research homework - water resources
TRANSCRIPT
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A NGELES UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Angeles City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
C V E 5 2 3 : W A T E R R E S O U R C E S
RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT 1
LAYUG, MANUEL ALDANA
SUBMITTED BY
DR. LEOPOLDO L. CURA
SUBMITTED TO
NOVEMBER 18, 2014
DATE SUBMITTED
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1. C!"#$ % W&"'# 03
03
2. U('( % W&"'# 08
3. )*&$+" % W&"'#: A!&$(+( &!- M&!&'/'!" 0
4. P+$++!' W&"'# R'(*#'( 18
5. W&"'#('- M&!&'/'!" &!- E!+!''#+! I!"'#'!"+!( 21
A. R$' % H-#$ &!- H-#&*$+( +! W&"'# R'(*#'( E!+!''#+! 22
B. E!+!''#+! H-#$ A('"( +! H-#&*$+( I/#"&!" H-#&*$+ S"#*"*#'( 25
. R'%'#'!'( 28
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CONTROL OF WATER
W&"'# +( !' % *# /(" +/#"&!" !&"*#&$ #'(*#'(. W+"*" +", "'#' 6*$- 7' ! $+%' ! '".
T' (*$ % 6&"'# &&+$&7$' %# *# *(' +( $+/+"'- 7 !&"*#'. A$"* "'#' +( $'!" % 6&"'#
! '", +" +( !" &$6&( +! "' #+" $&', &" "' #+" "+/' &!- % "' #+" *&$+". A--+! " "'
#7$'/ +( "' +!#'&(+! '+-'!' "&" '/+&$ 6&("'( +/#'#$ -+(-'- '("'#-& '
(6+! * +! *# 6&"'# (*$+'( "-&. H-#$ &( '$'- &( & (+'!' +! #'(!(' " "'
!''- " *!-'#("&!- "' /$'9 6&"'# (("'/( % "' E" &!- '$ ($' 6&"'# #7$'/(.
H-#$+("( $& & +"&$ #$' +! %+!-+! ($*"+!( " 6&"'# #7$'/(, &!- +!"'#'("+! &!-
&$$'!+! ''#( ' &&+$&7$' " "(' 6 (' " ("*- -#$.
What is Hydrology?
H-#$ +( "' (+'!' "&" '!/&(('( "' *##'!', -+("#+7*"+!, /'/'!" &!-
#'#"+'( % "' 6&"'#( % "' '" &!- "'+# #'$&"+!(+ 6+" "' '!+#!/'!" 6+"+! '&
&(' % "' -#$+ $'. T' 6&"'# $', # -#$+ $', +( & !"+!**( #'(( 7
6+ 6&"'# +( *#+%+'- 7 '&#&"+! &!- "#&!(#"'- %#/ "' '"( (*#%&' ;+!$*-+! "'
'&!(< " "' &"/('#' &!- 7&= " "' $&!- &!- '&!(. A$$ % "' (+&$, '/+&$ &!-
7+$+&$ #'(('( +!$+! 6&"'# &( +" "#&'$( +"( +*( &"( +! "' &"/('#', '# &!-
7'!'&" "' '"( (*#%&' &!- "#* #6+! $&!"(, ' % +!"'#'(" " "(' 6 ("*- "'
-#$+ $'. T'#' ' /&! &"6&( "' 6&"'# /& "&=' +! +"( !"+!**( $' % %&$$+!
&( #&+!%&$$ # (!6%&$$ &!- #'"*#!+! " "' &"/('#'. I" /& 7' &"*#'- %# /+$$+!( % '(
+! $ +' &(. I" /& %$6 " #+'#( &!- %+!&$$ " "' ('&. I" /& (&= +!" "' (+$ " 7'
'&#&"'- -+#'"$ %#/ "' (+$ (*#%&' &( +" -#+'( # 7' "#&!(+#'- 7 #6+! $&!"(. I" /&
'#$&"' "#* "' (+$ " #*!- 6&"'# #'('#+#( ;&*+%'#(< " 7' ("#'- # +" /& %$6 "
6'$$( # (#+!( # 7&= " ("#'&/( 7 (''&'. T' $' %# 6&"'# /& 7' (#", # +" /& "&='
/+$$+!( % '(. P'$' "& "' 6&"'# $' %# "'+# 6! *('(. W&"'# +( -+'#"'- "'/#+$
%#/ !' " % "' $' 7 */+! +" %#/ "' #*!- # -#&6+! +" %#/ & #+'# # $&='. I" +(
*('- %# & +'" % &"++"+'( (* &( *('$-(, 7*(+!'(('( &!- +!-*("#+'(> %# +##+&"+! %
%/( &!- =$&!-(> &!- %# #-*"+! % '$'"#+ 6'#. A%"'# *(', 6&"'# +( #'"*#!'- " &!"'#
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" % "' $': '#&( -+('- -6!("#'&/ # &$$6'- " (&= +!" "' #*!-. U('- 6&"'#
!#/&$$ +( $6'# +! *&$+", ''! &%"'# "#'&"/'!", 6+ %"'! ('( & #7$'/ %# -6!("#'&/
*('#(. T' -#$+(" ("*-+'( "' %*!-&/'!"&$ "#&!(#" #'(('( " 7' &7$' " -'(#+7' "'
*&!"+" &!- *&$+" % 6&"'# &( +" /'( "#* "' $' ;'&#&"+!, #'++"&"+!, ("#'&/
%$6, +!%+$"#&"+!, #*!- 6&"'# %$6, &!- "'# /!'!"(
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Surface Water
M(" +"+'( /''" "'+# !''-( %# 6&"'# 7 6+"-#&6+! +" %#/ "' !''(" #+'#, $&=' # #'('#+#.
