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RESEARCH PAPER

M PU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

School of Electrical Electronics and Computer Engineering

Submitted by:Antonio

Bathan

Kim

Salcedo

Yan

ECE70/B12

Submitted to:

Engr. Jose Cardenas

September 4, 2015

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RESEARCH:

Unshielded-Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable

UTP Cable

UTP stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair cable. UTP cable is a 100 ohm copper

cable that consists of 2 to 1800 unshielded twisted pairs surrounded by an outer jacket. They have no metallic shield. This makes the cable small in diameter but

unprotected against electrical interference. The twist helps to improve its immunityto electrical noise and EMI.

UTP Copper Cable Conductor Size

The copper conductor of both horizontal and backbone UTP cables areeither 22 AWG or 24 AWG. 24 AWG is the most common size, but higher-

performance cables like Category 6 UTP employ the larger 23 AWG copperwires.

Different Solid Conductor UTP Cable and Stranded Conductor UTP Cable

1) Solid Conductor UTP CableAs its name implies, solid conductor UTP cables have a single, solid

conducting copper wire as the conductor. In addition to being physicallystronger and easier to work with, these larger wires have superior electrical

characteristics that remain stable over a wider range of frequencies.Solid conductor cables have a lower DC resistance and a lower susceptibility

to high-frequency effects based on their larger diameters alone. These properties allow solid conductor cables to support longer transmission runs and

higher data rates than their stranded cable counterparts.

2) Stranded Conductor UTP Cable

Stranded-conductor UTP cables are typically used as patch cables in

either work areas or telecommunication rooms. They are the most commonCategory-type cables we often directly work with. Inside the twisted pairs of a

stranded cable, each individual conductor is made up of a bundle of smaller-gauge wire strands. These are arranged so that several wires (commonly 6 or

18) surround a single wire at the bundle’s center. The outer wires are wrapped

helically around the central wire through a process called stranding. The


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stranded wires together form a single conductor with an overall diameter about

the same as that of a conductor in a solid cable, but with a much smallerconducting area (based on the smaller diameters of the conducting wire

strands).

The stranding of the wire conductors serves to protect them, and gives

stranded cables their flexibility.

UTP Cable Applications

UTP cables are mostly used for LAN networks. They can be used for voice,

low-speed data, high-speed data, audio and paging systems, and building

automation and control systems. UTP cable can be used in both the horizontaland backbone cabling subsystems.

UTP Cable Categories and Performance Specifications

UTP cables were invented for voice applications. Voice UTP cables only

needed to carry analog signals which are very robust and not easily corrupted by electrical noise or EMI. However, as UTP cables were used for different

systems, higher quality UTP cables were required to support data systems thatused digital signaling.

As the applications evolved, different categories or grades of UTP cables

were created along these years. Higher category UTP cables are referred to asdata grade UTP cables, and low category UTP cables are referred to as voice

grade UTP cables.

The following table shows different Category UTP cables, their businessapplications and corresponding performance specification:

Note:TIA/EIA-568 only recognized cables of Category 3 ratings or above.

Category 1 cable (Cat 1) and Category 2 (Cat 2) voice-grade coppers are a

misnomer, probably adopted by those who assumed that TIA set up“Categories” for all types of cables originally defined by Anixter

International, the distributor, under the grades called “Levels.”

Cat 1 cable is used in earlier times. It is used for typically voice networksthat carries only voice traffic example telephones.


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Anixter Level 2 (Cat 2) was a grade of UTP cable capable of transmitting

data at up to 4 Mbit/s. It is the first cable which can transmit voice and data upto 4mbps. Anixter Level 2 cable was frequently used on ARCnet and 4 Mbit/s

token ring networks, it is also used in telephone networks but it is no longer

commonly used.

