research design experimental method. why do we conduct psychological research? (demos first) ...
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Research Design
Experimental Method
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Why do we conduct Psychological research? (demos first) Hindsight Bias
the “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon Ex:
Overconfidence we tend to think we know more than we
do Ex:
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Why do research?
Experiment Understanding the cause and
effect relationship between two variables. Ex: From 40 studies ??
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Scientific Method
• State Problem• Develop a
Hypothesis• Operationalize
Definitions• Identify Variables • Identify Population
& sample size
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Hypothesis…
Hypothesis a testable
prediction
Example: If people watch violent television they will be more aggressive.
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Variables….
Independent Variable the experimental factor that is
manipulated Ex- Watching Violent TV
Dependent Variable Measure of outcome of independent Ex-Aggression
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Operationalize….
Operational Definition a statement of procedures used to
define research variables Ex: Watching Violent TV=
Aggression=
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Forming Groups
• Experimental Group- Those exposed to the independent variable
• Ex: ?
• Control Group- Those not exposed to the independent variable.
• Ex: ?
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Confounding Variables
• Defined: a difference between experimental and control conditions that may effect the dependent variable
-Subject-related=
- some subjects may self select
groups.
-Situation-related=
- location, time of day, weather, presence of others.
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Common Flaws in Research
Population and samples.. Population- The total group of subjects available .• Ex:
• Representative Sample- - Do research subjects stand in for total population? Ex:My Ap Students
• Random Assignment of a sample assigning participants to groups by chance Why do we randomly assign?
Stratified Sample--sample represents the population based on a criteria.
( race, Gender. age) -Why stratify a sample?
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Methods to overcome experimenter bias…
• Placebo &Placebo Effect-?
• Double-Blind Procedure- neither subjects nor researchers can affect outcome of experiment.
• Ex
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APA Ethical Guidelines
• Informed Consent
• No Coercion
• Confidential Results
• No Risk or Harm
• Debrief
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Advantages & Disadvantages: Experiment• Advantages:• CAN establish cause and effect• Can actively manipulate variables
via operationalization of variables• Can use double blind procedure• Can distinguish between real and
placebo effects• Can be replicated
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Disadvantages:
• Experiments may be artificial or contrived
• Hard to establish controls, eliminate confounding variables
• Probability of bias
• $ and time consuming
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Stop here…
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Others Methods of Research:
• Case History= A biographical review of patients relevant history.
• Advantages:• - In depth info
- Rare Phenomena or unusual cases- Preexisting cases don’t involve ethics
- Time and $ Factors- Disadvantages:- Can’t generalize results
- Inaccurate reporting- no cause and effect
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Description
Survey the self-reported attitudes or behaviors
of people representative, random sample of
people
Limitation:
Intentions are not always translated into action
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Demo- The survey
• Wording of survey question• NY American Museum of Natural
History
( word ignorance)
CBS News Poll• (Gender and race influence)• 1992 Holocaust Survey• ( poor framed questions)
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Naturalistic Observation:
Naturalistic Observation observing and recording behavior in
naturally occurring situations
• Advantages: natural setting
• Disadvantages: cant generalize, variables are not controlled