H-#$+("( '$ +"+'( 7 $$'"+! &!- &!&$@+! "' -&"& !''-'- " #'-+" 6 /* 6&"'#
+( &&+$&7$' %#/ $&$ (*$+'( &!- 6'"'# +" 6+$$ 7' (*%%++'!" " /''" "' +"( #?'"'-
%*"*#' !''-(. T - "+(, -#$+("( ("*- #'#-( % #&+!%&$$, (!6&= -'"( &!- #+'# %$6(
"&" ' $$'"'- &!- /+$'- 7 -#$+("( +! +*( '#!/'!" &'!+'(. T' +!'!"#
"' '9"'!" #+'# %$6 &$#'&- +( 7'+! *('- 7 "'#(.
M&!&+! #'('#+#( &! 7' *+"' /$'9, 7'&*(' "' '!'#&$$ ('#' /&! *#('(.
R'('#+#( +!#'&(' "' #'$+&7+$+" % $&$ 6&"'# (*$+'(. H-#$+("( *(' "#&+ /&(
&!- &'#+&$ "#&( " -'"'#/+!' 6'#' "' #'('#+# (#'$+!'( 6+$$ 7' &!- " &$*$&"'
#'('#+# -'"( &!- ("#&' &&+". T+( 6#= '!(*#'( "&", ''! &" /&9+/*/ &&+", !
+6&(, #&+$#&-( # /'( 6*$- 7' %$-'-.
D'+-+! 6 /* 6&"'# " #'$'&(' &!- 6 /* " ("#' -''!-( *! "' "+/' % ', %$6
#'-+"+!( %# "' !'9" (''#&$ /!"(, &!- "' !''-( % +##+&"#( &!- +"+'( &( 6'$$ &(
-6!("#'&/ 6&"'#*('#( "&" #'$ ! "' #'('#+#. I% "' #'('#+# &$( +( *('- %# #'#'&"+! #
%# '!'#&"+! % -#'$'"#+ 6'#, "(' #'*+#'/'!"( /*(" 7' !(+-'#'-. D'+(+!( /*(" 7'
#-+!&"'- 6+" "'# #'('#+# /&!&'#( &$! "' #+'#. H-#$+("( $$'" "' !''((
+!%#/&"+!, '!"'# +" +!" & /*"'#, &!- #*! /*"'# /-'$( " #'-+" "' #'(*$"( *!-'#
+*( '#&"+! ("#&"'+'(. O! "' 7&(+( % "'(' ("*-+'(, #'('#+# /&!&'#( &! /&=' "' 7'("
-'+(+! %# "(' +!$'-.
