Research ArticleParticipatory Epidemiology of EthnoveterinaryPractices Fulani Pastoralists Used to Manage ContagiousBovine Pleuropneumonia and Other Cattle Ailments inNiger State Nigeria

N B Alhaji12 and O O Babalobi1

1Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria2Public Health and Epidemiology Unit Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Minna Niger State Nigeria

Correspondence should be addressed to O O Babalobi tayobabalobigmailcom

Received 21 September 2014 Revised 14 December 2014 Accepted 24 January 2015

Academic Editor Paola Paradies

Copyright copy 2015 N B Alhaji and O O Babalobi This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

Ethnoveterinary practices are locally available and affordable to Fulani pastoralists in Niger State Nigeria to whom conventionalveterinary services are often not readily available and are relatively expensive This study was designed to identify and documentmedicinal plant and nonplant materials used by this group in the management of cattle diseases Participatory rural appraisaltools of checklist semistructured interview probing transect and triangulations were used to assess Fulani pastoralists existingknowledge on traditional veterinary practices in nine pastoral communities spread across the state Fifty medicinal materials andseven traditional preventive practices are in use against CBPP and other cattle disease conditions Of these 38 (760) aremedicinalplants and 12 (240) are nonplantmaterials (edible earthmaterials andminerals) Family Fabaceaewasmost commonlymentionedwhile leaves were the most common parts used Most of these materials are administered by drenching with few others mixed withfeed Proportions of plant parts used include leaves (474) barks (316) roots (106) and 26 of each of rhizomes fruits seedsand whole plants Of recently used ingredients are kerosene and spent engine oil Further research into the active ingredients ofethnoveterinary materials and dosages is necessary to guide their usage

1 Introduction

For many years stock raising has been an important partof livelihood and culture in Sub-Saharan Africa [1ndash3] Theeconomic burden of livestock diseases and the declining pro-vision of conventional veterinary services in this continenthave undermined the efficiency of livestock production espe-cially by Fulani pastoralists [4] Many people in developingcountries still rely onmedicinal plants and traditional healingpractices for daily healthcare needs of their animals in spiteof the advancement in conventional medicine [5]

Conventional medical system also called Western medi-cine modernmedicine and biomedicine used bymost med-ical and veterinary doctors focuses on disease as an enemy

to be conquered The conventional veterinary practitionerprescribes medications uses the latest diagnostic tools andfollows peer-reviewed studies that could impact or change theway certain injuries or illnesses are treated On the other handholistic veterinary medicine includes such unconventionalmodalities as acupuncture chiropractic homeopathy floweressences raw diets nutraceuticals (the use of concentrateddoses of vitamins minerals and enzymes to treat disease)Chinese medicine and herbs [6 7]

There is abundant undocumented traditional knowledgeof medicinal plants used to treat diseases in most cultures[8] Different traditional healing practices worldwide aredesigned for either therapeutic or prophylactic use in humanor animal diseases [9ndash11]

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of Veterinary MedicineVolume 2015 Article ID 460408 10 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015460408

2 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

In Nigeria pastoralists are known to treat animal diseaseswith herbs and other traditional medical practices before theadvent of conventional medicine [12] Traditional medicaland veterinary practices remain relevant and vital in almostall cultures in Nigeria due to absence or inadequate provisionof modern medical services especially in hard-to-reach ruralareas [13] Ethnoveterinary medical practice is widespreadamong pastoral herdsmen and village livestock keepers innorthern Nigeria where most of the countryrsquos livestock areconcentrated [14] For most of these livestock owners con-ventional veterinary inputs and services are not readily avail-able and where available are relatively expensive Thereforethey are left with traditional choices which are locally avail-able and affordable with the held belief that they are moreefficacious [15]

In recognition of the fact that Fulani pastoralists possessconsiderable existing veterinary knowledge and traditionaloral history of herbal and nonherbal remedies and theirapplication in livestock disease management veterinariansrecently have intensified efforts towards harnessing thisknowledge for authentication and preservation [16] There isno record so far giving ethnoveterinary practices documen-tation in Niger State and there is likelihood that the practicesare at the verge of extinction especially among the Fulanipastoralists

This survey was therefore aimed at assessing in nonex-perimental way the ethnoveterinary practices used by Fulanipastoralists in Niger State to traditionally manage contagiousbovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and other common cattledisease conditions in their herds Also herbal and nonherbalmaterials are to be identified validated by consensus anddocumented to add useful new remedies to the traditionalveterinary pharmacopoeia

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Niger State is located in the North-Centralgeopolitical zone at the Northern Guinea Savannah ecolog-ical zone of Nigeria between latitudes 8∘201015840N and 11∘301015840Nand longitudes 3∘301015840E and 7∘201015840E It is one of the 36 statesof Nigeria a gateway between Northern and Southwesternand South-Southern parts of the country and provides transitroutes for pastoral nomads on seasonal movements from thenorthern parts of Nigeria to the southern parts and backThestate covers a land area of about 76363 square kilometers(29484 square miles) or about 9 of Nigeriarsquos total land areamaking it the largest in terms of landmass in the countryThestate has an estimated cattle population of about 24 millioncattle 17 million sheep and 23 million goats in 2012 [17]These cattle are in the custodies of nomadic and sedentarypastoralists

The state shares a common international boundary withthe Republic of Benin at its western border and has threeagroecological zones A (Bida zone) B (Minna zone) andC (Kontagora zone) which are based on different climaticconditions in the state [17] (Figure 1)

The research was conducted in the following pastoralcommunities Lapai (GPS coordinate N090102∘ andE00661729∘) Eyagi (N0913506∘ and E00600618∘) Lemu

(N0917155∘ and E00601972∘) in Agrozone A Paiko(N0943533∘ and E00660745∘) Kuta (N0984643∘ andE00671782∘) Bosso (N0966275∘ and E00647691∘) inAgrozone B Wushishi (N0969760∘ and E00605682∘)Bobi grazing reserve (N0916715∘ and E00591701∘) Borgu(N0991455∘ and E00433400∘) in Agrozone C

22 Study Design Participatory epidemiology (PE) exercisewas conducted to collect qualitative data from the Fulanipastoralists in the nine communities using participatoryrural appraisal (PRA) tools The study focused on contagiousbovine CBPP and other common disease conditions thatfrequently affect cattle in these communities and traditionalremedies used to manage them The survey was carried outbetween January and December 2013

23 Study Population Fulani pastoralists in Lapai EyagiLemu Paiko Kuta Bosso Wushishi Bobi grazing reserveand Borgu pastoral communities were the population stud-ied

Inclusion Criterion Only adult male Fulani pastoralists wereconsidered because of their long time historical and sociocul-tural relationship with their cattle herds

24 Sample Size Three key informants were convenientlyallocated to each of the nine pastoral communities for thepurpose of the participatory exercises Since nine pastoralcommunities were purposively selected the number (samplesize) of the key informants for the survey was therefore 27

25 Sampling Procedure Two-stage sampling method wasused In stage one the state was divided into three samplingareas based on the existing three agroecological zones A(Bida zone) B (Minna zone) and C (Kontagora zone) in thestate In stage two three Fulani pastoral communities wereconveniently selected in each agroecological zone by purpo-sive sampling method In addition to the key informants par-ticipation in the PE exercises for historical information aboutexisting ethnoveterinary knowledge and practices on cattlediseases management other pastoralists also participated ineach community However the number of other participantsin the exercises was not restricted since there was no size limitof attendance by others in each session

26 Data Collection The participatory rural appraisal (PRA)tools of key informants checklist semistructured interviewprobing transect and triangulation [18ndash20] were used todiscuss and collect information Interviews and discussionswere supplemented by ldquowalk-in-the-woodsrdquo (transect) obser-vations guided by key informants to identify and collect plantspecies where necessary for documentation During partic-ipatory appraisal activities informants were asked specificquestions about the use of botanical and nonbotanicalmedic-inal materials methods of preparations and applications

The key informantsrsquo consensus factor on each plantor nonplant material used for a particular cattle diseasecondition gave indication of agreements on the usefulness of

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 3

N

0100 100 200(km)

N

0100 100 200(km)

8∘30

998400

5∘30

998400

7∘00

998400

3∘30

9984005∘00

9984008∘00

9984006∘30

9984009∘30

99840011

∘00

99840014

∘00

99840012

∘30

998400

3∘30

9984005∘00

9984008∘00

9984006∘30

9984009∘30

99840011

∘00

99840014

∘00

99840012

∘30

998400

13∘00

998400

11∘30

998400

10∘00

998400

8∘30

998400

5∘30

998400

7∘00

998400

13∘00

998400

11∘30

998400

10∘00

998400

36 states of NigeriaNorth Central North EastNorth West

South EastSouth SouthSouth West

N

0 20 40 80 120 160(km)

4∘09984000998400998400E 4

∘30

9984000998400998400E 5

∘09984000998400998400E 5

∘30

9984000998400998400E 6

∘09984000998400998400E 6

∘30

9984000998400998400E 7

∘09984000998400998400E 7

∘30

9984000998400998400E

4∘09984000998400998400E 4

∘30

9984000998400998400E3

∘30

9984000998400998400E 5

∘09984000998400998400E 5

∘30

9984000998400998400E 6

∘09984000998400998400E 6

∘30

9984000998400998400E 7

∘09984000998400998400E 7

∘30

9984000998400998400E

10∘30

9984000998400998400N

11∘30

9984000998400998400N

9∘30

9984000998400998400N

11∘09984000998400998400N

10∘09984000998400998400N

9∘09984000998400998400N

8∘30

9984000998400998400N

10∘30

9984000998400998400N

9∘30

9984000998400998400N

11∘09984000998400998400N

10∘09984000998400998400N

9∘09984000998400998400N

8∘30

9984000998400998400N

Zone AZone B

Zone C

(a)

(b)

Figure 1 (a) Map of Nigeria showing location of Niger State (b) Map of Niger State showing the three agroecological zones in the state

thematerial for such disease condition An outline of the par-ticipantsrsquo initial ethnoveterinary remedies was drafted duringeach participatory session and further probed and discussedextensively in order to confirm the information providedFor every specimen identified the vernacular names werealso recorded The collected specimens were preserved and

identified in the herbarium of Niger State Ministry of Agri-culture and Natural Resources Minna Nigeria

27 Data Analysis Descriptive statistics of rates charts andtables were used The collected ethnobotanical data andother ethnoveterinary information on CBPP and other cattle

4 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 1 Medicinal plants used by Fulani pastoralists for traditional management of CBPP in Niger State Nigeria

Snumber Botanicalscientific name(family)

Common (English)name

Parts used and methods ofpreparation and application

Disease conditionclinicalsigns

Fidelity level(100)

1 Adansonia digitata L(Bombacaceae)

Baobabmonkey-bread tree

Grind dried leaves boil andadd potash and then

drenchCBPP (as well as diarrhea) 84

2Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC)

Guill amp Perr(Combretaceae)

AxlewoodSoak crushed dried leaveswith their stems in water

and drenchCBPP and diarrhea 267

3 Striga hermonthica (Del)Benth (Scrophulariaceae)

WitchWeed

Soak fresh crushed barks inwater and drench CBPP 231

4 Stachytarpheta angustifoliaVahl (Verbenaceae) Devilrsquos coach whip Boil whole fresh plant mix

with potash and drench CBPP 200

disease conditions were analyzed using the method of Fried-man et al [21] that expresses a plantrsquos botanical efficacy byfidelity level The fidelity level (key informants consensus)presents the most important plant species used for treatinga particular cattle diseasecondition as expressed by the keyinformants who are considered most knowledgeable elderspossessing existing veterinary knowledge and traditional oralhistory on livestock in the pastoral communities In thisstudy the fidelity level analytical approach was also usedin evaluating the nonplants and prophylactic data generatedduring the participatory exercises The fidelity level is math-ematically expressed as FL = (119868119901119868119906) times 100 where FL is thefidelity level of each plant or nonplantmaterial 119868119901 is the num-ber of key informantswhomentioned that a plant or nonplantmaterial has specific ethnoveterinary uses against a particulardisease condition and 119868119906 is the total number of key infor-mants who independently suggested that the same plant ornonplant material has any ethnoveterinary uses

3 Results

The traditional botanical and nonbotanical ethnoveterinarypractices used in managing CBPP and other cattle diseaseconditions as well as the modes of their preparation andadministration are presented in Table 1 The traditionalbotanical and nonbotanical ethnoveterinary practices used inmanaging other cattle disease conditions as well as themodesof their preparation and administration are presented inTable 2 The local names of plants and nonplant materials inHausa Fulfulde and Nupe were obtained for easy identifica-tion and documentation (Table 3)

Traditional preventive practices in use specifically forprophylaxis against CBPP and some cattle disease conditionsare shown in Table 4

4 Discussion

Cattle-rearing is the main occupation of Fulani pastoralistsin Nigeria and these herdsmen use medicinal plant remediesto manage their stocks [22] This study indicates that 50medicinal materials and seven preventive practices are inuse by Fulani pastoralists to traditionally manage CBPP andother cattle disease conditions inNiger StateThis agrees with

earlier reports on the relevance of different traditional healingpractices in Nigeria as well as other parts of the world [910 22] The reliance of pastoralists on herbal and nonherbalmaterials for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes inNigeria has been reported [13 22] The Fulani pastoralistsexhibited good existing veterinary knowledge of the pathol-ogy of various probed cattle diseases and conditions and thecorresponding ethnoveterinary remedies which are mostlyacquired from their parents and during grazing This is inconsonance with an observation that the understanding ofanimal diseases by pastoralists is partly due to experiencesgathered during grazing [23]

A digitata (baobab) is commonly found in the northernpart of Nigeria and Fulani group frequently uses it intreating CBPP and diarrhea cases in cattle The study foundcommonly used medicinal plants by the Fulani pastoralistsin the treatment of CBPP cases to include Adansonia digi-tataAnogeissus leiocarpus Stachytarpheta angustifolia Strigahermonthica and Terminalia macroptera However it wasobserved that ethnobotanical management of CBPP is notvery effective as indicated by their fidelity levels of the men-tioned plants Except for A digitata and Terminalia macrop-tera that have high fidelity levels others have very low fidelitylevels which may indicate low efficacy of the plants againstthe diseaseThe survey revealed that the preventive measuresinvolve the use of lung tissues from infected dead cattlewith CBPP (believed to be rich in infective agents) soakedin fresh milk and briefly placed on the nasal area of thehealthy ones or wrapped in a rag and hung on a tree veryclose to the herd site Also revealed is the application ofgrounddried infected lungs by spread of granules in the herdThis traditional immunization finding agrees with earlierreports that livestock keepers are aware of the fact that theprinciple of vaccination consists of introducing amild formofthe disease [24] Long ago many pastoral societies of Africasuch as Maasai Mauritanian Moors Somali and Wodaabeinvented their own vaccines for contagious bovine pleurop-neumonia rinderpest foot-and-mouth disease and bovinebrucellosisTheyused lung tissues urine facesmilkmaterialfrom the feet and tongue of the infected animals andmaterial from the aborted fetus to vaccinate other healthyanimals [25]Themention of other preventive practices by thepastoralists agrees with reports that in other ethnoveterinary

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5

Table2Medicinalplantsused

byFu

lani

pasto

ralistsfortraditio

nalm

anagem

ento

fother

cattled

iseasec

onditio

nsin

Niger

StateNigeria

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

1Ac

acianilotica(L)Willdex

Del

(Fabaceae)

Gum

arabic

119861119886119892119886119903119906119908

119886

119867

119866119886119887119889119894

119865

119866119886119887119886119903119906119908

119886

119873

Poun

dfre

shbarksoakin

water

andaddredpo

tashD

renchor

washaffectedareas

Trypanosom

osisandfoot

rot

2Alliu

msativ

umL

(Liliaceae)

Garlic

119879119886119891119886119903119899119906119908

119886

119867

119860119897119887119886119904119886

119887119886119889119890119895119900

119865

119879119886119891119886119903119899119906119908

119886

119873

Mixcrushedrhizom

eswith

maize

bran

andfeed

asratio

nFascioliasis

3An

nona

senegalen

sisPers

(Ann

onaceae)

Soursop

119866119908

119886119899119889119886119903

119889119886119895119894

119867

119863119906119896119896119906ℎ119894

119865

119873119906119899119892119887119890119903119890119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleavesW

ash

thew

ound

with

warm

decoction

Wou

nd

4Arachish

ypogea

L(Papilion

aceae)

Groun

dnut

119866119910119886119889119886

119867

119861119894119903119894119895119894

119865

119866119906119911ℎ119894119886

119873Oilextractfrom

seedsDrench

Poiso

ning

5Az

adira

chta

indica

AJuss(M

eliaceae)

Neem

tree

119863119900119892119900119899119910119886119903119900

119867

119863119890119887119888ℎ119894

119865

119873119894119898

119906

119873

Boilfre

shleavesdrenchbathor

washapprop

riately

Gastro

helm

inthiasisflies

infestation

andwou

nd

6Bo

mbaxbu

onopozensePBe

auv

(Bom

bacaceae)

Redsilkcotto

ntre

e

119866119906119903119895119894119910119886

119867

119861119906119889119906119889119894

119865

119870119906119905119906119896119901119886119888ℎ119894

119873

Soak

grou

nddriedbarksin

warm

water

anddrench

Trypanosom

osis

7Bu

tyrospermum

paradoxum

(Gaertnf)

Hepper(Sapo

taceae)

Shea

butte

rtre

e119870

119886119889119886119899119910119886

119867

119870119900119888ℎ119894

119873

119870119886119903119886119895119894

119865Cr

ushseedsextracto

iland

applytopically

Dermatop

hilosis

8Ca

ssiaoccid

entalis

Linn

(C

aesalpiniaceae)

Coff

eesenn

a119879119886119891119886119904119886119903

119898119886119904119886119903

119867

119879119886119901119886119904119886

119865

119866119886119910119886

119873

Boilfre

shleavesadd

salt

and

drench

thec

oncoction

Gastro

helm

inthiasis

9Citru

saurantifolia(C

hristm)Sw

ingle

(Rutaceae)

Sour

orangesou

rlim

e

119871119890119898

119906119899

119905119904119886119898

119894

119867

119871119886119898

119898119906119889119890

119865

119871119890119898

119906119887119886119896119886119892119894

119873

Addredpo

tash

andthejuice

towaterM

ixanddrench

with

the

concoctio

nBrucellosis

10Crossopteryx

febrifuga(A

fzel

exGD

on)

Benth(Rub

iaceae)

119870119886119904119891119894119910119886

119867

119873119886119898

119887119894119904119906119904119906119899

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleaves

and

barksAd

dpo

tash

anddrench

Brucellosis

11Dich

rosta

chys

glomerata(Forsk)Ch

iov

(Fabaceae)

Cow

thorn

119863119906119899119889119906

119867

119861119906119903119897119894

119865

119864119896119886119899-119899

119886119899119896119900

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

andwashthe

woun

dwith

warm

solutio

nWou

nd

12Dissotisrotund

ifolia

(Sm)Triana

(Melastomataceae)

119864119889119894119899119892119894-119887

119886119905119886

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

anddrench

Trypanosom

osis

13En

tada

afric

anaGuillampPerr

(Fabaceae)

119879119886119908

119886119905119904119886

119867

119875119890119897119906119908

119886ℎ119894

119865

119870119886119908

119900-119899

119906119908

119886119899119888ℎ119894

119873

BoilcrushedbarksDrenchand

also

applytopicallyB

oilcrushed

barksDrenchandalso

apply

topically

FMD

6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table2Con

tinued

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

14Kh

ayasenegalen

sis(D

esr)

AJuss

(Meliaceae)

Mahogany

Khayasenegalensis

(Desr)

AJuss

(Meliaceae)

Boildriedbarksaddpo

tashand

drenchC

rush

fresh

bark

topaste

andapplytopically

Brucellosis

derm

atop

hilosis

diarrhea

bloatfoot

rotand

poiso

ning

15Kigelia

afric

ana(Lam

)Be

nth

(Bigno

niaceae)

Sausage

119877119886119908

119906119910119886

119867

119869119894119897119897119886119903119890ℎ119894

119865

119861119890119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilcrusheddriedbarksa

ndcoolA

ddsaltanddrench

Brucellosis

16La

wsoniainermis(L)Ke

ay(Lythraceae)

Henna

plant

119871119886119897119897119890

119867

119875119900119897119889119894

119865

119871119886119897119894

119873Bo

ilfre

shleaves

anddrench

Fasciolosis

17Mitracarpu

sscaberZ

uccandex

Schu

lt+

Schu

ltf(Rub

iaceae)

119867119886119903119908

119886119905119904119894

119867

119884119894119896119906119899119906-119896

119901119886119903119886119892119894

119873

Grin

ddriedleavesM

ixpo

wder

with

cowbu

ttero

ilandapply

topically

Dermatop

hilosis

18Ocim

umgratissim

umL

(Lam

iaceae)

Basil

feverp

lant

119863119886119894119889119900119910119886

119905119886

119892119894119889119886

119867

119879119886119899119898

119900119905119904119908

119886119892119894

119873

Poun

dfre

shleaves

into

paste

and

applyon

affectedareastop

ically

Wou

nd

19Pa

rkiabiglo

bosa

Aubrevielle

(Fabaceae)

African

locustbean

119863119900119903119900119908

119886

119867

119873119886119903119890ℎ119890

119865

119871119900119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Grin

ddriedrootssoakand

administer

decoctionorally

Diarrhea

20Piliostigm

athonningii(Schum

)Miln

e-Re

dhead(C

aesalpiniaceae)

Thon

ningrsquos

pilostigma

119870119886119897119892119900

119867

119861119886119903119905119890ℎ119894

119865

119861119886119891119894119899

119873

Grin

dfre

shor

driedbarkm

ixwith

anytype

ofbranand

feed

asratio

nDiarrhea

21Prosopisafric

ana(G

uillampPerr)Taub

(Fabaceae)

Guava

119870119894119903119910119886

119867

119870119900ℎ119894

119865

119878119886119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

andste

msadd

potashand

drench

Diarrhea

22Psidium

guajavaL

(Myrtaceae)

119866119900119894119887119886

119867

119866119900119910119894119887119886

119873

119870119908

119886119904ℎ119894

119865

Soak

grou

ndleaves

inwaterA

ddredpo

tash

anddrench

Diarrhea

23Lophira

lanceolata

VanTieghex

Keay

(Ochnaceae)

Iron

woo

d119873

119886119898

119894119895119894119899-119896

119886119889119890

119867

119872119886119892119886119899119888119894

119873

119870119900119888ℎ119894-119896

119890119903119890

119873

119870119886119903119890119903119890119904ℎ119894-119910

119900119897119889119890

119865

Crushdriedbarksa

ndmill

into

powderw

ithshea

butte

rAp

ply

topically

Dermatop

hilosis

andticks

infestation

24Ricin

uscommun

isLinn

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Casto

roiltre

e119863

119886119899

119896119908

119886119904119886119903119890

119867

119870119900119897119886119896119900119897119886ℎ119894

119865

119870119901119886119899119891119894119899119894119896119900-119892

119906119897119906

119873

Crushfre

shleaves

topaste

App

lypaste

onaffectedareastop

ically

Dermatop

hilosis

and

wou

nds

25Sarcocephaluslatifoliu

s(Sm

)Bruce

(Rub

iaceae)

African

peach

119879119886119891119886119904ℎ119894119910119886

119867

119866119887119886119904ℎ119894

119873

119861119886119896119906119903119890119904ℎ119894

119865Bo

ilfre

shrootsAd

don

etea

spoo

nful

saltanddrench

Mastitis

26Schw

enckiaam

erica

naLinn

(Solanaceae)

119863119886119899119889119886119899

119867

119863119886119899119889119886119899119886

119865

119870119886119887119894-119898

119886119897119886119898

119873

Boilcrusheddriedbarksa

ndadd

potashD

rench

Bloatand

mastitis

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7

Table2Con

tinued

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

27Senn

a(Cassia

)alata

(L)Ro

xb

(Caesalpiniaceae)

Ring

worm

plant

craw

-crawplant

119866119906119899119892119900119903119900119896119900

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

into

powder

Mixwith

cowbu

ttero

iland

applytopically

Dermatop

hilosisw

ound

andrin

gworm

28Tephrosia

vogeliiHoo

kf

(Fabaceae)

Fish-poisonbean

Vogelrsquosteph

rosia

119872119886119892119886119898

119906119899

119867

119884119900119898

119895119894

119865

119864119892119892119886

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

andste

ms

Diss

olve

powderinwater

and

bath

thea

ffected

cattle

Lousinessa

ndticks

infestation

29Term

inaliamacroptera

GuillampPerr(Com

bretaceae)

119861119886119906119904ℎ119890

119867

119861119900119889119894ℎ119894

119865

119870119901119886119888119890

119873

Crushdriedrootsa

ndbo

ilAd

dpo

tash

anddrench

Diarrhea

30Vernoniaam

ygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

Vernonia

amygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

119878ℎ119894119908

119886119896119886

119867

119878ℎ119906119908

119886119896119886

119865

119879119904119906119897119886

119873

Soak

crushedfre

shleavesA

ddpo

tash

anddrench

Gastro

helm

inthiasis

31VitexdonianaSw

eet

(Verbenaceae)

Blackplum

119863119894119899119910119886

119867

119861119900119889119894119897119900ℎ119894

119865

119863119894119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Crushfre

shbarkssoak

inwater

anddrench

FMDdiarrheaand

retained

placenta

32Za

nthoxylum

zanthoxyloidesZe

pernickamp

Timler(Rutaceae)

African

satin

woo

d119865119886119904119886119896119906119908

119886119903119894

119867

119865119886119904119886119896119908

119886119887119903119894

119865

119870119900119904119900119899119896119900119903119894

119873

Boildriedbarksa

nddrench

Trypanosom

osis

33Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

osc

(Zingiberaceae)

Ginger

119879119904119894119905119886

119898119886119894119910119886119905119904119906

119867

119879119904119906119905119886119891119906

119873

Crushdriedrhizom

esm

ixwith

maize

branand

feed

asratio

nDiarrhea

34Ziziphus

abyssin

icaHochstex

AR

ich

(Rhamnaceae)

Catchthorn

119872119886119892119886119903119894119910119886

119896119906119903119886

119867

119869119886119887119890

119901119906119903119894

119865

119863119886119899119892119900119889119894

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleaves

and

drench

orwashwou

ndsurfa

ceDiarrheaa

ndwou

nd

Superscriptletters119867119865

and119873

representH

ausaFulaniandNu

pelang

uagesrespectiv

ely

8 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 3

Snumber Materials Local name Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity levels ()1 Limestone Decoction and concoction 9232 Honey 119885119906119898119886

119867 Wound healing and preservative 1000

3 Oil 119872119886119894

119867

Vegetable oil is used in managing poisonsand bloats It can also be used aspreservative

1000

4 Cow butter 119872119886119894-119904ℎ119886119899119906

119867 Wound healing and preservative 9635 Salts Preservative and appetite promotion 10000

6 Used (spent)engine oil Bakin 119898119886119894

119867

Treatment of many skin conditions (egwound dermatophilosis mange andringworm)

783

7 Local potassium(potash) 119870119886119899119908119886

119867

Part of decoction to relieve bloatdiarrhea mastitis mix with used engineoil to treat dermatophilosis

1000

8 Cattle fats Preservatives and treatment of burns 833

9 Wood ash

Preservative and disinfectant specificallyfor managing foot rot and its paste rubon cow genital area to induce expulsionof placenta