Category Grade Business Application FrequencyRange

Category 1 voice grade voice-grade telephone networks only;

not for data transmissions

750 kHz

Category 2 voice grade voice-grade telephone networks, aswell as IBM dumb-terminal

connections to mainframe computers

1 MHz

Category 3 data grade voice-grade telephone networks,

10Mbps Ethernet, 4Mbps Token Ring,100BaseT4 Fast Ethernet, and 100VGAny LAN

16 MHz

Category 4 data grade 6Mbps Token Ring networks 20 MHz

Category 5 data grade 100BastTX Fast Ethernet, SONET, and

OC-3 ATM networks

100 MHz

Category 5e data grade Gigabit (1000Mbps) Ethernet 100 MHz

Category 6 data grade Gigabit (1000Mbps) Ethernet 250 MHz

Category 6A data grade Gigabit (1000Mbps) and 10 Gigabit

Ethernet

500 MHz

UTP Cable Color Codes1) UTP Horizontal Cable Color Code

Horizontal UTP cable is four-pair construction by industry cabling standard.

Each pair has two conductors. One wire of the pair is assigned the pair colorwith a white stripe and the other wire is assigned the color white with the pair

color stripe. The table below lists the pair and color code for a four-pair

horizontal UTP cable.


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Wire number Pair number Color

1 1 White/blue

2 1 Blue

3 2 White/orange

4 2 Orange`5 3 White/green

6 3 Green

7 4 White/brown

8 4 Brown

2) UTP Backbone Cable Color Code

UTP backbone cables are large, multi-pair cables. These cables

are constructed of 25-pair binder groups. Each binder group is individually

color coded and each pair within a 25-pair binder group is individually color

coded.

(a) 25-pair Binder Group Color Code

The 25-pair binder group is organized into five groups and there are

five pairs in each group. The five color groups in a 25-pair binder are

White – pairs 1 to 5Red – pairs 6 to 10

Black – pairs 11 to 15Yellow – pairs 16 to 20

Violet – pairs 21 to 25

Within each color group, the five pairs are designated with the groupcolor code and the pair color code. The pair color code for each of the

five pairs with a color coded group are

Blue – 1st pair of the color code group

Orange – 2nd pair of the color code group

Green – 3rd pair of the color code groupBrown – 4th pair of the color code group

Slate – 5th pair of the color code group

` The color code for a 25-pair binder group is shown in the following table:


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(b) More than 25-pair binder groupsMulti-pair UTP cables that have more than 25 pairs organize the 25-

pair binder groups in color-coded groups using the same color-codingsequence. This is shown in the following:

Pair Count Binder Group Color

1 — 25 White — blue

26 — 50 White — orange51 — 75 White — green76 — 100 White — brown

101 — 125 White — slate

126 — 150 Red – blue

151 — 175 Red — orange176 — 200 Red — green

201 — 225 Red — brown226 — 250 Red — Slate

251 — 275 Black — blue276 — 300 Black — orange

301 — 325 Black — green326 — 350 Black — brown

351 — 375 Black — slate376 — 400 Yellow-blue

UTP Cable Connectors

1) RJ45 Jack and Plug

Four-pair UTP horizontal cables are terminated with an 8-position

modular connector in the work area as shown below. The RJ45 jack isan 8-conductor, compact, modular jack used to terminate UTP data

cable. RJ45 jacks are engineered to maintain specific Category 5, 5e, 6,

or 6A performance, and therefore must match the category of the cable

they are terminating.


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568A and 568B Wiring Standards

When we refer to a jack or patch panel’s wiring connection, we refer

to either the 568A or 568B wiring scheme. 568A and 568B wiring

scheme define the pin-pair assignments for terminating UTP cable.

These assignments define the pinout, or order of connections, for wiresin 8P8C eight-pin modular connector plugs and sockets.

In UTP cable, each pair is represented by a specific color. Pair 1 is

Blue, Pair 2 is Orange, Pair 3 is Green, and Pair 4 is Brown. In each pair,

one wire is a solid color, and the other is predominantly white with a

color stripe. When terminating UTP cable, each pair corresponds to aspecific pin on the IDC contacts of the jack or patch panel.

