research article numerical study of the effects of...

Research ArticleNumerical Study of the Effects of Topography andUrbanization on the Local Atmospheric Circulations overthe Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei China

Yucong Miao1 Shuhua Liu1 Yijia Zheng1 Shu Wang1 and Bicheng Chen2

1Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China2Department of Meteorology The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Shuhua Liu lshuhuapkueducn

Received 16 June 2014 Accepted 13 August 2014

Academic Editor Sultan Al-Yahyai

Copyright copy 2015 Yucong Miao et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The effects of the topography and urbanization on the local atmospheric circulations over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) regionwere studied by the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model as well as the interactions among these local atmosphericcirculations It was found that in the summer day time the multiscale thermally induced local atmospheric circulations may existand interact in the same time over the BTH region the topography played a role in the strengthening of the sea breeze circulationsafter sunset the inland progress of sea breeze was slowed down by the opposite mountain breeze when the land breeze circulationdominated the Bohai bay the mountain breeze circulation can couple with the land breeze circulation to form a large circulationranging from the coastline to the mountains And the presence of cities cannot change the general state of the sea-land breeze(SLB) circulation and mountain-valley breeze (MVB) circulation but acted to modify these local circulations slightly Meanwhilethe development of the urban heat island (UHI) circulation was also strongly influenced by the nearby SLB circulation and MVBcirculation

1 Introduction

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH) located in NorthChina Plain is one of Chinarsquos most economically developedregions with a region of 216000 square km in size andover 100 million in population Facing the Bohai Sea theBTH region is frequently under the influence of sea-landbreeze (SLB) circulations during summertime besides theBTH region is located in a mountainous area which is alsoaffected by the mountain-valley breeze (MVB) circulation Inaddition the rapid urbanization process [1 2] of BTH hasresulted in significant urban heat island (UHI) phenomenonthere [3] characterized by the temperature variation betweena city and its suburb rural areas and the thermally inducedUHI circulation

The local atmospheric circulations play an important rolein the local air quality and the boundary-layer structure[4ndash8] Chen et al reported the mountain-chimney effecton the distribution of air pollutants of Beijing by usingaircraft measurements [9] Wang et al suggested that the

MVB circulation can transport the urban pollutants to themountain areas [10] The study of Lo et al showed thaturbanization enhanced the pollutant trapping and thereforecontributes to the overall poor air quality in the Pearl RiverDelta [11] And these local atmospheric circulations cancouple and interact [12] Lo et al set up a number of numericalexperiments by numerical model to investigate the impactsof urbanization and its associated UHI on the local- andregional-scale atmospheric circulations over the Pearl RiverDelta and it was found that stronger UHI in the PearlRiver Delta enhances the mesoscale sea-breeze circulation[13] The study of Freitas et al found that the presence ofthe urban region increased the sea-breeze front propagationmean speed by about 032m sminus1 when compared with thesituation of no city [14]The work of Miao et al [15] and Nitiset al [16] demonstrated that topography played an importantrole in the sea-breeze circulation

Recently the Chinese central government is consideringplans to upgrade regional cooperation between Beijing

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in MeteorologyVolume 2015 Article ID 397070 16 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015397070

2 Advances in Meteorology

Tianjin and Hebei province to build a trilateral economicsphere in the Bohai Bay area to become Chinarsquos thirdeconomic engine alongside the Pearl and Yangtze RiverDeltas However the rapid urbanization has been causingseveral environmental impacts in the BTH region suchas the heavy haze pollution [17ndash19] To better manage therapidly deteriorating air quality in the BTH region andachieve sustainable development a better understanding ofthe local atmospheric circulations of the BTH region isnecessary including the complex interactions among the SLBcirculationMVB circulation and theUHI circulation whichis rarely investigated

In this study the interactions among these local atmo-spheric circulations over the BHT region were investigatedby using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) modelFirst the effects of the topography and urbanization on thelocal atmospheric circulations over the BTH region wereinvestigated by using the idealized initial and boundary con-ditions And then the idealized schematic local atmosphericcirculationswere summed up and comparedwith the realisticsimulated circulations

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows InSection 2 the mesoscale model and numerical experimentssetup are described In Section 3 the numerical results arepresented and the effects of topography and urbanization arediscussed Finally the conclusions are given in Section 4

2 Models Description and Numerical Setup

Themesoscale meteorological model used is theWRFmodelversion 35 In order to properly treat the complex topographyand land use ofNorthChina Plain 2 two-way nested domainsare used in this study (Figure 1(a)) The inner domain is a2 km fine-resolution domain covering Beijing Tianjin andfour big cities (Baoding Langfang Cangzhou and Tang-shan) of Hebei province around the Bohai Bay (Figure 1(b))Table 1 lists the details of domain configurations and physicsparameterization schemes used There are 55 vertical layersfrom the surface to the 50 hPa level used to resolve the localatmospheric circulation featuresTheWRF single-moment 5-class scheme (WSM5) [20] used for cloud physical process hasbeen employed The radiation processes are handled usingthe updated rapid radiative transfer model (RRTMG) [21]The Yonsei University (YSU) planet boundary layer (PBL)scheme [22] is usedTheNoah land surfacemodel (LSM) [23]with a single-layer urban canopy model (UCM) [24 25] isused for the land surface process The single-layer model isused to parameterize the effects of urban canopy geometryon the surface energy and low level wind shear and the urbancanopy parameters are set by referring to the study of Wanget al [26]

Since the land surface has been changed a lot in the NorthChina Plain caused by the urbanization process in the pasttwo decades the latest global land use dataset called Glob-Cover 2009 [27] is applied in this research The GlobCover2009 is 300m spatial resolution land cover dataset obtainedby theMERIS (themedium resolution imaging spectrometer)

Table 1 Domain configurations and physics options of the WRFsimulation

Domain configurations andphysics options

Domain dimensions 145 times 211 120 times 175

Grid size 6 km 2 kmVertical layers 55Vertical layers below 1500m 35Microphysics scheme WSM 5-class schemeCumulus scheme NoneRadiation scheme RRTMGLand surface scheme Noah LSM with UCMPBL scheme YSU

sensor on board the ENVISAT satellite mission during 1January 2009 and 31 December 2009