1000

10 Kerosene 119870119886119899119886119911119894119899119890

119867 Used to wash foot rot area to hasten itshealing 885

11 Kaolin Treating diarrhea 1000

12 Local soap Treatment of ringworm Treatment ofringworm 867

Note superscript letters H F and N represent local names in Hausa Fulfulde and Nupe respectively

medical practices with surgical implications wounds jointconditions and swellings are treated by applying a red-hotiron over them with the belief that as the burnt skin healsthe ailment is healed along with it [26]

Some of the nonplant materials observed in this surveyto be used by the pastoralists include wood ash honey oilskerosene kaolin potassium local soap and spent engineoil which they believe are effective in ethnoveterinary man-agement They use spent engine oil in the management ofwounds kerosene for foot rot and local soap as disinfectantin animals Some authors [14] have contrast views with thefindings as they reported most of these nonplant materials tobe carrier mechanisms with no known medicinal values butcan cause perceived improvement in performance throughtheir effects on feed efficiency Further these authors alsoobserved that the use of a carrier mechanism in ethnoveteri-narymedical practices involves arbitrary quantities of the car-rier which may dilute the drug or reduce its relative potencyunlike in conventional veterinary medicine where variabilityin the quantity of the carriermaterials is notmuch prominentas in ethnoveterinary medicine

The study found honey to be used in wound healing oils(especially vegetable oil) for managing poisons and bloatscow butter for wound healing cattle fats for burns andsalts for preservation and appetite promotion These obser-vations have been corroborated by Abdu et al [22] whilePoonam and Singh [27] reported some of them such ashoney cowgoatrsquos milk sugar ghee salt and butter milk tobe appetizers media to improve palatability and medicinalproperty of certain herbal remedies

The Fulani pastoralistsrsquo methods for ethnoveterinarypreparation vary and include grinding or pounding dried orfresh parts followed by boiling or soaking in water to obtainsolutions that are administered orally and sometimes mixedwith feed However ground plant portions could also bemixed with potash or salt and given for licking These prac-tices of medicinal herbal preparations and administrationhave been agreed upon by observations of some researchers[14 22 28]

The dosage administered often varied with the parts ofthe plant used and the mode of preparation However mostFulani pastoralists administer the preparations once or twicedaily for a week or keep treating until the animal recoversFull recovery is confirmed when the animals resume feedingand other physical activities In a similar observation Alawaet al [14] indicated that the duration of treatment for aparticular disease in ethnoveterinary practices varied anddepends largely on the herdsmen with clinical improvementof affected animals usually considered as end of that diseasecondition when they start feeding leaving the possibility thatthose causative agents might not be completely eliminated atthe beginning of improvement This contrasts the conven-tional veterinary medical practices where treatment mightcontinue to complete the dosage even after the clinical signsof a disease have disappeared

Also these findings indicate that ethnoveterinary prac-tices are readily available and can complement conventionalveterinary medical practices but there is need to standardizemodes of preparation and application of the traditionalpractices Further research on the active ingredients and

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9

Table 4 Traditional prophylactic (preventive) practices used by Fulani pastoralists for the management of CBPP and other cattle diseaseconditions in Niger State Nigeria

Snumber Preventivepractices Modes of preparations and applications Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity level

()

1 Vaccination

Lung tissues from infected dead cattlewith CBPP (believed to be rich ininfective agents) are soaked in fresh milkand briefly placed on the nasal area of thehealthy ones or wrapped in a rag andhung on a tree very close to the herd siteAlso dry the lung and grind and spreadthe granules in the herd

Preventive measureagainst CBPP 565

2 Vaccination

Tissue materials from the feet and tongueof the infected cattle or saliva used onhealthy ones or feces of infected cattle onthe feet and mouth areas of healthy ones

Preventive measureagainst foot and mouthdisease (FMD)

333

3 VaccinationFluid of aborted fetuses mixed with urineand rubbed on the genital and udderareas

Prophylactic measureagainst bovinebrucellosis

462

4 Repellant

Burning of dried grasses or dried wood atthe mid of herds in the morning beforegoing on grazing and immediately onreturn from grazing in the evening

To repel biting andsucking flies 1000

5 Branding

Sharp iron is inserted into fire until itreddens It is then removed and twostraight lines are engraved parallel to oracross each other on the swollen area

To relieve inflammationdue to trauma and treatblack quarter lamenessrheumatic complex andsome skin diseases

750

6 Grooming Use of fingers or hard brush to groom theskin periodically To remove fleas and lice 882

7 Herd sizesanitation

Frequent removal of feces from herd sitebase and also grazing areas

To reduce greatly theparasitic burden 1000

their quantities in the ethnoveterinary materials becomesscientifically necessary so as to guide their usage

5 Conclusion and Recommendations

The information obtained from Fulani pastoralists on eth-noveterinary practices in this study will form a basis forfurther ethnoveterinary research especially in studies dealingwith efficacy dosage quality and toxicology Those plantsthat are found to be effective empirically can be used in thepreparation of commercial local-based veterinary pharma-ceuticals which will consequently lead to protection of theimportant ethnoveterinary phytotherapeutics Since some ofthe plants used in ethnoveterinary management of cattle bythis group of pastoralists are likely to be threatened speciesespecially with desert encroachment into the state conser-vation of such plants is recommended The Fulani pastoralcommunities in Niger State are potential beneficiaries of suchconservation effort and should be involved in such efforts inthe spirit and goal of participatory epidemiology

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the immense contributionsof Mr Daniel Kolo of the Niger State Ministry of Agri-culture and Natural Resources for the scientific and localidentification of the plants Their gratitude also goes to allArea Veterinary Officers in the three agrozones the MiyettiAllah Cattle Rearersrsquo Association Niger State Chapter and allFulaniArdos (heads) and their subjects in the 25 local govern-ment areas for their cooperation and assistance

References

[1] M Ghirotti ldquoRecourse to traditional versus modern medicinefor cattle and people in Sidama Ethiopiardquo in EthnoveterinaryResearch and Development C M McCorkle E Mathias andT W S van Veen Eds pp 46ndash53 Intermediate TechnologyPublications London UK 1996

[2] G N Njoroge and RW Bussmann ldquoHerbal usage and inform-ant consensus in ethnoveterinarymanagement of cattle diseasesamong the Kikuyus (Central Kenya)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 108 no 3 pp 332ndash339 2006

[3] T Hagmann and C I Speranza ldquoNew avenues for pastoraldevelopment in sub-SaharanAfricardquoEuropean Journal of Devel-opment Research vol 22 no 5 pp 593ndash604 2010

10 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

[4] A A Ilemobade ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis in Africa thechallenges the opportunitiesrdquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 76 no 1 pp 35ndash40 2009

[5] J A O Ojewole ldquoEvaluation of the analgesic anti-inflam-matory and anti-diabetic properties of Sclerocarya birrea (ARich) Hochst stem-bark aqueous extract in mice and ratsrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 18 no 8 pp 601ndash608 2004

[6] httpwwwonlineoriginalscomshowitemaspitemID=193[7] httpwwwnetplacescomgerman-shepherdbasic-dog-health-

careholistic-versus-conventional-veterinary-medicinehtm[8] P Raul M Pedrazo and P Manuela ldquoAnimal health care in

Indiardquo Information Centre for Low External Input in SustainableAgriculture (ILEIA) Newsletter vol 8 no 3 pp 22ndash23 1990

[9] C M McCorkle ldquoAn introduction to ethnoveterinary researchand developmentrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology vol 6 no 1 pp 129ndash149 1986

[10] M E Mathias ldquoMagic myth and medicinerdquo Economic Botanyvol 48 no 1 pp 3ndash7 1994

[11] E Mathias ldquoEthnoveterinary medicine harnessing its poten-tialrdquo Veterinary Bulletin vol 74 no 8 pp 27ndash37 2004

[12] N Nwude and M A Ibrahim ldquoPlants used in traditionalveterinary medical practice in Nigeriardquo Journal of VeterinaryPharmacology andTherapeutics vol 3 no 4 pp 261ndash273 1980

[13] A C Kudi and S J Myint ldquoAntiviral activity of some Nigerianmedicinal plant extractsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol68 no 1ndash3 pp 289ndash294 1999

[14] J P Alawa G E Jokthan and K Akut ldquoEthnoveterinary med-ical practice for ruminants in the subhumid zone of northernNigeriardquo Preventive Veterinary Medicine vol 54 no 1 pp 79ndash90 2002

[15] M H Rashid R Tanzin K C Ghosh R Jahan M A Khatunand M Rahmatullah ldquoAn ethnoveterinary survey of medicinalplants used to treat cattle diseases in Birishiri area Netrakonadistrict Bangladeshrdquo Advances in Natural and Applied Sciencesvol 4 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2010

[16] N V Offiah C J Dawurung O O Oladipo et al ldquoSurvey ofherbal remedies used by Fulani herdsmen in themanagement ofanimal diarrhoea in Plateau State Nigeriardquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Research vol 6 no 312 pp 4625ndash4632 2012

[17] MLFD ldquoEstimated livestock population in Niger Staterdquo AnnualLivestock Report Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Develop-ment (MLFD) Minna Nigeria 2013

[18] J C Mariner and R Paskin ldquoParticipatory epidemiologymethods for the collection of action-orientated epidemiologicalintelligencerdquo FAOAnimalHealthManual 10 Food andAgricul-ture Organization 2000

[19] A Catley P Irungu K Simiyu et al ldquoParticipatory investiga-tions of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District KenyardquoMedical and Veterinary Entomology vol 16 no 1 pp 55ndash662002

[20] A Catley J Osman C Mawien B A Jones and T J LeylandldquoParticipatory analysis of seasonal incidences of diseases of cat-tle disease vectors and rainfall in southern Sudanrdquo PreventiveVeterinary Medicine vol 53 no 4 pp 275ndash284 2002

[21] J Friedman Z Yaniv A Dafni andD Palevitch ldquoA preliminaryclassification of the healing potential of medicinal plantsbased on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological fieldsurvey among bedouins in the Negev desert Israelrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 16 no 2-3 pp 275ndash287 1986

[22] P A Abdu A G Jagun J O Gefum A K Mohammed CB Alawa and A K Omokanye ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary

practices of agropastoralist in Nigeriardquo in Ethnoveterinary Prac-tices Research andDevelopment Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Ethnoveterinary Practices August 14ndash18 2000 J OGefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa House KadunaNigeria 2000

[23] M A Ibrahim ldquoVeterinary traditional practices in Nigeriardquo inProceedings of the 2nd International LivestockCenter Africa Sym-posium (ILCANAPRI rsquo84) Kaduna Nigeria October-Novem-ber 1984

[24] E F Gueye ldquoNewcastle disease in family poultry prospects forits control through ethno-veterinary medicinerdquo in Proceedingsof the 27th World Veterinary Congress Tunis Tunisia Septem-ber 2002 httpwwwlrrdorglrrd145guey145ahtm

[25] C M McCorkle and E Mathias-Mundy ldquoEthnoveterinarymedicine in Africardquo African Journal of International AfricanInstitutions vol 62 no 1 pp 59ndash93 1992

[26] P A Abdu ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary practice of Agropas-toralists in Nigeriardquo in Proceedings of the International Work-shop on Ethnoveterinary Practices Research and DevelopmentJ O Gefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa HouseKaduna Nigeria August 2000

[27] K Poonam andG S Singh ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinalplants used by the Taungya community in Terai Arc LandscapeIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 123 no 1 pp 167ndash1762009

[28] E Lulekal E Kelbessa T Bekele and H Yineger ldquoAn ethnob-otanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu Districtsoutheastern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomed-icine vol 4 article 10 2008

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnimalsJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2014

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

InsectsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

VirusesJournal of

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

2 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

In Nigeria pastoralists are known to treat animal diseaseswith herbs and other traditional medical practices before theadvent of conventional medicine [12] Traditional medicaland veterinary practices remain relevant and vital in almostall cultures in Nigeria due to absence or inadequate provisionof modern medical services especially in hard-to-reach ruralareas [13] Ethnoveterinary medical practice is widespreadamong pastoral herdsmen and village livestock keepers innorthern Nigeria where most of the countryrsquos livestock areconcentrated [14] For most of these livestock owners con-ventional veterinary inputs and services are not readily avail-able and where available are relatively expensive Thereforethey are left with traditional choices which are locally avail-able and affordable with the held belief that they are moreefficacious [15]

In recognition of the fact that Fulani pastoralists possessconsiderable existing veterinary knowledge and traditionaloral history of herbal and nonherbal remedies and theirapplication in livestock disease management veterinariansrecently have intensified efforts towards harnessing thisknowledge for authentication and preservation [16] There isno record so far giving ethnoveterinary practices documen-tation in Niger State and there is likelihood that the practicesare at the verge of extinction especially among the Fulanipastoralists

This survey was therefore aimed at assessing in nonex-perimental way the ethnoveterinary practices used by Fulanipastoralists in Niger State to traditionally manage contagiousbovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and other common cattledisease conditions in their herds Also herbal and nonherbalmaterials are to be identified validated by consensus anddocumented to add useful new remedies to the traditionalveterinary pharmacopoeia

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Niger State is located in the North-Centralgeopolitical zone at the Northern Guinea Savannah ecolog-ical zone of Nigeria between latitudes 8∘201015840N and 11∘301015840Nand longitudes 3∘301015840E and 7∘201015840E It is one of the 36 statesof Nigeria a gateway between Northern and Southwesternand South-Southern parts of the country and provides transitroutes for pastoral nomads on seasonal movements from thenorthern parts of Nigeria to the southern parts and backThestate covers a land area of about 76363 square kilometers(29484 square miles) or about 9 of Nigeriarsquos total land areamaking it the largest in terms of landmass in the countryThestate has an estimated cattle population of about 24 millioncattle 17 million sheep and 23 million goats in 2012 [17]These cattle are in the custodies of nomadic and sedentarypastoralists

The state shares a common international boundary withthe Republic of Benin at its western border and has threeagroecological zones A (Bida zone) B (Minna zone) andC (Kontagora zone) which are based on different climaticconditions in the state [17] (Figure 1)

The research was conducted in the following pastoralcommunities Lapai (GPS coordinate N090102∘ andE00661729∘) Eyagi (N0913506∘ and E00600618∘) Lemu

(N0917155∘ and E00601972∘) in Agrozone A Paiko(N0943533∘ and E00660745∘) Kuta (N0984643∘ andE00671782∘) Bosso (N0966275∘ and E00647691∘) inAgrozone B Wushishi (N0969760∘ and E00605682∘)Bobi grazing reserve (N0916715∘ and E00591701∘) Borgu(N0991455∘ and E00433400∘) in Agrozone C

22 Study Design Participatory epidemiology (PE) exercisewas conducted to collect qualitative data from the Fulanipastoralists in the nine communities using participatoryrural appraisal (PRA) tools The study focused on contagiousbovine CBPP and other common disease conditions thatfrequently affect cattle in these communities and traditionalremedies used to manage them The survey was carried outbetween January and December 2013

23 Study Population Fulani pastoralists in Lapai EyagiLemu Paiko Kuta Bosso Wushishi Bobi grazing reserveand Borgu pastoral communities were the population stud-ied

Inclusion Criterion Only adult male Fulani pastoralists wereconsidered because of their long time historical and sociocul-tural relationship with their cattle herds

24 Sample Size Three key informants were convenientlyallocated to each of the nine pastoral communities for thepurpose of the participatory exercises Since nine pastoralcommunities were purposively selected the number (samplesize) of the key informants for the survey was therefore 27

25 Sampling Procedure Two-stage sampling method wasused In stage one the state was divided into three samplingareas based on the existing three agroecological zones A(Bida zone) B (Minna zone) and C (Kontagora zone) in thestate In stage two three Fulani pastoral communities wereconveniently selected in each agroecological zone by purpo-sive sampling method In addition to the key informants par-ticipation in the PE exercises for historical information aboutexisting ethnoveterinary knowledge and practices on cattlediseases management other pastoralists also participated ineach community However the number of other participantsin the exercises was not restricted since there was no size limitof attendance by others in each session

26 Data Collection The participatory rural appraisal (PRA)tools of key informants checklist semistructured interviewprobing transect and triangulation [18ndash20] were used todiscuss and collect information Interviews and discussionswere supplemented by ldquowalk-in-the-woodsrdquo (transect) obser-vations guided by key informants to identify and collect plantspecies where necessary for documentation During partic-ipatory appraisal activities informants were asked specificquestions about the use of botanical and nonbotanicalmedic-inal materials methods of preparations and applications

The key informantsrsquo consensus factor on each plantor nonplant material used for a particular cattle diseasecondition gave indication of agreements on the usefulness of

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 3

N

0100 100 200(km)

N

0100 100 200(km)

8∘30

998400

5∘30

998400

7∘00

998400

3∘30

9984005∘00

9984008∘00

9984006∘30

9984009∘30

99840011

∘00

99840014

∘00

99840012

∘30

998400

3∘30

9984005∘00

9984008∘00

9984006∘30

9984009∘30

99840011

∘00

99840014

∘00

99840012

∘30

998400

13∘00

998400

11∘30

998400

10∘00

998400

8∘30

998400

5∘30

998400

7∘00

998400

13∘00

998400

11∘30

998400

10∘00

998400

36 states of NigeriaNorth Central North EastNorth West

South EastSouth SouthSouth West

N

0 20 40 80 120 160(km)

4∘09984000998400998400E 4

∘30

9984000998400998400E 5

∘09984000998400998400E 5

∘30

9984000998400998400E 6

∘09984000998400998400E 6

∘30

9984000998400998400E 7

∘09984000998400998400E 7

∘30

9984000998400998400E

4∘09984000998400998400E 4

∘30

9984000998400998400E3

∘30

9984000998400998400E 5

∘09984000998400998400E 5

∘30

9984000998400998400E 6

∘09984000998400998400E 6

∘30

9984000998400998400E 7

∘09984000998400998400E 7

∘30

9984000998400998400E

10∘30

9984000998400998400N

11∘30

9984000998400998400N

9∘30

9984000998400998400N

11∘09984000998400998400N

10∘09984000998400998400N

9∘09984000998400998400N

8∘30

9984000998400998400N

10∘30

9984000998400998400N

9∘30

9984000998400998400N

11∘09984000998400998400N

10∘09984000998400998400N

9∘09984000998400998400N

8∘30

9984000998400998400N

Zone AZone B

Zone C

(a)

(b)

Figure 1 (a) Map of Nigeria showing location of Niger State (b) Map of Niger State showing the three agroecological zones in the state

thematerial for such disease condition An outline of the par-ticipantsrsquo initial ethnoveterinary remedies was drafted duringeach participatory session and further probed and discussedextensively in order to confirm the information providedFor every specimen identified the vernacular names werealso recorded The collected specimens were preserved and

identified in the herbarium of Niger State Ministry of Agri-culture and Natural Resources Minna Nigeria

27 Data Analysis Descriptive statistics of rates charts andtables were used The collected ethnobotanical data andother ethnoveterinary information on CBPP and other cattle

4 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 1 Medicinal plants used by Fulani pastoralists for traditional management of CBPP in Niger State Nigeria

Snumber Botanicalscientific name(family)

Common (English)name

Parts used and methods ofpreparation and application

Disease conditionclinicalsigns

Fidelity level(100)

1 Adansonia digitata L(Bombacaceae)

Baobabmonkey-bread tree

Grind dried leaves boil andadd potash and then

drenchCBPP (as well as diarrhea) 84

2Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC)

Guill amp Perr(Combretaceae)

AxlewoodSoak crushed dried leaveswith their stems in water

and drenchCBPP and diarrhea 267

3 Striga hermonthica (Del)Benth (Scrophulariaceae)

WitchWeed

Soak fresh crushed barks inwater and drench CBPP 231

4 Stachytarpheta angustifoliaVahl (Verbenaceae) Devilrsquos coach whip Boil whole fresh plant mix

with potash and drench CBPP 200

disease conditions were analyzed using the method of Fried-man et al [21] that expresses a plantrsquos botanical efficacy byfidelity level The fidelity level (key informants consensus)presents the most important plant species used for treatinga particular cattle diseasecondition as expressed by the keyinformants who are considered most knowledgeable elderspossessing existing veterinary knowledge and traditional oralhistory on livestock in the pastoral communities In thisstudy the fidelity level analytical approach was also usedin evaluating the nonplants and prophylactic data generatedduring the participatory exercises The fidelity level is math-ematically expressed as FL = (119868119901119868119906) times 100 where FL is thefidelity level of each plant or nonplantmaterial 119868119901 is the num-ber of key informantswhomentioned that a plant or nonplantmaterial has specific ethnoveterinary uses against a particulardisease condition and 119868119906 is the total number of key infor-mants who independently suggested that the same plant ornonplant material has any ethnoveterinary uses

3 Results

The traditional botanical and nonbotanical ethnoveterinarypractices used in managing CBPP and other cattle diseaseconditions as well as the modes of their preparation andadministration are presented in Table 1 The traditionalbotanical and nonbotanical ethnoveterinary practices used inmanaging other cattle disease conditions as well as themodesof their preparation and administration are presented inTable 2 The local names of plants and nonplant materials inHausa Fulfulde and Nupe were obtained for easy identifica-tion and documentation (Table 3)

Traditional preventive practices in use specifically forprophylaxis against CBPP and some cattle disease conditionsare shown in Table 4

4 Discussion

Cattle-rearing is the main occupation of Fulani pastoralistsin Nigeria and these herdsmen use medicinal plant remediesto manage their stocks [22] This study indicates that 50medicinal materials and seven preventive practices are inuse by Fulani pastoralists to traditionally manage CBPP andother cattle disease conditions inNiger StateThis agrees with

earlier reports on the relevance of different traditional healingpractices in Nigeria as well as other parts of the world [910 22] The reliance of pastoralists on herbal and nonherbalmaterials for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes inNigeria has been reported [13 22] The Fulani pastoralistsexhibited good existing veterinary knowledge of the pathol-ogy of various probed cattle diseases and conditions and thecorresponding ethnoveterinary remedies which are mostlyacquired from their parents and during grazing This is inconsonance with an observation that the understanding ofanimal diseases by pastoralists is partly due to experiencesgathered during grazing [23]

A digitata (baobab) is commonly found in the northernpart of Nigeria and Fulani group frequently uses it intreating CBPP and diarrhea cases in cattle The study foundcommonly used medicinal plants by the Fulani pastoralistsin the treatment of CBPP cases to include Adansonia digi-tataAnogeissus leiocarpus Stachytarpheta angustifolia Strigahermonthica and Terminalia macroptera However it wasobserved that ethnobotanical management of CBPP is notvery effective as indicated by their fidelity levels of the men-tioned plants Except for A digitata and Terminalia macrop-tera that have high fidelity levels others have very low fidelitylevels which may indicate low efficacy of the plants againstthe diseaseThe survey revealed that the preventive measuresinvolve the use of lung tissues from infected dead cattlewith CBPP (believed to be rich in infective agents) soakedin fresh milk and briefly placed on the nasal area of thehealthy ones or wrapped in a rag and hung on a tree veryclose to the herd site Also revealed is the application ofgrounddried infected lungs by spread of granules in the herdThis traditional immunization finding agrees with earlierreports that livestock keepers are aware of the fact that theprinciple of vaccination consists of introducing amild formofthe disease [24] Long ago many pastoral societies of Africasuch as Maasai Mauritanian Moors Somali and Wodaabeinvented their own vaccines for contagious bovine pleurop-neumonia rinderpest foot-and-mouth disease and bovinebrucellosisTheyused lung tissues urine facesmilkmaterialfrom the feet and tongue of the infected animals andmaterial from the aborted fetus to vaccinate other healthyanimals [25]Themention of other preventive practices by thepastoralists agrees with reports that in other ethnoveterinary

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5

Table2Medicinalplantsused

byFu

lani

pasto

ralistsfortraditio

nalm

anagem

ento

fother

cattled

iseasec

onditio

nsin

Niger

StateNigeria

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

1Ac

acianilotica(L)Willdex

Del

(Fabaceae)

Gum

arabic

119861119886119892119886119903119906119908

119886

119867

119866119886119887119889119894

119865

119866119886119887119886119903119906119908

119886

119873

Poun

dfre

shbarksoakin

water

andaddredpo

tashD

renchor

washaffectedareas

Trypanosom

osisandfoot

rot

2Alliu

msativ

umL

(Liliaceae)

Garlic

119879119886119891119886119903119899119906119908

119886

119867

119860119897119887119886119904119886

119887119886119889119890119895119900

119865

119879119886119891119886119903119899119906119908

119886

119873

Mixcrushedrhizom

eswith

maize

bran

andfeed

asratio

nFascioliasis

3An

nona

senegalen

sisPers

(Ann

onaceae)

Soursop

119866119908

119886119899119889119886119903

119889119886119895119894

119867

119863119906119896119896119906ℎ119894

119865

119873119906119899119892119887119890119903119890119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleavesW

ash

thew

ound

with

warm

decoction

Wou

nd

4Arachish

ypogea

L(Papilion

aceae)

Groun

dnut

119866119910119886119889119886

119867

119861119894119903119894119895119894

119865

119866119906119911ℎ119894119886

119873Oilextractfrom

seedsDrench

Poiso

ning

5Az

adira

chta

indica

AJuss(M

eliaceae)

Neem

tree

119863119900119892119900119899119910119886119903119900

119867

119863119890119887119888ℎ119894

119865

119873119894119898

119906

119873

Boilfre

shleavesdrenchbathor

washapprop

riately

Gastro

helm

inthiasisflies

infestation

andwou

nd

6Bo

mbaxbu

onopozensePBe

auv

(Bom

bacaceae)

Redsilkcotto

ntre

e

119866119906119903119895119894119910119886

119867

119861119906119889119906119889119894

119865

119870119906119905119906119896119901119886119888ℎ119894

119873

Soak

grou

nddriedbarksin

warm

water

anddrench

Trypanosom

osis

7Bu

tyrospermum

paradoxum

(Gaertnf)

Hepper(Sapo

taceae)

Shea

butte

rtre

e119870

119886119889119886119899119910119886

119867

119870119900119888ℎ119894

119873

119870119886119903119886119895119894

119865Cr

ushseedsextracto

iland

applytopically

Dermatop

hilosis

8Ca

ssiaoccid

entalis

Linn

(C

aesalpiniaceae)

Coff

eesenn

a119879119886119891119886119904119886119903

119898119886119904119886119903

119867

119879119886119901119886119904119886

119865

119866119886119910119886

119873

Boilfre

shleavesadd

salt

and

drench

thec

oncoction

Gastro

helm

inthiasis

9Citru

saurantifolia(C

hristm)Sw

ingle

(Rutaceae)

Sour

orangesou

rlim

e

119871119890119898

119906119899

119905119904119886119898

119894

119867

119871119886119898

119898119906119889119890

119865

119871119890119898

119906119887119886119896119886119892119894

119873

Addredpo

tash

andthejuice

towaterM

ixanddrench

with

the

concoctio

nBrucellosis

10Crossopteryx

febrifuga(A

fzel

exGD

on)

Benth(Rub

iaceae)

119870119886119904119891119894119910119886

119867

119873119886119898

119887119894119904119906119904119906119899

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleaves

and

barksAd

dpo

tash

anddrench

Brucellosis

11Dich

rosta

chys

glomerata(Forsk)Ch

iov

(Fabaceae)

Cow

thorn

119863119906119899119889119906

119867

119861119906119903119897119894

119865

119864119896119886119899-119899

119886119899119896119900

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

andwashthe

woun

dwith

warm

solutio

nWou

nd

12Dissotisrotund

ifolia

(Sm)Triana

(Melastomataceae)

119864119889119894119899119892119894-119887

119886119905119886

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

anddrench

Trypanosom

osis

13En

tada

afric

anaGuillampPerr

(Fabaceae)