The following charts illustrate the difference between 568A and568B wiring scheme.

Notice that the only difference between 568A and 568B is that pairs2 and 3 (orange and green) are swapped. Both configurations wire the

pins “straight through”, i.e., pins 1 through 8 on one end are connectedto pins 1 through 8 on the other end.

One can use cables wired according to either configuration in the

same installation without significant problem. The primary thing onehas to be careful is not to accidentally wire the ends of the same cable

according to different configurations.


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Category 7/Class F is only an ISO/IEC 11801:2002 standard and is

not in a draft stage by the TIA. It’s designed to meet or exceed therequirements of 10-Gigabit Ethernet. The standard specifies a frequency

of 1 – 600 MHz over 100 meters of fully shielded twisted-pair cabling.

Category 7/Class F cable consists of four individually shielded

pairs inside an overall shield. It’s called Shielded/Foiled Twisted Pair

(S/FTP) or Foiled/Foiled Twisted Pair (F/FTP). With both, each twisted pair is enclosed in foil. In S/FTP cable, the four pairs are encased in an

overall metal braid. In F/FTP, the four pairs are encasedin an overall foilshield. The fully shielded cable virtually eliminates crosstalk between

the pairs. In addition, the cables are noise resistant, making the Category

7/Class F system ideal for high EMI areas. It’s well suited forapplications where fiber optic cable would typically be used — but costsless.

Category 7/Class F cable can be terminated with two interface designs

as specified in IEC 6063-7-7 and IEC 61076-3-104. One is an RJ-45compatible GG-45 connector. The other is the more common TERA®


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connector launched in 1999. Category 7a/Class FA is a pending ISO

class based on the use of S/FTP cable to 1000 MHz.

OPTICAL FIBER

Fiber cable

Fiber optic technology uses light as an information carrier. The cable consists of acore, a single continuous strand of glass or plastic that’s measured in microns (μ)

by the size of its outer diameter. This is the pathway for light rays carrying datasignals.

Fiber is the preferred cable for applications that require high bandwidth, long

distances, and immunity to electrical interference. It’s the most commonly installed backbone cable as well.

The advantages of fiber.

Greater bandwidth. Because fiber provides far greater bandwidth than copper and

has proven performance at rates up to 10 Gbps, it gives network designers future proofing capabilities. Fiber can carry more information with greater fidelity than

copper. Low attenuation and greater distance. Because the fiber optic signal ismade of light, very little signal loss occurs during transmission, and data can move

at high speeds and greater distances. Fiber distances can range from 300 meters

(984.2 ft.) to 40 kilometers (24.8 mi.), depending on the style of cable, wavelength,

and network. (Fiber distances are usually measured in metric units.) Security. Yourdata is safe with fiber. It doesn’t radiate signals and is extremely difficult to tap. If

the cable is tapped, it leaks light causing failures. Immunity. Fiber providesextremely reliable data transmission. It’s completely immune to many

environmental factors that affect copper cable, such as EMI/RFI, crosstalk,

impedance, and more. You can run fiber cable next to industrial equipment without

worry. It’s also less susceptible to temperature fluctuations than copper cable is.


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Design. Fiber is lightweight, thin, and more durable than copper cable. It has

pulling specifications that are up to 10 times greater than copper cable. Its smallsize makes it easier to handle, and it takes up less space in cabling ducts. Like

copper, fiber is available with PVC and plenum jackets. Although fiber is more

difficult to terminate than copper, advancements in connectors are making

termination easier. And fiber is actually easier to test than copper cable.Costs. Installation costs for fiber are higher than copper because of the skill needed

for termination. Overall, fiber is more expensive than copper in theshort run, but it may actually be less expensive in the long run. Fiber typically

costs less to maintain, has less downtime, and requires less networking hardware.

Standards


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