To investigate the typical features of the local- andregional-scale atmospheric circulations and to separate themfrom other complexities of the real atmosphere idealizedmeteorological initial and boundary conditions are firstlyingested into theWRF simulations Since the SLB circulationand MVB circulation are common phenomena during thesummer months a period of summer months (ie JuneJuly and August) is selected in this study For the idealizednumerical simulation the initial and boundary conditionsare built with the 6-hourly 1∘ times 1∘ NCEP final analysis(FNL) data from 0600UTC 24 August 2013 to 0000UTC 25August 2013 The idealized initial and boundary conditionsare created by averaging the domain sea-level pressure andgeopotential height at each upper level to provide a stationarysynoptic condition The wind components below and abovethe 750 hPa level are specified by 0m sminus1 and the averagevalues of each level respectively The relative humidity (RH)is multiplied by a factor of 025 to avoid the influences ofcloud and the value of 025 is given by several sensitivityexperiments The 42-hourly idealized simulation is consistedof two phases (18 + 24 hr) The first 18 hours from 0600UTC24 August to 0000UTC 25 August is run as the spin-upwhich is the first phase of the simulation And then thesimulation at 0000UTC 25 August from the first phase isused as the initial condition for the second phase 24 h simu-lation recalculated from 0000UTC (0800 LST) 24 August to0000UTC (0800 LST) 25 August by using the same idealizedboundary conditionsThe interval of the model output is onehour

The numerical experiment run by using the GlobCover2009 the idealized initial and boundary conditions is regardas the control run (hereafter referred as CNTL) The othertwo idealized experiments carried out to determine theeffects of the topography and urbanization are identical tothe control run except for the changes of the topography(FLAT experiment) and urban land use (RURAL experiment)(Table 2)

To investigate of the effect of the synoptic forcing onthe local atmospheric circulations another numerical exper-iment (REAL) using the same numerical configurations is

Advances in Meteorology 3

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Figure 1 (a) The topography height of the nested domains and (b) the land use category of the inner domain The rectangle in (a) indicatesthe location of inner domain The solid line in (b) indicates the route of the vertical cross section made from point A to point B given inFigures 6ndash8 and Figures 11ndash15 and the point O located at the border of land and sea is used as the reference point (00) in the vertical crosssection The black dots in Figure 1(a) indicate the location of the five meteorological stations used to validate the WRF simulation

Table 2 Summary of the numerical experiments

Experiment Land use Topography Initial and boundary conditionsCNTL GlobCover 2009 Realistic terrain Idealized conditionsFLAT GlobCover 2009 Flat terrain Idealized conditionsRURAL Change urban grids to cropland grids Realistic terrain Idealized conditionsREAL GlobCover 2009 Realistic terrain Realistic conditions

carried out except for the use of the realistic NCEP FNLinitial and boundary conditions The REAL experiment isintegrated from 1200UTC 23 August 2013 to 0000UTC 25August 2013 and the first 12 hours simulation is run as thespin-up (Table 2) During the simulation period the BTHregion was dominated by a high pressure synoptic systemunder this weak synoptic condition the local atmosphericcirculations were well established

3 Results and Discussions

In this part the WRF simulated results (REAL experiment)are firstly evaluated by using the measurements from theground-based stations (Figure 1(a) andTable 3) And then theeffects of the topography and the urbanization process arepresented and discussed

31 The Evaluation of WRF Simulation The 2 km resolutionWRF simulation of the REAL experiment is evaluated bycomparing with the measurements (2m temperature 10mwind speed and wind direction) of five ground-based sta-tions aroundBeijing (Figure 1(a) andTable 3) It is found thatat night the simulated temperatures at Haidian Chaoyangand Fengtai stations are slightly higher than the measure-ments at night (Figures 2(b) 2(d) and 2(e)) Despite thisdiscrepancy the diurnal cycle of surface temperature is wellsimulated

As depicted in Figure 3 during the simulation periodthe surface wind speed is relatively low during the simulated

period with a value lower than 4m sminus1 at most times ofthe simulation period Comparing with the measurementsit is noted that the 10m wind speeds at Haidian and Fengtaistations (Figures 3(b) and 3(e)) are slightly overestimated bytheWRFmodel Despite this discrepancy of wind speed sim-ulation most of the fluctuation characteristics and variationtrend of wind speed at the five sites during the simulationperiod can be well replicated by the WRF model

A typical MVB pattern over the Beijing region can beobserved from the time series of wind direction (Figure 4) Inthe early morning the Beijing area is dominated by the coldnorthern mountain-breeze By noon as the mountain areasare warmed by the sun the dominant wind over the Beijingarea turns into the warmed southern valley-breeze At nightas the mountain areas are cooled by nocturnal radiation thesouthern valley-breeze disappears gradually and replaces bythe northern down-slope mountain-breeze The evolution ofthe diurnal MVB circulation is well simulated by the WRFmodel during the simulated period

From this preliminary validation it is found that theWRF model used in this study is capable of replicating theatmospheric conditions over the BTH region

32 Effects of Topography on the Sea Breeze Circulation Toinvestigate the difference of the topography in producingand modifying the SLB circulation the evolution of the10m horizontal wind field is given in Figure 5 And thevertical cross sections of the wind field along the solid linein Figure 1(b) are shown in Figures 6 and 7


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Figure 2 Time series of observed and simulated 2m temperature (∘C) (a) Shunyi (b) Haidian (c) Tongzhou (d) Chaoyang and (e) FengtaiThe simulations are obtained from the grids nearest to the stations

Table 3 The locations and altitudes of the meteorological stationsgiven in Figure 1(a)

ID Station Longitude (∘) Latitude (∘) Altitude (m)54398 Shunyi 116617 40117 29654399 Haidian 116267 39967 46954431 Tongzhou 116617 39917 40654433 Chaoyang 116467 3995 36554514 Fengtai 11625 39867 57

In the CNTL experiment the wind begins to blowonshore at around 0900 LST (Figure 5(a)) indicating theonset of the sea breeze while the land breeze is still dominantover the coastal regions of FLAT experiment (Figure 5(b))Meanwhile the mountains located on the north and west

of Hebei province are warmed by the sunlight and theywarm the adjacent air to become the thermally inducedupward valley breezes However at the early moment (before1100 LST) the valley breeze circulation is not strong enoughto affect the distant sea breeze circulation

As depicted in Figure 6(a) by noon (1200 LST) as themountain continues to be warmed by the sun the valleybreeze circulation becomes stronger and starts to play a rolein the development of the sea breeze circulation At 1200 LSTthe warm upward valley wind can reach the altitude of 3-4 km over the mountain areas and then turns into the aloftantivalley wind blowing from the mountain areas to the seaAt the upper level as the air parcels flow toward the sea theair parcels become cooled and denser therefore when the airparcels reach the coastline some of them would descend tothe surface level and participate in the sea breeze circulation


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Figure 3 Time series of observed and simulated 10m wind speed (m sminus1) Please refer to Figure 2 for the descriptions of the figures

there (Figure 6(a)) As a result the warm upward valleybreeze northwest aloftwind cold downward flow and the seabreeze constitute a counterclockwise circulation viewed fromthe southwest in Figure 6(a) ranging from the Bohai bay tothe mountains

Comparing to the CNTL case the onset of the seabreeze of the FLAT case is about 1200 LST (Figure 7(a)) anapproximately 3-hour lag by that moment in the presence ofthe topography the sea breeze front has already penetratedabout 13 km inland (Figure 6(a))