119879119886119908

119886119905119904119886

119867

119875119890119897119906119908

119886ℎ119894

119865

119870119886119908

119900-119899

119906119908

119886119899119888ℎ119894

119873

BoilcrushedbarksDrenchand

also

applytopicallyB

oilcrushed

barksDrenchandalso

apply

topically

FMD

6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table2Con

tinued

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

14Kh

ayasenegalen

sis(D

esr)

AJuss

(Meliaceae)

Mahogany

Khayasenegalensis

(Desr)

AJuss

(Meliaceae)

Boildriedbarksaddpo

tashand

drenchC

rush

fresh

bark

topaste

andapplytopically

Brucellosis

derm

atop

hilosis

diarrhea

bloatfoot

rotand

poiso

ning

15Kigelia

afric

ana(Lam

)Be

nth

(Bigno

niaceae)

Sausage

119877119886119908

119906119910119886

119867

119869119894119897119897119886119903119890ℎ119894

119865

119861119890119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilcrusheddriedbarksa

ndcoolA

ddsaltanddrench

Brucellosis

16La

wsoniainermis(L)Ke

ay(Lythraceae)

Henna

plant

119871119886119897119897119890

119867

119875119900119897119889119894

119865

119871119886119897119894

119873Bo

ilfre

shleaves

anddrench

Fasciolosis

17Mitracarpu

sscaberZ

uccandex

Schu

lt+

Schu

ltf(Rub

iaceae)

119867119886119903119908

119886119905119904119894

119867

119884119894119896119906119899119906-119896

119901119886119903119886119892119894

119873

Grin

ddriedleavesM

ixpo

wder

with

cowbu

ttero

ilandapply

topically

Dermatop

hilosis

18Ocim

umgratissim

umL

(Lam

iaceae)

Basil

feverp

lant

119863119886119894119889119900119910119886

119905119886

119892119894119889119886

119867

119879119886119899119898

119900119905119904119908

119886119892119894

119873

Poun

dfre

shleaves

into

paste

and

applyon

affectedareastop

ically

Wou

nd

19Pa

rkiabiglo

bosa

Aubrevielle

(Fabaceae)

African

locustbean

119863119900119903119900119908

119886

119867

119873119886119903119890ℎ119890

119865

119871119900119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Grin

ddriedrootssoakand

administer

decoctionorally

Diarrhea

20Piliostigm

athonningii(Schum

)Miln

e-Re

dhead(C

aesalpiniaceae)

Thon

ningrsquos

pilostigma

119870119886119897119892119900

119867

119861119886119903119905119890ℎ119894

119865

119861119886119891119894119899

119873

Grin

dfre

shor

driedbarkm

ixwith

anytype

ofbranand

feed

asratio

nDiarrhea

21Prosopisafric

ana(G

uillampPerr)Taub

(Fabaceae)

Guava

119870119894119903119910119886

119867

119870119900ℎ119894

119865

119878119886119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

andste

msadd

potashand

drench

Diarrhea

22Psidium

guajavaL

(Myrtaceae)

119866119900119894119887119886

119867

119866119900119910119894119887119886

119873

119870119908

119886119904ℎ119894

119865

Soak

grou

ndleaves

inwaterA

ddredpo

tash

anddrench

Diarrhea

23Lophira

lanceolata

VanTieghex

Keay

(Ochnaceae)

Iron

woo

d119873

119886119898

119894119895119894119899-119896

119886119889119890

119867

119872119886119892119886119899119888119894

119873

119870119900119888ℎ119894-119896

119890119903119890

119873

119870119886119903119890119903119890119904ℎ119894-119910

119900119897119889119890

119865

Crushdriedbarksa

ndmill

into

powderw

ithshea

butte

rAp

ply

topically

Dermatop

hilosis

andticks

infestation

24Ricin

uscommun

isLinn

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Casto

roiltre

e119863

119886119899

119896119908

119886119904119886119903119890

119867

119870119900119897119886119896119900119897119886ℎ119894

119865

119870119901119886119899119891119894119899119894119896119900-119892

119906119897119906

119873

Crushfre

shleaves

topaste

App

lypaste

onaffectedareastop

ically

Dermatop

hilosis

and

wou

nds

25Sarcocephaluslatifoliu

s(Sm

)Bruce

(Rub

iaceae)

African

peach

119879119886119891119886119904ℎ119894119910119886

119867

119866119887119886119904ℎ119894

119873

119861119886119896119906119903119890119904ℎ119894

119865Bo

ilfre

shrootsAd

don

etea

spoo

nful

saltanddrench

Mastitis

26Schw

enckiaam

erica

naLinn

(Solanaceae)

119863119886119899119889119886119899

119867

119863119886119899119889119886119899119886

119865

119870119886119887119894-119898

119886119897119886119898

119873

Boilcrusheddriedbarksa

ndadd

potashD

rench

Bloatand

mastitis

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7

Table2Con

tinued

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

27Senn

a(Cassia

)alata

(L)Ro

xb

(Caesalpiniaceae)

Ring

worm

plant

craw

-crawplant

119866119906119899119892119900119903119900119896119900

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

into

powder

Mixwith

cowbu

ttero

iland

applytopically

Dermatop

hilosisw

ound

andrin

gworm

28Tephrosia

vogeliiHoo

kf

(Fabaceae)

Fish-poisonbean

Vogelrsquosteph

rosia

119872119886119892119886119898

119906119899

119867

119884119900119898

119895119894

119865

119864119892119892119886

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

andste

ms

Diss

olve

powderinwater

and

bath

thea

ffected

cattle

Lousinessa

ndticks

infestation

29Term

inaliamacroptera

GuillampPerr(Com

bretaceae)

119861119886119906119904ℎ119890

119867

119861119900119889119894ℎ119894

119865

119870119901119886119888119890

119873

Crushdriedrootsa

ndbo

ilAd

dpo

tash

anddrench

Diarrhea

30Vernoniaam

ygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

Vernonia

amygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

119878ℎ119894119908

119886119896119886

119867

119878ℎ119906119908

119886119896119886

119865

119879119904119906119897119886

119873

Soak

crushedfre

shleavesA

ddpo

tash

anddrench

Gastro

helm

inthiasis

31VitexdonianaSw

eet

(Verbenaceae)

Blackplum

119863119894119899119910119886

119867

119861119900119889119894119897119900ℎ119894

119865

119863119894119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Crushfre

shbarkssoak

inwater

anddrench

FMDdiarrheaand

retained

placenta

32Za

nthoxylum

zanthoxyloidesZe

pernickamp

Timler(Rutaceae)

African

satin

woo

d119865119886119904119886119896119906119908

119886119903119894

119867

119865119886119904119886119896119908

119886119887119903119894

119865

119870119900119904119900119899119896119900119903119894

119873

Boildriedbarksa

nddrench

Trypanosom

osis

33Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

osc

(Zingiberaceae)

Ginger

119879119904119894119905119886

119898119886119894119910119886119905119904119906

119867

119879119904119906119905119886119891119906

119873

Crushdriedrhizom

esm

ixwith

maize

branand

feed

asratio

nDiarrhea

34Ziziphus

abyssin

icaHochstex

AR

ich

(Rhamnaceae)

Catchthorn

119872119886119892119886119903119894119910119886

119896119906119903119886

119867

119869119886119887119890

119901119906119903119894

119865

119863119886119899119892119900119889119894

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleaves

and

drench

orwashwou

ndsurfa

ceDiarrheaa

ndwou

nd

Superscriptletters119867119865

and119873

representH

ausaFulaniandNu

pelang

uagesrespectiv

ely

8 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 3

Snumber Materials Local name Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity levels ()1 Limestone Decoction and concoction 9232 Honey 119885119906119898119886

119867 Wound healing and preservative 1000

3 Oil 119872119886119894

119867

Vegetable oil is used in managing poisonsand bloats It can also be used aspreservative

1000

4 Cow butter 119872119886119894-119904ℎ119886119899119906

119867 Wound healing and preservative 9635 Salts Preservative and appetite promotion 10000

6 Used (spent)engine oil Bakin 119898119886119894

119867

Treatment of many skin conditions (egwound dermatophilosis mange andringworm)

783

7 Local potassium(potash) 119870119886119899119908119886

119867

Part of decoction to relieve bloatdiarrhea mastitis mix with used engineoil to treat dermatophilosis

1000

8 Cattle fats Preservatives and treatment of burns 833

9 Wood ash

Preservative and disinfectant specificallyfor managing foot rot and its paste rubon cow genital area to induce expulsionof placenta

1000

10 Kerosene 119870119886119899119886119911119894119899119890

119867 Used to wash foot rot area to hasten itshealing 885

11 Kaolin Treating diarrhea 1000

12 Local soap Treatment of ringworm Treatment ofringworm 867

Note superscript letters H F and N represent local names in Hausa Fulfulde and Nupe respectively

medical practices with surgical implications wounds jointconditions and swellings are treated by applying a red-hotiron over them with the belief that as the burnt skin healsthe ailment is healed along with it [26]

Some of the nonplant materials observed in this surveyto be used by the pastoralists include wood ash honey oilskerosene kaolin potassium local soap and spent engineoil which they believe are effective in ethnoveterinary man-agement They use spent engine oil in the management ofwounds kerosene for foot rot and local soap as disinfectantin animals Some authors [14] have contrast views with thefindings as they reported most of these nonplant materials tobe carrier mechanisms with no known medicinal values butcan cause perceived improvement in performance throughtheir effects on feed efficiency Further these authors alsoobserved that the use of a carrier mechanism in ethnoveteri-narymedical practices involves arbitrary quantities of the car-rier which may dilute the drug or reduce its relative potencyunlike in conventional veterinary medicine where variabilityin the quantity of the carriermaterials is notmuch prominentas in ethnoveterinary medicine

The study found honey to be used in wound healing oils(especially vegetable oil) for managing poisons and bloatscow butter for wound healing cattle fats for burns andsalts for preservation and appetite promotion These obser-vations have been corroborated by Abdu et al [22] whilePoonam and Singh [27] reported some of them such ashoney cowgoatrsquos milk sugar ghee salt and butter milk tobe appetizers media to improve palatability and medicinalproperty of certain herbal remedies

The Fulani pastoralistsrsquo methods for ethnoveterinarypreparation vary and include grinding or pounding dried orfresh parts followed by boiling or soaking in water to obtainsolutions that are administered orally and sometimes mixedwith feed However ground plant portions could also bemixed with potash or salt and given for licking These prac-tices of medicinal herbal preparations and administrationhave been agreed upon by observations of some researchers[14 22 28]

The dosage administered often varied with the parts ofthe plant used and the mode of preparation However mostFulani pastoralists administer the preparations once or twicedaily for a week or keep treating until the animal recoversFull recovery is confirmed when the animals resume feedingand other physical activities In a similar observation Alawaet al [14] indicated that the duration of treatment for aparticular disease in ethnoveterinary practices varied anddepends largely on the herdsmen with clinical improvementof affected animals usually considered as end of that diseasecondition when they start feeding leaving the possibility thatthose causative agents might not be completely eliminated atthe beginning of improvement This contrasts the conven-tional veterinary medical practices where treatment mightcontinue to complete the dosage even after the clinical signsof a disease have disappeared

Also these findings indicate that ethnoveterinary prac-tices are readily available and can complement conventionalveterinary medical practices but there is need to standardizemodes of preparation and application of the traditionalpractices Further research on the active ingredients and

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9

Table 4 Traditional prophylactic (preventive) practices used by Fulani pastoralists for the management of CBPP and other cattle diseaseconditions in Niger State Nigeria

Snumber Preventivepractices Modes of preparations and applications Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity level

()

1 Vaccination

Lung tissues from infected dead cattlewith CBPP (believed to be rich ininfective agents) are soaked in fresh milkand briefly placed on the nasal area of thehealthy ones or wrapped in a rag andhung on a tree very close to the herd siteAlso dry the lung and grind and spreadthe granules in the herd

Preventive measureagainst CBPP 565

2 Vaccination

Tissue materials from the feet and tongueof the infected cattle or saliva used onhealthy ones or feces of infected cattle onthe feet and mouth areas of healthy ones

Preventive measureagainst foot and mouthdisease (FMD)

333

3 VaccinationFluid of aborted fetuses mixed with urineand rubbed on the genital and udderareas

Prophylactic measureagainst bovinebrucellosis

462

4 Repellant

Burning of dried grasses or dried wood atthe mid of herds in the morning beforegoing on grazing and immediately onreturn from grazing in the evening

To repel biting andsucking flies 1000

5 Branding

Sharp iron is inserted into fire until itreddens It is then removed and twostraight lines are engraved parallel to oracross each other on the swollen area

To relieve inflammationdue to trauma and treatblack quarter lamenessrheumatic complex andsome skin diseases

750

6 Grooming Use of fingers or hard brush to groom theskin periodically To remove fleas and lice 882

7 Herd sizesanitation

Frequent removal of feces from herd sitebase and also grazing areas

To reduce greatly theparasitic burden 1000

their quantities in the ethnoveterinary materials becomesscientifically necessary so as to guide their usage

5 Conclusion and Recommendations

The information obtained from Fulani pastoralists on eth-noveterinary practices in this study will form a basis forfurther ethnoveterinary research especially in studies dealingwith efficacy dosage quality and toxicology Those plantsthat are found to be effective empirically can be used in thepreparation of commercial local-based veterinary pharma-ceuticals which will consequently lead to protection of theimportant ethnoveterinary phytotherapeutics Since some ofthe plants used in ethnoveterinary management of cattle bythis group of pastoralists are likely to be threatened speciesespecially with desert encroachment into the state conser-vation of such plants is recommended The Fulani pastoralcommunities in Niger State are potential beneficiaries of suchconservation effort and should be involved in such efforts inthe spirit and goal of participatory epidemiology

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the immense contributionsof Mr Daniel Kolo of the Niger State Ministry of Agri-culture and Natural Resources for the scientific and localidentification of the plants Their gratitude also goes to allArea Veterinary Officers in the three agrozones the MiyettiAllah Cattle Rearersrsquo Association Niger State Chapter and allFulaniArdos (heads) and their subjects in the 25 local govern-ment areas for their cooperation and assistance

References

[1] M Ghirotti ldquoRecourse to traditional versus modern medicinefor cattle and people in Sidama Ethiopiardquo in EthnoveterinaryResearch and Development C M McCorkle E Mathias andT W S van Veen Eds pp 46ndash53 Intermediate TechnologyPublications London UK 1996

[2] G N Njoroge and RW Bussmann ldquoHerbal usage and inform-ant consensus in ethnoveterinarymanagement of cattle diseasesamong the Kikuyus (Central Kenya)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 108 no 3 pp 332ndash339 2006

[3] T Hagmann and C I Speranza ldquoNew avenues for pastoraldevelopment in sub-SaharanAfricardquoEuropean Journal of Devel-opment Research vol 22 no 5 pp 593ndash604 2010

10 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

[4] A A Ilemobade ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis in Africa thechallenges the opportunitiesrdquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 76 no 1 pp 35ndash40 2009

[5] J A O Ojewole ldquoEvaluation of the analgesic anti-inflam-matory and anti-diabetic properties of Sclerocarya birrea (ARich) Hochst stem-bark aqueous extract in mice and ratsrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 18 no 8 pp 601ndash608 2004

[6] httpwwwonlineoriginalscomshowitemaspitemID=193[7] httpwwwnetplacescomgerman-shepherdbasic-dog-health-

careholistic-versus-conventional-veterinary-medicinehtm[8] P Raul M Pedrazo and P Manuela ldquoAnimal health care in

Indiardquo Information Centre for Low External Input in SustainableAgriculture (ILEIA) Newsletter vol 8 no 3 pp 22ndash23 1990

[9] C M McCorkle ldquoAn introduction to ethnoveterinary researchand developmentrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology vol 6 no 1 pp 129ndash149 1986

[10] M E Mathias ldquoMagic myth and medicinerdquo Economic Botanyvol 48 no 1 pp 3ndash7 1994

[11] E Mathias ldquoEthnoveterinary medicine harnessing its poten-tialrdquo Veterinary Bulletin vol 74 no 8 pp 27ndash37 2004

[12] N Nwude and M A Ibrahim ldquoPlants used in traditionalveterinary medical practice in Nigeriardquo Journal of VeterinaryPharmacology andTherapeutics vol 3 no 4 pp 261ndash273 1980

[13] A C Kudi and S J Myint ldquoAntiviral activity of some Nigerianmedicinal plant extractsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol68 no 1ndash3 pp 289ndash294 1999

[14] J P Alawa G E Jokthan and K Akut ldquoEthnoveterinary med-ical practice for ruminants in the subhumid zone of northernNigeriardquo Preventive Veterinary Medicine vol 54 no 1 pp 79ndash90 2002

[15] M H Rashid R Tanzin K C Ghosh R Jahan M A Khatunand M Rahmatullah ldquoAn ethnoveterinary survey of medicinalplants used to treat cattle diseases in Birishiri area Netrakonadistrict Bangladeshrdquo Advances in Natural and Applied Sciencesvol 4 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2010

[16] N V Offiah C J Dawurung O O Oladipo et al ldquoSurvey ofherbal remedies used by Fulani herdsmen in themanagement ofanimal diarrhoea in Plateau State Nigeriardquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Research vol 6 no 312 pp 4625ndash4632 2012

[17] MLFD ldquoEstimated livestock population in Niger Staterdquo AnnualLivestock Report Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Develop-ment (MLFD) Minna Nigeria 2013

[18] J C Mariner and R Paskin ldquoParticipatory epidemiologymethods for the collection of action-orientated epidemiologicalintelligencerdquo FAOAnimalHealthManual 10 Food andAgricul-ture Organization 2000

[19] A Catley P Irungu K Simiyu et al ldquoParticipatory investiga-tions of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District KenyardquoMedical and Veterinary Entomology vol 16 no 1 pp 55ndash662002

[20] A Catley J Osman C Mawien B A Jones and T J LeylandldquoParticipatory analysis of seasonal incidences of diseases of cat-tle disease vectors and rainfall in southern Sudanrdquo PreventiveVeterinary Medicine vol 53 no 4 pp 275ndash284 2002

[21] J Friedman Z Yaniv A Dafni andD Palevitch ldquoA preliminaryclassification of the healing potential of medicinal plantsbased on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological fieldsurvey among bedouins in the Negev desert Israelrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 16 no 2-3 pp 275ndash287 1986

[22] P A Abdu A G Jagun J O Gefum A K Mohammed CB Alawa and A K Omokanye ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary

practices of agropastoralist in Nigeriardquo in Ethnoveterinary Prac-tices Research andDevelopment Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Ethnoveterinary Practices August 14ndash18 2000 J OGefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa House KadunaNigeria 2000

[23] M A Ibrahim ldquoVeterinary traditional practices in Nigeriardquo inProceedings of the 2nd International LivestockCenter Africa Sym-posium (ILCANAPRI rsquo84) Kaduna Nigeria October-Novem-ber 1984

[24] E F Gueye ldquoNewcastle disease in family poultry prospects forits control through ethno-veterinary medicinerdquo in Proceedingsof the 27th World Veterinary Congress Tunis Tunisia Septem-ber 2002 httpwwwlrrdorglrrd145guey145ahtm

[25] C M McCorkle and E Mathias-Mundy ldquoEthnoveterinarymedicine in Africardquo African Journal of International AfricanInstitutions vol 62 no 1 pp 59ndash93 1992

[26] P A Abdu ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary practice of Agropas-toralists in Nigeriardquo in Proceedings of the International Work-shop on Ethnoveterinary Practices Research and DevelopmentJ O Gefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa HouseKaduna Nigeria August 2000

[27] K Poonam andG S Singh ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinalplants used by the Taungya community in Terai Arc LandscapeIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 123 no 1 pp 167ndash1762009

[28] E Lulekal E Kelbessa T Bekele and H Yineger ldquoAn ethnob-otanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu Districtsoutheastern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomed-icine vol 4 article 10 2008

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnimalsJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2014

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

InsectsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

VirusesJournal of

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 3

N

0100 100 200(km)

N

0100 100 200(km)

8∘30

998400

5∘30

998400

7∘00

998400

3∘30

9984005∘00

9984008∘00

9984006∘30

9984009∘30

99840011

∘00

99840014

∘00

99840012

∘30

998400

3∘30

9984005∘00

9984008∘00

9984006∘30

9984009∘30

99840011

∘00

99840014

∘00

99840012

∘30

998400

13∘00

998400

11∘30

998400

10∘00

998400

8∘30

998400

5∘30

998400

7∘00

998400

13∘00

998400

11∘30

998400

10∘00

998400

36 states of NigeriaNorth Central North EastNorth West

South EastSouth SouthSouth West

N

0 20 40 80 120 160(km)

4∘09984000998400998400E 4

∘30

9984000998400998400E 5

∘09984000998400998400E 5

∘30

9984000998400998400E 6

∘09984000998400998400E 6

∘30

9984000998400998400E 7

∘09984000998400998400E 7

∘30

9984000998400998400E

4∘09984000998400998400E 4

∘30

9984000998400998400E3

∘30

9984000998400998400E 5

∘09984000998400998400E 5

∘30

9984000998400998400E 6

∘09984000998400998400E 6

∘30

9984000998400998400E 7

∘09984000998400998400E 7

∘30

9984000998400998400E

10∘30

9984000998400998400N

11∘30

9984000998400998400N

9∘30

9984000998400998400N

11∘09984000998400998400N

10∘09984000998400998400N

9∘09984000998400998400N

8∘30

9984000998400998400N

10∘30

9984000998400998400N

9∘30

9984000998400998400N

11∘09984000998400998400N

10∘09984000998400998400N

9∘09984000998400998400N

8∘30

9984000998400998400N

Zone AZone B

Zone C

(a)

(b)

Figure 1 (a) Map of Nigeria showing location of Niger State (b) Map of Niger State showing the three agroecological zones in the state

thematerial for such disease condition An outline of the par-ticipantsrsquo initial ethnoveterinary remedies was drafted duringeach participatory session and further probed and discussedextensively in order to confirm the information providedFor every specimen identified the vernacular names werealso recorded The collected specimens were preserved and

identified in the herbarium of Niger State Ministry of Agri-culture and Natural Resources Minna Nigeria

27 Data Analysis Descriptive statistics of rates charts andtables were used The collected ethnobotanical data andother ethnoveterinary information on CBPP and other cattle

4 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 1 Medicinal plants used by Fulani pastoralists for traditional management of CBPP in Niger State Nigeria

Snumber Botanicalscientific name(family)

Common (English)name

Parts used and methods ofpreparation and application

Disease conditionclinicalsigns

Fidelity level(100)

1 Adansonia digitata L(Bombacaceae)

Baobabmonkey-bread tree

Grind dried leaves boil andadd potash and then

drenchCBPP (as well as diarrhea) 84

2Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC)

Guill amp Perr(Combretaceae)

AxlewoodSoak crushed dried leaveswith their stems in water

and drenchCBPP and diarrhea 267

3 Striga hermonthica (Del)Benth (Scrophulariaceae)

WitchWeed

Soak fresh crushed barks inwater and drench CBPP 231

4 Stachytarpheta angustifoliaVahl (Verbenaceae) Devilrsquos coach whip Boil whole fresh plant mix

with potash and drench CBPP 200

disease conditions were analyzed using the method of Fried-man et al [21] that expresses a plantrsquos botanical efficacy byfidelity level The fidelity level (key informants consensus)presents the most important plant species used for treatinga particular cattle diseasecondition as expressed by the keyinformants who are considered most knowledgeable elderspossessing existing veterinary knowledge and traditional oralhistory on livestock in the pastoral communities In thisstudy the fidelity level analytical approach was also usedin evaluating the nonplants and prophylactic data generatedduring the participatory exercises The fidelity level is math-ematically expressed as FL = (119868119901119868119906) times 100 where FL is thefidelity level of each plant or nonplantmaterial 119868119901 is the num-ber of key informantswhomentioned that a plant or nonplantmaterial has specific ethnoveterinary uses against a particulardisease condition and 119868119906 is the total number of key infor-mants who independently suggested that the same plant ornonplant material has any ethnoveterinary uses

3 Results

The traditional botanical and nonbotanical ethnoveterinarypractices used in managing CBPP and other cattle diseaseconditions as well as the modes of their preparation andadministration are presented in Table 1 The traditionalbotanical and nonbotanical ethnoveterinary practices used inmanaging other cattle disease conditions as well as themodesof their preparation and administration are presented inTable 2 The local names of plants and nonplant materials inHausa Fulfulde and Nupe were obtained for easy identifica-tion and documentation (Table 3)

Traditional preventive practices in use specifically forprophylaxis against CBPP and some cattle disease conditionsare shown in Table 4

4 Discussion

Cattle-rearing is the main occupation of Fulani pastoralistsin Nigeria and these herdsmen use medicinal plant remediesto manage their stocks [22] This study indicates that 50medicinal materials and seven preventive practices are inuse by Fulani pastoralists to traditionally manage CBPP andother cattle disease conditions inNiger StateThis agrees with

earlier reports on the relevance of different traditional healingpractices in Nigeria as well as other parts of the world [910 22] The reliance of pastoralists on herbal and nonherbalmaterials for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes inNigeria has been reported [13 22] The Fulani pastoralistsexhibited good existing veterinary knowledge of the pathol-ogy of various probed cattle diseases and conditions and thecorresponding ethnoveterinary remedies which are mostlyacquired from their parents and during grazing This is inconsonance with an observation that the understanding ofanimal diseases by pastoralists is partly due to experiencesgathered during grazing [23]

A digitata (baobab) is commonly found in the northernpart of Nigeria and Fulani group frequently uses it intreating CBPP and diarrhea cases in cattle The study foundcommonly used medicinal plants by the Fulani pastoralistsin the treatment of CBPP cases to include Adansonia digi-tataAnogeissus leiocarpus Stachytarpheta angustifolia Strigahermonthica and Terminalia macroptera However it wasobserved that ethnobotanical management of CBPP is notvery effective as indicated by their fidelity levels of the men-tioned plants Except for A digitata and Terminalia macrop-tera that have high fidelity levels others have very low fidelitylevels which may indicate low efficacy of the plants againstthe diseaseThe survey revealed that the preventive measuresinvolve the use of lung tissues from infected dead cattlewith CBPP (believed to be rich in infective agents) soakedin fresh milk and briefly placed on the nasal area of thehealthy ones or wrapped in a rag and hung on a tree veryclose to the herd site Also revealed is the application ofgrounddried infected lungs by spread of granules in the herdThis traditional immunization finding agrees with earlierreports that livestock keepers are aware of the fact that theprinciple of vaccination consists of introducing amild formofthe disease [24] Long ago many pastoral societies of Africasuch as Maasai Mauritanian Moors Somali and Wodaabeinvented their own vaccines for contagious bovine pleurop-neumonia rinderpest foot-and-mouth disease and bovinebrucellosisTheyused lung tissues urine facesmilkmaterialfrom the feet and tongue of the infected animals andmaterial from the aborted fetus to vaccinate other healthyanimals [25]Themention of other preventive practices by thepastoralists agrees with reports that in other ethnoveterinary

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5

Table2Medicinalplantsused

byFu

lani

pasto

ralistsfortraditio

nalm

anagem

ento

fother

cattled

iseasec

onditio

nsin

Niger

StateNigeria

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

1Ac

acianilotica(L)Willdex

Del

(Fabaceae)

Gum

arabic

119861119886119892119886119903119906119908

119886

119867

119866119886119887119889119894

119865

119866119886119887119886119903119906119908

119886

119873

Poun

dfre

shbarksoakin

water

andaddredpo

tashD

renchor

washaffectedareas

Trypanosom

osisandfoot

rot

2Alliu

msativ

umL

(Liliaceae)