T' &&+$&7+$+" % (*#%&' 6&"'# %# (6+//+!, -#+!=+!, +!-*("#+&$ # "'# *('( (/'"+/'( +(
#'("#+"'- 7'&*(' % $$*"+!. P$$*"+! &! 7' /'#'$ &! *!(+"$ &!- +!!'!+'!" !*+(&!',
# +" &! 7' &! +!+(+7$', 7*" -'&-$, "#'&" " "' '&$" % '$', $&!"( &!- &!+/&$(.
H-#$+("( &((+(" *7$+ '&$" %%++&$( +! /!+"#+! *7$+ 6&"'# (*$+'( " '!(*#' "&"
'&$" ("&!--( ' /'". W'! $$*"+! +( -+('#'-, '!+#!/'!"&$ '!+!''#( 6#= 6+"
-#$+("( +! -'+(+! "' !''(( (&/$+! ##&/. W&"'# *&$+" +! '("*+'(, ("#'&/(,
#+'#( &!- $&='( /*(" 7' /!+"#'-, &!- "' '&$" % %+(, $&!"( &!- 6+$-$+%' &$! "'+#
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("#'"'( (*#''-. R'$&"'- 6#= !'#!( &+- #&+! &!- +"( '%%'"( ! &*&"+ $+%', &!- "'
7'&+# % "9+ /'"&$( &!- #&!+ '/+&$( +! &*&"+ '!+#!/'!"(. H-#$+ &!- 6&"'#
*&$+" /&"'/&"+&$ /-'$( ' -''$'- &!- *('- 7 -#$+("( %# $&!!+! &!-
/&!&'/'!" &!- #'-+"+! 6&"'# *&$+" '%%'"( % &!'- !-+"+!(. S+/$' &!&$('( (*
&( H, "*#7+-+", &!- 9'! !"'!" /& 7' -!' 7 -#$+("( +! "' %+'$-. O"'# '/+&$
&!&$('( #'*+#' /#' (+("+&"'- $&7#&"# '*+/'!". I! "' &(", /*!++&$ &!- +!-*("#+&$
('6&' 6&( & /&?# (*#' % $$*"+! %# ("#'&/( &!- $&='(. S* 6&("'( %"'! #''+'- !$
/+!+/&$ "#'&"/'!", # #&6 6&("'( 6'#' -*/'- +!" #+'#(. T-&, 6' ' /#' &6' % "'
!('*'!'( % (* &"+!(, &!- 7+$$+!( % -$$( /*(" 7' +!'("'- +! $$*"+!!"#$
'*+/'!" " #"'" "' 6&"'#( % "' '". O"'# (*#'( % $$*"+! ' /#' -+%%+*$" "
+-'!"+% &!- !"#$. T'(' +!$*-' #&- -'++! (&$"(, ("#/ #*!%% %#/ *#7&! '&( &!-
%/$&!-, &!- '#(+! %#/ !("#*"+! (+"'(.
Groundwater
G#*!-6&"'#, */'- %#/ 7'!'&" "' '"( (*#%&', +( %"'! '&'#, /#' !'!+'!" &!-
$'(( *$!'#&7$' " $$*"+! "&! (*#%&' 6&"'#. T'#'%#', +" +( //!$ *('- %# *7$+ 6&"'#
(*$+'(. G#*!-6&"'# #+-'( "' $'(" (*#' % *(&7$' 6&"'# ("#&' +! "' U!+"'- S"&"'(.
U!-'##*!- #'('#+#( !"&+! % /#' 6&"'# "&! "' &&+" % &$$ (*#%&' #'('#+#( &!-
$&='(, +!$*-+! "' G#'&" L&='(. I! (/' '&(, #*!- 6&"'# /& 7' "' !$ "+!. S/'
/*!++&$+"+'( (*#+' ($'$ ! #*!-6&"'#.
H-#$+("( '("+/&"' "' $*/' % 6&"'# ("#'- *!-'##*!- 7 /'&(*#+! 6&"'# $''$( +! $&$
6'$$( &!- 7 '9&/+!+! '$+ #'#-( %#/ 6'$$-#+$$+! " -'"'#/+!' "' '9"'!", -'" &!-
"+=!'(( % 6&"'#7'+! ('-+/'!"( &!- #=(. B'%#' &! +!'("/'!" +( /&-' +! %*$$(+@'- 6'$$(,
-#$+("( /& (*'#+(' "' -#+$$+! % "'(" 6'$$(. T' !"' "' -'"( &" 6+ 6&"'# +(
'!*!"'#'- &!- $$'" (&/$'( % (+$(, #= &!- 6&"'# %# $&7#&"# &!&$('(. T' /& #*! &
+'" % '(+&$ "'("( ! "' /$'"'- $', =''+! &!- &*#&"' $ % "'+# 7('#&"+!(
&!- "'(" #'(*$"(. H-#$+("( -'"'#/+!' "' /(" '%%++'!" */+! #&"' 7 /!+"#+! "' '9"'!"
"&" 6&"'# $''$( -# +! "' */'- 6'$$ &!- +! +"( !''(" !'+7#(. P*/+! "' 6'$$ " %&("
*$- &*(' +" " -# # *$- +!"'#%'#' 6+" !'+7#+! 6'$$(. A$! "' &(", '#*/+!
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&! &*(' (&$"6&"'# +!"#*(+!. B $""+! &!- &!&$@+! "'(' -&"&, -#$+("( &! '("+/&"' "'
/&9+/*/ &!- "+/*/ +'$-( % "' 6'$$.
P$$*"'- #*!- 6&"'# +( $'(( +(+7$', 7*" /#' +!(+-+*( &!- -+%%+*$" " $'&! *, "&! $$*"+!
+! #+'#( &!- $&='(. G#*!- 6&"'# $$*"+! /(" %"'! #'(*$"( %#/ +/#'# -+((&$ % 6&("'(
! $&!-. M&?# (*#'( +!$*-' +!-*("#+&$ &!- *('$- '/+&$( &!- &' $&!-%+$$(,
+!-*("#+&$ 6&("' $&!(, "&+$+!( &!- #'(( 6&("'6&"'# %#/ /+!'(, +$ %+'$- 7#+!' +"(, $'&=+!
