Research ProposalBy : Putika Ashfar Khoiri

This proposal is conducted as one of requirement for apply Graduate School of Engineering in Osaka University with Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho/MEXT) scholarship

1. Proposed Research Topic

Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Humans to Groundwater Resources in Indonesia

2. Introduction

Coastal areas in Indonesia are densely populated and rapidly urbanizing. Many of cities in Indonesia are placed in the coastal areas, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Semarang, Yogyakarta and Denpasar. These areas are vulnerable due to coastal hazards and continuously threatened with the risk of coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion, disturbance of the natural drainage and flooding. The growing demands of clean water supply and ground water usages are the result of the increasing population, excessive use of groundwater which is pumped from the aquifer in the subsurface. Therefore, in order to maintain and conserve clean water resources well balanced, groundwater management has become important in coastal and lowland areas.

Monitoring conducted by National Environmental Management Institution in 75 wells in 2004 to 2005 was mentioned that groundwater surrounding Jakarta had high organic and inorganic pollutants. As a result, groundwater in Jakarta had no longer applicable with the water quality standard, especially for drinking water [1]. Meanwhile, in Semarang saltwater intrusion has been developed since 1995 [2]. In Semarang, along the coastline about 0.14 to 3.44 km to landward will be affected by saline groundwater intrusion continuously increasing years in the following decade from 2008. This results from extensive groundwater withdrawal to meet water demands as the main factor leading to saltwater intrusion and land subsidence. In Surabaya, 70 piezometric samples have been taken from east Surabaya coastal area to measure the temperature, pH, and minerals contain. The results show that coastal groundwater in almost all area of the east Surabaya is cannot be used as a drinking water [3]. Therefore, protection of groundwater based on a resources management model in relation with regional planning is needed. This strategy would covers long-term groundwater resources for conservation and future the groundwater resources management.

3. Objectives

The main objective of this upcoming research is to survey the actual data of hydrogeological conditions in order to study groundwater availability in the case study area. A variety of existing data from previous research would be used to predict the existing water supply and water

sources. The result of this research would result in groundwater potential quality map which is a guideline for water supply planners and decision makers. It will be clear that such a map is a representation of the present knowledge and situasion and needs updateing once new valuable information has become available. Therefore the assessment of the water demand development is needed I intend to do special research for future water demands include planning of surface water supply and predict the demand of groundwater use. The assessment of groundwater resources will be performed for several years. The major goal of this research are :

1. Collecting and analyze new and existing geology and hydrogeology data of the study area.

2. Conduct a groundwater management study and assessments of hydrogeological conditions in the research area, including assessments on use of shallow groundwtater for domestic consumption and deep groundwater in a confined area which is used by industry.

3. Identify the current and future water availability use under different scenarios (e.g., pumping, land-use, surface water availability) to support sustainable allocation of groundwater.

4. Assist in future groundwater allocation decisions related to groundwater supply water requirements.

4. Methodology

There are actually four main sections in order to achieve the objectives of this research: (1) understanding the natural system of the study case areas, (2) developing the geological and hydrogeological model (conceptual model), (3) identify the groundwater system (4) identify the impacts of groundwater exploitation. The variety of data is needed before the study starts. Therefore it is also necessary to know what data is available, where and in which format, related to: (1) the geological structure of the subsoils, (2) hydrogeological system in the study areas, and (3) source of the groundwater pollution.

Literature review are taken by compiling published hydrogeological and numerical modelling guidelines and analysis previous reports about geology and hydrogeology of study areas which were already created in the past. The outcomes of the literature reviews led to the preliminary understanding of the natural system . A groundwater model will represent the essential features of natural hydrogeological system. Due to understand the effect of groundwater exploitation, a series of predictive results will be conducted in addition to the recent groundwater withdrawal. Progress made from this research will be discussed through the presentation and reports. The project results will be beneficial for achieving groundwater sustainability for development of research.

5. Research Plan

Through a comprehensive various assessment of groundwater problems and management practices in the study area, the several goals of this study will be planned as a long-term research plan. Objective 1 to 3 will be reached in the first and second years of my study if accepted. The main activities are to complete groundwater model calibration scenarios to groundwater availability assessment. It would include collecting data, reports and mapping of groundwater sources, reports on groundwater abstraction by industry, extraction from wells and potential spring sources. The target is intended on future groundwater quantity in addition to assessing local water requirements dynamics. Finally it would present implementation resolutions to the following problems of various stakeholders that would be continued in objective 4. The following problems include : (1) Changes in water resources because of the change in local water usage (2) Development of new or existing water resources for increasing water demand. Objective 4 will be conducted in my doctoral program since it would take a greater effort. The following results would be continued to evaluate necessary assessment for regional water resource.

6. References

[1] Lubis, RF., Sakura,Yasuo., Delinom,Robert., 2008. Groundwater Recharge and Discharge Processes In The Jakarta Groundwater Basin, Indonesia. Hydrogeology Journal. 16. 927-938.

[2] Rahmawati, Novi., Vuillaume, Jean-Francois., Purnama, Ignasius Loyola Setyawan. 2013. Salt intrusion in Coastal and Lowland areas of Semarang City. Journal of Hydrology. 494. 146-159.

[3] Wahyudi., Setiyono, Arif., Jayanthi, Onie Wiwid. 2014. Study on Groundwater Quality and Potensial Use In Shallow Coastal East Surabaya. Eksplorium (35). 1. 43-56