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Page 1: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

Research Research EthicsEthics

Page 2: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

EthicsEthicsFrom the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning

charactercharacter Implies a judgment of characterImplies a judgment of characterMoral principlesMoral principlesEthical research is guided by larger concerns Ethical research is guided by larger concerns

about fairness, honesty, and public goodabout fairness, honesty, and public good

Page 3: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

Why do we need to worry about Why do we need to worry about ethics?ethics?

Participants are very Participants are very cooperativecooperativeOrne (1962)Orne (1962)

Participants may cooperate to their own Participants may cooperate to their own detriment detriment

Page 4: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

Example: Milgram obedience studiesExample: Milgram obedience studies

What were the ethical problems with Milgram’s What were the ethical problems with Milgram’s research?research?

What are the benefits to society as a result of What are the benefits to society as a result of what we know from that research?what we know from that research?

Page 5: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

Research EthicsResearch Ethics

Need for a balance betweenNeed for a balance between the right of the experimenter to study the the right of the experimenter to study the

behaviorbehavior

andand

the right of the participants to be protected the right of the participants to be protected from abusefrom abuse

Page 6: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

Nuremberg Code (1947)Nuremberg Code (1947)

In response to the crimes against In response to the crimes against humanity in the name of ‘science’ during humanity in the name of ‘science’ during WWIIWWII

Included Included informed consentinformed consent right to withdrawright to withdraw justification in scientific principlesjustification in scientific principlesbeneficiencebeneficience

Page 7: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

Tuskegee syphilis studyTuskegee syphilis study U.S. Public Health ServiceU.S. Public Health Service

Begun in 1932, spanned over 40 yearsBegun in 1932, spanned over 40 years

Effects of untreated syphilis in 400 African Effects of untreated syphilis in 400 African American menAmerican men

Denied men available treatmentDenied men available treatment

Only 74 left alive at the end of the studyOnly 74 left alive at the end of the study

Clinton apologized in 1997Clinton apologized in 1997

Page 8: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character
Page 9: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

IRBIRB(Institutional Review Board)(Institutional Review Board)

1974: National Research Act1974: National Research ActAll institutions sponsoring research must All institutions sponsoring research must

investigate potential risks & benefitsinvestigate potential risks & benefitsProtects:Protects:

ParticipantsParticipants InstitutionInstitution

At NSCC, the Human Subjects Review At NSCC, the Human Subjects Review CommitteeCommittee

Page 10: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character
Page 11: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

The Belmont ReportThe Belmont Report

Created in 1979 by US Dept of Health, Created in 1979 by US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare (now Health and Education, and Welfare (now Health and Human Services)Human Services)

Guidelines for behavioral and medical Guidelines for behavioral and medical researchers regarding the protection of researchers regarding the protection of human subjectshuman subjectsBeneficenceBeneficenceRespect for persons (Autonomy)Respect for persons (Autonomy)JusticeJustice

Page 12: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

APA Code of EthicsAPA Code of Ethics

APA adopted Ethical Principles of APA adopted Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct in Psychologists and Code of Conduct in 19921992deals with both human and nonhuman deals with both human and nonhuman

participantsparticipants

Code was revised in June of 2003Code was revised in June of 2003

Page 13: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

BeneficenceBeneficenceNeed for research to maximize benefits Need for research to maximize benefits

and minimize harm to participants.and minimize harm to participants.

Risks includeRisks includePhysical harmPhysical harm

Stress/Psychological harmStress/Psychological harm

Loss of privacy and confidentialityLoss of privacy and confidentiality

Page 14: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

Assessing RisksAssessing Risks

Exempt, minimal risk, and greater than Exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal riskminimal risk

Are any potential risks necessary?Are any potential risks necessary?

Issues with observation studies and Issues with observation studies and privacyprivacyhow do we decide if public observation is how do we decide if public observation is

unethical?unethical?

Page 15: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

AutonomyAutonomy Informed ConsentInformed Consent

Withholding information and DeceptionWithholding information and Deception

DebriefingDebriefing

Page 16: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

Informed consentInformed consentParticipant is provided with enough Participant is provided with enough

information to make a decision about information to make a decision about participation. Includes:participation. Includes:BenefitsBenefits

RisksRisks

ProceduresProcedures

Participation is voluntary, and participants Participation is voluntary, and participants have the ability to stop at any timehave the ability to stop at any time

Informed consent forms need to be Informed consent forms need to be clearly written and understandableclearly written and understandable

Page 17: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

Withholding and DeceptionWithholding and Deception

not considered unethical to withhold not considered unethical to withhold information that would not affect decision information that would not affect decision to participateto participate

active lying/misrepresenting purpose of active lying/misrepresenting purpose of the study more difficult to justifythe study more difficult to justify IRB requires strong reasoning behind IRB requires strong reasoning behind

necessity to deceive participantsnecessity to deceive participantsany deception must be clearly explained in any deception must be clearly explained in

debriefingdebriefing

Page 18: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

DebriefingDebriefingExplain the purpose, procedure, and get Explain the purpose, procedure, and get

feedback from participantsfeedback from participants

May include May include desensitizingdesensitizing::

Helping people cope with acquired negative Helping people cope with acquired negative informationinformation

May include May include dehoaxingdehoaxing::

Explaining that they were deceivedExplaining that they were deceived

Page 19: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

JusticeJustice

Principle of fairness in receiving the Principle of fairness in receiving the benefits of research as well as paying the benefits of research as well as paying the costs.costs.Selection of subjects must be equitable or Selection of subjects must be equitable or

soundly justified by research purpose.soundly justified by research purpose.

Page 20: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character
Page 21: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

Research with Animal SubjectsResearch with Animal Subjects

Animal studies comprise a small but Animal studies comprise a small but measurable fraction of psychological measurable fraction of psychological researchresearch

risk/benefit analysisrisk/benefit analysis

APA code of ethics requires animals APA code of ethics requires animals treated as humanely as possibletreated as humanely as possible

Page 22: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character
Page 23: Research Ethics. Ethics From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character From the Greek word, “Ethos” meaning character Implies a judgment of character

And this should go without saying…And this should go without saying…

FRAUD or Misrepresentation of research FRAUD or Misrepresentation of research methods or results is unethicalmethods or results is unethical

Plagiarism is unethicalPlagiarism is unethicalusing another’s words or IDEAS without using another’s words or IDEAS without

proper citationproper citation


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