In the afternoon the sea breeze further strengthensand continues to penetrate inland by 1900 LST the inlanddistance of the FLAT case has extended up to about 30 km(Figures 5(d) and 7(b)) which is the maximum penetrationinland distance of FLAT case while the inland distance of theCNTL case is up to about 60 km at 1900 LST (Figure 5(c))

which is twice as long as the FLAT casersquos Figure 5 showsthat the inland penetration process of the sea breeze stronglydepends on the topography

In the presence of the topography the sea breeze and thethermally induced upward valley breeze can be coupled dur-ing the daytime resulting in a stronger sea breeze circulationand similar findings are presented by Lu and Turco [28] andMiao et al [15]

After 1900 LST the sea breeze of the FLAT case is goingto disappear and be replaced by a land breeze (Figure 7(c))while the sea breeze still dominates the coastline and furtherextends inland in the CNTL case until 2200 LST and reachesits maximum inland distance (about 110 km) at 2200 LST(Figure 6(b))

In the CNTL experiment at night the mountains arecooled by nocturnal radiation which causes the air adjacent


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Figure 4 Time series of observed and simulated 10m wind direction (∘) Please refer to Figure 2 for the descriptions of the figures

to be cooled and to flow downward to the plain (Figure 5(c))meanwhile the thermally induced sea breeze abates gradu-ally At the early night (about 2200 LST) before the onset ofthe land breeze the downwardmountain breeze can confrontthe inland sea breeze front on the south-east suburb of Beijing(about 110 km from the coastline) and form a convergencezone there (Figure 6(b)) the inland progress of sea breeze isslowed down by the opposite mountain breeze

After 2200 LST the sea breeze becomes too weak tobe consistently blown from the coastline to the suburb ofBeijing and is broken down at the middle of Tianjin andLangfang at 2300 LST (Figure 8(a)) about 63 km from thecoastline and turns into 2 substreams that is the seasidesubstream and the inland substream The inland substreamcan continue to progress inland to the foot of mountains bythe inertial forcing (Figures 8(a) and 8(c)) At midnight theinland substream can reach the downtown of Beijing and

disappears gradually by counteracting with the downwardmountain breeze there (Figure 8(c)) Meanwhile the seasidehas substream retracted to the Tianjin areas

Aftermidnight the sea breeze is going to disappear and bereplaced by the land breeze at about 0200 LST By 0400 LSTthe land breeze can couple with the mountain breeze to forma clockwise circulation (viewed from the southwest) rangingfrom themountains to the Bohai bay (Figure 6(c)) as a resultthe land breeze circulation is strengthened

To better evaluate the difference between the numericalexperiments some parameters of the vertical cross sectionalong the solid line from A to B in Figure 1(b) are defined asfollows

(1) Here we define the U as the horizontal wind of thevertical cross sections and the U is positive valuewhen the wind is blown from point A to point B


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Figure 5 Simulated 10m wind field and the vertical wind component on the lowest vertical level at 0900 LST and 1900 LST 24 August 2013(a) and (c) CNTL and (b) and (d) FLAT The location of sea breeze inland front can be indicated by the convergence zone with high verticalwind component (119908)

Table 4 Summaries of the evaluation parameters of the vertical cross section from A to B in Figure 1(b)

CNTL FLAT RURAL REALSea breeze start time 0800 LST 1200 LST 0800 LST 0800 LSTSea breeze end time 0200 LST 2100 LST 0200 LST 0100 LST

Maximum inland penetration distance and the time 110 km2200 LST

31 km1900 LST

127 km2300 LST

113 km2200 LST

(2) The inland penetration distance of the sea breezeis defined as the north-western most location thatthe mean U value of the lowest 100m height isconsistently positive from the coastline and the mean119908 is positive It is noted that at night when thesea breeze is separated into the seaside and inlandsubstreams the penetration distance of sea breezeis defined as the penetration distance of the seasidesubstream

(3) The sea breeze start time is defined as the time whenthe mean U value of the lowest 100m at the coastline

becomes positive while the sea breeze end time is thetime when the meanU value there becomes negative

The penetration process of sea breeze front is summedup in Figure 9 and Table 4 It is found that the sea breezecirculation is strengthened in the presence of the topographywith longer maximum inland penetration distance (110 km)and longer lasted duration of sea breeze

In general comparing to the FLAT experiment thetopography plays an important role in the strengtheningof the SLB circulation It is also worth noting that Beijinglocates too far from the coastline to be affected by the SLB


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Figure 6 Vertical cross section of simulated wind field of CNTL experiment fromA to B in Figure 1(b) with the reference point (0 0) locatedat the border (point O in Figure 1(b)) of land and sea (a) 1200 LST 24 August (b) 2200 LST 24 August and (c) 0400 LST 25 AugustThe urbanland use grids are indicated by the red dots while the water land uses grids that are presented by the blue dots To plot the vector field theU and 119908 have been multiplied by a factor of 05 and 10 respectively while the real value of 119908 is shown by the color shade background Thethree cities from left to right are Tianjin (TJ) Langfang (LF) and Beijing (BJ) respectively

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Figure 7 Similar to Figure 6 but for the FLAT experiment (a) 1200 LST 24 August (b) 1900 LST 24 August and (c) 0400 LST 25 AugustThe three cities from left to right are Tianjin (TJ) Langfang (LF) and Beijing (BJ) respectively Please refer to Figure 6 for more details of thefigure description


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Figure 8 Similar to Figure 6 but for the vector fields at 2300 LST 24 August and 0000 LST 25 August (a) and (c) CNTL and (b) and (d)RURAL The three cities from left to right are Tianjin (TJ) Langfang (LF) and Beijing (BJ) respectively Please refer to Figure 6 for moredetails of the figure description

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Figure 9 The time series of the maximum inland distance of different numerical experiments within the vertical cross section from A to Bin Figure 1(b)

circulation directly therefore in summer Beijing area isprimarily dominated by the MVB circulation [12 29] andonly the soft inland sub-stream of the sea breeze can reachthe downtown of Beijing at midnight when it is going todisappear

33 Effects of the Urbanization on the Local AtmosphericCirculation The urban areas are the anthropogenic sourcesof heat and pollution And the urban areas are usually coveredby a large percentage of asphalt and concrete whose landsurface is dry and water-proof with high heat capacities theurban areas convert and store incoming radiation as sensibleheat better than the surrounding natural areas Thus thesurface-layer air in the cities is generally warmer than that ofrural areas and the horizontal temperature variations inducethe UHI circulation between the urban and rural areas In

addition the buildings within the cities can increase thesurface drag and wake turbulence and the buildings act toreduce surface-layer wind speed [30 31]

