 =15 (998779)

seen that the conversion is increasing with catalyst concen-tration At higher concentration of catalyst the percentage inconversion is also increasing but not with much significance(lt5) Hence catalyst concentration of 119862

119862= 0358 kmolm3

is optimalFigure 5 depicts the effect of initialmolar reactant ratio on

the propionic acid conversion The reactant ratio was variedfrom 1 to 15 for fixed values of the other parameters Thehigher conversion was observed for higher ratios It can befound that 119877 played a part in reaction rate but exerted noeffect on kinetics of PV [20]

4 Conclusion

Experiments for esterification of propionic acid with iso-propyl alcohol coupled with and without pervaporationwere carried out The performance of pervaporation reactorwas analyzed by studying effect of various parameters suchas temperature catalyst concentration and reactant ratioUsing pervaporation reactor considerable enhancement wasobserved and the conversion of propionic acid was increasedfrom its equilibrium value of 66 to 87 using a PVA-PES


membraneThe presented data can be extended for study anddesign of pervaporation reactor for similar kind of reactions

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] O de la Iglesia RMalladaMMenendez and J Coronas ldquoCon-tinuous zeolite membrane reactor for esterification of ethanoland acetic acidrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 131 no 1ndash3pp 35ndash39 2007

[2] X Feng and R Y M Huang ldquoStudies of a membrane reactoresterification facilitated by pervaporationrdquo Chemical Engineer-ing Science vol 51 no 20 pp 4673ndash4679 1996

[3] M T Sanz and J Gmehling ldquoEsterification of acetic acid withisopropanol coupled with pervaporation Part II Study of a per-vaporation reactorrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 123 no1-2 pp 9ndash14 2006

[4] H Kita S Sasaki K Tanaka K Okamoto and M YamamotoldquoEsterification of carboxylic acid with ethanol accompanied bypervaporationrdquo Chemistry Letters vol 17 no 12 pp 2025ndash20281988

[5] K Okamoto M Yamamoto Y Otoshi et al ldquoPervaporation-aided esterification of oleic acidrdquo Journal of Chemical Engineer-ing of Japan vol 26 no 5 pp 475ndash481 1993

[6] J T F Keurentjes GH R Janssen and J J Gorissen ldquoThe ester-ification of tartaric acid with ethanol kinetics and shifting theequilibrium by means of pervaporationrdquo Chemical EngineeringScience vol 49 no 24 pp 4681ndash4689 1994

[7] S J Kwon K M SongW H Hong and J S Rhee ldquoRemoval ofwater produced from lipase-catalyzed esterification in organicsolvent by pervaporationrdquo Biotechnology and Bioengineeringvol 46 no 4 pp 393ndash395 1995

[8] X Ni Z Xu Y Shi and Y Hu ldquoModified aromatic polyimidemembrane preparation and pervaporation results for esterifica-tion systemrdquoWater Treatment vol 10 no 2 pp 115ndash120 1995

[9] L Bagnell K Cavell A M Hodges A W-H Mau and A JSeen ldquoThe use of catalytically active pervaporation membranesin esterification reactions to simultaneously increase productyield membrane permselectivity and fluxrdquo Journal of Mem-brane Science vol 85 no 3 pp 291ndash299 1993

[10] J J Jafar P M Budd and R Hughes ldquoEnhancement of esterifi-cation reaction yield using zeolite A vapour permeation mem-branerdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 199 no 1 pp 117ndash1232002

[11] T M Aminabhavi and U S Toti ldquoPervaporation separationof water-acetic acid mixtures using polymeric membranesrdquoDesigned Monomers and Polymers vol 6 no 3 pp 211ndash2362003

[12] M Sairam M B Patil R S Veerapur S A Patil and TM Aminabhavi ldquoNovel dense poly(vinyl alcohol)-TiO

2

mixedmatrix membranes for pervaporation separation of water-iso-propanol mixtures at 30∘Crdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol281 no 1-2 pp 95ndash102 2006

[13] M Sairam B V K Naidu S K Nataraj B Sreedhar and T MAminabhavi ldquoPoly(vinyl alcohol)-iron oxide nanocomposite

membranes for pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol 14-dioxane and tetrahydrofuranrdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol283 no 1-2 pp 65ndash73 2006