*!-'##*!- +$ ("#&' "&!=( &!- +'$+!'(, ('6&' ($*-' &!- ('"+ (("'/(. H-#$+("(
#+-' *+-&!' +! "' $&"+! % /!+"#+! 6'$$( *!- 6&("' -+((&$ (+"'( &!- (&/$'
"'/ &" #'*$ +!"'#&$( " -'"'#/+!' +% *!-'(+#&7$' $'&&"'!"&/+!&"'- 6&"'# !"&+!+!
"9+ # &@-*( '/+&$(+( #'&+! "' #*!- 6&"'#. I! $$*"'- '&(, -#$+("( /&
$$'" (+$ &!- 6&"'# (&/$'( " +-'!"+% "' "' &!- '9"'!" % !"&/+!&"+!. T' '/+&$
-&"& "'! ' $""'- ! & /& " (6 "' (+@' &!- -+#'"+! % 6&("' /'/'!". I! /$'9
(+"*&"+!(, /*"'# /-'$+! % 6&"'# %$6 &!- 6&("' /+#&"+! #+-'( *+-&!' %# & $'&!
* ##&/. I! '9"#'/' &('(, #'/'-+&$ &"+!( /& #'*+#' '9&&"+! % "' $$*"'- (+$.
T-&, /(" '$' &!- +!-*("#+'( #'&$+@' "&" "' &/*!" % /!' +!'("'- +! #''!"+! +( %
$'(( "&! "&" % $'&!*. H-#$+("( %"'! ' !(*$"'- %# ('$'"+! % #'# (+"'( %# !'6
6&("' -+((&$ %&+$+"+'(. T' -&!'# % $$*"+! +( /+!+/+@'- 7 $&"+! 6'$$( +! '&( % -''
#*!- 6&"'# &!- +/'#/'&7$' (+$(. O"'# #&"+'( +!$*-' $+!+! "' 7""/ % & $&!-%+$$ 6+"
6&"'#"+" /&"'#+&$(, $$'"+! &! $'&&"' 6+" -#&+!(, &!- =''+! "' $&!-%+$$ (*#%&' '#'-
&( /* &( ((+7$'. C'%*$ /!+"#+! +( &$6&( !''((.
PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCES
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W&"'# +( &! '(('!"+&$ '$'/'!" " *# ''#-& '9+("'!'. I"( #$' +( +"&$ +! "' (*("'!&!' % &$$
$+%' %#/(, &( 6'$$ &( +! &#+*$"*#&$, +!-*("#+&$, *('$-(, #'#'&"+!&$ &!- '!+#!/'!"&$
&"++"+'(. A( *$&"+! !"+!*'( " #+(', ( -'( "' -'/&!- %# %#'( 6&"'# ". W&"'# +( &
/&?# %&"# (&+! "' !&"*#&$ '!+#!/'!". I" &( & $!"'#/ +!%$*'!' ! "' ''"&"+!,
%&*!&, &!- (&' % "' $&!-(&' &!- ! +*( '(("'/(.
• 1,830 ( =+$/'"'#( % P+$++!' #+'#( &!- $&='( '# 1 % "' *!"#( ""&$ $&!-
'&
• 50,000 ( =+$/'"'#( % #*!-6&"'# #'('#+# +( #''- 7 #&+! &!- (''&' %#/
#+'# &!- $&='(
• 421 #+!+&$ #+'# 7&(+!(, % 6+ 20 ' !(+-'#'- /&?# #+'# 7&(+!(
• 53,43 /+$$+! *7+ /'"'#( '("+/&"'- &!!*&$ -+(' % C&&&! #+'#, "' $!'(" &!-
$'(" #+'# +! "' P+$++!'(, 6+" & #*!- 6&"'# #'('#' % 4,85 /+$$+! *7+
/'"'#(
• $&='( /("$ *"+$+@'- %# %+( #-*"+!
• 8 % +'-6&"'# (*$ (("'/( "&" *(' #*!-6&"'# &( & (*#'
• 14 7+$$+! *./ '("+/&"'- &/*!" % "' *!"#( 6&"'# (*$
• .1 /+$$+! $+"'#( '# ('!- ;$(< ""&$ &$$&"+! % 6&"'# %# -+%%'#'!" *('(
• 1.0 /+$$+! $( (*#%&' 6&"'# &$$&"'- %# 6'# '!'#&"+! +! #'+! 2, "' $'(" +!