Garlic

119879119886119891119886119903119899119906119908

119886

119867

119860119897119887119886119904119886

119887119886119889119890119895119900

119865

119879119886119891119886119903119899119906119908

119886

119873

Mixcrushedrhizom

eswith

maize

bran

andfeed

asratio

nFascioliasis

3An

nona

senegalen

sisPers

(Ann

onaceae)

Soursop

119866119908

119886119899119889119886119903

119889119886119895119894

119867

119863119906119896119896119906ℎ119894

119865

119873119906119899119892119887119890119903119890119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleavesW

ash

thew

ound

with

warm

decoction

Wou

nd

4Arachish

ypogea

L(Papilion

aceae)

Groun

dnut

119866119910119886119889119886

119867

119861119894119903119894119895119894

119865

119866119906119911ℎ119894119886

119873Oilextractfrom

seedsDrench

Poiso

ning

5Az

adira

chta

indica

AJuss(M

eliaceae)

Neem

tree

119863119900119892119900119899119910119886119903119900

119867

119863119890119887119888ℎ119894

119865

119873119894119898

119906

119873

Boilfre

shleavesdrenchbathor

washapprop

riately

Gastro

helm

inthiasisflies

infestation

andwou

nd

6Bo

mbaxbu

onopozensePBe

auv

(Bom

bacaceae)

Redsilkcotto

ntre

e

119866119906119903119895119894119910119886

119867

119861119906119889119906119889119894

119865

119870119906119905119906119896119901119886119888ℎ119894

119873

Soak

grou

nddriedbarksin

warm

water

anddrench

Trypanosom

osis

7Bu

tyrospermum

paradoxum

(Gaertnf)

Hepper(Sapo

taceae)

Shea

butte

rtre

e119870

119886119889119886119899119910119886

119867

119870119900119888ℎ119894

119873

119870119886119903119886119895119894

119865Cr

ushseedsextracto

iland

applytopically

Dermatop

hilosis

8Ca

ssiaoccid

entalis

Linn

(C

aesalpiniaceae)

Coff

eesenn

a119879119886119891119886119904119886119903

119898119886119904119886119903

119867

119879119886119901119886119904119886

119865

119866119886119910119886

119873

Boilfre

shleavesadd

salt

and

drench

thec

oncoction

Gastro

helm

inthiasis

9Citru

saurantifolia(C

hristm)Sw

ingle

(Rutaceae)

Sour

orangesou

rlim

e

119871119890119898

119906119899

119905119904119886119898

119894

119867

119871119886119898

119898119906119889119890

119865

119871119890119898

119906119887119886119896119886119892119894

119873

Addredpo

tash

andthejuice

towaterM

ixanddrench

with

the

concoctio

nBrucellosis

10Crossopteryx

febrifuga(A

fzel

exGD

on)

Benth(Rub

iaceae)

119870119886119904119891119894119910119886

119867

119873119886119898

119887119894119904119906119904119906119899

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleaves

and

barksAd

dpo

tash

anddrench

Brucellosis

11Dich

rosta

chys

glomerata(Forsk)Ch

iov

(Fabaceae)

Cow

thorn

119863119906119899119889119906

119867

119861119906119903119897119894

119865

119864119896119886119899-119899

119886119899119896119900

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

andwashthe

woun

dwith

warm

solutio

nWou

nd

12Dissotisrotund

ifolia

(Sm)Triana

(Melastomataceae)

119864119889119894119899119892119894-119887

119886119905119886

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

anddrench

Trypanosom

osis

13En

tada

afric

anaGuillampPerr

(Fabaceae)

119879119886119908

119886119905119904119886

119867

119875119890119897119906119908

119886ℎ119894

119865

119870119886119908

119900-119899

119906119908

119886119899119888ℎ119894

119873

BoilcrushedbarksDrenchand

also

applytopicallyB

oilcrushed

barksDrenchandalso

apply

topically

FMD

6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table2Con

tinued

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

14Kh

ayasenegalen

sis(D

esr)

AJuss

(Meliaceae)

Mahogany

Khayasenegalensis

(Desr)

AJuss

(Meliaceae)

Boildriedbarksaddpo

tashand

drenchC

rush

fresh

bark

topaste

andapplytopically

Brucellosis

derm

atop

hilosis

diarrhea

bloatfoot

rotand

poiso

ning

15Kigelia

afric

ana(Lam

)Be

nth

(Bigno

niaceae)

Sausage

119877119886119908

119906119910119886

119867

119869119894119897119897119886119903119890ℎ119894

119865

119861119890119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilcrusheddriedbarksa

ndcoolA

ddsaltanddrench

Brucellosis

16La

wsoniainermis(L)Ke

ay(Lythraceae)

Henna

plant

119871119886119897119897119890

119867

119875119900119897119889119894

119865

119871119886119897119894

119873Bo

ilfre

shleaves

anddrench

Fasciolosis

17Mitracarpu

sscaberZ

uccandex

Schu

lt+

Schu

ltf(Rub

iaceae)

119867119886119903119908

119886119905119904119894

119867

119884119894119896119906119899119906-119896

119901119886119903119886119892119894

119873

Grin

ddriedleavesM

ixpo

wder

with

cowbu

ttero

ilandapply

topically

Dermatop

hilosis

18Ocim

umgratissim

umL

(Lam

iaceae)

Basil

feverp

lant

119863119886119894119889119900119910119886

119905119886

119892119894119889119886

119867

119879119886119899119898

119900119905119904119908

119886119892119894

119873

Poun

dfre

shleaves

into

paste

and

applyon

affectedareastop

ically

Wou

nd

19Pa

rkiabiglo

bosa

Aubrevielle

(Fabaceae)

African

locustbean

119863119900119903119900119908

119886

119867

119873119886119903119890ℎ119890

119865

119871119900119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Grin

ddriedrootssoakand

administer

decoctionorally

Diarrhea

20Piliostigm

athonningii(Schum

)Miln

e-Re

dhead(C

aesalpiniaceae)

Thon

ningrsquos

pilostigma

119870119886119897119892119900

119867

119861119886119903119905119890ℎ119894

119865

119861119886119891119894119899

119873

Grin

dfre

shor

driedbarkm

ixwith

anytype

ofbranand

feed

asratio

nDiarrhea

21Prosopisafric

ana(G

uillampPerr)Taub

(Fabaceae)

Guava

119870119894119903119910119886

119867

119870119900ℎ119894

119865

119878119886119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

andste

msadd

potashand

drench

Diarrhea

22Psidium

guajavaL

(Myrtaceae)

119866119900119894119887119886

119867

119866119900119910119894119887119886

119873

119870119908

119886119904ℎ119894

119865

Soak

grou

ndleaves

inwaterA

ddredpo

tash

anddrench

Diarrhea

23Lophira

lanceolata

VanTieghex

Keay

(Ochnaceae)

Iron

woo

d119873

119886119898

119894119895119894119899-119896

119886119889119890

119867

119872119886119892119886119899119888119894

119873

119870119900119888ℎ119894-119896

119890119903119890

119873

119870119886119903119890119903119890119904ℎ119894-119910

119900119897119889119890

119865

Crushdriedbarksa

ndmill

into

powderw

ithshea

butte

rAp

ply

topically

Dermatop

hilosis

andticks

infestation

24Ricin

uscommun

isLinn

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Casto

roiltre

e119863

119886119899

119896119908

119886119904119886119903119890

119867

119870119900119897119886119896119900119897119886ℎ119894

119865

119870119901119886119899119891119894119899119894119896119900-119892

119906119897119906

119873

Crushfre

shleaves

topaste

App

lypaste

onaffectedareastop

ically

Dermatop

hilosis

and

wou

nds

25Sarcocephaluslatifoliu

s(Sm

)Bruce

(Rub

iaceae)

African

peach

119879119886119891119886119904ℎ119894119910119886

119867

119866119887119886119904ℎ119894

119873

119861119886119896119906119903119890119904ℎ119894

119865Bo

ilfre

shrootsAd

don

etea

spoo

nful

saltanddrench

Mastitis

26Schw

enckiaam

erica

naLinn

(Solanaceae)

119863119886119899119889119886119899

119867

119863119886119899119889119886119899119886

119865

119870119886119887119894-119898

119886119897119886119898

119873

Boilcrusheddriedbarksa

ndadd

potashD

rench

Bloatand

mastitis

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7

Table2Con

tinued

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

27Senn

a(Cassia

)alata

(L)Ro

xb

(Caesalpiniaceae)

Ring

worm

plant

craw

-crawplant

119866119906119899119892119900119903119900119896119900

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

into

powder

Mixwith

cowbu

ttero

iland

applytopically

Dermatop

hilosisw

ound

andrin

gworm

28Tephrosia

vogeliiHoo

kf

(Fabaceae)

Fish-poisonbean

Vogelrsquosteph

rosia

119872119886119892119886119898

119906119899

119867

119884119900119898

119895119894

119865

119864119892119892119886

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

andste

ms

Diss

olve

powderinwater

and

bath

thea

ffected

cattle

Lousinessa

ndticks

infestation

29Term

inaliamacroptera

GuillampPerr(Com

bretaceae)

119861119886119906119904ℎ119890

119867

119861119900119889119894ℎ119894

119865

119870119901119886119888119890

119873

Crushdriedrootsa

ndbo

ilAd

dpo

tash

anddrench

Diarrhea

30Vernoniaam

ygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

Vernonia

amygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

119878ℎ119894119908

119886119896119886

119867

119878ℎ119906119908

119886119896119886

119865

119879119904119906119897119886

119873

Soak

crushedfre

shleavesA

ddpo

tash

anddrench

Gastro

helm

inthiasis

31VitexdonianaSw

eet

(Verbenaceae)

Blackplum

119863119894119899119910119886

119867

119861119900119889119894119897119900ℎ119894

119865

119863119894119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Crushfre

shbarkssoak

inwater

anddrench

FMDdiarrheaand

retained

placenta

32Za

nthoxylum

zanthoxyloidesZe

pernickamp

Timler(Rutaceae)

African

satin

woo

d119865119886119904119886119896119906119908

119886119903119894

119867

119865119886119904119886119896119908

119886119887119903119894

119865

119870119900119904119900119899119896119900119903119894

119873

Boildriedbarksa

nddrench

Trypanosom

osis

33Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

osc

(Zingiberaceae)

Ginger

119879119904119894119905119886

119898119886119894119910119886119905119904119906

119867

119879119904119906119905119886119891119906

119873

Crushdriedrhizom

esm

ixwith

maize

branand

feed

asratio

nDiarrhea

34Ziziphus

abyssin

icaHochstex

AR

ich

(Rhamnaceae)

Catchthorn

119872119886119892119886119903119894119910119886

119896119906119903119886

119867

119869119886119887119890

119901119906119903119894

119865

119863119886119899119892119900119889119894

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleaves

and

drench

orwashwou

ndsurfa

ceDiarrheaa

ndwou

nd

Superscriptletters119867119865

and119873

representH

ausaFulaniandNu

pelang

uagesrespectiv

ely

8 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 3

Snumber Materials Local name Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity levels ()1 Limestone Decoction and concoction 9232 Honey 119885119906119898119886

119867 Wound healing and preservative 1000

3 Oil 119872119886119894

119867

Vegetable oil is used in managing poisonsand bloats It can also be used aspreservative

1000

4 Cow butter 119872119886119894-119904ℎ119886119899119906

119867 Wound healing and preservative 9635 Salts Preservative and appetite promotion 10000

6 Used (spent)engine oil Bakin 119898119886119894

119867

Treatment of many skin conditions (egwound dermatophilosis mange andringworm)

783

7 Local potassium(potash) 119870119886119899119908119886

119867

Part of decoction to relieve bloatdiarrhea mastitis mix with used engineoil to treat dermatophilosis

1000

8 Cattle fats Preservatives and treatment of burns 833

9 Wood ash

Preservative and disinfectant specificallyfor managing foot rot and its paste rubon cow genital area to induce expulsionof placenta

1000

10 Kerosene 119870119886119899119886119911119894119899119890

119867 Used to wash foot rot area to hasten itshealing 885

11 Kaolin Treating diarrhea 1000

12 Local soap Treatment of ringworm Treatment ofringworm 867

Note superscript letters H F and N represent local names in Hausa Fulfulde and Nupe respectively

medical practices with surgical implications wounds jointconditions and swellings are treated by applying a red-hotiron over them with the belief that as the burnt skin healsthe ailment is healed along with it [26]

Some of the nonplant materials observed in this surveyto be used by the pastoralists include wood ash honey oilskerosene kaolin potassium local soap and spent engineoil which they believe are effective in ethnoveterinary man-agement They use spent engine oil in the management ofwounds kerosene for foot rot and local soap as disinfectantin animals Some authors [14] have contrast views with thefindings as they reported most of these nonplant materials tobe carrier mechanisms with no known medicinal values butcan cause perceived improvement in performance throughtheir effects on feed efficiency Further these authors alsoobserved that the use of a carrier mechanism in ethnoveteri-narymedical practices involves arbitrary quantities of the car-rier which may dilute the drug or reduce its relative potencyunlike in conventional veterinary medicine where variabilityin the quantity of the carriermaterials is notmuch prominentas in ethnoveterinary medicine

The study found honey to be used in wound healing oils(especially vegetable oil) for managing poisons and bloatscow butter for wound healing cattle fats for burns andsalts for preservation and appetite promotion These obser-vations have been corroborated by Abdu et al [22] whilePoonam and Singh [27] reported some of them such ashoney cowgoatrsquos milk sugar ghee salt and butter milk tobe appetizers media to improve palatability and medicinalproperty of certain herbal remedies

The Fulani pastoralistsrsquo methods for ethnoveterinarypreparation vary and include grinding or pounding dried orfresh parts followed by boiling or soaking in water to obtainsolutions that are administered orally and sometimes mixedwith feed However ground plant portions could also bemixed with potash or salt and given for licking These prac-tices of medicinal herbal preparations and administrationhave been agreed upon by observations of some researchers[14 22 28]

The dosage administered often varied with the parts ofthe plant used and the mode of preparation However mostFulani pastoralists administer the preparations once or twicedaily for a week or keep treating until the animal recoversFull recovery is confirmed when the animals resume feedingand other physical activities In a similar observation Alawaet al [14] indicated that the duration of treatment for aparticular disease in ethnoveterinary practices varied anddepends largely on the herdsmen with clinical improvementof affected animals usually considered as end of that diseasecondition when they start feeding leaving the possibility thatthose causative agents might not be completely eliminated atthe beginning of improvement This contrasts the conven-tional veterinary medical practices where treatment mightcontinue to complete the dosage even after the clinical signsof a disease have disappeared

Also these findings indicate that ethnoveterinary prac-tices are readily available and can complement conventionalveterinary medical practices but there is need to standardizemodes of preparation and application of the traditionalpractices Further research on the active ingredients and

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9

Table 4 Traditional prophylactic (preventive) practices used by Fulani pastoralists for the management of CBPP and other cattle diseaseconditions in Niger State Nigeria

Snumber Preventivepractices Modes of preparations and applications Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity level

()

1 Vaccination

Lung tissues from infected dead cattlewith CBPP (believed to be rich ininfective agents) are soaked in fresh milkand briefly placed on the nasal area of thehealthy ones or wrapped in a rag andhung on a tree very close to the herd siteAlso dry the lung and grind and spreadthe granules in the herd

Preventive measureagainst CBPP 565

2 Vaccination

Tissue materials from the feet and tongueof the infected cattle or saliva used onhealthy ones or feces of infected cattle onthe feet and mouth areas of healthy ones

Preventive measureagainst foot and mouthdisease (FMD)

333

3 VaccinationFluid of aborted fetuses mixed with urineand rubbed on the genital and udderareas

Prophylactic measureagainst bovinebrucellosis

462

4 Repellant

Burning of dried grasses or dried wood atthe mid of herds in the morning beforegoing on grazing and immediately onreturn from grazing in the evening

To repel biting andsucking flies 1000

5 Branding

Sharp iron is inserted into fire until itreddens It is then removed and twostraight lines are engraved parallel to oracross each other on the swollen area

To relieve inflammationdue to trauma and treatblack quarter lamenessrheumatic complex andsome skin diseases

750

6 Grooming Use of fingers or hard brush to groom theskin periodically To remove fleas and lice 882

7 Herd sizesanitation

Frequent removal of feces from herd sitebase and also grazing areas

To reduce greatly theparasitic burden 1000

their quantities in the ethnoveterinary materials becomesscientifically necessary so as to guide their usage

5 Conclusion and Recommendations

The information obtained from Fulani pastoralists on eth-noveterinary practices in this study will form a basis forfurther ethnoveterinary research especially in studies dealingwith efficacy dosage quality and toxicology Those plantsthat are found to be effective empirically can be used in thepreparation of commercial local-based veterinary pharma-ceuticals which will consequently lead to protection of theimportant ethnoveterinary phytotherapeutics Since some ofthe plants used in ethnoveterinary management of cattle bythis group of pastoralists are likely to be threatened speciesespecially with desert encroachment into the state conser-vation of such plants is recommended The Fulani pastoralcommunities in Niger State are potential beneficiaries of suchconservation effort and should be involved in such efforts inthe spirit and goal of participatory epidemiology

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the immense contributionsof Mr Daniel Kolo of the Niger State Ministry of Agri-culture and Natural Resources for the scientific and localidentification of the plants Their gratitude also goes to allArea Veterinary Officers in the three agrozones the MiyettiAllah Cattle Rearersrsquo Association Niger State Chapter and allFulaniArdos (heads) and their subjects in the 25 local govern-ment areas for their cooperation and assistance

References

[1] M Ghirotti ldquoRecourse to traditional versus modern medicinefor cattle and people in Sidama Ethiopiardquo in EthnoveterinaryResearch and Development C M McCorkle E Mathias andT W S van Veen Eds pp 46ndash53 Intermediate TechnologyPublications London UK 1996

[2] G N Njoroge and RW Bussmann ldquoHerbal usage and inform-ant consensus in ethnoveterinarymanagement of cattle diseasesamong the Kikuyus (Central Kenya)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 108 no 3 pp 332ndash339 2006

[3] T Hagmann and C I Speranza ldquoNew avenues for pastoraldevelopment in sub-SaharanAfricardquoEuropean Journal of Devel-opment Research vol 22 no 5 pp 593ndash604 2010

10 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

[4] A A Ilemobade ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis in Africa thechallenges the opportunitiesrdquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 76 no 1 pp 35ndash40 2009

[5] J A O Ojewole ldquoEvaluation of the analgesic anti-inflam-matory and anti-diabetic properties of Sclerocarya birrea (ARich) Hochst stem-bark aqueous extract in mice and ratsrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 18 no 8 pp 601ndash608 2004

[6] httpwwwonlineoriginalscomshowitemaspitemID=193[7] httpwwwnetplacescomgerman-shepherdbasic-dog-health-

careholistic-versus-conventional-veterinary-medicinehtm[8] P Raul M Pedrazo and P Manuela ldquoAnimal health care in

Indiardquo Information Centre for Low External Input in SustainableAgriculture (ILEIA) Newsletter vol 8 no 3 pp 22ndash23 1990

[9] C M McCorkle ldquoAn introduction to ethnoveterinary researchand developmentrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology vol 6 no 1 pp 129ndash149 1986

[10] M E Mathias ldquoMagic myth and medicinerdquo Economic Botanyvol 48 no 1 pp 3ndash7 1994

[11] E Mathias ldquoEthnoveterinary medicine harnessing its poten-tialrdquo Veterinary Bulletin vol 74 no 8 pp 27ndash37 2004

[12] N Nwude and M A Ibrahim ldquoPlants used in traditionalveterinary medical practice in Nigeriardquo Journal of VeterinaryPharmacology andTherapeutics vol 3 no 4 pp 261ndash273 1980

[13] A C Kudi and S J Myint ldquoAntiviral activity of some Nigerianmedicinal plant extractsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol68 no 1ndash3 pp 289ndash294 1999

[14] J P Alawa G E Jokthan and K Akut ldquoEthnoveterinary med-ical practice for ruminants in the subhumid zone of northernNigeriardquo Preventive Veterinary Medicine vol 54 no 1 pp 79ndash90 2002

[15] M H Rashid R Tanzin K C Ghosh R Jahan M A Khatunand M Rahmatullah ldquoAn ethnoveterinary survey of medicinalplants used to treat cattle diseases in Birishiri area Netrakonadistrict Bangladeshrdquo Advances in Natural and Applied Sciencesvol 4 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2010

[16] N V Offiah C J Dawurung O O Oladipo et al ldquoSurvey ofherbal remedies used by Fulani herdsmen in themanagement ofanimal diarrhoea in Plateau State Nigeriardquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Research vol 6 no 312 pp 4625ndash4632 2012

[17] MLFD ldquoEstimated livestock population in Niger Staterdquo AnnualLivestock Report Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Develop-ment (MLFD) Minna Nigeria 2013

[18] J C Mariner and R Paskin ldquoParticipatory epidemiologymethods for the collection of action-orientated epidemiologicalintelligencerdquo FAOAnimalHealthManual 10 Food andAgricul-ture Organization 2000

[19] A Catley P Irungu K Simiyu et al ldquoParticipatory investiga-tions of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District KenyardquoMedical and Veterinary Entomology vol 16 no 1 pp 55ndash662002

[20] A Catley J Osman C Mawien B A Jones and T J LeylandldquoParticipatory analysis of seasonal incidences of diseases of cat-tle disease vectors and rainfall in southern Sudanrdquo PreventiveVeterinary Medicine vol 53 no 4 pp 275ndash284 2002

[21] J Friedman Z Yaniv A Dafni andD Palevitch ldquoA preliminaryclassification of the healing potential of medicinal plantsbased on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological fieldsurvey among bedouins in the Negev desert Israelrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 16 no 2-3 pp 275ndash287 1986

[22] P A Abdu A G Jagun J O Gefum A K Mohammed CB Alawa and A K Omokanye ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary

practices of agropastoralist in Nigeriardquo in Ethnoveterinary Prac-tices Research andDevelopment Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Ethnoveterinary Practices August 14ndash18 2000 J OGefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa House KadunaNigeria 2000

[23] M A Ibrahim ldquoVeterinary traditional practices in Nigeriardquo inProceedings of the 2nd International LivestockCenter Africa Sym-posium (ILCANAPRI rsquo84) Kaduna Nigeria October-Novem-ber 1984

[24] E F Gueye ldquoNewcastle disease in family poultry prospects forits control through ethno-veterinary medicinerdquo in Proceedingsof the 27th World Veterinary Congress Tunis Tunisia Septem-ber 2002 httpwwwlrrdorglrrd145guey145ahtm

[25] C M McCorkle and E Mathias-Mundy ldquoEthnoveterinarymedicine in Africardquo African Journal of International AfricanInstitutions vol 62 no 1 pp 59ndash93 1992

[26] P A Abdu ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary practice of Agropas-toralists in Nigeriardquo in Proceedings of the International Work-shop on Ethnoveterinary Practices Research and DevelopmentJ O Gefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa HouseKaduna Nigeria August 2000

[27] K Poonam andG S Singh ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinalplants used by the Taungya community in Terai Arc LandscapeIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 123 no 1 pp 167ndash1762009

[28] E Lulekal E Kelbessa T Bekele and H Yineger ldquoAn ethnob-otanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu Districtsoutheastern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomed-icine vol 4 article 10 2008

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnimalsJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2014

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

InsectsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

VirusesJournal of

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

4 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 1 Medicinal plants used by Fulani pastoralists for traditional management of CBPP in Niger State Nigeria

Snumber Botanicalscientific name(family)

Common (English)name

Parts used and methods ofpreparation and application

Disease conditionclinicalsigns

Fidelity level(100)

1 Adansonia digitata L(Bombacaceae)

Baobabmonkey-bread tree

Grind dried leaves boil andadd potash and then

drenchCBPP (as well as diarrhea) 84

2Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC)

Guill amp Perr(Combretaceae)

AxlewoodSoak crushed dried leaveswith their stems in water

and drenchCBPP and diarrhea 267

3 Striga hermonthica (Del)Benth (Scrophulariaceae)

WitchWeed

Soak fresh crushed barks inwater and drench CBPP 231

4 Stachytarpheta angustifoliaVahl (Verbenaceae) Devilrsquos coach whip Boil whole fresh plant mix

with potash and drench CBPP 200

disease conditions were analyzed using the method of Fried-man et al [21] that expresses a plantrsquos botanical efficacy byfidelity level The fidelity level (key informants consensus)presents the most important plant species used for treatinga particular cattle diseasecondition as expressed by the keyinformants who are considered most knowledgeable elderspossessing existing veterinary knowledge and traditional oralhistory on livestock in the pastoral communities In thisstudy the fidelity level analytical approach was also usedin evaluating the nonplants and prophylactic data generatedduring the participatory exercises The fidelity level is math-ematically expressed as FL = (119868119901119868119906) times 100 where FL is thefidelity level of each plant or nonplantmaterial 119868119901 is the num-ber of key informantswhomentioned that a plant or nonplantmaterial has specific ethnoveterinary uses against a particulardisease condition and 119868119906 is the total number of key infor-mants who independently suggested that the same plant ornonplant material has any ethnoveterinary uses

3 Results

The traditional botanical and nonbotanical ethnoveterinarypractices used in managing CBPP and other cattle diseaseconditions as well as the modes of their preparation andadministration are presented in Table 1 The traditionalbotanical and nonbotanical ethnoveterinary practices used inmanaging other cattle disease conditions as well as themodesof their preparation and administration are presented inTable 2 The local names of plants and nonplant materials inHausa Fulfulde and Nupe were obtained for easy identifica-tion and documentation (Table 3)

Traditional preventive practices in use specifically forprophylaxis against CBPP and some cattle disease conditionsare shown in Table 4

4 Discussion

Cattle-rearing is the main occupation of Fulani pastoralistsin Nigeria and these herdsmen use medicinal plant remediesto manage their stocks [22] This study indicates that 50medicinal materials and seven preventive practices are inuse by Fulani pastoralists to traditionally manage CBPP andother cattle disease conditions inNiger StateThis agrees with

earlier reports on the relevance of different traditional healingpractices in Nigeria as well as other parts of the world [910 22] The reliance of pastoralists on herbal and nonherbalmaterials for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes inNigeria has been reported [13 22] The Fulani pastoralistsexhibited good existing veterinary knowledge of the pathol-ogy of various probed cattle diseases and conditions and thecorresponding ethnoveterinary remedies which are mostlyacquired from their parents and during grazing This is inconsonance with an observation that the understanding ofanimal diseases by pastoralists is partly due to experiencesgathered during grazing [23]

A digitata (baobab) is commonly found in the northernpart of Nigeria and Fulani group frequently uses it intreating CBPP and diarrhea cases in cattle The study foundcommonly used medicinal plants by the Fulani pastoralistsin the treatment of CBPP cases to include Adansonia digi-tataAnogeissus leiocarpus Stachytarpheta angustifolia Strigahermonthica and Terminalia macroptera However it wasobserved that ethnobotanical management of CBPP is notvery effective as indicated by their fidelity levels of the men-tioned plants Except for A digitata and Terminalia macrop-tera that have high fidelity levels others have very low fidelitylevels which may indicate low efficacy of the plants againstthe diseaseThe survey revealed that the preventive measuresinvolve the use of lung tissues from infected dead cattlewith CBPP (believed to be rich in infective agents) soakedin fresh milk and briefly placed on the nasal area of thehealthy ones or wrapped in a rag and hung on a tree veryclose to the herd site Also revealed is the application ofgrounddried infected lungs by spread of granules in the herdThis traditional immunization finding agrees with earlierreports that livestock keepers are aware of the fact that theprinciple of vaccination consists of introducing amild formofthe disease [24] Long ago many pastoral societies of Africasuch as Maasai Mauritanian Moors Somali and Wodaabeinvented their own vaccines for contagious bovine pleurop-neumonia rinderpest foot-and-mouth disease and bovinebrucellosisTheyused lung tissues urine facesmilkmaterialfrom the feet and tongue of the infected animals andmaterial from the aborted fetus to vaccinate other healthyanimals [25]Themention of other preventive practices by thepastoralists agrees with reports that in other ethnoveterinary

