research methods william g. zikmund, ch19
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Research Methods William G. ZikmundTRANSCRIPT
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Business Research Methods
William G. Zikmund
Chapter 19:
Editing and Coding
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DATA ANALYSIS
DATA ENTRY
ERROR CHECKING
ANDVERIFICATION
CODING
EDITING
Stages of Data Analysis
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Editing
• The process of checking and adjusting the data– for omissions– for legibility– for consistency
• And readying them for coding and storage
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Birth Year Recorded by Interviewer
• 1873?• 1973 more likely
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Coding
• The process of identifying and assigning a numerical score or other character symbol to previously edited data
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Editing
IN-HOUSEEDITING
FIELD EDITING
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CONSISTENCYCONSISTENCY COMPLETENESSCOMPLETENESS QUESTIONS QUESTIONS ANSWEREDANSWERED
OUT OF ORDEROUT OF ORDER
Reasons for Editing
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“I Don’t Know”
• Legitimate don’t know
• Reluctant don’t know
• Confused don’t know
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Codes
• The rules for interpreting, classifying, and recording data in the coding process
• The actual numerical or other character symbols
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1a. How many years have you been playing tennis on a regular basis? Number of years: __________
b. What is your level of play?
Novice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 Advanced . . . . . . . -4Lower Intermediate . . . . . -2 Expert . . . . . . . . . -5Upper Intermediate . . . . . -3 Teaching Pro . . . . -6
c. In the last 12 months, has your level of play improved, remained the same or decreased?
Improved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 Decreased. . . . . . . -3Remained the same . . . . . -2
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2a. Do you belong to a club with tennis facilities? Yes . . . . . . . -1No . . . . . . . -2
b. How many people in your household - including yourself - play tennis?Number who play tennis ___________
3a. Why do you play tennis? (Please “X” all that apply.)
To have fun . . . . . . . . . . -1To stay fit. . . . . . . . . . . . -2To be with friends. . . . . . -3To improve my game . . . -4To compete. . . . . . . . . . . -5To win. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6
b. In the past 12 months, have you purchased any tennis instructional books or video tapes? Yes . . . . . . . -1
No . . . . . . . -2
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4. Please rate each of the following with regard to this flight, if applicable.
Excellent Good Fair Poor
1 2 3 4Courtesy and Treatment from the: Skycap at airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Airport Ticket Counter Agent . . . . . Boarding Point (Gate) Agent . . . . . Flight Attendants . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Your Meal or Snack. . . . . . . . . . . . .Beverage Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Seat Comfort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carry-On Stowage Space. . . . . . . .Cabin Cleanliness . . . . . . . . . . . . . Video/Stereo Entertainment . . . . . .On-Time Departure . . . . . . . . . . . .
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“I believe that people judge your success by the kind of car you drive.”
Strongly agree 1
Mildly agree 2
Neither agree
nor disagree 3
Mildly agree 4
Strongly disagree 5
Strongly agree + 1
Mildly agree +2
Neither agree
nor disagree 0
Mildly agree - 1
Strongly disagree - 2
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Rules for Coding
• Categories should be exhaustive
• Categories should be mutually exclusive and independent
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Coding Open-Ended Responses
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Code Book
• Identifies each variable
• Provides a variable’s description
• Identifies each code name and position on storage medium
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Data Entry
• The process of transforming data from the research project to computers.
• Optical scanning systems– Marked-sensed questionnaires
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Recode
• Recoding is the process of using a computer to convert original cods used for raw data to codes that are more suitable for analysis.
• Var1 = 8 - Var1
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Error Checking and Verification
• Data cleaning
Business Research Methods William G. Zikmund Chapter 23 Bivariate Analysis: Measures of Associations
Business Research Methods William G. Zikmund Chapter 6: Problem Definition and the Research Proposal