To investigate the effects of the urbanization on thelocal atmospheric circulation the RURAL experiment wasperformed by changing all the urban grids (Figure 1(b)) tothe cropland grids The simulated wind fields of the CNTLand RURAL experiments at 2000 LST are demonstrated inFigure 10 At 2000 LST the mountain areas are dominatedby the cold downward mountain breeze while the seabreeze still continues to progress inland It is found that thesimulated wind field of RURAL experiment is similar to thatof CNTL experiment and the sea breeze fronts of these twoexperiments are almost the same except for the slight lags atsome place along the sea breeze front (Figure 10(c))

The vertical cross sections of the CNTL and RURALexperiments at 1400 LST are shown in Figure 11 It is found


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m sminus

1)

(b)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(c)

Figure 10 Simulated 10m wind field and the vertical wind component on the lowest vertical level at 2000 LST 24 August 2013 (a) CNTLand (b) RURAL The locations of sea breeze inland fronts of the CNTL (red) and RURAL (blue) experiments are indicated by the solid linein (c)

that the general local atmospheric circulations of the RURALexperiment and CNTL experiment are quite similar exceptfor the upward motions imposed over the urban grids(Figures 11(c) and 12(c)) These upward motions indicate theUHI circulations over the urban areas (ie Beijing Langfangand Tianjin)

In the perspective of the inland penetration processof the sea breeze (Figure 9(a)) before 1400 LST there isno significant difference between the CNTL and RURALexperiments It is because before 1400 LST the sea breezefront is still out of the effective radius of the Tianjin UHIcirculation

By 1400 LST when the sea breeze front has progressedinland to the south-east suburb of Tianjin about 23 km fromthe coastline a strong counterclockwise UHI circulationviewed from the southwest (Figure 11(c)) imposed on the seabreeze circulation the UHI circulation is ranged from thesuburb to the downtown of Tianjin and consistent with thesea breeze circulation As a result the sea breeze circulation

is strengthened by the UHI circulation Therefore after1400 LST the sea breeze inland front moves faster in thepresence of Tianjin and reaches the downtown of Tianjin at1500 LST about 41 km from the coastline (Figure 9(a))

However when the sea breeze front moves furtherthrough the densely built-up areas of Tianjin the inlandmovement of the sea breeze front is slower by the highersurface drag there thus after 1500 LST the inland movementof the sea breeze front of the CNTL experiment becomesslower than that of the RURAL experiment (Figure 9(a)) By1800 LST the CNTL experimentrsquos sea breeze front has alreadylagged behind the RURALrsquos about 5 km and lags more at1900 LST

It is worth noting that after 2000 LST the differencebetween the inland distances of the CNTL and RURALexperiments becomes smaller and the CNTL experimentrsquossea breeze front catches up with the RURALrsquos at about2200 LST (Figure 9(a)) This phenomenon can be explainedby the effects of the urban areas (Beijing) on the mountain


4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus50 minus25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) CNTL

4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) RURAL

0

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) CNTL-RURAL

Figure 11 Vertical cross section of simulated wind filed from A to B in Figure 1(b) at 1400 LST 24 August (a) CNTL (b) RURAL and (c)CNTL-RURAL The three cities from left to right are Tianjin (TJ) Langfang (LF) and Beijing (BJ) respectively Please refer to Figure 6 formore details of the figure description

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(a) CNTL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) RURAL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(c) CNTL-RURAL

Figure 12 Similar to Figure 11 but for the vector fields at 2100 LST 24 August (a) CNTL (b) RURAL and (c) CNTL-RURAL The threecities from left to right are Tianjin (TJ) Langfang (LF) and Beijing (BJ) respectively Please refer to Figure 11 for more details of the figuredescription


3

2

1

0

100 125 150 175BJ

1m sminus1

Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1500

15m sminus1

3

2

1

0

100 125 150 175BJDistance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 0200

Figure 13 Vertical fields over Beijing in the CNTL experiment at (a) 1500 LST 24 August and (b) 0200 LST 25 August Please refer to Figure 6for more details of the figure description

breeze circulation After 2000 LSTwhen themountain breezedominates the plain regions as we discussed in Section 32the inland progress of sea breeze is slowed down by theopposite mountain breeze the presence of Beijing increasesthe surface drag andweakens themountain breeze circulationand indirectly helped the sea breeze to extend further inlandby imposing an opposite wind near the surface (Figure 12(c))

Meanwhile the inland process of sea breeze is also sloweddown slightly by Tianjin because of the high surface dragwhich is imposed on an opposite wind of sea breeze near thesurface (Figure 12(c)) Under this drag effect the sea breezeis broken into 2 substreams earlier at about 2300 LST in theCNTL experiment (Figures 8(a) and 9(a)) In contrast the seabreeze front can consistently extend to the foot of mountainsat 2300 LST (Figure 8(b)) in absence of the cities about127 km from the coastline and then turns into 2 substreamsabout midnight (Figure 8(d))

In addition since Beijing is located at the foot of themountains the development of the UHI circulation there isstrongly affected by the topographic forcing In the afternoonthe north-west part of Beijing more close to the mountainsis dominated by the upward valley breeze where the UHI isinhibited while the UHI circulation is able to fully developat the other side of Beijing It is noted that the return aloftantivalley wind can flow over the urban areas of Beijing anddescend at the south-east suburb and then participates intoand strengthens the UHI circulation over the south-east partof Beijing (Figure 13(a)) At night the UHI circulation overBeijing is hidden in the stronger downward mountain breezecirculations (Figure 13(b))

In general the presence of cities cannot change thegeneral state of the SLB circulation and the MVB circulationbut acts to modify these local circulations slightly And the

development of the UHI circulation is strongly influenced bythe nearby MVB circulation and SLB circulation

34The Schematic Circulations of the Idealized Simulation Inthis section the schematic circulations of the idealized CNTLexperiment are summed up firstly and then the simulationsof REAL experiment are compared with the schematic circu-lations to find out the effects of the weak synoptic systemTheschematic diagrams of the local idealized circulations at threemoments are presented in Figure 14

Because of the complexity of topography and the het-erogeneity of land use distribution of the BTH region inthe daytime there may exist multiscale local atmosphericcirculation (Figure 14(a)) As discussed in Section 32 in theafternoon the valley breeze circulation can couple with thesea breeze circulation to form a counterclockwise circulationviewed from the southwest (Figures 14(a) and 11(a)) rangingfrom the coastline to the mountains and the vertical andhorizontal dimensions are 35 km and 150 km respectivelyAt 1400 LST it is worth noting that the aloft antivalley windalso exists at the altitude of 2 km which cannot reach thecoastline but subsides at the suburb of Beijing (about 120 kmaway from the coastline) and then returns to the mountainareas As a result the UHI circulation over the south-eastpart of Beijing is strengthened The similar phenomenonis also found in Langfang Between Tianjin and Langfangthere is another land-land circulation located at the south-east of Langfang (about 70 km away from the coastline)the circulation is developed over the cropwoodland mosaicland use category whose albedo is lower than the surroundedgridsrsquo