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5

Table2Medicinalplantsused

byFu

lani

pasto

ralistsfortraditio

nalm

anagem

ento

fother

cattled

iseasec

onditio

nsin

Niger

StateNigeria

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

1Ac

acianilotica(L)Willdex

Del

(Fabaceae)

Gum

arabic

119861119886119892119886119903119906119908

119886

119867

119866119886119887119889119894

119865

119866119886119887119886119903119906119908

119886

119873

Poun

dfre

shbarksoakin

water

andaddredpo

tashD

renchor

washaffectedareas

Trypanosom

osisandfoot

rot

2Alliu

msativ

umL

(Liliaceae)

Garlic

119879119886119891119886119903119899119906119908

119886

119867

119860119897119887119886119904119886

119887119886119889119890119895119900

119865

119879119886119891119886119903119899119906119908

119886

119873

Mixcrushedrhizom

eswith

maize

bran

andfeed

asratio

nFascioliasis

3An

nona

senegalen

sisPers

(Ann

onaceae)

Soursop

119866119908

119886119899119889119886119903

119889119886119895119894

119867

119863119906119896119896119906ℎ119894

119865

119873119906119899119892119887119890119903119890119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleavesW

ash

thew

ound

with

warm

decoction

Wou

nd

4Arachish

ypogea

L(Papilion

aceae)

Groun

dnut

119866119910119886119889119886

119867

119861119894119903119894119895119894

119865

119866119906119911ℎ119894119886

119873Oilextractfrom

seedsDrench

Poiso

ning

5Az

adira

chta

indica

AJuss(M

eliaceae)

Neem

tree

119863119900119892119900119899119910119886119903119900

119867

119863119890119887119888ℎ119894

119865

119873119894119898

119906

119873

Boilfre

shleavesdrenchbathor

washapprop

riately

Gastro

helm

inthiasisflies

infestation

andwou

nd

6Bo

mbaxbu

onopozensePBe

auv

(Bom

bacaceae)

Redsilkcotto

ntre

e

119866119906119903119895119894119910119886

119867

119861119906119889119906119889119894

119865

119870119906119905119906119896119901119886119888ℎ119894

119873

Soak

grou

nddriedbarksin

warm

water

anddrench

Trypanosom

osis

7Bu

tyrospermum

paradoxum

(Gaertnf)

Hepper(Sapo

taceae)

Shea

butte

rtre

e119870

119886119889119886119899119910119886

119867

119870119900119888ℎ119894

119873

119870119886119903119886119895119894

119865Cr

ushseedsextracto

iland

applytopically

Dermatop

hilosis

8Ca

ssiaoccid

entalis

Linn

(C

aesalpiniaceae)

Coff

eesenn

a119879119886119891119886119904119886119903

119898119886119904119886119903

119867

119879119886119901119886119904119886

119865

119866119886119910119886

119873

Boilfre

shleavesadd

salt

and

drench

thec

oncoction

Gastro

helm

inthiasis

9Citru

saurantifolia(C

hristm)Sw

ingle

(Rutaceae)

Sour

orangesou

rlim

e

119871119890119898

119906119899

119905119904119886119898

119894

119867

119871119886119898

119898119906119889119890

119865

119871119890119898

119906119887119886119896119886119892119894

119873

Addredpo

tash

andthejuice

towaterM

ixanddrench

with

the

concoctio

nBrucellosis

10Crossopteryx

febrifuga(A

fzel

exGD

on)

Benth(Rub

iaceae)

119870119886119904119891119894119910119886

119867

119873119886119898

119887119894119904119906119904119906119899

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleaves

and

barksAd

dpo

tash

anddrench

Brucellosis

11Dich

rosta

chys

glomerata(Forsk)Ch

iov

(Fabaceae)

Cow

thorn

119863119906119899119889119906

119867

119861119906119903119897119894

119865

119864119896119886119899-119899

119886119899119896119900

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

andwashthe

woun

dwith

warm

solutio

nWou

nd

12Dissotisrotund

ifolia

(Sm)Triana

(Melastomataceae)

119864119889119894119899119892119894-119887

119886119905119886

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

anddrench

Trypanosom

osis

13En

tada

afric

anaGuillampPerr

(Fabaceae)

119879119886119908

119886119905119904119886

119867

119875119890119897119906119908

119886ℎ119894

119865

119870119886119908

119900-119899

119906119908

119886119899119888ℎ119894

119873

BoilcrushedbarksDrenchand

also

applytopicallyB

oilcrushed

barksDrenchandalso

apply

topically

FMD

6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table2Con

tinued

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

14Kh

ayasenegalen

sis(D

esr)

AJuss

(Meliaceae)

Mahogany

Khayasenegalensis

(Desr)

AJuss

(Meliaceae)

Boildriedbarksaddpo

tashand

drenchC

rush

fresh

bark

topaste

andapplytopically

Brucellosis

derm

atop

hilosis

diarrhea

bloatfoot

rotand

poiso

ning

15Kigelia

afric

ana(Lam

)Be

nth

(Bigno

niaceae)

Sausage

119877119886119908

119906119910119886

119867

119869119894119897119897119886119903119890ℎ119894

119865

119861119890119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilcrusheddriedbarksa

ndcoolA

ddsaltanddrench

Brucellosis

16La

wsoniainermis(L)Ke

ay(Lythraceae)

Henna

plant

119871119886119897119897119890

119867

119875119900119897119889119894

119865

119871119886119897119894

119873Bo

ilfre

shleaves

anddrench

Fasciolosis

17Mitracarpu

sscaberZ

uccandex

Schu

lt+

Schu

ltf(Rub

iaceae)

119867119886119903119908

119886119905119904119894

119867

119884119894119896119906119899119906-119896

119901119886119903119886119892119894

119873

Grin

ddriedleavesM

ixpo

wder

with

cowbu

ttero

ilandapply

topically

Dermatop

hilosis

18Ocim

umgratissim

umL

(Lam

iaceae)

Basil

feverp

lant

119863119886119894119889119900119910119886

119905119886

119892119894119889119886

119867

119879119886119899119898

119900119905119904119908

119886119892119894

119873

Poun

dfre

shleaves

into

paste

and

applyon

affectedareastop

ically

Wou

nd

19Pa

rkiabiglo

bosa

Aubrevielle

(Fabaceae)

African

locustbean

119863119900119903119900119908

119886

119867

119873119886119903119890ℎ119890

119865

119871119900119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Grin

ddriedrootssoakand

administer

decoctionorally

Diarrhea

20Piliostigm

athonningii(Schum

)Miln

e-Re

dhead(C

aesalpiniaceae)

Thon

ningrsquos

pilostigma

119870119886119897119892119900

119867

119861119886119903119905119890ℎ119894

119865

119861119886119891119894119899

119873

Grin

dfre

shor

driedbarkm

ixwith

anytype

ofbranand

feed

asratio

nDiarrhea

21Prosopisafric

ana(G

uillampPerr)Taub

(Fabaceae)

Guava

119870119894119903119910119886

119867

119870119900ℎ119894

119865

119878119886119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

andste

msadd

potashand

drench

Diarrhea

22Psidium

guajavaL

(Myrtaceae)

119866119900119894119887119886

119867

119866119900119910119894119887119886

119873

119870119908

119886119904ℎ119894

119865

Soak

grou

ndleaves

inwaterA

ddredpo

tash

anddrench

Diarrhea

23Lophira

lanceolata

VanTieghex

Keay

(Ochnaceae)

Iron

woo

d119873

119886119898

119894119895119894119899-119896

119886119889119890

119867

119872119886119892119886119899119888119894

119873

119870119900119888ℎ119894-119896

119890119903119890

119873

119870119886119903119890119903119890119904ℎ119894-119910

119900119897119889119890

119865

Crushdriedbarksa

ndmill

into

powderw

ithshea

butte

rAp

ply

topically

Dermatop

hilosis

andticks

infestation

24Ricin

uscommun

isLinn

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Casto

roiltre

e119863

119886119899

119896119908

119886119904119886119903119890

119867

119870119900119897119886119896119900119897119886ℎ119894

119865

119870119901119886119899119891119894119899119894119896119900-119892

119906119897119906

119873

Crushfre

shleaves

topaste

App

lypaste

onaffectedareastop

ically

Dermatop

hilosis

and

wou

nds

25Sarcocephaluslatifoliu

s(Sm

)Bruce

(Rub

iaceae)

African

peach

119879119886119891119886119904ℎ119894119910119886

119867

119866119887119886119904ℎ119894

119873

119861119886119896119906119903119890119904ℎ119894

119865Bo

ilfre

shrootsAd

don

etea

spoo

nful

saltanddrench

Mastitis

26Schw

enckiaam

erica

naLinn

(Solanaceae)

119863119886119899119889119886119899

119867

119863119886119899119889119886119899119886

119865

119870119886119887119894-119898

119886119897119886119898

119873

Boilcrusheddriedbarksa

ndadd

potashD

rench

Bloatand

mastitis

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7

Table2Con

tinued

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

27Senn

a(Cassia

)alata

(L)Ro

xb

(Caesalpiniaceae)

Ring

worm

plant

craw

-crawplant

119866119906119899119892119900119903119900119896119900

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

into

powder

Mixwith

cowbu

ttero

iland

applytopically

Dermatop

hilosisw

ound

andrin

gworm

28Tephrosia

vogeliiHoo

kf

(Fabaceae)

Fish-poisonbean

Vogelrsquosteph

rosia

119872119886119892119886119898

119906119899

119867

119884119900119898

119895119894

119865

119864119892119892119886

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

andste

ms

Diss

olve

powderinwater

and

bath

thea

ffected

cattle

Lousinessa

ndticks

infestation

29Term

inaliamacroptera

GuillampPerr(Com

bretaceae)

119861119886119906119904ℎ119890

119867

119861119900119889119894ℎ119894

119865

119870119901119886119888119890

119873

Crushdriedrootsa

ndbo

ilAd

dpo

tash

anddrench

Diarrhea

30Vernoniaam

ygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

Vernonia

amygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

119878ℎ119894119908

119886119896119886

119867

119878ℎ119906119908

119886119896119886

119865

119879119904119906119897119886

119873

Soak

crushedfre

shleavesA

ddpo

tash

anddrench

Gastro

helm

inthiasis

31VitexdonianaSw

eet

(Verbenaceae)

Blackplum

119863119894119899119910119886

119867

119861119900119889119894119897119900ℎ119894

119865

119863119894119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Crushfre

shbarkssoak

inwater

anddrench

FMDdiarrheaand

retained

placenta

32Za

nthoxylum

zanthoxyloidesZe

pernickamp

Timler(Rutaceae)

African

satin

woo

d119865119886119904119886119896119906119908

119886119903119894

119867

119865119886119904119886119896119908

119886119887119903119894

119865

119870119900119904119900119899119896119900119903119894

119873

Boildriedbarksa

nddrench

Trypanosom

osis

33Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

osc

(Zingiberaceae)

Ginger

119879119904119894119905119886

119898119886119894119910119886119905119904119906

119867

119879119904119906119905119886119891119906

119873

Crushdriedrhizom

esm

ixwith

maize

branand

feed

asratio

nDiarrhea

34Ziziphus

abyssin

icaHochstex

AR

ich

(Rhamnaceae)

Catchthorn

119872119886119892119886119903119894119910119886

119896119906119903119886

119867

119869119886119887119890

119901119906119903119894

119865

119863119886119899119892119900119889119894

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleaves

and

drench

orwashwou

ndsurfa

ceDiarrheaa

ndwou

nd

Superscriptletters119867119865

and119873

representH

ausaFulaniandNu

pelang

uagesrespectiv

ely

8 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 3

Snumber Materials Local name Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity levels ()1 Limestone Decoction and concoction 9232 Honey 119885119906119898119886

119867 Wound healing and preservative 1000

3 Oil 119872119886119894

119867

Vegetable oil is used in managing poisonsand bloats It can also be used aspreservative

1000

4 Cow butter 119872119886119894-119904ℎ119886119899119906

119867 Wound healing and preservative 9635 Salts Preservative and appetite promotion 10000

6 Used (spent)engine oil Bakin 119898119886119894

119867

Treatment of many skin conditions (egwound dermatophilosis mange andringworm)

783

7 Local potassium(potash) 119870119886119899119908119886

119867

Part of decoction to relieve bloatdiarrhea mastitis mix with used engineoil to treat dermatophilosis

1000

8 Cattle fats Preservatives and treatment of burns 833

9 Wood ash

Preservative and disinfectant specificallyfor managing foot rot and its paste rubon cow genital area to induce expulsionof placenta

1000

10 Kerosene 119870119886119899119886119911119894119899119890

119867 Used to wash foot rot area to hasten itshealing 885

11 Kaolin Treating diarrhea 1000

12 Local soap Treatment of ringworm Treatment ofringworm 867

Note superscript letters H F and N represent local names in Hausa Fulfulde and Nupe respectively

medical practices with surgical implications wounds jointconditions and swellings are treated by applying a red-hotiron over them with the belief that as the burnt skin healsthe ailment is healed along with it [26]

Some of the nonplant materials observed in this surveyto be used by the pastoralists include wood ash honey oilskerosene kaolin potassium local soap and spent engineoil which they believe are effective in ethnoveterinary man-agement They use spent engine oil in the management ofwounds kerosene for foot rot and local soap as disinfectantin animals Some authors [14] have contrast views with thefindings as they reported most of these nonplant materials tobe carrier mechanisms with no known medicinal values butcan cause perceived improvement in performance throughtheir effects on feed efficiency Further these authors alsoobserved that the use of a carrier mechanism in ethnoveteri-narymedical practices involves arbitrary quantities of the car-rier which may dilute the drug or reduce its relative potencyunlike in conventional veterinary medicine where variabilityin the quantity of the carriermaterials is notmuch prominentas in ethnoveterinary medicine

The study found honey to be used in wound healing oils(especially vegetable oil) for managing poisons and bloatscow butter for wound healing cattle fats for burns andsalts for preservation and appetite promotion These obser-vations have been corroborated by Abdu et al [22] whilePoonam and Singh [27] reported some of them such ashoney cowgoatrsquos milk sugar ghee salt and butter milk tobe appetizers media to improve palatability and medicinalproperty of certain herbal remedies

The Fulani pastoralistsrsquo methods for ethnoveterinarypreparation vary and include grinding or pounding dried orfresh parts followed by boiling or soaking in water to obtainsolutions that are administered orally and sometimes mixedwith feed However ground plant portions could also bemixed with potash or salt and given for licking These prac-tices of medicinal herbal preparations and administrationhave been agreed upon by observations of some researchers[14 22 28]

The dosage administered often varied with the parts ofthe plant used and the mode of preparation However mostFulani pastoralists administer the preparations once or twicedaily for a week or keep treating until the animal recoversFull recovery is confirmed when the animals resume feedingand other physical activities In a similar observation Alawaet al [14] indicated that the duration of treatment for aparticular disease in ethnoveterinary practices varied anddepends largely on the herdsmen with clinical improvementof affected animals usually considered as end of that diseasecondition when they start feeding leaving the possibility thatthose causative agents might not be completely eliminated atthe beginning of improvement This contrasts the conven-tional veterinary medical practices where treatment mightcontinue to complete the dosage even after the clinical signsof a disease have disappeared

Also these findings indicate that ethnoveterinary prac-tices are readily available and can complement conventionalveterinary medical practices but there is need to standardizemodes of preparation and application of the traditionalpractices Further research on the active ingredients and

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9

Table 4 Traditional prophylactic (preventive) practices used by Fulani pastoralists for the management of CBPP and other cattle diseaseconditions in Niger State Nigeria

Snumber Preventivepractices Modes of preparations and applications Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity level

()

1 Vaccination

Lung tissues from infected dead cattlewith CBPP (believed to be rich ininfective agents) are soaked in fresh milkand briefly placed on the nasal area of thehealthy ones or wrapped in a rag andhung on a tree very close to the herd siteAlso dry the lung and grind and spreadthe granules in the herd

Preventive measureagainst CBPP 565

2 Vaccination

Tissue materials from the feet and tongueof the infected cattle or saliva used onhealthy ones or feces of infected cattle onthe feet and mouth areas of healthy ones

Preventive measureagainst foot and mouthdisease (FMD)

333

3 VaccinationFluid of aborted fetuses mixed with urineand rubbed on the genital and udderareas

Prophylactic measureagainst bovinebrucellosis

462

4 Repellant

Burning of dried grasses or dried wood atthe mid of herds in the morning beforegoing on grazing and immediately onreturn from grazing in the evening

To repel biting andsucking flies 1000

5 Branding

Sharp iron is inserted into fire until itreddens It is then removed and twostraight lines are engraved parallel to oracross each other on the swollen area

To relieve inflammationdue to trauma and treatblack quarter lamenessrheumatic complex andsome skin diseases

750

6 Grooming Use of fingers or hard brush to groom theskin periodically To remove fleas and lice 882

7 Herd sizesanitation

Frequent removal of feces from herd sitebase and also grazing areas

To reduce greatly theparasitic burden 1000

their quantities in the ethnoveterinary materials becomesscientifically necessary so as to guide their usage

5 Conclusion and Recommendations

The information obtained from Fulani pastoralists on eth-noveterinary practices in this study will form a basis forfurther ethnoveterinary research especially in studies dealingwith efficacy dosage quality and toxicology Those plantsthat are found to be effective empirically can be used in thepreparation of commercial local-based veterinary pharma-ceuticals which will consequently lead to protection of theimportant ethnoveterinary phytotherapeutics Since some ofthe plants used in ethnoveterinary management of cattle bythis group of pastoralists are likely to be threatened speciesespecially with desert encroachment into the state conser-vation of such plants is recommended The Fulani pastoralcommunities in Niger State are potential beneficiaries of suchconservation effort and should be involved in such efforts inthe spirit and goal of participatory epidemiology

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the immense contributionsof Mr Daniel Kolo of the Niger State Ministry of Agri-culture and Natural Resources for the scientific and localidentification of the plants Their gratitude also goes to allArea Veterinary Officers in the three agrozones the MiyettiAllah Cattle Rearersrsquo Association Niger State Chapter and allFulaniArdos (heads) and their subjects in the 25 local govern-ment areas for their cooperation and assistance

References

[1] M Ghirotti ldquoRecourse to traditional versus modern medicinefor cattle and people in Sidama Ethiopiardquo in EthnoveterinaryResearch and Development C M McCorkle E Mathias andT W S van Veen Eds pp 46ndash53 Intermediate TechnologyPublications London UK 1996

[2] G N Njoroge and RW Bussmann ldquoHerbal usage and inform-ant consensus in ethnoveterinarymanagement of cattle diseasesamong the Kikuyus (Central Kenya)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 108 no 3 pp 332ndash339 2006

[3] T Hagmann and C I Speranza ldquoNew avenues for pastoraldevelopment in sub-SaharanAfricardquoEuropean Journal of Devel-opment Research vol 22 no 5 pp 593ndash604 2010

10 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

[4] A A Ilemobade ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis in Africa thechallenges the opportunitiesrdquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 76 no 1 pp 35ndash40 2009

[5] J A O Ojewole ldquoEvaluation of the analgesic anti-inflam-matory and anti-diabetic properties of Sclerocarya birrea (ARich) Hochst stem-bark aqueous extract in mice and ratsrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 18 no 8 pp 601ndash608 2004

[6] httpwwwonlineoriginalscomshowitemaspitemID=193[7] httpwwwnetplacescomgerman-shepherdbasic-dog-health-

careholistic-versus-conventional-veterinary-medicinehtm[8] P Raul M Pedrazo and P Manuela ldquoAnimal health care in

Indiardquo Information Centre for Low External Input in SustainableAgriculture (ILEIA) Newsletter vol 8 no 3 pp 22ndash23 1990

[9] C M McCorkle ldquoAn introduction to ethnoveterinary researchand developmentrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology vol 6 no 1 pp 129ndash149 1986

[10] M E Mathias ldquoMagic myth and medicinerdquo Economic Botanyvol 48 no 1 pp 3ndash7 1994

[11] E Mathias ldquoEthnoveterinary medicine harnessing its poten-tialrdquo Veterinary Bulletin vol 74 no 8 pp 27ndash37 2004

[12] N Nwude and M A Ibrahim ldquoPlants used in traditionalveterinary medical practice in Nigeriardquo Journal of VeterinaryPharmacology andTherapeutics vol 3 no 4 pp 261ndash273 1980

[13] A C Kudi and S J Myint ldquoAntiviral activity of some Nigerianmedicinal plant extractsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol68 no 1ndash3 pp 289ndash294 1999

[14] J P Alawa G E Jokthan and K Akut ldquoEthnoveterinary med-ical practice for ruminants in the subhumid zone of northernNigeriardquo Preventive Veterinary Medicine vol 54 no 1 pp 79ndash90 2002

[15] M H Rashid R Tanzin K C Ghosh R Jahan M A Khatunand M Rahmatullah ldquoAn ethnoveterinary survey of medicinalplants used to treat cattle diseases in Birishiri area Netrakonadistrict Bangladeshrdquo Advances in Natural and Applied Sciencesvol 4 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2010

[16] N V Offiah C J Dawurung O O Oladipo et al ldquoSurvey ofherbal remedies used by Fulani herdsmen in themanagement ofanimal diarrhoea in Plateau State Nigeriardquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Research vol 6 no 312 pp 4625ndash4632 2012

[17] MLFD ldquoEstimated livestock population in Niger Staterdquo AnnualLivestock Report Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Develop-ment (MLFD) Minna Nigeria 2013

[18] J C Mariner and R Paskin ldquoParticipatory epidemiologymethods for the collection of action-orientated epidemiologicalintelligencerdquo FAOAnimalHealthManual 10 Food andAgricul-ture Organization 2000

[19] A Catley P Irungu K Simiyu et al ldquoParticipatory investiga-tions of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District KenyardquoMedical and Veterinary Entomology vol 16 no 1 pp 55ndash662002

[20] A Catley J Osman C Mawien B A Jones and T J LeylandldquoParticipatory analysis of seasonal incidences of diseases of cat-tle disease vectors and rainfall in southern Sudanrdquo PreventiveVeterinary Medicine vol 53 no 4 pp 275ndash284 2002

[21] J Friedman Z Yaniv A Dafni andD Palevitch ldquoA preliminaryclassification of the healing potential of medicinal plantsbased on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological fieldsurvey among bedouins in the Negev desert Israelrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 16 no 2-3 pp 275ndash287 1986

[22] P A Abdu A G Jagun J O Gefum A K Mohammed CB Alawa and A K Omokanye ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary

practices of agropastoralist in Nigeriardquo in Ethnoveterinary Prac-tices Research andDevelopment Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Ethnoveterinary Practices August 14ndash18 2000 J OGefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa House KadunaNigeria 2000

[23] M A Ibrahim ldquoVeterinary traditional practices in Nigeriardquo inProceedings of the 2nd International LivestockCenter Africa Sym-posium (ILCANAPRI rsquo84) Kaduna Nigeria October-Novem-ber 1984

[24] E F Gueye ldquoNewcastle disease in family poultry prospects forits control through ethno-veterinary medicinerdquo in Proceedingsof the 27th World Veterinary Congress Tunis Tunisia Septem-ber 2002 httpwwwlrrdorglrrd145guey145ahtm

[25] C M McCorkle and E Mathias-Mundy ldquoEthnoveterinarymedicine in Africardquo African Journal of International AfricanInstitutions vol 62 no 1 pp 59ndash93 1992

[26] P A Abdu ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary practice of Agropas-toralists in Nigeriardquo in Proceedings of the International Work-shop on Ethnoveterinary Practices Research and DevelopmentJ O Gefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa HouseKaduna Nigeria August 2000

[27] K Poonam andG S Singh ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinalplants used by the Taungya community in Terai Arc LandscapeIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 123 no 1 pp 167ndash1762009

[28] E Lulekal E Kelbessa T Bekele and H Yineger ldquoAn ethnob-otanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu Districtsoutheastern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomed-icine vol 4 article 10 2008

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnimalsJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2014

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

InsectsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

VirusesJournal of

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5

Table2Medicinalplantsused

byFu

lani

pasto

ralistsfortraditio

nalm

anagem

ento

fother

cattled

iseasec

onditio

nsin

Niger

StateNigeria

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

1Ac

acianilotica(L)Willdex

Del

(Fabaceae)

Gum

arabic

119861119886119892119886119903119906119908

119886

119867

119866119886119887119889119894

119865

119866119886119887119886119903119906119908

119886

119873

Poun

dfre

shbarksoakin

water

andaddredpo

tashD

renchor

washaffectedareas

Trypanosom

osisandfoot

rot

2Alliu

msativ

umL

(Liliaceae)

Garlic

119879119886119891119886119903119899119906119908

119886

119867

119860119897119887119886119904119886

119887119886119889119890119895119900

119865

119879119886119891119886119903119899119906119908

119886

119873

Mixcrushedrhizom

eswith

maize

bran

andfeed

asratio

nFascioliasis

3An

nona

senegalen

sisPers

(Ann

onaceae)

Soursop

119866119908

119886119899119889119886119903

119889119886119895119894

119867

119863119906119896119896119906ℎ119894

119865

119873119906119899119892119887119890119903119890119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleavesW

ash

thew

ound

with

warm

decoction

Wou

nd

4Arachish

ypogea

L(Papilion

aceae)

Groun

dnut

119866119910119886119889119886

119867

119861119894119903119894119895119894

119865

119866119906119911ℎ119894119886

119873Oilextractfrom

seedsDrench

Poiso

ning

5Az

adira

chta

indica

AJuss(M

eliaceae)

Neem

tree

119863119900119892119900119899119910119886119903119900

119867

119863119890119887119888ℎ119894

119865

119873119894119898

119906

119873

Boilfre

shleavesdrenchbathor

washapprop

riately

Gastro

helm

inthiasisflies

infestation

andwou

nd

6Bo

mbaxbu

onopozensePBe

auv

(Bom

bacaceae)

Redsilkcotto

ntre

e

119866119906119903119895119894119910119886

119867

119861119906119889119906119889119894

119865

119870119906119905119906119896119901119886119888ℎ119894

119873

Soak

grou

nddriedbarksin

warm

water

anddrench

Trypanosom

osis

7Bu

tyrospermum

paradoxum

(Gaertnf)

Hepper(Sapo

taceae)

Shea

butte

rtre

e119870

119886119889119886119899119910119886

119867

119870119900119888ℎ119894

119873

119870119886119903119886119895119894

119865Cr

ushseedsextracto

iland

applytopically

Dermatop

hilosis

8Ca

ssiaoccid

entalis

Linn

(C

aesalpiniaceae)

Coff

eesenn

a119879119886119891119886119904119886119903

119898119886119904119886119903

119867

119879119886119901119886119904119886

119865

119866119886119910119886

119873

Boilfre

shleavesadd

salt

and

drench

thec

oncoction

Gastro

helm

inthiasis

9Citru

saurantifolia(C

hristm)Sw

ingle

(Rutaceae)