"' '!"+#' *!"#
• 12, 8 $( #*!-6&"'# &$$&"'- %# /*!++&$ *(' +! #'+! 4, "' $'(" +! "' '!"+#'
*!"#
• 20 /+$$+! * /'"'#( #?'"'- 6&"'# !(*/"+! +! /'"# /&!+$& 7 2010
• 5 !&"*#&$ $&='( &!- /#' "&! 100,000 & % %#'(6&"'# (6&/(
•
T'#' ' %*# /&?# #*!-6&"'# #'('#+#( ;C&&&!, 10,000 =/
2
> '!"#&$ L*@!, ,000=/2> A*(&!, 8,500 =/2> C"&7&", ,000 =/2< 6+, 6'! /7+!'- 6+" (/&$$'#
#'('#+#( &$#'&- +-'!"+%+'-, 6*$- &#'&"' " &! '& % &7*" 50,000 =/2
• A (*#' % (*#%&' 6&"'# ("#&' "'!"+&$ &( +-'!"+%+'- (+"'( %# 438 /&?# -&/( &!-
423 (/&$$'# -&/(
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• A( '("+/&"'- 14,000 // ""&$ 6&"'# #'(*#' "'!"+&$
• 438 /&?# -&/( &!- 423 (/&$$'# -&/( ;""&$ % 81 +/*!-+! -&/( &!- #'('#+# (+"'(<
+-'!"+%+'- (+"'( % 6&"'# (*#%&' 6&"'# ("#&' "'!"+&$
QUALITY OF WATER: ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT
W&"'# *&$+" #'%'#( " "' '/+&$, (+&$, 7+$+&$, &!- #&-+$+&$ &"'#+("+(
% 6&"'#. I" +( & /'&(*#' % "' !-+"+! % 6&"'# #'$&"+' " "' #'*+#'/'!"( % !' # /#'
7+"+ ('+'( &!- # " &! */&! !''- # *#('. I" +( /(" %#'*'!"$ *('- 7 #'%'#'!' " &
('" % ("&!--( &&+!(" 6+ /$+&!' &! 7' &(('(('-. T' /(" //! ("&!--( *('- "
&(('(( 6&"'# *&$+" #'$&"' " '&$" % '(("'/(, (&%'" % */&! !"&" &!- -#+!=+! 6&"'# .
Standards
I! "' ('""+! % ("&!--(, &'!+'( /&=' $+"+&$ &!- "'!+&$(+'!"+%+ -'+(+!( &7*" 6
"' 6&"'# 6+$$ 7' *('-. I! "' &(' % !&"*#&$ 6&"'# 7-+'(, "' &$( /&=' (/' #'&(!&7$'
'("+/&"' % #+("+!' !-+"+!(. D+%%'#'!" *('( #&+(' -+%%'#'!" !'#!( &!- "'#'%#' -+%%'#'!"("&!--( ' !(+-'#'-. N&"*#&$ 6&"'# 7-+'( 6+$$ +! #'(!(' " '!+#!/'!"&$
!-+"+!(. E!+#!/'!"&$ (+'!"+("( 6#= " *!-'#("&!- 6 "'(' (("'/( %*!"+!, 6+ +!
"*#! '$( " +-'!"+% "' (*#'( &!- %&"'( % !"&/+!&!"(. E!+#!/'!"&$ &!- $+/&='#(
6#= " -'%+!' $'+($&"+! 6+" "' +!"'!"+! "&" 6&"'# +( /&+!"&+!'- &" &! &##+&"' *&$+" %#
+"( +-'!"+%+'- *('.
T' &(" /&?#+" % (*#%&' 6&"'# ! "' $&!'" +( !'+"'# "&7$' !# "9+. T+( #'/&+!( "#*'
6'! ('&6&"'# +! "' '&!( ;6+ +( " (&$" " -#+!=< +( !" *!"'-. A!"'# '!'#&$
'#'"+! % 6&"'# *&$+" +( "&" % & (+/$' #'#" "&" "'$$( 6'"'# 6&"'# +( $$*"'- # !".
I! %&", 6&"'# *&$+" +( & /$'9 (*7?'", +! " 7'&*(' 6&"'# +( & /$'9 /'-+*/
+!"#+!(+&$$ "+'- " "' '$ % "' E". I!-*("#+&$ &!- //'#+&$ &"++"+'(
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;'.. /&!*%&"*#+!, /+!+!, !("#*"+!, "#&!(#"< ' & /&?# &*(' % 6&"'# $$*"+! &(
' #*!%% %#/ &#+*$"*#&$ '&(, *#7&! #*!%% &!- -+(' % "#'&"'- &!- *!"#'&"'- ('6&'.
Categories
T' &/'"'#( %# 6&"'# *&$+" ' -'"'#/+!'- 7 "' +!"'!-'- *('. W#= +! "' '& % 6&"'#
*&$+" "'!-( " 7' %*('- ! 6&"'# "&" +( "#'&"'- %# */&! !(*/"+!, +!-*("#+&$ *(', # +!
"' '!+#!/'!".
Human Consumption
C!"&/+!&!"( "&" /& 7' +! *!"#'&"'- 6&"'# +!$*-' /+##&!+(/( (* &( +#*('(, #"@&
&!- 7&"'#+&> +!#&!+ !"&/+!&!"( (* &( (&$"( &!- /'"&$(> '/+&$ !"&/+!&!"( %#/
+!-*("#+&$ #'(('( &!- '"#$'*/ *('> '("++-'( &!- '#7++-'(> &!- #&-+&"+' !"&/+!&!"(.
W&"'# *&$+" -''!-( ! "' $&$ '$ &!- '(("'/, &( 6'$$ &( */&! *('( (* &(
('6&' -+('#(+!, +!-*("#+&$ $$*"+!, "' *(' % 6&"'# 7-+'( &( & '&" (+!=, &!- '#*('
;6+ /& $6'# "' $''$ % "' 6&"'#
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+( -+("#+7*"'- " /'(, 7*(+!'(('(, ($( &!- "'# *('#(. W&"'# -#&6! -+#'"$ %#/ & ("#'&/,
$&=', # &*+%'# &!- "&" &( ! "#'&"/'!" 6+$$ 7' % *!'#"&+! *&$+".
Industrial and domestic use
D+(($'- /+!'#&$( /& &%%'" (*+"&7+$+" % 6&"'# %# & #&!' % +!-*("#+&$ &!- -/'("+
*#('(. T' /(" %&/+$+ % "'(' +( #7&7$ "' #'('!' % +!( % &$+*/ &!-
/&!'(+*/ 6+ +!"'#%'#' 6+" "' $'&!+! &"+! % (&, &!- &! %#/ - (*$&"' &!-
(%" !&"' -'(+"( +! 6&"'# '&"'#( # 7+$'#(. H- 6&"'# /& 7' (%"'!'- " #'/' "'('
+!(. T' (%"'!+! #'(( %"'! (*7("+"*"'( (-+*/ &"+!(. H- 6&"'# /& 7' #'%'#&7$' "
(%" 6&"'# %# */&! !(*/"+!, (+!' '&$" #7$'/( &' 7''! &((+&"'- 6+" '9'((
(-+*/ &!- 6+" &$+*/ &!- /&!'(+*/ -'%++'!+'(. S%"'!+! -'#'&('( !*"#+"+! &!- /&
+!#'&(' $'&!+! '%%'"+'!'((.
Environmental water quality
E!+#!/'!"&$ 6&"'# *&$+", &$( &$$'- &/7+'!" 6&"'# *&$+", #'$&"'( " 6&"'# 7-+'( (* &(
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+ *$&"+!( % '#"&+! /+##&!+(/( &! #'('!" & '&$" &@- %# !!-#+!=+!
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!-+"+!( /& &$( &%%'" 6+$-$+%', 6+ *(' "' 6&"'# %# -#+!=+! # &( & &7+"&". M-'#!
6&"'# *&$+" $&6( '!'#&$$ ('+% #"'"+! % %+('#+'( &!- #'#'&"+!&$ *(' &!- #'*+#', &( &
/+!+/*/, #'"'!"+! % *##'!" *&$+" ("&!--(.
T'#' +( (/' -'(+#' &/! "' *7$+ " #'"*#! 6&"'# 7-+'( " #+("+!' # #'+!-*("#+&$
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"' "+*$ "' % !"&/+!&"+! +( !" /%*$ " "' -'(+!&"'- *('(. G+'! "' $&!-(&'
&!'( ;'.., $&!- -''$/'!", *#7&!+@&"+!, $' *""+! +! %#'("'- '&(< +!
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11
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&$$'!'. I! "'(' &('(, '!+#!/'!"&$ (+'!"+("( %*( ! &+'+! &$( %# /&+!"&+!+!
'&$" '(("'/( &!- /& !'!"#&"' ! "' #"'"+! % *$&"+!( % ('+'( &!-
#"'"+! */&! '&$".