[14] S B Teli G S Gokavi M Sairam and T M AminabhavildquoMixed matrix membranes of poly(vinyl alcohol) loaded withphosphomolybdic heteropolyacid for the pervaporation sepa-ration of water-isopropanol mixturesrdquo Colloids and Surfaces Avol 301 no 1ndash3 pp 55ndash62 2007

[15] S G Adoor B Prathab L S Manjeshwar and T M Aminab-havi ldquoMixed matrix membranes of sodium alginate andpoly(vinyl alcohol) for pervaporation dehydration of isopro-panol at different temperaturesrdquo Polymer vol 48 no 18 pp5417ndash5430 2007

[16] SGAdoor L SManjeshwar SD Bhat andTMAminabhavildquoAluminum-rich zeolite beta incorporated sodium alginatemixed matrix membranes for pervaporation dehydration andesterification of ethanol and acetic acidrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 318 no 1-2 pp 233ndash246 2008

[17] S D Bhat and T M Aminabhavi ldquoPervaporation-aided dehy-dration and esterification of acetic acid with ethanol using 4Azeolite-filled cross-linked sodium alginate-mixed matrix mem-branesrdquo Journal of Applied Polymer Science vol 113 no 1 pp157ndash168 2009

[18] F R Chen and H F Chen ldquoPervaporation separation of ethy-lene glycol-watermixtures using crosslinked PVA-PES compos-ite membranes Part I Effects of membrane preparation con-ditions on pervaporation performancesrdquo Journal of MembraneScience vol 109 no 2 pp 247ndash256 1996

[19] Y Zhu and H Chen ldquoPervaporation separation and pervap-oration-esterification coupling using crosslinked PVA compos-ite catalytic membranes on porous ceramic platerdquo Journal ofMembrane Science vol 138 no 1 pp 123ndash134 1998

[20] Q L Liu and H F Chen ldquoModeling of esterification of aceticacid with n-butanol in the presence of Zr(SO

4

)2

sdot4H2

O coupledpervaporationrdquo Journal of Membrane Science vol 196 no 2 pp171ndash178 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


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Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


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Applied ChemistryJournal of



Theoretical ChemistryJournal of


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Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


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Quantum Chemistry


Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of



CatalystsJournal of


different amounts of Fe(II) and Fe(III) taken in an alkalinemedium and their pervaporation (PV) performances wereinvestigated to dehydrate isopropanol 14-dioxane and tetra-hydrofuran (THF) fromaqueous feeds containing 10ndash20wtof water in isopropanol and 14-dioxane 5ndashl5 wt of waterin THF [13] Mixed matrix membranes of poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) loaded with phosphomolybdic heteropoly acid (HPA)and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde prepared by the solu-tion casting technique Pervaporation (PV) experiments wereperformed to separate waterndashisopropanol feed mixtures [14]Mixed matrix membranes of sodium alginate (NaAlg) andpoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing 5 and 10wt silicalite-1particles were fabricated by solution casting method andthe cured membranes were cross-linked with glutaraldehydeThese membranes were used in pervaporation (PV) dehy-dration of isopropanol [15] Mixed matrix membranes ofsodium alginate (NaAlg) were prepared by solution castingincorporating 25 5 75 and 10wt of zeolite beta parti-cles The membranes thus prepared were cross-linked withglutaraldehyde and tested for the pervaporation (PV) dehy-dration of ethanol and acetic acid [16] Filled mixed matrixmembranes (MMM) of sodium alginate (NaAlg) were pre-pared by solution castingmethod andwere filledwith 4A zeo-lite particles in varying compositions from 0 to 10wt withrespect to weight of NaAlg polymer Membranes were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and tested for pervaporation (PV)dehydration of acetic acid and ethanol [17] A very few workhas been available on pervaporation reactor for esterificationreactions of propionic acid with isopropanol The reactionstudied for the application of pervaporation reactor is anesterification of propionic acid with isopropanol to give iso-propyl propionate and water

C3H6O2+ C3H8Olarrrarr C

6H12O2+H2O (1)