Sour

orangesou

rlim

e

119871119890119898

119906119899

119905119904119886119898

119894

119867

119871119886119898

119898119906119889119890

119865

119871119890119898

119906119887119886119896119886119892119894

119873

Addredpo

tash

andthejuice

towaterM

ixanddrench

with

the

concoctio

nBrucellosis

10Crossopteryx

febrifuga(A

fzel

exGD

on)

Benth(Rub

iaceae)

119870119886119904119891119894119910119886

119867

119873119886119898

119887119894119904119906119904119906119899

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleaves

and

barksAd

dpo

tash

anddrench

Brucellosis

11Dich

rosta

chys

glomerata(Forsk)Ch

iov

(Fabaceae)

Cow

thorn

119863119906119899119889119906

119867

119861119906119903119897119894

119865

119864119896119886119899-119899

119886119899119896119900

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

andwashthe

woun

dwith

warm

solutio

nWou

nd

12Dissotisrotund

ifolia

(Sm)Triana

(Melastomataceae)

119864119889119894119899119892119894-119887

119886119905119886

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

anddrench

Trypanosom

osis

13En

tada

afric

anaGuillampPerr

(Fabaceae)

119879119886119908

119886119905119904119886

119867

119875119890119897119906119908

119886ℎ119894

119865

119870119886119908

119900-119899

119906119908

119886119899119888ℎ119894

119873

BoilcrushedbarksDrenchand

also

applytopicallyB

oilcrushed

barksDrenchandalso

apply

topically

FMD

6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table2Con

tinued

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

14Kh

ayasenegalen

sis(D

esr)

AJuss

(Meliaceae)

Mahogany

Khayasenegalensis

(Desr)

AJuss

(Meliaceae)

Boildriedbarksaddpo

tashand

drenchC

rush

fresh

bark

topaste

andapplytopically

Brucellosis

derm

atop

hilosis

diarrhea

bloatfoot

rotand

poiso

ning

15Kigelia

afric

ana(Lam

)Be

nth

(Bigno

niaceae)

Sausage

119877119886119908

119906119910119886

119867

119869119894119897119897119886119903119890ℎ119894

119865

119861119890119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilcrusheddriedbarksa

ndcoolA

ddsaltanddrench

Brucellosis

16La

wsoniainermis(L)Ke

ay(Lythraceae)

Henna

plant

119871119886119897119897119890

119867

119875119900119897119889119894

119865

119871119886119897119894

119873Bo

ilfre

shleaves

anddrench

Fasciolosis

17Mitracarpu

sscaberZ

uccandex

Schu

lt+

Schu

ltf(Rub

iaceae)

119867119886119903119908

119886119905119904119894

119867

119884119894119896119906119899119906-119896

119901119886119903119886119892119894

119873

Grin

ddriedleavesM

ixpo

wder

with

cowbu

ttero

ilandapply

topically

Dermatop

hilosis

18Ocim

umgratissim

umL

(Lam

iaceae)

Basil

feverp

lant

119863119886119894119889119900119910119886

119905119886

119892119894119889119886

119867

119879119886119899119898

119900119905119904119908

119886119892119894

119873

Poun

dfre

shleaves

into

paste

and

applyon

affectedareastop

ically

Wou

nd

19Pa

rkiabiglo

bosa

Aubrevielle

(Fabaceae)

African

locustbean

119863119900119903119900119908

119886

119867

119873119886119903119890ℎ119890

119865

119871119900119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Grin

ddriedrootssoakand

administer

decoctionorally

Diarrhea

20Piliostigm

athonningii(Schum

)Miln

e-Re

dhead(C

aesalpiniaceae)

Thon

ningrsquos

pilostigma

119870119886119897119892119900

119867

119861119886119903119905119890ℎ119894

119865

119861119886119891119894119899

119873

Grin

dfre

shor

driedbarkm

ixwith

anytype

ofbranand

feed

asratio

nDiarrhea

21Prosopisafric

ana(G

uillampPerr)Taub

(Fabaceae)

Guava

119870119894119903119910119886

119867

119870119900ℎ119894

119865

119878119886119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

andste

msadd

potashand

drench

Diarrhea

22Psidium

guajavaL

(Myrtaceae)

119866119900119894119887119886

119867

119866119900119910119894119887119886

119873

119870119908

119886119904ℎ119894

119865

Soak

grou

ndleaves

inwaterA

ddredpo

tash

anddrench

Diarrhea

23Lophira

lanceolata

VanTieghex

Keay

(Ochnaceae)

Iron

woo

d119873

119886119898

119894119895119894119899-119896

119886119889119890

119867

119872119886119892119886119899119888119894

119873

119870119900119888ℎ119894-119896

119890119903119890

119873

119870119886119903119890119903119890119904ℎ119894-119910

119900119897119889119890

119865

Crushdriedbarksa

ndmill

into

powderw

ithshea

butte

rAp

ply

topically

Dermatop

hilosis

andticks

infestation

24Ricin

uscommun

isLinn

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Casto

roiltre

e119863

119886119899

119896119908

119886119904119886119903119890

119867

119870119900119897119886119896119900119897119886ℎ119894

119865

119870119901119886119899119891119894119899119894119896119900-119892

119906119897119906

119873

Crushfre

shleaves

topaste

App

lypaste

onaffectedareastop

ically

Dermatop

hilosis

and

wou

nds

25Sarcocephaluslatifoliu

s(Sm

)Bruce

(Rub

iaceae)

African

peach

119879119886119891119886119904ℎ119894119910119886

119867

119866119887119886119904ℎ119894

119873

119861119886119896119906119903119890119904ℎ119894

119865Bo

ilfre

shrootsAd

don

etea

spoo

nful

saltanddrench

Mastitis

26Schw

enckiaam

erica

naLinn

(Solanaceae)

119863119886119899119889119886119899

119867

119863119886119899119889119886119899119886

119865

119870119886119887119894-119898

119886119897119886119898

119873

Boilcrusheddriedbarksa

ndadd

potashD

rench

Bloatand

mastitis

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7

Table2Con

tinued

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

27Senn

a(Cassia

)alata

(L)Ro

xb

(Caesalpiniaceae)

Ring

worm

plant

craw

-crawplant

119866119906119899119892119900119903119900119896119900

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

into

powder

Mixwith

cowbu

ttero

iland

applytopically

Dermatop

hilosisw

ound

andrin

gworm

28Tephrosia

vogeliiHoo

kf

(Fabaceae)

Fish-poisonbean

Vogelrsquosteph

rosia

119872119886119892119886119898

119906119899

119867

119884119900119898

119895119894

119865

119864119892119892119886

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

andste

ms

Diss

olve

powderinwater

and

bath

thea

ffected

cattle

Lousinessa

ndticks

infestation

29Term

inaliamacroptera

GuillampPerr(Com

bretaceae)

119861119886119906119904ℎ119890

119867

119861119900119889119894ℎ119894

119865

119870119901119886119888119890

119873

Crushdriedrootsa

ndbo

ilAd

dpo

tash

anddrench

Diarrhea

30Vernoniaam

ygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

Vernonia

amygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

119878ℎ119894119908

119886119896119886

119867

119878ℎ119906119908

119886119896119886

119865

119879119904119906119897119886

119873

Soak

crushedfre

shleavesA

ddpo

tash

anddrench

Gastro

helm

inthiasis

31VitexdonianaSw

eet

(Verbenaceae)

Blackplum

119863119894119899119910119886

119867

119861119900119889119894119897119900ℎ119894

119865

119863119894119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Crushfre

shbarkssoak

inwater

anddrench

FMDdiarrheaand

retained

placenta

32Za

nthoxylum

zanthoxyloidesZe

pernickamp

Timler(Rutaceae)

African

satin

woo

d119865119886119904119886119896119906119908

119886119903119894

119867

119865119886119904119886119896119908

119886119887119903119894

119865

119870119900119904119900119899119896119900119903119894

119873

Boildriedbarksa

nddrench

Trypanosom

osis

33Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

osc

(Zingiberaceae)

Ginger

119879119904119894119905119886

119898119886119894119910119886119905119904119906

119867

119879119904119906119905119886119891119906

119873

Crushdriedrhizom

esm

ixwith

maize

branand

feed

asratio

nDiarrhea

34Ziziphus

abyssin

icaHochstex

AR

ich

(Rhamnaceae)

Catchthorn

119872119886119892119886119903119894119910119886

119896119906119903119886

119867

119869119886119887119890

119901119906119903119894

119865

119863119886119899119892119900119889119894

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleaves

and

drench

orwashwou

ndsurfa

ceDiarrheaa

ndwou

nd

Superscriptletters119867119865

and119873

representH

ausaFulaniandNu

pelang

uagesrespectiv

ely

8 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 3

Snumber Materials Local name Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity levels ()1 Limestone Decoction and concoction 9232 Honey 119885119906119898119886

119867 Wound healing and preservative 1000

3 Oil 119872119886119894

119867

Vegetable oil is used in managing poisonsand bloats It can also be used aspreservative

1000

4 Cow butter 119872119886119894-119904ℎ119886119899119906

119867 Wound healing and preservative 9635 Salts Preservative and appetite promotion 10000

6 Used (spent)engine oil Bakin 119898119886119894

119867

Treatment of many skin conditions (egwound dermatophilosis mange andringworm)

783

7 Local potassium(potash) 119870119886119899119908119886

119867

Part of decoction to relieve bloatdiarrhea mastitis mix with used engineoil to treat dermatophilosis

1000

8 Cattle fats Preservatives and treatment of burns 833

9 Wood ash

Preservative and disinfectant specificallyfor managing foot rot and its paste rubon cow genital area to induce expulsionof placenta

1000

10 Kerosene 119870119886119899119886119911119894119899119890

119867 Used to wash foot rot area to hasten itshealing 885

11 Kaolin Treating diarrhea 1000

12 Local soap Treatment of ringworm Treatment ofringworm 867

Note superscript letters H F and N represent local names in Hausa Fulfulde and Nupe respectively

medical practices with surgical implications wounds jointconditions and swellings are treated by applying a red-hotiron over them with the belief that as the burnt skin healsthe ailment is healed along with it [26]

Some of the nonplant materials observed in this surveyto be used by the pastoralists include wood ash honey oilskerosene kaolin potassium local soap and spent engineoil which they believe are effective in ethnoveterinary man-agement They use spent engine oil in the management ofwounds kerosene for foot rot and local soap as disinfectantin animals Some authors [14] have contrast views with thefindings as they reported most of these nonplant materials tobe carrier mechanisms with no known medicinal values butcan cause perceived improvement in performance throughtheir effects on feed efficiency Further these authors alsoobserved that the use of a carrier mechanism in ethnoveteri-narymedical practices involves arbitrary quantities of the car-rier which may dilute the drug or reduce its relative potencyunlike in conventional veterinary medicine where variabilityin the quantity of the carriermaterials is notmuch prominentas in ethnoveterinary medicine

The study found honey to be used in wound healing oils(especially vegetable oil) for managing poisons and bloatscow butter for wound healing cattle fats for burns andsalts for preservation and appetite promotion These obser-vations have been corroborated by Abdu et al [22] whilePoonam and Singh [27] reported some of them such ashoney cowgoatrsquos milk sugar ghee salt and butter milk tobe appetizers media to improve palatability and medicinalproperty of certain herbal remedies

The Fulani pastoralistsrsquo methods for ethnoveterinarypreparation vary and include grinding or pounding dried orfresh parts followed by boiling or soaking in water to obtainsolutions that are administered orally and sometimes mixedwith feed However ground plant portions could also bemixed with potash or salt and given for licking These prac-tices of medicinal herbal preparations and administrationhave been agreed upon by observations of some researchers[14 22 28]

The dosage administered often varied with the parts ofthe plant used and the mode of preparation However mostFulani pastoralists administer the preparations once or twicedaily for a week or keep treating until the animal recoversFull recovery is confirmed when the animals resume feedingand other physical activities In a similar observation Alawaet al [14] indicated that the duration of treatment for aparticular disease in ethnoveterinary practices varied anddepends largely on the herdsmen with clinical improvementof affected animals usually considered as end of that diseasecondition when they start feeding leaving the possibility thatthose causative agents might not be completely eliminated atthe beginning of improvement This contrasts the conven-tional veterinary medical practices where treatment mightcontinue to complete the dosage even after the clinical signsof a disease have disappeared

Also these findings indicate that ethnoveterinary prac-tices are readily available and can complement conventionalveterinary medical practices but there is need to standardizemodes of preparation and application of the traditionalpractices Further research on the active ingredients and

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9

Table 4 Traditional prophylactic (preventive) practices used by Fulani pastoralists for the management of CBPP and other cattle diseaseconditions in Niger State Nigeria

Snumber Preventivepractices Modes of preparations and applications Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity level

()

1 Vaccination

Lung tissues from infected dead cattlewith CBPP (believed to be rich ininfective agents) are soaked in fresh milkand briefly placed on the nasal area of thehealthy ones or wrapped in a rag andhung on a tree very close to the herd siteAlso dry the lung and grind and spreadthe granules in the herd

Preventive measureagainst CBPP 565

2 Vaccination

Tissue materials from the feet and tongueof the infected cattle or saliva used onhealthy ones or feces of infected cattle onthe feet and mouth areas of healthy ones

Preventive measureagainst foot and mouthdisease (FMD)

333

3 VaccinationFluid of aborted fetuses mixed with urineand rubbed on the genital and udderareas

Prophylactic measureagainst bovinebrucellosis

462

4 Repellant

Burning of dried grasses or dried wood atthe mid of herds in the morning beforegoing on grazing and immediately onreturn from grazing in the evening

To repel biting andsucking flies 1000

5 Branding

Sharp iron is inserted into fire until itreddens It is then removed and twostraight lines are engraved parallel to oracross each other on the swollen area

To relieve inflammationdue to trauma and treatblack quarter lamenessrheumatic complex andsome skin diseases

750

6 Grooming Use of fingers or hard brush to groom theskin periodically To remove fleas and lice 882

7 Herd sizesanitation

Frequent removal of feces from herd sitebase and also grazing areas

To reduce greatly theparasitic burden 1000

their quantities in the ethnoveterinary materials becomesscientifically necessary so as to guide their usage

5 Conclusion and Recommendations

The information obtained from Fulani pastoralists on eth-noveterinary practices in this study will form a basis forfurther ethnoveterinary research especially in studies dealingwith efficacy dosage quality and toxicology Those plantsthat are found to be effective empirically can be used in thepreparation of commercial local-based veterinary pharma-ceuticals which will consequently lead to protection of theimportant ethnoveterinary phytotherapeutics Since some ofthe plants used in ethnoveterinary management of cattle bythis group of pastoralists are likely to be threatened speciesespecially with desert encroachment into the state conser-vation of such plants is recommended The Fulani pastoralcommunities in Niger State are potential beneficiaries of suchconservation effort and should be involved in such efforts inthe spirit and goal of participatory epidemiology

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the immense contributionsof Mr Daniel Kolo of the Niger State Ministry of Agri-culture and Natural Resources for the scientific and localidentification of the plants Their gratitude also goes to allArea Veterinary Officers in the three agrozones the MiyettiAllah Cattle Rearersrsquo Association Niger State Chapter and allFulaniArdos (heads) and their subjects in the 25 local govern-ment areas for their cooperation and assistance

References

[1] M Ghirotti ldquoRecourse to traditional versus modern medicinefor cattle and people in Sidama Ethiopiardquo in EthnoveterinaryResearch and Development C M McCorkle E Mathias andT W S van Veen Eds pp 46ndash53 Intermediate TechnologyPublications London UK 1996

[2] G N Njoroge and RW Bussmann ldquoHerbal usage and inform-ant consensus in ethnoveterinarymanagement of cattle diseasesamong the Kikuyus (Central Kenya)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 108 no 3 pp 332ndash339 2006

[3] T Hagmann and C I Speranza ldquoNew avenues for pastoraldevelopment in sub-SaharanAfricardquoEuropean Journal of Devel-opment Research vol 22 no 5 pp 593ndash604 2010

10 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

[4] A A Ilemobade ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis in Africa thechallenges the opportunitiesrdquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 76 no 1 pp 35ndash40 2009

[5] J A O Ojewole ldquoEvaluation of the analgesic anti-inflam-matory and anti-diabetic properties of Sclerocarya birrea (ARich) Hochst stem-bark aqueous extract in mice and ratsrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 18 no 8 pp 601ndash608 2004

[6] httpwwwonlineoriginalscomshowitemaspitemID=193[7] httpwwwnetplacescomgerman-shepherdbasic-dog-health-

careholistic-versus-conventional-veterinary-medicinehtm[8] P Raul M Pedrazo and P Manuela ldquoAnimal health care in

Indiardquo Information Centre for Low External Input in SustainableAgriculture (ILEIA) Newsletter vol 8 no 3 pp 22ndash23 1990

[9] C M McCorkle ldquoAn introduction to ethnoveterinary researchand developmentrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology vol 6 no 1 pp 129ndash149 1986

[10] M E Mathias ldquoMagic myth and medicinerdquo Economic Botanyvol 48 no 1 pp 3ndash7 1994

[11] E Mathias ldquoEthnoveterinary medicine harnessing its poten-tialrdquo Veterinary Bulletin vol 74 no 8 pp 27ndash37 2004

[12] N Nwude and M A Ibrahim ldquoPlants used in traditionalveterinary medical practice in Nigeriardquo Journal of VeterinaryPharmacology andTherapeutics vol 3 no 4 pp 261ndash273 1980

[13] A C Kudi and S J Myint ldquoAntiviral activity of some Nigerianmedicinal plant extractsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol68 no 1ndash3 pp 289ndash294 1999

[14] J P Alawa G E Jokthan and K Akut ldquoEthnoveterinary med-ical practice for ruminants in the subhumid zone of northernNigeriardquo Preventive Veterinary Medicine vol 54 no 1 pp 79ndash90 2002

[15] M H Rashid R Tanzin K C Ghosh R Jahan M A Khatunand M Rahmatullah ldquoAn ethnoveterinary survey of medicinalplants used to treat cattle diseases in Birishiri area Netrakonadistrict Bangladeshrdquo Advances in Natural and Applied Sciencesvol 4 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2010

[16] N V Offiah C J Dawurung O O Oladipo et al ldquoSurvey ofherbal remedies used by Fulani herdsmen in themanagement ofanimal diarrhoea in Plateau State Nigeriardquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Research vol 6 no 312 pp 4625ndash4632 2012

[17] MLFD ldquoEstimated livestock population in Niger Staterdquo AnnualLivestock Report Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Develop-ment (MLFD) Minna Nigeria 2013

[18] J C Mariner and R Paskin ldquoParticipatory epidemiologymethods for the collection of action-orientated epidemiologicalintelligencerdquo FAOAnimalHealthManual 10 Food andAgricul-ture Organization 2000

[19] A Catley P Irungu K Simiyu et al ldquoParticipatory investiga-tions of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District KenyardquoMedical and Veterinary Entomology vol 16 no 1 pp 55ndash662002

[20] A Catley J Osman C Mawien B A Jones and T J LeylandldquoParticipatory analysis of seasonal incidences of diseases of cat-tle disease vectors and rainfall in southern Sudanrdquo PreventiveVeterinary Medicine vol 53 no 4 pp 275ndash284 2002

[21] J Friedman Z Yaniv A Dafni andD Palevitch ldquoA preliminaryclassification of the healing potential of medicinal plantsbased on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological fieldsurvey among bedouins in the Negev desert Israelrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 16 no 2-3 pp 275ndash287 1986

[22] P A Abdu A G Jagun J O Gefum A K Mohammed CB Alawa and A K Omokanye ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary

practices of agropastoralist in Nigeriardquo in Ethnoveterinary Prac-tices Research andDevelopment Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Ethnoveterinary Practices August 14ndash18 2000 J OGefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa House KadunaNigeria 2000

[23] M A Ibrahim ldquoVeterinary traditional practices in Nigeriardquo inProceedings of the 2nd International LivestockCenter Africa Sym-posium (ILCANAPRI rsquo84) Kaduna Nigeria October-Novem-ber 1984

[24] E F Gueye ldquoNewcastle disease in family poultry prospects forits control through ethno-veterinary medicinerdquo in Proceedingsof the 27th World Veterinary Congress Tunis Tunisia Septem-ber 2002 httpwwwlrrdorglrrd145guey145ahtm

[25] C M McCorkle and E Mathias-Mundy ldquoEthnoveterinarymedicine in Africardquo African Journal of International AfricanInstitutions vol 62 no 1 pp 59ndash93 1992

[26] P A Abdu ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary practice of Agropas-toralists in Nigeriardquo in Proceedings of the International Work-shop on Ethnoveterinary Practices Research and DevelopmentJ O Gefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa HouseKaduna Nigeria August 2000

[27] K Poonam andG S Singh ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinalplants used by the Taungya community in Terai Arc LandscapeIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 123 no 1 pp 167ndash1762009

[28] E Lulekal E Kelbessa T Bekele and H Yineger ldquoAn ethnob-otanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu Districtsoutheastern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomed-icine vol 4 article 10 2008

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnimalsJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2014

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

InsectsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

VirusesJournal of

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table2Con

tinued

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

14Kh

ayasenegalen

sis(D

esr)

AJuss

(Meliaceae)

Mahogany

Khayasenegalensis

(Desr)

AJuss

(Meliaceae)

Boildriedbarksaddpo

tashand

drenchC

rush

fresh

bark

topaste

andapplytopically

Brucellosis

derm

atop

hilosis

diarrhea

bloatfoot

rotand

poiso

ning

15Kigelia

afric

ana(Lam

)Be

nth

(Bigno

niaceae)

Sausage

119877119886119908

119906119910119886

119867

119869119894119897119897119886119903119890ℎ119894

119865

119861119890119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilcrusheddriedbarksa

ndcoolA

ddsaltanddrench

Brucellosis

16La

wsoniainermis(L)Ke

ay(Lythraceae)

Henna

plant

119871119886119897119897119890

119867

119875119900119897119889119894

119865

119871119886119897119894

119873Bo

ilfre

shleaves

anddrench

Fasciolosis

17Mitracarpu

sscaberZ

uccandex

Schu

lt+

Schu

ltf(Rub

iaceae)

119867119886119903119908

119886119905119904119894

119867

119884119894119896119906119899119906-119896

119901119886119903119886119892119894

119873

Grin

ddriedleavesM

ixpo

wder

with

cowbu

ttero

ilandapply

topically

Dermatop

hilosis

18Ocim

umgratissim

umL

(Lam

iaceae)

Basil

feverp

lant

119863119886119894119889119900119910119886

119905119886

119892119894119889119886

119867

119879119886119899119898

119900119905119904119908

119886119892119894

119873

Poun

dfre

shleaves

into

paste

and

applyon

affectedareastop

ically

Wou

nd

19Pa

rkiabiglo

bosa

Aubrevielle

(Fabaceae)

African

locustbean

119863119900119903119900119908

119886

119867

119873119886119903119890ℎ119890

119865

119871119900119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Grin

ddriedrootssoakand

administer

decoctionorally

Diarrhea

20Piliostigm

athonningii(Schum

)Miln

e-Re

dhead(C

aesalpiniaceae)

Thon

ningrsquos

pilostigma

119870119886119897119892119900

119867

119861119886119903119905119890ℎ119894

119865

119861119886119891119894119899

119873

Grin

dfre

shor

driedbarkm

ixwith

anytype

ofbranand

feed

asratio

nDiarrhea

21Prosopisafric

ana(G

uillampPerr)Taub

(Fabaceae)

Guava

119870119894119903119910119886

119867

119870119900ℎ119894

119865

119878119886119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Boilfre

shleaves

andste

msadd

potashand

drench

Diarrhea

22Psidium

guajavaL

(Myrtaceae)

119866119900119894119887119886

119867

119866119900119910119894119887119886

119873

119870119908

119886119904ℎ119894

119865

Soak

grou

ndleaves

inwaterA

ddredpo

tash

anddrench

Diarrhea

23Lophira

lanceolata

VanTieghex

Keay

(Ochnaceae)

Iron

woo

d119873

119886119898

119894119895119894119899-119896

119886119889119890

119867

119872119886119892119886119899119888119894

119873

119870119900119888ℎ119894-119896

119890119903119890

119873

119870119886119903119890119903119890119904ℎ119894-119910

119900119897119889119890

119865

Crushdriedbarksa

ndmill

into

powderw

ithshea

butte

rAp

ply

topically

Dermatop

hilosis

andticks

infestation

24Ricin

uscommun

isLinn

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Casto

roiltre

e119863

119886119899

119896119908

119886119904119886119903119890

119867

119870119900119897119886119896119900119897119886ℎ119894

119865

119870119901119886119899119891119894119899119894119896119900-119892

119906119897119906

119873

Crushfre

shleaves

topaste

App

lypaste

onaffectedareastop

ically

Dermatop

hilosis

and

wou

nds

25Sarcocephaluslatifoliu

s(Sm

)Bruce

(Rub

iaceae)

African

peach

119879119886119891119886119904ℎ119894119910119886

119867

119866119887119886119904ℎ119894

119873

119861119886119896119906119903119890119904ℎ119894

119865Bo

ilfre

shrootsAd

don

etea

spoo

nful

saltanddrench

Mastitis

26Schw

enckiaam

erica

naLinn

(Solanaceae)

119863119886119899119889119886119899

119867

119863119886119899119889119886119899119886

119865

119870119886119887119894-119898

119886119897119886119898

119873

Boilcrusheddriedbarksa

ndadd

potashD

rench

Bloatand

mastitis

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7

Table2Con

tinued

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

27Senn

a(Cassia

)alata

(L)Ro

xb

(Caesalpiniaceae)

Ring

worm

plant

craw

-crawplant

119866119906119899119892119900119903119900119896119900

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

into

powder

Mixwith

cowbu

ttero

iland

applytopically

Dermatop

hilosisw

ound

andrin

gworm

28Tephrosia

vogeliiHoo

kf

(Fabaceae)

Fish-poisonbean

Vogelrsquosteph

rosia

119872119886119892119886119898

119906119899

119867

119884119900119898

119895119894

119865

119864119892119892119886

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

andste

ms

Diss

olve

powderinwater

and

bath

thea

ffected

cattle

Lousinessa

ndticks

infestation

29Term

inaliamacroptera

GuillampPerr(Com

bretaceae)

119861119886119906119904ℎ119890

119867

119861119900119889119894ℎ119894

119865

119870119901119886119888119890

119873

Crushdriedrootsa

ndbo

ilAd

dpo

tash

anddrench

Diarrhea

30Vernoniaam

ygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

Vernonia

amygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

119878ℎ119894119908

119886119896119886

119867

119878ℎ119906119908

119886119896119886

119865

119879119904119906119897119886

119873

Soak

crushedfre

shleavesA

ddpo

tash

anddrench

Gastro

helm

inthiasis

31VitexdonianaSw

eet

(Verbenaceae)

Blackplum

119863119894119899119910119886

119867

119861119900119889119894119897119900ℎ119894

119865

119863119894119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Crushfre

shbarkssoak

inwater

anddrench

FMDdiarrheaand

retained

placenta

32Za

nthoxylum

zanthoxyloidesZe

pernickamp

Timler(Rutaceae)

African

satin

woo

d119865119886119904119886119896119906119908

119886119903119894

119867

119865119886119904119886119896119908

119886119887119903119894

119865

119870119900119904119900119899119896119900119903119894

119873

Boildriedbarksa

nddrench

Trypanosom

osis

33Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

osc

(Zingiberaceae)