Sampling and measurement
T' /$'9+" % 6&"'# *&$+" &( & (*7?'" +( #'%$'"'- +! "' /&! "'( % /'&(*#'/'!"( %
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T' ('!- #7$'/ *#( &( "' (&/$' +( #'/'- %#/ "' 6&"'# (*#' &!- 7'+!( "
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S+/+$ (+&$ &!- '/+&$ +!"'#&"+!( /& "&=' $&' 6+" &! */(, ++!, #
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(&/$' +( $$'"'- 6+" "' (&/$' % +!"'#'(", 7*" "'! (+='- 6+" & /'&(*#'- &--+"+!&$
13
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&/*!" % "' '/+&$ % +!"'#'(" &" "' "+/' % $$'"+!. T' 7$&!= &!- (+='- (&/$'( '
#+'- 6+" "' (&/$' % +!"'#'(" &!- &!&$@'- 7 "' (&/' /'"-( &" "' (&/' "+/'( "
-'"'#/+!' &! &!'( +!-+&"+! &+!( # $(('( -*#+! "' '$&('- "+/' 7'"6''! $$'"+! &!-
&!&$(+(.
esting in response to natural disasters and other emergencies
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"' 7&(+ %*!-&/'!"&$ +"'/( "&" ' !''(( %# (*#+&$ &!- (*7('*'!" #''#. A'(( "
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Chemical analysis
14
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T' (+/$'(" /'"-( % '/+&$ &!&$(+( ' "(' /'&(*#+! '/+&$ '$'/'!"( 6+"*"
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% '$'/'!"&$ &!&$(+( &( #-*'- & $' &/*!" % (&/$' -&"& &!- 6&"'# *&$+" #+"'#+& %#
'$'/'!"( (/'"+/'( +-'!"+%+'- &( '& /'"&$(. W&"'# &!&$(+( %# '& /'"&$( /*(" !(+-'#
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/$'*$'( ' ''! /#' &$$'!+!.
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!eal"time monitoring
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/&!+'( ' -'$+! 6#$-6+-' #'&$"+/' #'/"' /!+"#+! (("'/( %# /'&(*#+! 6&"'#
H, "*#7+-+" # -+(($'- 9'! $''$(.
Drin#ing water indicators
15
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T' %$$6+! +( & $+(" % +!-+&"#( %"'! /'&(*#'- 7 (+"*&"+!&$ &"'#:
• A$=&$+!+"
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C$# % 6&"'#
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• ;TDS<
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C$# % 6&"'#
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• H
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B+$+&$ +!-+&"#(
17
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant
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• E'/'#"'#&
• P$'"'#&
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M$$*(&
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USES OF WATER
Water is one of the most vital natural resources for all life on Earth. The availability and quality
of water always have played an important part in determining not only where people can live,
but also their quality of life. Even though there always has been plenty of fresh water on Earth,
water has not always been available when and where it is needed, nor is it always of suitable
quality for all uses. Water must be considered as a finite resource that has limits and boundaries
to its availability and suitability for use.
18
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeropterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecopterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichopterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliform_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeropterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecopterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichopterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliform_bacteria
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F+*#' 1. O%%("#'&/ *('( ;-'+"'- ! "' $'%"< ' "(' +! 6+ 6&"'# +( #'/'- %#/ +"(
(*#', '+"'# 7 */+! # -+'#(+!. I!("#'&/ *('( ;-'+"'- ! "' #+"< ' "(' +! 6+
6&"'# #'/&+!( +! $&', &!- "+&$$ #'%'#( " ("#'&/ ;#&"'# "&! #*!-6&"'#
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Commercial 6&"'# *(' +!$*-'( %#'( 6&"'# %# /"'$(, "'$(, #'("&*#&!"(, %%+' 7*+$-+!(, "'#
//'#+&$ %&+$+"+'(, &!- ++$+&! &!- /+$+" +!("+"*"+!(. D/'("+ 6&"'# *(' +( #7&7$ "'
/(" +/#"&!" -&+$ *(' % 6&"'# %# /(" '$'.
Domestic *(' +!$*-'( 6&"'# "&" +( *('- +! "' /' ''# -&, +!$*-+! 6&"'# %# !#/&$
*('$- *#('(, (* &( -#+!=+!, %- #'&"+!, 7&"+!, 6&(+! $"'( &!- -+('(,
%$*(+! "+$'"(, &!- 6&"'#+! $&6!( &!- -'!(.
Industrial 6&"'# *(' +( & &$*&7$' #'(*#' " "' !&"+!( +!-*("#+'( %# (* *#('( &(
#'((+!, $'&!+!, "#&!(#"&"+!, -+$*"+!, &!- $+! +! /&!*%&"*#+! %&+$+"+'(. M&?#
6&"'#*(+! +!-*("#+'( +!$*-' ("''$, '/+&$, &'#, &!- '"#$'*/ #'%+!+!. I!-*("#+'( %"'!
#'*(' "' (&/' 6&"'# '# &!- '# %# /#' "&! !' *#('.