In the present paper experiments were conducted foresterification of propionic acidwith isopropanol coupledwithpervaporation andwithout pervaporation Also effect of vari-ous parameters such as initial mole ratio of isopropyl alcoholover propionic acid process temperature and catalyst con-centration on the performance of pervaporation reactor wasdiscussed

2 Experiment

21 Membrane Polyvinyl alcohol-polyether sulfone (PVA-PES) composite kind of hydrophilic membrane was usedin flat sheet module of pervaporation reactor (supplied byPermionics Membranes Pvt Ltd India size of test cell240mm times 180mm times 25mm and MOC of test cell SS-316)with active membrane area 00155m2

22 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Thermal stability ofPVA-PES membrane was determined with SII Co ExstarTGDTA (Japan) Thermogravimetric analyzer was used inorder to know their upper temperature limit The sample(6mg)was placed in an aluminumpan andheated over a tem-perature range of 30 to 400∘C at a heating rate of 10∘Cminminus1

5000

0000

minus5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Temperature (∘C)

DTA

(120583V

)

2502(∘C)minus4102 120583V

2564(∘C)minus5725120583V

2616(∘C)minus4984120583V

303

279

1000

800

600

400

TG (

)

325 120583Vmiddotsmg

Figure 1Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) analysis ofmembraneof PVA-PES

Feed tank

Test cell

Recirculating(feed) pump

Freshwaterinlet

Chiller

To vent

Vacuum pump

Permeate collectorand condenser

Figure 2 Typical diagram of pervaporation reactor (PVR)

The thermal stability was determined over temperature rangefrom 30ndash400∘C In PVA-PESmembrane the onset of thermaldecomposition started at 2502∘C and decomposition endsaround 2616∘C with melting point 2564∘C as shown inFigure 1 observed total weight loss was 303 This shows ahigh thermal stability of the PVA-PES membrane

23 Apparatus Esterification reaction and separation werecarried out in a laboratory-scale semibatch pervaporationreactor supplied by Permionics Membranes Pvt Ltd India(Figure 2) A vacuum of less than 8 mbar was generated witha vacuumpump (Make ILMVACGmbHModel Diaphragmpump chem Resistant MPC 301Z) Cold water was suppliedfrom a chiller to condense the permeate water vapor For per-vaporation experiments the flat sheet membrane test cell wasused Recirculation pump was used (Make Ravel Hiteks pvtLtd Model RH-P-120L) to circulate the retentate solution

24 Esterification Analytical grade chemicals were used inthe esterification reaction The CAS number source and


0102030405060708090

100

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)

With PV

Without PV

c

onve

rsio

n (X

A)


119862








0102030405060708090

100

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)

c

onve

rsio

n (X

A)


119862

=0089 kmolm3 (◻) 119862

119862

= 0179 kmolm3 (times) 119862119862

= 0268 kmolm3(l) 119862

119862

= 0358 kmolm3 () 119862119862

= 0447 kmolm3 (998779)

0102030405060708090

100

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)

c

onve

rsio

n (X

A)


119862

= 0358 kmolm3 119878119881 =1519m2m3) 119877 = 1 (◻) 119877 = 12 (times) 119877 = 13 (l) 119877 = 14 () 119877 =15 (998779)


119862= 0358 kmolm3



4 Conclusion






References













2











4

)2

sdot4H2











Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


0102030405060708090

100

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)

With PV

Without PV

c

onve

rsio

n (X

A)


119862








0102030405060708090

100

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)

c

onve

rsio

n (X

A)


119862

=0089 kmolm3 (◻) 119862

119862

= 0179 kmolm3 (times) 119862119862

= 0268 kmolm3(l) 119862

119862

= 0358 kmolm3 () 119862119862

= 0447 kmolm3 (998779)

0102030405060708090

100

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)

c

onve

rsio

n (X

A)


119862

= 0358 kmolm3 119878119881 =1519m2m3) 119877 = 1 (◻) 119877 = 12 (times) 119877 = 13 (l) 119877 = 14 () 119877 =15 (998779)


119862= 0358 kmolm3



4 Conclusion






References













2











4

)2

sdot4H2











Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of





References













2











4

)2

sdot4H2











Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of










Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

research article enhancement of esterification of...

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