Ginger

119879119904119894119905119886

119898119886119894119910119886119905119904119906

119867

119879119904119906119905119886119891119906

119873

Crushdriedrhizom

esm

ixwith

maize

branand

feed

asratio

nDiarrhea

34Ziziphus

abyssin

icaHochstex

AR

ich

(Rhamnaceae)

Catchthorn

119872119886119892119886119903119894119910119886

119896119906119903119886

119867

119869119886119887119890

119901119906119903119894

119865

119863119886119899119892119900119889119894

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleaves

and

drench

orwashwou

ndsurfa

ceDiarrheaa

ndwou

nd

Superscriptletters119867119865

and119873

representH

ausaFulaniandNu

pelang

uagesrespectiv

ely

8 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 3

Snumber Materials Local name Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity levels ()1 Limestone Decoction and concoction 9232 Honey 119885119906119898119886

119867 Wound healing and preservative 1000

3 Oil 119872119886119894

119867

Vegetable oil is used in managing poisonsand bloats It can also be used aspreservative

1000

4 Cow butter 119872119886119894-119904ℎ119886119899119906

119867 Wound healing and preservative 9635 Salts Preservative and appetite promotion 10000

6 Used (spent)engine oil Bakin 119898119886119894

119867

Treatment of many skin conditions (egwound dermatophilosis mange andringworm)

783

7 Local potassium(potash) 119870119886119899119908119886

119867

Part of decoction to relieve bloatdiarrhea mastitis mix with used engineoil to treat dermatophilosis

1000

8 Cattle fats Preservatives and treatment of burns 833

9 Wood ash

Preservative and disinfectant specificallyfor managing foot rot and its paste rubon cow genital area to induce expulsionof placenta

1000

10 Kerosene 119870119886119899119886119911119894119899119890

119867 Used to wash foot rot area to hasten itshealing 885

11 Kaolin Treating diarrhea 1000

12 Local soap Treatment of ringworm Treatment ofringworm 867

Note superscript letters H F and N represent local names in Hausa Fulfulde and Nupe respectively

medical practices with surgical implications wounds jointconditions and swellings are treated by applying a red-hotiron over them with the belief that as the burnt skin healsthe ailment is healed along with it [26]

Some of the nonplant materials observed in this surveyto be used by the pastoralists include wood ash honey oilskerosene kaolin potassium local soap and spent engineoil which they believe are effective in ethnoveterinary man-agement They use spent engine oil in the management ofwounds kerosene for foot rot and local soap as disinfectantin animals Some authors [14] have contrast views with thefindings as they reported most of these nonplant materials tobe carrier mechanisms with no known medicinal values butcan cause perceived improvement in performance throughtheir effects on feed efficiency Further these authors alsoobserved that the use of a carrier mechanism in ethnoveteri-narymedical practices involves arbitrary quantities of the car-rier which may dilute the drug or reduce its relative potencyunlike in conventional veterinary medicine where variabilityin the quantity of the carriermaterials is notmuch prominentas in ethnoveterinary medicine

The study found honey to be used in wound healing oils(especially vegetable oil) for managing poisons and bloatscow butter for wound healing cattle fats for burns andsalts for preservation and appetite promotion These obser-vations have been corroborated by Abdu et al [22] whilePoonam and Singh [27] reported some of them such ashoney cowgoatrsquos milk sugar ghee salt and butter milk tobe appetizers media to improve palatability and medicinalproperty of certain herbal remedies

The Fulani pastoralistsrsquo methods for ethnoveterinarypreparation vary and include grinding or pounding dried orfresh parts followed by boiling or soaking in water to obtainsolutions that are administered orally and sometimes mixedwith feed However ground plant portions could also bemixed with potash or salt and given for licking These prac-tices of medicinal herbal preparations and administrationhave been agreed upon by observations of some researchers[14 22 28]

The dosage administered often varied with the parts ofthe plant used and the mode of preparation However mostFulani pastoralists administer the preparations once or twicedaily for a week or keep treating until the animal recoversFull recovery is confirmed when the animals resume feedingand other physical activities In a similar observation Alawaet al [14] indicated that the duration of treatment for aparticular disease in ethnoveterinary practices varied anddepends largely on the herdsmen with clinical improvementof affected animals usually considered as end of that diseasecondition when they start feeding leaving the possibility thatthose causative agents might not be completely eliminated atthe beginning of improvement This contrasts the conven-tional veterinary medical practices where treatment mightcontinue to complete the dosage even after the clinical signsof a disease have disappeared

Also these findings indicate that ethnoveterinary prac-tices are readily available and can complement conventionalveterinary medical practices but there is need to standardizemodes of preparation and application of the traditionalpractices Further research on the active ingredients and

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9

Table 4 Traditional prophylactic (preventive) practices used by Fulani pastoralists for the management of CBPP and other cattle diseaseconditions in Niger State Nigeria

Snumber Preventivepractices Modes of preparations and applications Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity level

()

1 Vaccination

Lung tissues from infected dead cattlewith CBPP (believed to be rich ininfective agents) are soaked in fresh milkand briefly placed on the nasal area of thehealthy ones or wrapped in a rag andhung on a tree very close to the herd siteAlso dry the lung and grind and spreadthe granules in the herd

Preventive measureagainst CBPP 565

2 Vaccination

Tissue materials from the feet and tongueof the infected cattle or saliva used onhealthy ones or feces of infected cattle onthe feet and mouth areas of healthy ones

Preventive measureagainst foot and mouthdisease (FMD)

333

3 VaccinationFluid of aborted fetuses mixed with urineand rubbed on the genital and udderareas

Prophylactic measureagainst bovinebrucellosis

462

4 Repellant

Burning of dried grasses or dried wood atthe mid of herds in the morning beforegoing on grazing and immediately onreturn from grazing in the evening

To repel biting andsucking flies 1000

5 Branding

Sharp iron is inserted into fire until itreddens It is then removed and twostraight lines are engraved parallel to oracross each other on the swollen area

To relieve inflammationdue to trauma and treatblack quarter lamenessrheumatic complex andsome skin diseases

750

6 Grooming Use of fingers or hard brush to groom theskin periodically To remove fleas and lice 882

7 Herd sizesanitation

Frequent removal of feces from herd sitebase and also grazing areas

To reduce greatly theparasitic burden 1000

their quantities in the ethnoveterinary materials becomesscientifically necessary so as to guide their usage

5 Conclusion and Recommendations

The information obtained from Fulani pastoralists on eth-noveterinary practices in this study will form a basis forfurther ethnoveterinary research especially in studies dealingwith efficacy dosage quality and toxicology Those plantsthat are found to be effective empirically can be used in thepreparation of commercial local-based veterinary pharma-ceuticals which will consequently lead to protection of theimportant ethnoveterinary phytotherapeutics Since some ofthe plants used in ethnoveterinary management of cattle bythis group of pastoralists are likely to be threatened speciesespecially with desert encroachment into the state conser-vation of such plants is recommended The Fulani pastoralcommunities in Niger State are potential beneficiaries of suchconservation effort and should be involved in such efforts inthe spirit and goal of participatory epidemiology

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the immense contributionsof Mr Daniel Kolo of the Niger State Ministry of Agri-culture and Natural Resources for the scientific and localidentification of the plants Their gratitude also goes to allArea Veterinary Officers in the three agrozones the MiyettiAllah Cattle Rearersrsquo Association Niger State Chapter and allFulaniArdos (heads) and their subjects in the 25 local govern-ment areas for their cooperation and assistance

References

[1] M Ghirotti ldquoRecourse to traditional versus modern medicinefor cattle and people in Sidama Ethiopiardquo in EthnoveterinaryResearch and Development C M McCorkle E Mathias andT W S van Veen Eds pp 46ndash53 Intermediate TechnologyPublications London UK 1996

[2] G N Njoroge and RW Bussmann ldquoHerbal usage and inform-ant consensus in ethnoveterinarymanagement of cattle diseasesamong the Kikuyus (Central Kenya)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 108 no 3 pp 332ndash339 2006

[3] T Hagmann and C I Speranza ldquoNew avenues for pastoraldevelopment in sub-SaharanAfricardquoEuropean Journal of Devel-opment Research vol 22 no 5 pp 593ndash604 2010

10 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

[4] A A Ilemobade ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis in Africa thechallenges the opportunitiesrdquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 76 no 1 pp 35ndash40 2009

[5] J A O Ojewole ldquoEvaluation of the analgesic anti-inflam-matory and anti-diabetic properties of Sclerocarya birrea (ARich) Hochst stem-bark aqueous extract in mice and ratsrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 18 no 8 pp 601ndash608 2004

[6] httpwwwonlineoriginalscomshowitemaspitemID=193[7] httpwwwnetplacescomgerman-shepherdbasic-dog-health-

careholistic-versus-conventional-veterinary-medicinehtm[8] P Raul M Pedrazo and P Manuela ldquoAnimal health care in

Indiardquo Information Centre for Low External Input in SustainableAgriculture (ILEIA) Newsletter vol 8 no 3 pp 22ndash23 1990

[9] C M McCorkle ldquoAn introduction to ethnoveterinary researchand developmentrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology vol 6 no 1 pp 129ndash149 1986

[10] M E Mathias ldquoMagic myth and medicinerdquo Economic Botanyvol 48 no 1 pp 3ndash7 1994

[11] E Mathias ldquoEthnoveterinary medicine harnessing its poten-tialrdquo Veterinary Bulletin vol 74 no 8 pp 27ndash37 2004

[12] N Nwude and M A Ibrahim ldquoPlants used in traditionalveterinary medical practice in Nigeriardquo Journal of VeterinaryPharmacology andTherapeutics vol 3 no 4 pp 261ndash273 1980

[13] A C Kudi and S J Myint ldquoAntiviral activity of some Nigerianmedicinal plant extractsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol68 no 1ndash3 pp 289ndash294 1999

[14] J P Alawa G E Jokthan and K Akut ldquoEthnoveterinary med-ical practice for ruminants in the subhumid zone of northernNigeriardquo Preventive Veterinary Medicine vol 54 no 1 pp 79ndash90 2002

[15] M H Rashid R Tanzin K C Ghosh R Jahan M A Khatunand M Rahmatullah ldquoAn ethnoveterinary survey of medicinalplants used to treat cattle diseases in Birishiri area Netrakonadistrict Bangladeshrdquo Advances in Natural and Applied Sciencesvol 4 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2010

[16] N V Offiah C J Dawurung O O Oladipo et al ldquoSurvey ofherbal remedies used by Fulani herdsmen in themanagement ofanimal diarrhoea in Plateau State Nigeriardquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Research vol 6 no 312 pp 4625ndash4632 2012

[17] MLFD ldquoEstimated livestock population in Niger Staterdquo AnnualLivestock Report Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Develop-ment (MLFD) Minna Nigeria 2013

[18] J C Mariner and R Paskin ldquoParticipatory epidemiologymethods for the collection of action-orientated epidemiologicalintelligencerdquo FAOAnimalHealthManual 10 Food andAgricul-ture Organization 2000

[19] A Catley P Irungu K Simiyu et al ldquoParticipatory investiga-tions of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District KenyardquoMedical and Veterinary Entomology vol 16 no 1 pp 55ndash662002

[20] A Catley J Osman C Mawien B A Jones and T J LeylandldquoParticipatory analysis of seasonal incidences of diseases of cat-tle disease vectors and rainfall in southern Sudanrdquo PreventiveVeterinary Medicine vol 53 no 4 pp 275ndash284 2002

[21] J Friedman Z Yaniv A Dafni andD Palevitch ldquoA preliminaryclassification of the healing potential of medicinal plantsbased on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological fieldsurvey among bedouins in the Negev desert Israelrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 16 no 2-3 pp 275ndash287 1986

[22] P A Abdu A G Jagun J O Gefum A K Mohammed CB Alawa and A K Omokanye ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary

practices of agropastoralist in Nigeriardquo in Ethnoveterinary Prac-tices Research andDevelopment Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Ethnoveterinary Practices August 14ndash18 2000 J OGefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa House KadunaNigeria 2000

[23] M A Ibrahim ldquoVeterinary traditional practices in Nigeriardquo inProceedings of the 2nd International LivestockCenter Africa Sym-posium (ILCANAPRI rsquo84) Kaduna Nigeria October-Novem-ber 1984

[24] E F Gueye ldquoNewcastle disease in family poultry prospects forits control through ethno-veterinary medicinerdquo in Proceedingsof the 27th World Veterinary Congress Tunis Tunisia Septem-ber 2002 httpwwwlrrdorglrrd145guey145ahtm

[25] C M McCorkle and E Mathias-Mundy ldquoEthnoveterinarymedicine in Africardquo African Journal of International AfricanInstitutions vol 62 no 1 pp 59ndash93 1992

[26] P A Abdu ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary practice of Agropas-toralists in Nigeriardquo in Proceedings of the International Work-shop on Ethnoveterinary Practices Research and DevelopmentJ O Gefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa HouseKaduna Nigeria August 2000

[27] K Poonam andG S Singh ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinalplants used by the Taungya community in Terai Arc LandscapeIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 123 no 1 pp 167ndash1762009

[28] E Lulekal E Kelbessa T Bekele and H Yineger ldquoAn ethnob-otanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu Districtsoutheastern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomed-icine vol 4 article 10 2008

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnimalsJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2014

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

InsectsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

VirusesJournal of

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7

Table2Con

tinued

Botanicalscientifi

cnam

e(family)

Com

mon

(Eng

lish)

name

Localn

ame

Partsu

sedandmetho

dsof

preparations

andapplications

Dise

asec

onditio

n

27Senn

a(Cassia

)alata

(L)Ro

xb

(Caesalpiniaceae)

Ring

worm

plant

craw

-crawplant

119866119906119899119892119900119903119900119896119900

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

into

powder

Mixwith

cowbu

ttero

iland

applytopically

Dermatop

hilosisw

ound

andrin

gworm

28Tephrosia

vogeliiHoo

kf

(Fabaceae)

Fish-poisonbean

Vogelrsquosteph

rosia

119872119886119892119886119898

119906119899

119867

119884119900119898

119895119894

119865

119864119892119892119886

119873

Grin

ddriedleaves

andste

ms

Diss

olve

powderinwater

and

bath

thea

ffected

cattle

Lousinessa

ndticks

infestation

29Term

inaliamacroptera

GuillampPerr(Com

bretaceae)

119861119886119906119904ℎ119890

119867

119861119900119889119894ℎ119894

119865

119870119901119886119888119890

119873

Crushdriedrootsa

ndbo

ilAd

dpo

tash

anddrench

Diarrhea

30Vernoniaam

ygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

Vernonia

amygdalin

aDel

(Aste

raceae)

119878ℎ119894119908

119886119896119886

119867

119878ℎ119906119908

119886119896119886

119865

119879119904119906119897119886

119873

Soak

crushedfre

shleavesA

ddpo

tash

anddrench

Gastro

helm

inthiasis

31VitexdonianaSw

eet

(Verbenaceae)

Blackplum

119863119894119899119910119886

119867

119861119900119889119894119897119900ℎ119894

119865

119863119894119899119888ℎ119894

119873

Crushfre

shbarkssoak

inwater

anddrench

FMDdiarrheaand

retained

placenta

32Za

nthoxylum

zanthoxyloidesZe

pernickamp

Timler(Rutaceae)

African

satin

woo

d119865119886119904119886119896119906119908

119886119903119894

119867

119865119886119904119886119896119908

119886119887119903119894

119865

119870119900119904119900119899119896119900119903119894

119873

Boildriedbarksa

nddrench

Trypanosom

osis

33Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

osc

(Zingiberaceae)

Ginger

119879119904119894119905119886

119898119886119894119910119886119905119904119906

119867

119879119904119906119905119886119891119906

119873

Crushdriedrhizom

esm

ixwith

maize

branand

feed

asratio

nDiarrhea

34Ziziphus

abyssin

icaHochstex

AR

ich

(Rhamnaceae)

Catchthorn

119872119886119892119886119903119894119910119886

119896119906119903119886

119867

119869119886119887119890

119901119906119903119894

119865

119863119886119899119892119900119889119894

119873

Boilcrushedfre

shleaves

and

drench

orwashwou

ndsurfa

ceDiarrheaa

ndwou

nd

Superscriptletters119867119865

and119873

representH

ausaFulaniandNu

pelang

uagesrespectiv

ely

8 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 3

Snumber Materials Local name Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity levels ()1 Limestone Decoction and concoction 9232 Honey 119885119906119898119886

119867 Wound healing and preservative 1000

3 Oil 119872119886119894

119867

Vegetable oil is used in managing poisonsand bloats It can also be used aspreservative

1000

4 Cow butter 119872119886119894-119904ℎ119886119899119906

119867 Wound healing and preservative 9635 Salts Preservative and appetite promotion 10000

6 Used (spent)engine oil Bakin 119898119886119894

119867

Treatment of many skin conditions (egwound dermatophilosis mange andringworm)

783

7 Local potassium(potash) 119870119886119899119908119886

119867

Part of decoction to relieve bloatdiarrhea mastitis mix with used engineoil to treat dermatophilosis

1000

8 Cattle fats Preservatives and treatment of burns 833

9 Wood ash

Preservative and disinfectant specificallyfor managing foot rot and its paste rubon cow genital area to induce expulsionof placenta

1000

10 Kerosene 119870119886119899119886119911119894119899119890

119867 Used to wash foot rot area to hasten itshealing 885

11 Kaolin Treating diarrhea 1000

12 Local soap Treatment of ringworm Treatment ofringworm 867

Note superscript letters H F and N represent local names in Hausa Fulfulde and Nupe respectively

medical practices with surgical implications wounds jointconditions and swellings are treated by applying a red-hotiron over them with the belief that as the burnt skin healsthe ailment is healed along with it [26]

Some of the nonplant materials observed in this surveyto be used by the pastoralists include wood ash honey oilskerosene kaolin potassium local soap and spent engineoil which they believe are effective in ethnoveterinary man-agement They use spent engine oil in the management ofwounds kerosene for foot rot and local soap as disinfectantin animals Some authors [14] have contrast views with thefindings as they reported most of these nonplant materials tobe carrier mechanisms with no known medicinal values butcan cause perceived improvement in performance throughtheir effects on feed efficiency Further these authors alsoobserved that the use of a carrier mechanism in ethnoveteri-narymedical practices involves arbitrary quantities of the car-rier which may dilute the drug or reduce its relative potencyunlike in conventional veterinary medicine where variabilityin the quantity of the carriermaterials is notmuch prominentas in ethnoveterinary medicine

The study found honey to be used in wound healing oils(especially vegetable oil) for managing poisons and bloatscow butter for wound healing cattle fats for burns andsalts for preservation and appetite promotion These obser-vations have been corroborated by Abdu et al [22] whilePoonam and Singh [27] reported some of them such ashoney cowgoatrsquos milk sugar ghee salt and butter milk tobe appetizers media to improve palatability and medicinalproperty of certain herbal remedies

The Fulani pastoralistsrsquo methods for ethnoveterinarypreparation vary and include grinding or pounding dried orfresh parts followed by boiling or soaking in water to obtainsolutions that are administered orally and sometimes mixedwith feed However ground plant portions could also bemixed with potash or salt and given for licking These prac-tices of medicinal herbal preparations and administrationhave been agreed upon by observations of some researchers[14 22 28]

The dosage administered often varied with the parts ofthe plant used and the mode of preparation However mostFulani pastoralists administer the preparations once or twicedaily for a week or keep treating until the animal recoversFull recovery is confirmed when the animals resume feedingand other physical activities In a similar observation Alawaet al [14] indicated that the duration of treatment for aparticular disease in ethnoveterinary practices varied anddepends largely on the herdsmen with clinical improvementof affected animals usually considered as end of that diseasecondition when they start feeding leaving the possibility thatthose causative agents might not be completely eliminated atthe beginning of improvement This contrasts the conven-tional veterinary medical practices where treatment mightcontinue to complete the dosage even after the clinical signsof a disease have disappeared

Also these findings indicate that ethnoveterinary prac-tices are readily available and can complement conventionalveterinary medical practices but there is need to standardizemodes of preparation and application of the traditionalpractices Further research on the active ingredients and

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9

Table 4 Traditional prophylactic (preventive) practices used by Fulani pastoralists for the management of CBPP and other cattle diseaseconditions in Niger State Nigeria

Snumber Preventivepractices Modes of preparations and applications Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity level

()

1 Vaccination

Lung tissues from infected dead cattlewith CBPP (believed to be rich ininfective agents) are soaked in fresh milkand briefly placed on the nasal area of thehealthy ones or wrapped in a rag andhung on a tree very close to the herd siteAlso dry the lung and grind and spreadthe granules in the herd

Preventive measureagainst CBPP 565

2 Vaccination

Tissue materials from the feet and tongueof the infected cattle or saliva used onhealthy ones or feces of infected cattle onthe feet and mouth areas of healthy ones

Preventive measureagainst foot and mouthdisease (FMD)

333

3 VaccinationFluid of aborted fetuses mixed with urineand rubbed on the genital and udderareas

Prophylactic measureagainst bovinebrucellosis

462

4 Repellant

Burning of dried grasses or dried wood atthe mid of herds in the morning beforegoing on grazing and immediately onreturn from grazing in the evening

To repel biting andsucking flies 1000

5 Branding

Sharp iron is inserted into fire until itreddens It is then removed and twostraight lines are engraved parallel to oracross each other on the swollen area

To relieve inflammationdue to trauma and treatblack quarter lamenessrheumatic complex andsome skin diseases

750

6 Grooming Use of fingers or hard brush to groom theskin periodically To remove fleas and lice 882

7 Herd sizesanitation

Frequent removal of feces from herd sitebase and also grazing areas

To reduce greatly theparasitic burden 1000

their quantities in the ethnoveterinary materials becomesscientifically necessary so as to guide their usage

5 Conclusion and Recommendations

The information obtained from Fulani pastoralists on eth-noveterinary practices in this study will form a basis forfurther ethnoveterinary research especially in studies dealingwith efficacy dosage quality and toxicology Those plantsthat are found to be effective empirically can be used in thepreparation of commercial local-based veterinary pharma-ceuticals which will consequently lead to protection of theimportant ethnoveterinary phytotherapeutics Since some ofthe plants used in ethnoveterinary management of cattle bythis group of pastoralists are likely to be threatened speciesespecially with desert encroachment into the state conser-vation of such plants is recommended The Fulani pastoralcommunities in Niger State are potential beneficiaries of suchconservation effort and should be involved in such efforts inthe spirit and goal of participatory epidemiology

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the immense contributionsof Mr Daniel Kolo of the Niger State Ministry of Agri-culture and Natural Resources for the scientific and localidentification of the plants Their gratitude also goes to allArea Veterinary Officers in the three agrozones the MiyettiAllah Cattle Rearersrsquo Association Niger State Chapter and allFulaniArdos (heads) and their subjects in the 25 local govern-ment areas for their cooperation and assistance

References

[1] M Ghirotti ldquoRecourse to traditional versus modern medicinefor cattle and people in Sidama Ethiopiardquo in EthnoveterinaryResearch and Development C M McCorkle E Mathias andT W S van Veen Eds pp 46ndash53 Intermediate TechnologyPublications London UK 1996

[2] G N Njoroge and RW Bussmann ldquoHerbal usage and inform-ant consensus in ethnoveterinarymanagement of cattle diseasesamong the Kikuyus (Central Kenya)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 108 no 3 pp 332ndash339 2006

[3] T Hagmann and C I Speranza ldquoNew avenues for pastoraldevelopment in sub-SaharanAfricardquoEuropean Journal of Devel-opment Research vol 22 no 5 pp 593ndash604 2010

10 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

[4] A A Ilemobade ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis in Africa thechallenges the opportunitiesrdquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 76 no 1 pp 35ndash40 2009

[5] J A O Ojewole ldquoEvaluation of the analgesic anti-inflam-matory and anti-diabetic properties of Sclerocarya birrea (ARich) Hochst stem-bark aqueous extract in mice and ratsrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 18 no 8 pp 601ndash608 2004

[6] httpwwwonlineoriginalscomshowitemaspitemID=193[7] httpwwwnetplacescomgerman-shepherdbasic-dog-health-

careholistic-versus-conventional-veterinary-medicinehtm[8] P Raul M Pedrazo and P Manuela ldquoAnimal health care in

Indiardquo Information Centre for Low External Input in SustainableAgriculture (ILEIA) Newsletter vol 8 no 3 pp 22ndash23 1990

[9] C M McCorkle ldquoAn introduction to ethnoveterinary researchand developmentrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology vol 6 no 1 pp 129ndash149 1986

[10] M E Mathias ldquoMagic myth and medicinerdquo Economic Botanyvol 48 no 1 pp 3ndash7 1994

[11] E Mathias ldquoEthnoveterinary medicine harnessing its poten-tialrdquo Veterinary Bulletin vol 74 no 8 pp 27ndash37 2004

[12] N Nwude and M A Ibrahim ldquoPlants used in traditionalveterinary medical practice in Nigeriardquo Journal of VeterinaryPharmacology andTherapeutics vol 3 no 4 pp 261ndash273 1980

[13] A C Kudi and S J Myint ldquoAntiviral activity of some Nigerianmedicinal plant extractsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol68 no 1ndash3 pp 289ndash294 1999

[14] J P Alawa G E Jokthan and K Akut ldquoEthnoveterinary med-ical practice for ruminants in the subhumid zone of northernNigeriardquo Preventive Veterinary Medicine vol 54 no 1 pp 79ndash90 2002

[15] M H Rashid R Tanzin K C Ghosh R Jahan M A Khatunand M Rahmatullah ldquoAn ethnoveterinary survey of medicinalplants used to treat cattle diseases in Birishiri area Netrakonadistrict Bangladeshrdquo Advances in Natural and Applied Sciencesvol 4 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2010

[16] N V Offiah C J Dawurung O O Oladipo et al ldquoSurvey ofherbal remedies used by Fulani herdsmen in themanagement ofanimal diarrhoea in Plateau State Nigeriardquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Research vol 6 no 312 pp 4625ndash4632 2012

[17] MLFD ldquoEstimated livestock population in Niger Staterdquo AnnualLivestock Report Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Develop-ment (MLFD) Minna Nigeria 2013

[18] J C Mariner and R Paskin ldquoParticipatory epidemiologymethods for the collection of action-orientated epidemiologicalintelligencerdquo FAOAnimalHealthManual 10 Food andAgricul-ture Organization 2000

[19] A Catley P Irungu K Simiyu et al ldquoParticipatory investiga-tions of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District KenyardquoMedical and Veterinary Entomology vol 16 no 1 pp 55ndash662002

[20] A Catley J Osman C Mawien B A Jones and T J LeylandldquoParticipatory analysis of seasonal incidences of diseases of cat-tle disease vectors and rainfall in southern Sudanrdquo PreventiveVeterinary Medicine vol 53 no 4 pp 275ndash284 2002

[21] J Friedman Z Yaniv A Dafni andD Palevitch ldquoA preliminaryclassification of the healing potential of medicinal plantsbased on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological fieldsurvey among bedouins in the Negev desert Israelrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 16 no 2-3 pp 275ndash287 1986

[22] P A Abdu A G Jagun J O Gefum A K Mohammed CB Alawa and A K Omokanye ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary

practices of agropastoralist in Nigeriardquo in Ethnoveterinary Prac-tices Research andDevelopment Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Ethnoveterinary Practices August 14ndash18 2000 J OGefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa House KadunaNigeria 2000

[23] M A Ibrahim ldquoVeterinary traditional practices in Nigeriardquo inProceedings of the 2nd International LivestockCenter Africa Sym-posium (ILCANAPRI rsquo84) Kaduna Nigeria October-Novem-ber 1984