Irrigation 6&"'# *(' +( 6&"'# "+%++&$$ &$+'- " %/, #-, &("*#',
&!- #"+*$"*#&$ #(, &( 6'$$ &( 6&"'# *('- " +##+&"' &("*#'(, %# %#(" &!- %#''@' #"'"+!,
'/+&$ &$+&"+!, # $+!, '("+!, &!- %# "' $'&+! % (&$"( %#/ "' # #"
@!'. N!&#+*$"*#&$ &"++"+'( +!$*-' ('$%(*$+'- 6&"'# " +##+&"' *7$+ &!- #+&"' $%
*#('(, =(,
$ivestoc# 6&"'# *(' +!$*-'( 6&"'# %# ("= &!+/&$(, %''- $"(, -&+#+'(, %+( %/(, &!- "'#
!!%/ !''-(. W&"'# +( !''-'- %# "' #-*"+! % #'- /'&", *$"#, '(, /+$=, &!- 6$,&!- %# #('(, #&77+"(, &!- '"(. L+'("= 6&"'# *(' !$ +!$*-'( %#'( 6&"'#.
%ining 6&"'# *(' +!$*-'( 6&"'# %# "' '9"#&"+! % !&"*#&$$ *##+! /+!'#&$(> ($+-(, (*
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hermoelectric &ower 6&"'# *(' +( "' &/*!" % 6&"'# *('- +! "' #-*"+! % '$'"#+ 6'#
'!'#&"'- 6+" '&". T' (*#' % "' '&" /& 7' %#/ %((+$ %*'$(, !*$' %+((+!, #
'"'#/&$. F((+$ %*'$ 6'# $&!"( "+&$$ #'*(' 6&"'#. T' '!'#&"' '$'"#++" 7 "*#!+!
& "*#7+!' *(+! ("'&/ 6'#. A%"'# "' ("'&/ +( *('- " "*#! "' "*#7+!'(, +" +( !-'!('- 7&= "
6&"'# 7 $+! +". T' !-'!('- 6&"'# +( "'! #*"'- 7&= " "' 7+$'#, 6'#' "' $'
7'+!( &&+!.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND ENGINEERING INTERVENTIONS
What is a watershed?
A 6&"'#('- +( (+/$ "' '#&+ '& "#* 6+ 6&"'# %$6( &#(( "' $&!- &!- -#&+!(
+!" & //! 7- % 6&"'#, 6'"'# & ("#'&/, #+'#, $&=', # '&!. T' 6&"'#('- 7*!-
6+$$ /#' # $'(( %$$6 "' +'(" #+-'$+!' *!- "' ("#'&/ &!!'$( &!- /''" &" "' 7""/
# $6'(" +!" % "' $&!- 6'#' 6&"'# %$6( *" % "' 6&"'#('-, "' /*" % "' 6&"'#6&.
M* % "' 6&"'# /'( %#/ #&+!%&$$ &!- ("#/ 6&"'# #*!%%. T' *&$+" &!- *&!"+" % ("#/
6&"'# +( &%%'"'- 7 &$$ "' &$"'#&"+!( " "' $&!-/+!+!, &#+*$"*#', #&-6&(, *#7&!
21
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-''$/'!", &!- "' &"++"+'( % '$' 6+"+! & 6&"'#('-. W&"'#('-( ' *(*&$$ ('&"'-
%#/ "'# 6&"'#('-( 7 !&"*#&$$ '$'&"'- '&(.
Why are watersheds important?
W&"'#('-( ' +/#"&!" 7'&*(' "' (*#%&' 6&"'# %'&"*#'( &!- ("#/ 6&"'# #*!%% 6+"+! &
6&"'#('- *$"+/&"'$ -#&+! " "'# 7-+'( % 6&"'#. I" +( '(('!"+&$ " !(+-'# "'(' -6!("#'&/
+/&"( 6'! -''$+! &!- +/$'/'!"+! 6&"'# *&$+" #"'"+! &!- #'("#&"+! &"+!(.
E'#"+! *("#'&/ '!-( * -6!("#'&/. W' !''- " #'/'/7'# "&" 6' &$$ $+' -6!("#'&/
&!- "&" *# ''#-& &"++"+'( &! &%%'" -6!("#'&/ 6&"'#(.
Watershed %anagement
M&!&'/'!" % "' '!+#!/'!" &( 7''! #+/+$ %*('- ! ('+%+ +((*'( (* &( &+#, $&!-,
&!- 6&"'#. M(" '%%#"( &' #'(*$"'- +! -'#'&(+! $$*"&!" '/+((+!( " &+# &!- 6&"'#,
+/#'- $&!-%+$$(, #'/'-+&"+! % 6&("' (+"'( &!- !"&/+!&"'- #*!-6&"'#, #"'"+! % #'
&!- '!-&!'#'- ('+'(, -'(+! % 7'(" /&!&'/'!" #&"+'( " !"#$ 6&"'# &!- !"&/+!&!"
#*!%%, &!- /* /#'.
W&" +( ("+$$ & !"+!*+! #7$'/ %# *# 6&"'#( ' !!+!" (*#' $$*"+! &!- &7+"&"
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REFERENCES:
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