research at warwick - detector development

Research at Warwick: Detector

Development

Dr Danielle Stewart

Danielle Stewart Physics Masterclass - March 2009

http://physics.syr.edu/HEPOutreach/welcome.htm

Contents

• What is a detector?• Detectors in Particle Physics• Types of detector

• Detector Operation• Detector development at Warwick• The COBRA detector

• Frisch collar detectors• Detectors in the real world• Particle Physics in the real world


What is a detector?


Metal Detector

Smoke Detector

Particle Detector

Eye

A detector/sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.

Detectors in Particle PhysicsA device used to detect, track, and/or identify high-energy

particles


NEMO 3 ATLAS CUORICINO

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle

Types of Detector


a) Gaseous ionisation detectors b) Semiconductor detectors

1) Calorimeter 2) Time of Flight Detector 3) Photographic Plates 4) Cherenkov Detectors 5) Scintillation Counter with associated photomultiplier or photodiode 6) Semiconductor Detector 7) Gaseous Ionisation Detectors

Scintillation Detectors


a) Liquid scintillator detectors b) Plastic scintillator detectors

A scintillation counter measures ionizing radiation. The sensor, called a scintillator, consists of a transparent crystal, usually phosphor, plastic (usually containing anthracene), or organic liquid that fluoresces when

struck by ionizing radiation. A sensitive photomultiplier tube or avalanche photodiode measures the light from the crystal.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintillator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_liquid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomultiplier

Detector OperationMany detectors in particle physics are semiconductors


a) Planar Detectors

b) Co-Planar Grid (CPG) Detectors

c) Pixellated Detectors

d) Frisch Collar Detectors

CPG Detector Pixellated Detector

Detector Systems Overview


Basic detector functions: Radiation is absorbed in the sensor and converted into an electrical signal. This low-level signal is integrated in a preamplifier,

fed to a pulse shaper, and then digitized for subsequent storage and analysis.

Incident Radiation

Sensor Preamplifier Pulse Shaping

Analogue to Digital

Conversion

Digital Data Bus

Detector Development at Warwick


1) Liquid Argon Detector Development

Next-generation neutrino physics experiments require precision particle identification and fine grained 3D imaging. Liquid Argon (LAr) is becoming increasingly recognised as an ideal medium, allowing the possibility of simultaneous ionisation charge, scintillation and Cerenkov light signals in large volumes.



2) The AMBER Project

AMBER is a new experiment designed to measure the mass of the electron anti-neutrino.



3) CZT Detector Development

a) The COBRA Experiment.

b) Generic research into simplification of CZT application with position sensitivity.

Background radiation

Unwanted signals from background radiationDouble beta

decay

Scintillations due to external background

Data

Optimal shielding layers

64,000 array of CdZnTe detectors

Liquid scintillator

The COBRA Experiment


Frisch Collar Detectors


How to make a Frisch collar detector…..

Frisch Collar Detectors


Our attempt to make a Frisch collar detector…..or two…..

Teflon tape

Tesco’s kitchen foil

Silver paint contact to

anode

Readout wires

CZT detectors

Detectors in the Real WorldMedical Imaging and Therapy:

• PET (Positron Emission Tomography)• SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography)

• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)• X-rays radiography

• CT (Computed Tomography)• Ultrasound


Detectors in the Real WorldPET (Positron Emission Tomography)


PET image of a patient with a breast cancer and a colon metastasis

Detectors in the Real WorldBiosensors


Bioengineered nanovector of the third generation with the drug encapsulated in a liposome capsule decorated with specific binding agents

Danielle Stewart IAS Presentation - Feb 2009

Medicine: cancer therapyEvery major medical center in the nation uses accelerators producing x-rays, protons, neutrons or heavy ions for thediagnosis and treatment of disease.

Medicine: diagnostic instrumentation

Particle detectors first developed for particle physics are now ubiquitous in medical imaging

Homeland security: monitoring nuclear waste nonproliferation

A particle detector can be used to monitor and analyze the contents of the nuclear reactor core.

Particle Physics in the Real World

Danielle Stewart IAS Presentation - Feb 2009

Industry: power transmissionCables made of superconducting material can carry far more electricity than conventional cables with minimal power losses. The construction of Fermilab’s Tevatron accelerator started the superconducting wire industry

Industry: biomedicine and drug developmentBiomedical scientists use particle physics technologies to decipher the structure of proteins, information that is key to understanding biological processes and healing disease.

Computing: the World Wide Web

Particle physicists developed the World Wide Web to share information quickly and effectively with colleagues around the world.

Particle Physics in the Real World

research at warwick - detector development

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