[24] E F Gueye ldquoNewcastle disease in family poultry prospects forits control through ethno-veterinary medicinerdquo in Proceedingsof the 27th World Veterinary Congress Tunis Tunisia Septem-ber 2002 httpwwwlrrdorglrrd145guey145ahtm

[25] C M McCorkle and E Mathias-Mundy ldquoEthnoveterinarymedicine in Africardquo African Journal of International AfricanInstitutions vol 62 no 1 pp 59ndash93 1992

[26] P A Abdu ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary practice of Agropas-toralists in Nigeriardquo in Proceedings of the International Work-shop on Ethnoveterinary Practices Research and DevelopmentJ O Gefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa HouseKaduna Nigeria August 2000

[27] K Poonam andG S Singh ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinalplants used by the Taungya community in Terai Arc LandscapeIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 123 no 1 pp 167ndash1762009

[28] E Lulekal E Kelbessa T Bekele and H Yineger ldquoAn ethnob-otanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu Districtsoutheastern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomed-icine vol 4 article 10 2008

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnimalsJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2014

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

InsectsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

VirusesJournal of

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

8 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 3

Snumber Materials Local name Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity levels ()1 Limestone Decoction and concoction 9232 Honey 119885119906119898119886

119867 Wound healing and preservative 1000

3 Oil 119872119886119894

119867

Vegetable oil is used in managing poisonsand bloats It can also be used aspreservative

1000

4 Cow butter 119872119886119894-119904ℎ119886119899119906

119867 Wound healing and preservative 9635 Salts Preservative and appetite promotion 10000

6 Used (spent)engine oil Bakin 119898119886119894

119867

Treatment of many skin conditions (egwound dermatophilosis mange andringworm)

783

7 Local potassium(potash) 119870119886119899119908119886

119867

Part of decoction to relieve bloatdiarrhea mastitis mix with used engineoil to treat dermatophilosis

1000

8 Cattle fats Preservatives and treatment of burns 833

9 Wood ash

Preservative and disinfectant specificallyfor managing foot rot and its paste rubon cow genital area to induce expulsionof placenta

1000

10 Kerosene 119870119886119899119886119911119894119899119890

119867 Used to wash foot rot area to hasten itshealing 885

11 Kaolin Treating diarrhea 1000

12 Local soap Treatment of ringworm Treatment ofringworm 867

Note superscript letters H F and N represent local names in Hausa Fulfulde and Nupe respectively

medical practices with surgical implications wounds jointconditions and swellings are treated by applying a red-hotiron over them with the belief that as the burnt skin healsthe ailment is healed along with it [26]

Some of the nonplant materials observed in this surveyto be used by the pastoralists include wood ash honey oilskerosene kaolin potassium local soap and spent engineoil which they believe are effective in ethnoveterinary man-agement They use spent engine oil in the management ofwounds kerosene for foot rot and local soap as disinfectantin animals Some authors [14] have contrast views with thefindings as they reported most of these nonplant materials tobe carrier mechanisms with no known medicinal values butcan cause perceived improvement in performance throughtheir effects on feed efficiency Further these authors alsoobserved that the use of a carrier mechanism in ethnoveteri-narymedical practices involves arbitrary quantities of the car-rier which may dilute the drug or reduce its relative potencyunlike in conventional veterinary medicine where variabilityin the quantity of the carriermaterials is notmuch prominentas in ethnoveterinary medicine

The study found honey to be used in wound healing oils(especially vegetable oil) for managing poisons and bloatscow butter for wound healing cattle fats for burns andsalts for preservation and appetite promotion These obser-vations have been corroborated by Abdu et al [22] whilePoonam and Singh [27] reported some of them such ashoney cowgoatrsquos milk sugar ghee salt and butter milk tobe appetizers media to improve palatability and medicinalproperty of certain herbal remedies

The Fulani pastoralistsrsquo methods for ethnoveterinarypreparation vary and include grinding or pounding dried orfresh parts followed by boiling or soaking in water to obtainsolutions that are administered orally and sometimes mixedwith feed However ground plant portions could also bemixed with potash or salt and given for licking These prac-tices of medicinal herbal preparations and administrationhave been agreed upon by observations of some researchers[14 22 28]

The dosage administered often varied with the parts ofthe plant used and the mode of preparation However mostFulani pastoralists administer the preparations once or twicedaily for a week or keep treating until the animal recoversFull recovery is confirmed when the animals resume feedingand other physical activities In a similar observation Alawaet al [14] indicated that the duration of treatment for aparticular disease in ethnoveterinary practices varied anddepends largely on the herdsmen with clinical improvementof affected animals usually considered as end of that diseasecondition when they start feeding leaving the possibility thatthose causative agents might not be completely eliminated atthe beginning of improvement This contrasts the conven-tional veterinary medical practices where treatment mightcontinue to complete the dosage even after the clinical signsof a disease have disappeared

Also these findings indicate that ethnoveterinary prac-tices are readily available and can complement conventionalveterinary medical practices but there is need to standardizemodes of preparation and application of the traditionalpractices Further research on the active ingredients and

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9

Table 4 Traditional prophylactic (preventive) practices used by Fulani pastoralists for the management of CBPP and other cattle diseaseconditions in Niger State Nigeria

Snumber Preventivepractices Modes of preparations and applications Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity level

()

1 Vaccination

Lung tissues from infected dead cattlewith CBPP (believed to be rich ininfective agents) are soaked in fresh milkand briefly placed on the nasal area of thehealthy ones or wrapped in a rag andhung on a tree very close to the herd siteAlso dry the lung and grind and spreadthe granules in the herd

Preventive measureagainst CBPP 565

2 Vaccination

Tissue materials from the feet and tongueof the infected cattle or saliva used onhealthy ones or feces of infected cattle onthe feet and mouth areas of healthy ones

Preventive measureagainst foot and mouthdisease (FMD)

333

3 VaccinationFluid of aborted fetuses mixed with urineand rubbed on the genital and udderareas

Prophylactic measureagainst bovinebrucellosis

462

4 Repellant

Burning of dried grasses or dried wood atthe mid of herds in the morning beforegoing on grazing and immediately onreturn from grazing in the evening

To repel biting andsucking flies 1000

5 Branding

Sharp iron is inserted into fire until itreddens It is then removed and twostraight lines are engraved parallel to oracross each other on the swollen area

To relieve inflammationdue to trauma and treatblack quarter lamenessrheumatic complex andsome skin diseases

750

6 Grooming Use of fingers or hard brush to groom theskin periodically To remove fleas and lice 882

7 Herd sizesanitation

Frequent removal of feces from herd sitebase and also grazing areas

To reduce greatly theparasitic burden 1000

their quantities in the ethnoveterinary materials becomesscientifically necessary so as to guide their usage

5 Conclusion and Recommendations

The information obtained from Fulani pastoralists on eth-noveterinary practices in this study will form a basis forfurther ethnoveterinary research especially in studies dealingwith efficacy dosage quality and toxicology Those plantsthat are found to be effective empirically can be used in thepreparation of commercial local-based veterinary pharma-ceuticals which will consequently lead to protection of theimportant ethnoveterinary phytotherapeutics Since some ofthe plants used in ethnoveterinary management of cattle bythis group of pastoralists are likely to be threatened speciesespecially with desert encroachment into the state conser-vation of such plants is recommended The Fulani pastoralcommunities in Niger State are potential beneficiaries of suchconservation effort and should be involved in such efforts inthe spirit and goal of participatory epidemiology

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the immense contributionsof Mr Daniel Kolo of the Niger State Ministry of Agri-culture and Natural Resources for the scientific and localidentification of the plants Their gratitude also goes to allArea Veterinary Officers in the three agrozones the MiyettiAllah Cattle Rearersrsquo Association Niger State Chapter and allFulaniArdos (heads) and their subjects in the 25 local govern-ment areas for their cooperation and assistance

References

[1] M Ghirotti ldquoRecourse to traditional versus modern medicinefor cattle and people in Sidama Ethiopiardquo in EthnoveterinaryResearch and Development C M McCorkle E Mathias andT W S van Veen Eds pp 46ndash53 Intermediate TechnologyPublications London UK 1996

[2] G N Njoroge and RW Bussmann ldquoHerbal usage and inform-ant consensus in ethnoveterinarymanagement of cattle diseasesamong the Kikuyus (Central Kenya)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 108 no 3 pp 332ndash339 2006

[3] T Hagmann and C I Speranza ldquoNew avenues for pastoraldevelopment in sub-SaharanAfricardquoEuropean Journal of Devel-opment Research vol 22 no 5 pp 593ndash604 2010

10 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

[4] A A Ilemobade ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis in Africa thechallenges the opportunitiesrdquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 76 no 1 pp 35ndash40 2009

[5] J A O Ojewole ldquoEvaluation of the analgesic anti-inflam-matory and anti-diabetic properties of Sclerocarya birrea (ARich) Hochst stem-bark aqueous extract in mice and ratsrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 18 no 8 pp 601ndash608 2004

[6] httpwwwonlineoriginalscomshowitemaspitemID=193[7] httpwwwnetplacescomgerman-shepherdbasic-dog-health-

careholistic-versus-conventional-veterinary-medicinehtm[8] P Raul M Pedrazo and P Manuela ldquoAnimal health care in

Indiardquo Information Centre for Low External Input in SustainableAgriculture (ILEIA) Newsletter vol 8 no 3 pp 22ndash23 1990

[9] C M McCorkle ldquoAn introduction to ethnoveterinary researchand developmentrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology vol 6 no 1 pp 129ndash149 1986

[10] M E Mathias ldquoMagic myth and medicinerdquo Economic Botanyvol 48 no 1 pp 3ndash7 1994

[11] E Mathias ldquoEthnoveterinary medicine harnessing its poten-tialrdquo Veterinary Bulletin vol 74 no 8 pp 27ndash37 2004

[12] N Nwude and M A Ibrahim ldquoPlants used in traditionalveterinary medical practice in Nigeriardquo Journal of VeterinaryPharmacology andTherapeutics vol 3 no 4 pp 261ndash273 1980

[13] A C Kudi and S J Myint ldquoAntiviral activity of some Nigerianmedicinal plant extractsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol68 no 1ndash3 pp 289ndash294 1999

[14] J P Alawa G E Jokthan and K Akut ldquoEthnoveterinary med-ical practice for ruminants in the subhumid zone of northernNigeriardquo Preventive Veterinary Medicine vol 54 no 1 pp 79ndash90 2002

[15] M H Rashid R Tanzin K C Ghosh R Jahan M A Khatunand M Rahmatullah ldquoAn ethnoveterinary survey of medicinalplants used to treat cattle diseases in Birishiri area Netrakonadistrict Bangladeshrdquo Advances in Natural and Applied Sciencesvol 4 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2010

[16] N V Offiah C J Dawurung O O Oladipo et al ldquoSurvey ofherbal remedies used by Fulani herdsmen in themanagement ofanimal diarrhoea in Plateau State Nigeriardquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Research vol 6 no 312 pp 4625ndash4632 2012

[17] MLFD ldquoEstimated livestock population in Niger Staterdquo AnnualLivestock Report Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Develop-ment (MLFD) Minna Nigeria 2013

[18] J C Mariner and R Paskin ldquoParticipatory epidemiologymethods for the collection of action-orientated epidemiologicalintelligencerdquo FAOAnimalHealthManual 10 Food andAgricul-ture Organization 2000

[19] A Catley P Irungu K Simiyu et al ldquoParticipatory investiga-tions of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District KenyardquoMedical and Veterinary Entomology vol 16 no 1 pp 55ndash662002

[20] A Catley J Osman C Mawien B A Jones and T J LeylandldquoParticipatory analysis of seasonal incidences of diseases of cat-tle disease vectors and rainfall in southern Sudanrdquo PreventiveVeterinary Medicine vol 53 no 4 pp 275ndash284 2002

[21] J Friedman Z Yaniv A Dafni andD Palevitch ldquoA preliminaryclassification of the healing potential of medicinal plantsbased on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological fieldsurvey among bedouins in the Negev desert Israelrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 16 no 2-3 pp 275ndash287 1986

[22] P A Abdu A G Jagun J O Gefum A K Mohammed CB Alawa and A K Omokanye ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary

practices of agropastoralist in Nigeriardquo in Ethnoveterinary Prac-tices Research andDevelopment Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Ethnoveterinary Practices August 14ndash18 2000 J OGefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa House KadunaNigeria 2000

[23] M A Ibrahim ldquoVeterinary traditional practices in Nigeriardquo inProceedings of the 2nd International LivestockCenter Africa Sym-posium (ILCANAPRI rsquo84) Kaduna Nigeria October-Novem-ber 1984

[24] E F Gueye ldquoNewcastle disease in family poultry prospects forits control through ethno-veterinary medicinerdquo in Proceedingsof the 27th World Veterinary Congress Tunis Tunisia Septem-ber 2002 httpwwwlrrdorglrrd145guey145ahtm

[25] C M McCorkle and E Mathias-Mundy ldquoEthnoveterinarymedicine in Africardquo African Journal of International AfricanInstitutions vol 62 no 1 pp 59ndash93 1992

[26] P A Abdu ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary practice of Agropas-toralists in Nigeriardquo in Proceedings of the International Work-shop on Ethnoveterinary Practices Research and DevelopmentJ O Gefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa HouseKaduna Nigeria August 2000

[27] K Poonam andG S Singh ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinalplants used by the Taungya community in Terai Arc LandscapeIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 123 no 1 pp 167ndash1762009

[28] E Lulekal E Kelbessa T Bekele and H Yineger ldquoAn ethnob-otanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu Districtsoutheastern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomed-icine vol 4 article 10 2008

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnimalsJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2014

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

InsectsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

VirusesJournal of

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9

Table 4 Traditional prophylactic (preventive) practices used by Fulani pastoralists for the management of CBPP and other cattle diseaseconditions in Niger State Nigeria

Snumber Preventivepractices Modes of preparations and applications Ethnoveterinary uses Fidelity level

()

1 Vaccination

Lung tissues from infected dead cattlewith CBPP (believed to be rich ininfective agents) are soaked in fresh milkand briefly placed on the nasal area of thehealthy ones or wrapped in a rag andhung on a tree very close to the herd siteAlso dry the lung and grind and spreadthe granules in the herd

Preventive measureagainst CBPP 565

2 Vaccination

Tissue materials from the feet and tongueof the infected cattle or saliva used onhealthy ones or feces of infected cattle onthe feet and mouth areas of healthy ones

Preventive measureagainst foot and mouthdisease (FMD)

333

3 VaccinationFluid of aborted fetuses mixed with urineand rubbed on the genital and udderareas

Prophylactic measureagainst bovinebrucellosis

462

4 Repellant

Burning of dried grasses or dried wood atthe mid of herds in the morning beforegoing on grazing and immediately onreturn from grazing in the evening

To repel biting andsucking flies 1000

5 Branding

Sharp iron is inserted into fire until itreddens It is then removed and twostraight lines are engraved parallel to oracross each other on the swollen area

To relieve inflammationdue to trauma and treatblack quarter lamenessrheumatic complex andsome skin diseases

750

6 Grooming Use of fingers or hard brush to groom theskin periodically To remove fleas and lice 882

7 Herd sizesanitation

Frequent removal of feces from herd sitebase and also grazing areas

To reduce greatly theparasitic burden 1000

their quantities in the ethnoveterinary materials becomesscientifically necessary so as to guide their usage

5 Conclusion and Recommendations

The information obtained from Fulani pastoralists on eth-noveterinary practices in this study will form a basis forfurther ethnoveterinary research especially in studies dealingwith efficacy dosage quality and toxicology Those plantsthat are found to be effective empirically can be used in thepreparation of commercial local-based veterinary pharma-ceuticals which will consequently lead to protection of theimportant ethnoveterinary phytotherapeutics Since some ofthe plants used in ethnoveterinary management of cattle bythis group of pastoralists are likely to be threatened speciesespecially with desert encroachment into the state conser-vation of such plants is recommended The Fulani pastoralcommunities in Niger State are potential beneficiaries of suchconservation effort and should be involved in such efforts inthe spirit and goal of participatory epidemiology

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the immense contributionsof Mr Daniel Kolo of the Niger State Ministry of Agri-culture and Natural Resources for the scientific and localidentification of the plants Their gratitude also goes to allArea Veterinary Officers in the three agrozones the MiyettiAllah Cattle Rearersrsquo Association Niger State Chapter and allFulaniArdos (heads) and their subjects in the 25 local govern-ment areas for their cooperation and assistance

References

[1] M Ghirotti ldquoRecourse to traditional versus modern medicinefor cattle and people in Sidama Ethiopiardquo in EthnoveterinaryResearch and Development C M McCorkle E Mathias andT W S van Veen Eds pp 46ndash53 Intermediate TechnologyPublications London UK 1996

[2] G N Njoroge and RW Bussmann ldquoHerbal usage and inform-ant consensus in ethnoveterinarymanagement of cattle diseasesamong the Kikuyus (Central Kenya)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 108 no 3 pp 332ndash339 2006

[3] T Hagmann and C I Speranza ldquoNew avenues for pastoraldevelopment in sub-SaharanAfricardquoEuropean Journal of Devel-opment Research vol 22 no 5 pp 593ndash604 2010

10 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

[4] A A Ilemobade ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis in Africa thechallenges the opportunitiesrdquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 76 no 1 pp 35ndash40 2009

[5] J A O Ojewole ldquoEvaluation of the analgesic anti-inflam-matory and anti-diabetic properties of Sclerocarya birrea (ARich) Hochst stem-bark aqueous extract in mice and ratsrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 18 no 8 pp 601ndash608 2004

[6] httpwwwonlineoriginalscomshowitemaspitemID=193[7] httpwwwnetplacescomgerman-shepherdbasic-dog-health-

careholistic-versus-conventional-veterinary-medicinehtm[8] P Raul M Pedrazo and P Manuela ldquoAnimal health care in

Indiardquo Information Centre for Low External Input in SustainableAgriculture (ILEIA) Newsletter vol 8 no 3 pp 22ndash23 1990

[9] C M McCorkle ldquoAn introduction to ethnoveterinary researchand developmentrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology vol 6 no 1 pp 129ndash149 1986

[10] M E Mathias ldquoMagic myth and medicinerdquo Economic Botanyvol 48 no 1 pp 3ndash7 1994

[11] E Mathias ldquoEthnoveterinary medicine harnessing its poten-tialrdquo Veterinary Bulletin vol 74 no 8 pp 27ndash37 2004

[12] N Nwude and M A Ibrahim ldquoPlants used in traditionalveterinary medical practice in Nigeriardquo Journal of VeterinaryPharmacology andTherapeutics vol 3 no 4 pp 261ndash273 1980

[13] A C Kudi and S J Myint ldquoAntiviral activity of some Nigerianmedicinal plant extractsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol68 no 1ndash3 pp 289ndash294 1999

[14] J P Alawa G E Jokthan and K Akut ldquoEthnoveterinary med-ical practice for ruminants in the subhumid zone of northernNigeriardquo Preventive Veterinary Medicine vol 54 no 1 pp 79ndash90 2002

[15] M H Rashid R Tanzin K C Ghosh R Jahan M A Khatunand M Rahmatullah ldquoAn ethnoveterinary survey of medicinalplants used to treat cattle diseases in Birishiri area Netrakonadistrict Bangladeshrdquo Advances in Natural and Applied Sciencesvol 4 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2010

[16] N V Offiah C J Dawurung O O Oladipo et al ldquoSurvey ofherbal remedies used by Fulani herdsmen in themanagement ofanimal diarrhoea in Plateau State Nigeriardquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Research vol 6 no 312 pp 4625ndash4632 2012

[17] MLFD ldquoEstimated livestock population in Niger Staterdquo AnnualLivestock Report Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Develop-ment (MLFD) Minna Nigeria 2013

[18] J C Mariner and R Paskin ldquoParticipatory epidemiologymethods for the collection of action-orientated epidemiologicalintelligencerdquo FAOAnimalHealthManual 10 Food andAgricul-ture Organization 2000

[19] A Catley P Irungu K Simiyu et al ldquoParticipatory investiga-tions of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District KenyardquoMedical and Veterinary Entomology vol 16 no 1 pp 55ndash662002

[20] A Catley J Osman C Mawien B A Jones and T J LeylandldquoParticipatory analysis of seasonal incidences of diseases of cat-tle disease vectors and rainfall in southern Sudanrdquo PreventiveVeterinary Medicine vol 53 no 4 pp 275ndash284 2002

[21] J Friedman Z Yaniv A Dafni andD Palevitch ldquoA preliminaryclassification of the healing potential of medicinal plantsbased on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological fieldsurvey among bedouins in the Negev desert Israelrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 16 no 2-3 pp 275ndash287 1986

[22] P A Abdu A G Jagun J O Gefum A K Mohammed CB Alawa and A K Omokanye ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary

practices of agropastoralist in Nigeriardquo in Ethnoveterinary Prac-tices Research andDevelopment Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Ethnoveterinary Practices August 14ndash18 2000 J OGefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa House KadunaNigeria 2000

[23] M A Ibrahim ldquoVeterinary traditional practices in Nigeriardquo inProceedings of the 2nd International LivestockCenter Africa Sym-posium (ILCANAPRI rsquo84) Kaduna Nigeria October-Novem-ber 1984

[24] E F Gueye ldquoNewcastle disease in family poultry prospects forits control through ethno-veterinary medicinerdquo in Proceedingsof the 27th World Veterinary Congress Tunis Tunisia Septem-ber 2002 httpwwwlrrdorglrrd145guey145ahtm

[25] C M McCorkle and E Mathias-Mundy ldquoEthnoveterinarymedicine in Africardquo African Journal of International AfricanInstitutions vol 62 no 1 pp 59ndash93 1992

[26] P A Abdu ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary practice of Agropas-toralists in Nigeriardquo in Proceedings of the International Work-shop on Ethnoveterinary Practices Research and DevelopmentJ O Gefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa HouseKaduna Nigeria August 2000

[27] K Poonam andG S Singh ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinalplants used by the Taungya community in Terai Arc LandscapeIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 123 no 1 pp 167ndash1762009

[28] E Lulekal E Kelbessa T Bekele and H Yineger ldquoAn ethnob-otanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu Districtsoutheastern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomed-icine vol 4 article 10 2008

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnimalsJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2014

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

InsectsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

VirusesJournal of

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

10 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

[4] A A Ilemobade ldquoTsetse and trypanosomosis in Africa thechallenges the opportunitiesrdquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 76 no 1 pp 35ndash40 2009

[5] J A O Ojewole ldquoEvaluation of the analgesic anti-inflam-matory and anti-diabetic properties of Sclerocarya birrea (ARich) Hochst stem-bark aqueous extract in mice and ratsrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 18 no 8 pp 601ndash608 2004

[6] httpwwwonlineoriginalscomshowitemaspitemID=193[7] httpwwwnetplacescomgerman-shepherdbasic-dog-health-

careholistic-versus-conventional-veterinary-medicinehtm[8] P Raul M Pedrazo and P Manuela ldquoAnimal health care in

Indiardquo Information Centre for Low External Input in SustainableAgriculture (ILEIA) Newsletter vol 8 no 3 pp 22ndash23 1990

[9] C M McCorkle ldquoAn introduction to ethnoveterinary researchand developmentrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology vol 6 no 1 pp 129ndash149 1986

[10] M E Mathias ldquoMagic myth and medicinerdquo Economic Botanyvol 48 no 1 pp 3ndash7 1994

[11] E Mathias ldquoEthnoveterinary medicine harnessing its poten-tialrdquo Veterinary Bulletin vol 74 no 8 pp 27ndash37 2004

[12] N Nwude and M A Ibrahim ldquoPlants used in traditionalveterinary medical practice in Nigeriardquo Journal of VeterinaryPharmacology andTherapeutics vol 3 no 4 pp 261ndash273 1980

[13] A C Kudi and S J Myint ldquoAntiviral activity of some Nigerianmedicinal plant extractsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol68 no 1ndash3 pp 289ndash294 1999

[14] J P Alawa G E Jokthan and K Akut ldquoEthnoveterinary med-ical practice for ruminants in the subhumid zone of northernNigeriardquo Preventive Veterinary Medicine vol 54 no 1 pp 79ndash90 2002

[15] M H Rashid R Tanzin K C Ghosh R Jahan M A Khatunand M Rahmatullah ldquoAn ethnoveterinary survey of medicinalplants used to treat cattle diseases in Birishiri area Netrakonadistrict Bangladeshrdquo Advances in Natural and Applied Sciencesvol 4 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2010

[16] N V Offiah C J Dawurung O O Oladipo et al ldquoSurvey ofherbal remedies used by Fulani herdsmen in themanagement ofanimal diarrhoea in Plateau State Nigeriardquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Research vol 6 no 312 pp 4625ndash4632 2012

[17] MLFD ldquoEstimated livestock population in Niger Staterdquo AnnualLivestock Report Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Develop-ment (MLFD) Minna Nigeria 2013

[18] J C Mariner and R Paskin ldquoParticipatory epidemiologymethods for the collection of action-orientated epidemiologicalintelligencerdquo FAOAnimalHealthManual 10 Food andAgricul-ture Organization 2000

[19] A Catley P Irungu K Simiyu et al ldquoParticipatory investiga-tions of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District KenyardquoMedical and Veterinary Entomology vol 16 no 1 pp 55ndash662002

[20] A Catley J Osman C Mawien B A Jones and T J LeylandldquoParticipatory analysis of seasonal incidences of diseases of cat-tle disease vectors and rainfall in southern Sudanrdquo PreventiveVeterinary Medicine vol 53 no 4 pp 275ndash284 2002

[21] J Friedman Z Yaniv A Dafni andD Palevitch ldquoA preliminaryclassification of the healing potential of medicinal plantsbased on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological fieldsurvey among bedouins in the Negev desert Israelrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 16 no 2-3 pp 275ndash287 1986

[22] P A Abdu A G Jagun J O Gefum A K Mohammed CB Alawa and A K Omokanye ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary

practices of agropastoralist in Nigeriardquo in Ethnoveterinary Prac-tices Research andDevelopment Proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Ethnoveterinary Practices August 14ndash18 2000 J OGefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa House KadunaNigeria 2000

[23] M A Ibrahim ldquoVeterinary traditional practices in Nigeriardquo inProceedings of the 2nd International LivestockCenter Africa Sym-posium (ILCANAPRI rsquo84) Kaduna Nigeria October-Novem-ber 1984

[24] E F Gueye ldquoNewcastle disease in family poultry prospects forits control through ethno-veterinary medicinerdquo in Proceedingsof the 27th World Veterinary Congress Tunis Tunisia Septem-ber 2002 httpwwwlrrdorglrrd145guey145ahtm

[25] C M McCorkle and E Mathias-Mundy ldquoEthnoveterinarymedicine in Africardquo African Journal of International AfricanInstitutions vol 62 no 1 pp 59ndash93 1992

[26] P A Abdu ldquoA survey of ethnoveterinary practice of Agropas-toralists in Nigeriardquo in Proceedings of the International Work-shop on Ethnoveterinary Practices Research and DevelopmentJ O Gefu P A Abdu and C B Alawa Eds Arewa HouseKaduna Nigeria August 2000

[27] K Poonam andG S Singh ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinalplants used by the Taungya community in Terai Arc LandscapeIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 123 no 1 pp 167ndash1762009

[28] E Lulekal E Kelbessa T Bekele and H Yineger ldquoAn ethnob-otanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu Districtsoutheastern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomed-icine vol 4 article 10 2008

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnimalsJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2014

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

InsectsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

VirusesJournal of

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Microbiology

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AnimalsJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Agronomy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2014

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

InsectsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

VirusesJournal of

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine