LOCALITYTABLE

TID

MN+

AUMN

Resage Table

Relative Age Table

Deposit Table

Agent ofAccumulation

"Absolute"(Numerical) Age

Table

Reference Table

BIBNUM

ElectronicBibliography

Bone Modification

Faunal CommentTable

Faunal Table

Resfaun Table Restaxa Table

Archival

Research

Data structure mimics the FAUNMAP project

Project OverviewWe are building a GIS-linked database of Miocene mammal occurrences in the United States in order to test ideas about how physical environmental perturbations contribute to evolutionary and biogeographic change. The database and analyses are designed around Arc/Info. Species occurrences are linked to pertinent locality information and age criteria in a relational database. Published literature and well-identified museum collections provide the primary data.

Produce interactive maps of geographic occurrences of mammal taxa through the Miocene, with an associated database of geographic and temporal information, all served on the internet.

Build interfaces for using standard museum data in GIS analyses.

Join forces with other data accumulation efforts.

Database Goals

Research GoalsContribute to evolutionary theory by clarifying

the role of the physical environment as a motor of evolution.

Examine the interplay between habitat fragmentation and faunal turnover rates to understand the effects of global change.

Decipher the time scale at which environmental changes are most likely to affect mammalian faunas.

Funded by

Preliminary Results

Species richness patterns will be compared across geographic regions and through time. This allows testing of hypotheses about the relative importance of tectonic and climatic changes in driving diversity patterns.

These maps summarize the general collecting areas in which fossil-bearing localities are found. Most of the areas indicated by white dots contain multiple collecting localities. Numbers of specimens range from tens to thousands per locality.

Species richness in the Rockies appears to increase coincident with the peak of the Miocene Climatic Optimum ~14-18.5 Ma (highlighted in yellow), based on data from the localities noted on the maps below. However, this may be due to sampling bias, such as the number of localities sampled (red line at right), the depositional environment, or the collecting methodology. For example, the low species richness levels in the Ar4 and He1 time periods are among the most poorly sampled intervals.

Hemphillian (58 locs.)

Hemingfordian(18 locs.)

Tectonic Event(million-yearscale)

No TectonicEvent

SustainedClimateChange(million-yearscale)

Miocene RockyMountains

Miocene GreatBasin

Miocene GreatPlains

CyclicalClimateChange(thousand-year scale)

Pleistocene RockyMountains

Pleistocene GreatBasin

PleistoceneGreat Plains

Arikareean 1/2 (88 locs.)

Barstovian (103 locs.)

Arikareean 3/4 (24 locs.)

Clarendonian (25 locs.)

Northern Rocky Mountains2.0 1.5 1.0

30

25

20

15

10

5

30

25

20

15

10

5

Atlantic d18O Age

HP2/3

HP1

CL2

CL1

BA3

BA2

BA1

HE2/3

HE1

AR4

AR3

AR2

AR1

OLIGOCENE

MIOCENE

2 4 6

4 6 8 Modern

Ice Free

Temperature o Celsius

Age

HP2/3

HP1

CL2

CL1

BA3

BA2

BA1

HE2/3

HE1

AR4

AR3

AR2

AR1

Ma Ma

Species Richness/Number of Localities

Localities

Species Richness

50

RICHNESS = Species / Interval Length

50403020100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Species Richness/Number of Localities

?

?

?

Log NISP

Estim

ated

Spe

cies

Ric

hnes

s

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

Number of Samples

Ar2 (Peterson Creek) 16.8

Ar2 (M.U.

Cabbage P

atch) 17.7Ar1 (

L. Cabbag

e Patch)

23.5

Ba2

(Col

ter)

70.3

He2&3 (

Split Ro

ck) 94.9

Ba2 (

Hepb

urn's

Mesa

) 149

.7

Estim

ated

Spe

cies

Ric

hnes

s

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.50

10

2030

40

50

60

Ar2 (Pe

terson

Creek) Ar

2 (M.

U. Ca

bbag

e Patc

h)

Ar1 (

L. Ca

bbag

e Patc

h)

He2&

3 (Split

Rock)

Ba2 (

Hepb

urn's

Mesa

)

Ba2 (C

olter)

0

10

2030

40

50

60

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45

Number of Samples

Estimated Species

Richness

Hp1 (Bartlett Mt.)Ba2 (Red Basin)

Cl2 (Black Butte)

Ba1 (Devil’s Gate) Ba1 (Mascall

)Ar2 (John Day)

Hp3 (Arlington)

Ba2 (Quartz Basin)

Hp1 (Rattlesnake)

Ar4 (Warm Springs)Bootstrap Comparisons

0

10

2030

40

50

60

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45Number of Samples

Hp1 (

Bartl

ett M

t.) 31

.4

Ba2 (

Red B

asin)

28

Cl2 (Black

Butte) 23.5

7

Ba1 (

Devil

’s Ga

te) 5

1.2

Ba1 (Mascall) 1

9.7Ar2 (

John Day

) 18.2

Hp3 (Arl

ington)

51.2Ba2

(Quartz

Basin) 5

6.1

Hp1 (Rattlesnake) 5.1

Ar4 (Warm Springs) 7.1

Estim

ated

Spe

cies

Ric

hnes

s

Log NISP

Estim

ated

Spe

cies

Ric

hnes

s

0

10

20

30

4050

60

0.4 1 1.6 2.2 2.8 3.4

Ba1 (

Devil

’s Ga

te)Hp1 (Bartlett Mt.) Ba2

(Red

Bas

in)

Cl2 (

Blac

k But

te)

Ba2 (

Quart

z Bas

in)

Ar2 (

John

Day

)

Hp3 (A

rlingto

n)

Ba1 (

Masc

all)

Hp1 (R

attles

nake)

Ar4 (Warm Springs)

Localities

Species Richness

Pacific NorthwestSpecies richness in the Oregon/Washington region shows a similar pattern to that seen in the Rockies (low diveristy prior to the Miocene Climatic Optimum, peak richness during it). However, it appears that sampling bias (the number of localities sampled) and a lack of data during the key time intervals (He1 and He2) prevent an accurate interpretation of the data using this estimate of species richness. Alternative methodologies (lower right of poster) may be more appropriate.

Methodology

Northern Rocky Mountains

Pacific Northwest

Bootstrap comparisons of major collecting areasLeft graphs (above and below): Apparent differences in richness result from a bias introduced by differing numbers of specimens per locality. Right graphs: As estimated from the log of the number of individual specimens (NISP), richness appears to decrease across the Miocene Climatic Optimum in the northern Rockies. Trends are less clear from the Pacific Northwest data, but most Ba1 and Ba2 localities exhibit lower richness than the Arikareean localities.

MUSEUM ofPALEONTOLOGY

MUSEUM ofMUSEUM ofPALEONTOLOGYPALEONTOLOGY

University of California at BerkeleyUniversity of California at BerkeleyUniversity of California at Berkeley

and

ANTHONY D. BARNOSKY MARC A. CARRASCO

http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/

MIOMAPMiocene Mammal Mapping Project

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