Meanwhile the Tianjin area is dominated by the strongcounterclockwise sea breeze circulation viewed from thesouthwest accompanied by a weak clockwise circulationwhich is a secondary circulation driven by the sea breezecirculation and the land-land circulation In the idealizedexperiment (CNTL) these multiscale circulations are estab-lished at about 1400 LST and are able to sustain to the sunsetmoment (about 1900 LST)

Comparing to the daytime circulations the circulationsat night are simpler After sunset the upward valley breeze isgoing to disappear and be replaced by the downward moun-tain breeze while the sea breeze front continues to progressfurther inland At the south-east of Beijing a convergencezone is formed by the interaction of the mountain breezecirculation and the sea breeze circulation (Figure 14(b)) Thepresence of the mountain breeze circulation can slow downthe inland progress of sea breeze

After midnight as the sea breeze is replaced by theland breeze a large clockwise circulation (viewed from thesouthwest) consisted of the land breeze circulation and themountain breeze circulations (Figure 14(c)) ranging from thecoastline to the mountains

The schematic circulations are got from the idealizedsimulation which is only driven by the local thermal effectswithout external influences To examine the representative-ness of these schematic circulations the REAL experimentwas performed by using the realistic initial and boundaryconditions During the simulation period the BTH region isdominated by a high pressure synoptic system The verticalcross section of simulated wind fields in the REAL experi-ment is demonstrated in Figure 15

Comparing with the schematic circulation at 1400 LST itis found that the daytime multiscale circulation revealed inthe idealized CNTL experiment (Figures 14(a) and 11(a)) alsoexists in the REAL experiment (Figure 15(a)) expect that theupward motions over the mountains and the urban areas areweaker and the west aloft wind is stronger The weakening ofthe upward motions may be caused by masking effect of thecloud which is avoided in the idealized experiment

At night when the mountain breeze blows the circula-tions in the REAL experiment are almost the same as theCNTLrsquos (Figures 14(b) and 6(b)) except for the strengtheningof the aloft antimountain wind (Figure 15(b)) After mid-night the large coupled clockwise circulation (viewed fromthe southwest) can also be found in the REAL experiment(Figure 15(c))

The start time end time and maximum inland distanceof the sea breeze of the REAL experiment are also givenin Table 4 and Figure 9(b) It is found that under the weaksynoptic condition the sea breeze can also penetrate inlandmore than 110 km and the penetration process is almost thesame as that of the idealized experiment except that the seabreeze of the REAL experiment disappears an hour earlier

In short under the weak synoptic condition the idealizedlocal thermally induced circulations are slightlymodified themultiscale structure and the coupled circulations can existin the real situations However in some real situations theambient synoptic forcing can modify or even eliminate theselocal atmospheric circulations

4 Conclusions

In this study the effects of the topography and urbanizationon the local thermally induced circulations over the TBHregion were investigated by WRF The local atmospheric cir-culations of the summer months were firstly investigated byusing the idealized initial and boundary conditions to avoidthe external influences and then the realistic circulationsunder weak synoptic condition were studied

It is found that in the summer day time when upwardvalley breeze blows the topography plays a role in thestrengthening of the sea breeze circulations after sunsetwhen the downward mountain breeze dominates over themountain areas the inland progress of sea breeze is sloweddown by the opposite mountain breeze after midnight whenthe sea breeze circulation is replaced by the land breezecirculation the mountain breeze circulation can couple withthe land breeze to form a large circulation ranging from thecoastline to the mountains Because of the complexity oftopography and the heterogeneity of land use distributionof the BTH region in the daytime multiscale local atmo-spheric circulations may exist and interact at the same time(Figure 14(a))

The presence of cities cannot change the general stateof the SLB circulation and MVB circulation but acts tomodify these local circulations slightly The urban areas playa role in the warming of the air adjacent to the surfaceand increase the surface drag the modifications of the localcirculations are the results of the warming and drag effectsIn the earlier afternoon the inland process of sea breezeis strengthened in presence of Tianjin by the thermallyinduced UHI circulation however when the sea breeze frontpenetrates through the built-up areas of Tianjin the inlandprocess is slowed down by the drag effect And after sunsetwhen the downward mountain breeze appears the presenceof Beijing can indirectly strengthen the inland process byweakening the opposite mountain breeze

Meanwhile the development of the UHI circulation isalso strongly influenced by the MVB circulation and the SLBcirculation In the daytime the UHI circulation over Beijingarea is asymmetric under the influences of the topography

Comparing the realistic simulation with the idealizedsimulation it is found that under the weak synoptic con-dition the idealized local thermally induced circulationsare slightly modified However in some real situations theambient synoptic forcing can modify or even eliminate theselocal atmospheric circulations

Since the local atmospheric circulations are driven by thethermal forcing the characteristics of the local circulationsvaries in different seasons therefore further study needs tobe done to understand the different seasonsrsquo circulations

Finally it should be pointed out that this study is justa preliminary numerical work to understand the complexinteractions of the local atmospheric circulations over BTHregion More studies of field works and numerical experi-ments are therefore needed to fully understand these circu-lations and their effects on the pollution events


4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400

Figure 14 The schematic representation of the local circulations in the CNTL experiment (a) 1400 LST 24 August (b) 2200 LST 24 Augustand (c) 0400 LST 25 August the three cities from left to right are Tianjin (TJ) Langfang (LF) and Beijing (BJ) respectively Please referto Figure 6 for more details of the figure description At 1400 LST except for the strong SLB circulation and MVB circulation the upwardmotions of the smaller scale local circulations (ie UHI circulation) were indicated by the red arrows (a) represents Figure 11(a) and (b) and(c) represent Figures 6(b) and 6(c) respectively

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01

minus006minus00200200601

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400

Figure 15 Vertical cross section of simulated wind filed of the REAL experiment (a) 1400 LST 24 August (b) 2200 LST 24 August and (c)0400 LST 25 August the three cities from left to right are Tianjin (TJ) Langfang (LF) and Beijing (BJ) respectively Please refer to Figure 6for more details of the figure description


Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant no 41175004)

References

[1] Z Yan Z Li Q Li et al ldquoEffects of site change and urbanizationin the Beijing temperature series 1977ndash2006rdquo InternationalJournal of Climatology vol 30 pp 1226ndash1234 2006

[2] Y Miao Y Liu Y Dai et al ldquoImpact of urbanization onboundary layer structure in Beijingrdquo Climate Change vol 120pp 123ndash136 2013

[3] S Miao F Chen M A LeMone M Tewari Q Li and YWang ldquoAn observational and modeling study of characteristicsof urban heat island and boundary layer structures in BeijingrdquoJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol 48 no 3pp 484ndash501 2009

[4] N L Seaman ldquoMeteorological modeling for air-quality assess-mentsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 12ndash14 pp 2231ndash2259 2000

[5] W M Angevine M Tjernstrom and M Zagar ldquoModelingof the coastal boundary layer and pollutant transport in NewEnglandrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol45 no 1 pp 137ndash154 2006

[6] A Lemonsu S Bastin V Masson and P Drobinski ldquoVerticalstructure of the urban boundary layer overMarseille under sea-breeze conditionsrdquo Boundary-Layer Meteorology vol 118 no 3pp 477ndash501 2006

[7] H Liu J C L Chan and A Y S Cheng ldquoInternal boundarylayer structure under sea-breeze conditions in Hong KongrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 4 pp 683ndash692 2001

[8] G Baumbach and U Vogt ldquoExperimental determination of theeffect of mountain-valley breeze circulation on air pollution inthe vicinity of Freiburgrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no24-25 pp 4019ndash4027 1999

[9] Y Chen C Zhao Q Zhang Z Deng M Huang and XMa ldquoAircraft study of Mountain Chimney effect of BeijingChinardquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 114 no 8 ArticleID D08306 2009

[10] T Wang A Ding J Gao and W S Wu ldquoStrong ozoneproduction in urban plumes from Beijing Chinardquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 33 no 21 Article ID L21806 2006

[11] J C F LoAKH Lau J CH Fung and FChen ldquoInvestigationof enhanced cross-city transport and trapping of air pollutantsby coastal and urban land-sea breeze circulationsrdquo Journalof Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 111 Article IDD14104 2006

[12] S Liu Z Liu J Li et al ldquoNumerical simulation for the couplingeffect of local atmospheric circulations over the area of BeijingTianjin andHebei Provincerdquo Science in China D Earth Sciencesvol 52 no 3 pp 382ndash392 2009

[13] J C F Lo A K H Lau F Chen J C H Fung and K KM Leung ldquoUrban modification in a mesoscale model and theeffects on the local circulation in the Pearl River Delta RegionrdquoJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol 46 no 4pp 457ndash476 2007

[14] E D Freitas C M Rozoff W R Cotton and P L S DiasldquoInteractions of an urban heat island and sea-breeze circulationsduring winter over the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo BrazilrdquoBoundary-Layer Meteorology vol 122 no 1 pp 43ndash65 2007

[15] J-F Miao L J M Kroon J Vila-Guerau de Arellano and A AM Holtslag ldquoImpacts of topography and land degradation onthe sea breeze over eastern SpainrdquoMeteorology andAtmosphericPhysics vol 84 no 3-4 pp 157ndash170 2003

[16] T Nitis D Kitsiou Z B Klaic M T Prtenjak and NMoussiopoulos ldquoThe effects of basic flow and topography onthe development of the sea breeze over a complex coastalenvironmentrdquo Quarterly Journal of the Royal MeteorologicalSociety vol 131 no 605 pp 305ndash327 2005

[17] M Tao L Chen L Su and J Tao ldquoSatellite observation ofregional haze pollution over the North China Plainrdquo Journal ofGeophysical Research vol 117 no 12 Article ID D12203 2012

[18] X G Liu J Li Y Qu et al ldquoFormation and evolutionmechanism of regional haze a case study in the megacityBeijing Chinardquo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics vol 13 no9 pp 4501ndash4514 2013

[19] Y Sun Q Jiang Z Wang et al ldquoInvestigation of the sourcesand evolution processes of severe haze pollution in Beijing inJanuary 2013rdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 119 no 7 pp4380ndash4398 2014

[20] S-Y Hong J Dudhia and S-H Chen ldquoA revised approach toice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization ofclouds and precipitationrdquoMonthlyWeather Review vol 132 no1 pp 103ndash120 2004

[21] M J Iacono J S Delamere E J Mlawer M W Shephard SA Clough and W D Collins ldquoRadiative forcing by long-livedgreenhouse gases calculations with the AER radiative transfermodelsrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol113 no 13 Article ID D13103 2008

[22] Y Noh W G Cheon S Y Hong and S Raasch ldquoImprovementof the K-profile model for the planetary boundary layer basedon large eddy simulation datardquo Boundary-Layer Meteorologyvol 107 no 2 pp 401ndash427 2003

[23] F Chen and J Dudhia ldquoCoupling and advanced land surface-hydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 modelingsystem Part I model implementation and sensitivityrdquoMonthlyWeather Review vol 129 no 4 pp 569ndash585 2001

[24] H Kusaka and F Kimura ldquoCoupling a single-layer urbancanopy model with a simple atmospheric model impact onurban heat island simulation for an idealized caserdquo Journal of theMeteorological Society of Japan vol 82 no 1 pp 67ndash80 2004

[25] H Kusaka H Kondo Y Kikegawa and F Kimura ldquoA simplesingle-layer urban canopy model for atmospheric modelscomparison with multi-layer and slab modelsrdquo Boundary-LayerMeteorology vol 101 no 3 pp 329ndash358 2001

[26] J Wang J Feng Z Yan Y Hu and G Jia ldquoNested high-resolution modeling of the impact of urbanization on regionalclimate in three vast urban agglomerations in Chinardquo Journal ofGeophysical Research vol 117 no 21 Article ID D21103 2012

[27] S Bontemps P Defourny E V Bogaert et al ldquoGLOBCOVER2009-Products Description and Validation Reportrdquo Ionia ESA2011 httpdueesrinesaint

[28] R Lu and R P Turco ldquoAir pollutant transport in a coastalenvironmentmdashII Three-dimensional simulations over LosAngeles basinrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 29 no 13 pp1499ndash1518 1995

[29] X Hu S Liu F Liang et al ldquoObservational study of wind fieldstemperature fields over Beijing area in summer and winterrdquo


Acta Scientiarum Naturalium University Pekinensis vol 41 no3 pp 399ndash407 2005

[30] J-J Baik S-B Park and J-J Kim ldquoUrban flow and dispersionsimulation using a CFD model coupled to a mesoscale modelrdquoJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology vol 48 no 8pp 1667ndash1681 2009

[31] Y Miao S Liu B Chen et al ldquoSimulating urban flow anddispersion in Beijing by coupling a CFD model with the WRFmodelrdquo Advances in Atmospheric Sciences vol 30 no 6 pp1663ndash1678 2013

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Geological ResearchJournal of


Geology Advances in


Tianjin and Hebei province to build a trilateral economicsphere in the Bohai Bay area to become Chinarsquos thirdeconomic engine alongside the Pearl and Yangtze RiverDeltas However the rapid urbanization has been causingseveral environmental impacts in the BTH region suchas the heavy haze pollution [17ndash19] To better manage therapidly deteriorating air quality in the BTH region andachieve sustainable development a better understanding ofthe local atmospheric circulations of the BTH region isnecessary including the complex interactions among the SLBcirculationMVB circulation and theUHI circulation whichis rarely investigated

In this study the interactions among these local atmo-spheric circulations over the BHT region were investigatedby using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) modelFirst the effects of the topography and urbanization on thelocal atmospheric circulations over the BTH region wereinvestigated by using the idealized initial and boundary con-ditions And then the idealized schematic local atmosphericcirculationswere summed up and comparedwith the realisticsimulated circulations

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows InSection 2 the mesoscale model and numerical experimentssetup are described In Section 3 the numerical results arepresented and the effects of topography and urbanization arediscussed Finally the conclusions are given in Section 4

2 Models Description and Numerical Setup

Themesoscale meteorological model used is theWRFmodelversion 35 In order to properly treat the complex topographyand land use ofNorthChina Plain 2 two-way nested domainsare used in this study (Figure 1(a)) The inner domain is a2 km fine-resolution domain covering Beijing Tianjin andfour big cities (Baoding Langfang Cangzhou and Tang-shan) of Hebei province around the Bohai Bay (Figure 1(b))Table 1 lists the details of domain configurations and physicsparameterization schemes used There are 55 vertical layersfrom the surface to the 50 hPa level used to resolve the localatmospheric circulation featuresTheWRF single-moment 5-class scheme (WSM5) [20] used for cloud physical process hasbeen employed The radiation processes are handled usingthe updated rapid radiative transfer model (RRTMG) [21]The Yonsei University (YSU) planet boundary layer (PBL)scheme [22] is usedTheNoah land surfacemodel (LSM) [23]with a single-layer urban canopy model (UCM) [24 25] isused for the land surface process The single-layer model isused to parameterize the effects of urban canopy geometryon the surface energy and low level wind shear and the urbancanopy parameters are set by referring to the study of Wanget al [26]

Since the land surface has been changed a lot in the NorthChina Plain caused by the urbanization process in the pasttwo decades the latest global land use dataset called Glob-Cover 2009 [27] is applied in this research The GlobCover2009 is 300m spatial resolution land cover dataset obtainedby theMERIS (themedium resolution imaging spectrometer)

Table 1 Domain configurations and physics options of the WRFsimulation

Domain configurations andphysics options

Domain dimensions 145 times 211 120 times 175

Grid size 6 km 2 kmVertical layers 55Vertical layers below 1500m 35Microphysics scheme WSM 5-class schemeCumulus scheme NoneRadiation scheme RRTMGLand surface scheme Noah LSM with UCMPBL scheme YSU

sensor on board the ENVISAT satellite mission during 1January 2009 and 31 December 2009

To investigate the typical features of the local- andregional-scale atmospheric circulations and to separate themfrom other complexities of the real atmosphere idealizedmeteorological initial and boundary conditions are firstlyingested into theWRF simulations Since the SLB circulationand MVB circulation are common phenomena during thesummer months a period of summer months (ie JuneJuly and August) is selected in this study For the idealizednumerical simulation the initial and boundary conditionsare built with the 6-hourly 1∘ times 1∘ NCEP final analysis(FNL) data from 0600UTC 24 August 2013 to 0000UTC 25August 2013 The idealized initial and boundary conditionsare created by averaging the domain sea-level pressure andgeopotential height at each upper level to provide a stationarysynoptic condition The wind components below and abovethe 750 hPa level are specified by 0m sminus1 and the averagevalues of each level respectively The relative humidity (RH)is multiplied by a factor of 025 to avoid the influences ofcloud and the value of 025 is given by several sensitivityexperiments The 42-hourly idealized simulation is consistedof two phases (18 + 24 hr) The first 18 hours from 0600UTC24 August to 0000UTC 25 August is run as the spin-upwhich is the first phase of the simulation And then thesimulation at 0000UTC 25 August from the first phase isused as the initial condition for the second phase 24 h simu-lation recalculated from 0000UTC (0800 LST) 24 August to0000UTC (0800 LST) 25 August by using the same idealizedboundary conditionsThe interval of the model output is onehour

The numerical experiment run by using the GlobCover2009 the idealized initial and boundary conditions is regardas the control run (hereafter referred as CNTL) The othertwo idealized experiments carried out to determine theeffects of the topography and urbanization are identical tothe control run except for the changes of the topography(FLAT experiment) and urban land use (RURAL experiment)(Table 2)

To investigate of the effect of the synoptic forcing onthe local atmospheric circulations another numerical exper-iment (REAL) using the same numerical configurations is


42∘N

41∘N

40∘N

39∘N

38∘N

37∘N

114∘E 116

∘E 118∘E 120

∘E 122∘E

100

500

900

1300

1700

2100

2500

Topo

grap

hy h

eigh

t (m

)

(a)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

Other

Water

Forest

Grassland

Cropland

Urban

Baoding

Beijing

LangfangTangshan

Tianjin

Cangzhou

B

O

A

(b)














0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(a)

0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(b)

0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(c)

0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(d)

0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(e)








0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(a)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(b)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(c)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(d)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(e)










0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90

180

270

360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(a)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90

180

270

360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(b)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360


ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(c)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(d)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(e)









41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(a) 0900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(b) 0900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(c) 1900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(d) 1900





31 km1900 LST

127 km2300 LST

113 km2200 LST







4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400



w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(a) 1200


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(b) 1900


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(c) 0400



3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 2300


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) 2300

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0000


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(d) 0000


0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLRURALFLAT

BJ

LF

TJ

(a)

0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLREAL

BJ

LF

TJ

(b)








41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(a)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(b)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(c)









4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) CNTL

4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) RURAL

0

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) CNTL-RURAL


minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(a) CNTL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) RURAL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(c) CNTL-RURAL



3

2

1

0

100 125 150 175BJ

1m sminus1

Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1500

15m sminus1

3

2

1

0


Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 0200


















4 Conclusions









4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400


4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400





Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


42∘N

41∘N

40∘N

39∘N

38∘N

37∘N

114∘E 116

∘E 118∘E 120

∘E 122∘E

100

500

900

1300

1700

2100

2500

Topo

grap

hy h

eigh

t (m

)

(a)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

Other

Water

Forest

Grassland

Cropland

Urban

Baoding

Beijing

LangfangTangshan

Tianjin

Cangzhou

B

O

A

(b)














0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(a)

0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(b)

0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(c)

0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(d)

0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(e)








0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(a)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(b)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(c)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(d)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(e)










0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90

180

270

360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(a)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90

180

270

360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(b)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360


ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(c)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(d)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(e)









41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(a) 0900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(b) 0900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(c) 1900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(d) 1900





31 km1900 LST

127 km2300 LST

113 km2200 LST







4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400



w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(a) 1200


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(b) 1900


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(c) 0400



3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 2300


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) 2300

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0000


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(d) 0000


0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLRURALFLAT

BJ

LF

TJ

(a)

0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLREAL

BJ

LF

TJ

(b)








41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(a)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(b)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(c)









4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) CNTL

4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) RURAL

0

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) CNTL-RURAL


minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(a) CNTL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) RURAL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(c) CNTL-RURAL



3

2

1

0

100 125 150 175BJ

1m sminus1

Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1500

15m sminus1

3

2

1

0


Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 0200


















4 Conclusions









4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400


4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400





Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(a)

0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(b)

0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(c)

0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(d)

0800 1400 2000 0200 080010

20

30

40

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

T(∘

C)

(e)








0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(a)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(b)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(c)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(d)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(e)










0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90

180

270

360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(a)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90

180

270

360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(b)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360


ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(c)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(d)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(e)









41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(a) 0900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(b) 0900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(c) 1900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(d) 1900





31 km1900 LST

127 km2300 LST

113 km2200 LST







4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400



w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(a) 1200


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(b) 1900


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(c) 0400



3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 2300


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) 2300

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0000


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(d) 0000


0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLRURALFLAT

BJ

LF

TJ

(a)

0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLREAL

BJ

LF

TJ

(b)








41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(a)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(b)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(c)









4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) CNTL

4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) RURAL

0

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) CNTL-RURAL


minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(a) CNTL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) RURAL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(c) CNTL-RURAL



3

2

1

0

100 125 150 175BJ

1m sminus1

Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1500

15m sminus1

3

2

1

0


Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 0200


















4 Conclusions









4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400


4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400





Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(a)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(b)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(c)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(d)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

2

4

6

8

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Velo

city

(msminus

1)

(e)










0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90

180

270

360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(a)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90

180

270

360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(b)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360


ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(c)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(d)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(e)









41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(a) 0900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(b) 0900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(c) 1900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(d) 1900





31 km1900 LST

127 km2300 LST

113 km2200 LST







4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400



w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(a) 1200


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(b) 1900


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(c) 0400



3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 2300


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) 2300

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0000


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(d) 0000


0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLRURALFLAT

BJ

LF

TJ

(a)

0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLREAL

BJ

LF

TJ

(b)








41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(a)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(b)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(c)









4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) CNTL

4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) RURAL

0

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) CNTL-RURAL


minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(a) CNTL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) RURAL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(c) CNTL-RURAL



3

2

1

0

100 125 150 175BJ

1m sminus1

Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1500

15m sminus1

3

2

1

0


Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 0200


















4 Conclusions









4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400


4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400





Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90

180

270

360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(a)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90

180

270

360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(b)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360


ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(c)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(d)

0800 1400 2000 0200 08000

90180270360

August 24-25 2013 (LST)

ObsSim

Dire

ctio

n (∘

)

(e)









41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(a) 0900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(b) 0900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(c) 1900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(d) 1900





31 km1900 LST

127 km2300 LST

113 km2200 LST







4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400



w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(a) 1200


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(b) 1900


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(c) 0400



3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 2300


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) 2300

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0000


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(d) 0000


0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLRURALFLAT

BJ

LF

TJ

(a)

0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLREAL

BJ

LF

TJ

(b)








41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(a)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(b)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(c)









4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) CNTL

4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) RURAL

0

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) CNTL-RURAL


minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(a) CNTL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) RURAL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(c) CNTL-RURAL



3

2

1

0

100 125 150 175BJ

1m sminus1

Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1500

15m sminus1

3

2

1

0


Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 0200


















4 Conclusions









4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400


4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400





Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(a) 0900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(b) 0900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(c) 1900

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

10m sminus1

(d) 1900





31 km1900 LST

127 km2300 LST

113 km2200 LST







4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400



w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(a) 1200


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(b) 1900


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(c) 0400



3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 2300


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) 2300

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0000


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(d) 0000


0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLRURALFLAT

BJ

LF

TJ

(a)

0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLREAL

BJ

LF

TJ

(b)








41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(a)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(b)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(c)









4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) CNTL

4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) RURAL

0

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) CNTL-RURAL


minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(a) CNTL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) RURAL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(c) CNTL-RURAL



3

2

1

0

100 125 150 175BJ

1m sminus1

Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1500

15m sminus1

3

2

1

0


Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 0200


















4 Conclusions









4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400


4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400





Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400



w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(a) 1200


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(b) 1900


w(m

sminus1)3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

(c) 0400



3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 2300


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) 2300

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0000


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(d) 0000


0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLRURALFLAT

BJ

LF

TJ

(a)

0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLREAL

BJ

LF

TJ

(b)








41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(a)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(b)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(c)









4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) CNTL

4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) RURAL

0

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) CNTL-RURAL


minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(a) CNTL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) RURAL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(c) CNTL-RURAL



3

2

1

0

100 125 150 175BJ

1m sminus1

Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1500

15m sminus1

3

2

1

0


Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 0200


















4 Conclusions









4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400


4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400





Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 2300


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) 2300

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0000


w(m

sminus1)

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(d) 0000


0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLRURALFLAT

BJ

LF

TJ

(a)

0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 24000

20406080

100120140


CNTLREAL

BJ

LF

TJ

(b)








41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(a)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(b)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(c)









4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) CNTL

4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) RURAL

0

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) CNTL-RURAL


minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(a) CNTL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) RURAL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(c) CNTL-RURAL



3

2

1

0

100 125 150 175BJ

1m sminus1

Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1500

15m sminus1

3

2

1

0


Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 0200


















4 Conclusions









4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400


4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400





Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(a)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

minus10

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(b)

41∘N

40∘30

998400N

40∘N

39∘30

998400N

39∘N

38∘30

998400N

115∘E 116

∘E 117∘E 118

∘E 119∘E

10m sminus1

minus10

minus6

minus2

2

6

10

w(10minus3

m sminus

1)

(c)









4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) CNTL

4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) RURAL

0

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) CNTL-RURAL


minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(a) CNTL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) RURAL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(c) CNTL-RURAL



3

2

1

0

100 125 150 175BJ

1m sminus1

Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1500

15m sminus1

3

2

1

0


Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 0200


















4 Conclusions









4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400


4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400





Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) CNTL

4

3

2

1

0

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) RURAL

0

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

3m sminus1

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) CNTL-RURAL


minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(a) CNTL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(b) RURAL

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

0

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

(c) CNTL-RURAL



3

2

1

0

100 125 150 175BJ

1m sminus1

Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1500

15m sminus1

3

2

1

0


Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 0200


















4 Conclusions









4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400


4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400





Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


3

2

1

0

100 125 150 175BJ

1m sminus1

Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1500

15m sminus1

3

2

1

0


Alti

tude

(km

)

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 0200


















4 Conclusions









4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400


4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400





Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in










4 Conclusions









4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400


4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400





Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

1

Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

1Alti

tude

(km

)

minus75 minus25 0

0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Distance (km)

TJ LF BJminus50

minus01

minus006

minus002

002

006

01

w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400


4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(a) 1400

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(b) 2200

4

3

2

0

1Alti

tude

(km

)


Distance (km)

TJ LF BJ

2m sminus1

minus01minus01


w(m

sminus1)

(c) 0400





Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in




Acknowledgment


References











































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in














Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in

research article numerical study of the effects of...

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