research question:
DESCRIPTION
EURAM 2013 26-29 June 2013 Annual Conference of the European Academy of Management Why are People in Luxembourg Happy? Language as an Identifier of Culture in the Grand Duchy by Dr Ursula Schinzel 00352.621.322.543 [email protected]. Research Question:. The purposes of this study are: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
26-29 June 2013EURAM Istanbul - Dr Ursula Schinzel
EURAM 2013 26-29 June 2013
Annual Conference of the European Academy of Management
Why are People in Luxembourg Happy?
Language as an Identifier of Culture in the Grand Duchy
byDr Ursula Schinzel 00352.621.322.543
EURAM 2013 26-29 June 2013
Annual Conference of the European Academy of Management
Why are People in Luxembourg Happy?
Language as an Identifier of Culture in the Grand Duchy
byDr Ursula Schinzel 00352.621.322.543
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26-29 June 2013EURAM Istanbul - Dr Ursula Schinzel
Research Question:Research Question:
The purposes of this study are:The purposes of this study are:
1.1.to explain where Luxembourg fits to explain where Luxembourg fits in on Hofstede’s 7 dimensions of in on Hofstede’s 7 dimensions of cultureculture
2.2.to explain Luxembourg people’s to explain Luxembourg people’s high scores on the measure of high scores on the measure of happiness happiness
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26-29 June 2013EURAM Istanbul - Dr Ursula Schinzel
Review of the LiteratureReview of the Literature Participant Observation (Primary Data)Participant Observation (Primary Data) Interviews (Primary Data)Interviews (Primary Data) Questionnaires (Primary Data)Questionnaires (Primary Data)
MethodsMethods
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26-29 June 2013EURAM Istanbul - Dr Ursula Schinzel
Literature ReviewLiterature Review The era before The era before
Hofstede:Hofstede: Maslow, AbrahamMaslow, Abraham McClelland, DavidMcClelland, David Herzberg, FrederickHerzberg, Frederick Rockeach, MiltonRockeach, Milton Hall, EdwardHall, Edward Kluckhohn, Florence and Strodtbeck, FredKluckhohn, Florence and Strodtbeck, Fred
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The era after Hofstede:The era after Hofstede: Triandis, HarryTriandis, Harry Smith, Peter, B.Smith, Peter, B. Schwartz, ShalomSchwartz, Shalom Trompenaars, Fons & Hamden-Turner, CharlesTrompenaars, Fons & Hamden-Turner, Charles De Mooij, MariekeDe Mooij, Marieke Inglehart, RonaldInglehart, Ronald The GLOBE, House, Robert; Hanges, Paul…The GLOBE, House, Robert; Hanges, Paul… Schein, EdgarSchein, Edgar Bond, Michael, HarrisBond, Michael, Harris Mintzberg, HenryMintzberg, Henry Minkov, MichaelMinkov, Michael Hofstede, Gert JanHofstede, Gert Jan McSweeneyMcSweeney
The era besides The era besides Hofstede:Hofstede:
Scholz, Christian; Böhm, HansScholz, Christian; Böhm, Hans Lewis, Richard D.Lewis, Richard D. Spizzo, DanielSpizzo, Daniel
The era beyond Hofstede:The era beyond Hofstede: Aaker, JenniferAaker, Jennifer Briley, DonnelBriley, Donnel Nakata, CherylNakata, Cheryl Kirkman, Hong, Benet-Martínez, Leung, Hermans, Kempen….Kirkman, Hong, Benet-Martínez, Leung, Hermans, Kempen….
26-29 June 2013EURAM Istanbul - Dr Ursula Schinzel
What did he do?What did he do? Born in the Netherlands in 1928Born in the Netherlands in 1928 IBM HRM research in the 1960sIBM HRM research in the 1960s 116,000 questionnaires116,000 questionnaires Identified 4 cultural dimensions, later added more:Identified 4 cultural dimensions, later added more:
IDV/COLL, UAI, PDI, MAS/FEM, IDV/COLL, UAI, PDI, MAS/FEM, LTO, IVR, MON.LTO, IVR, MON.
Dared to contradict Maslow, Herzberg, McClellandDared to contradict Maslow, Herzberg, McClelland Brought cultural research from the US to EuropeBrought cultural research from the US to Europe Emeritus Professor at Maastricht UniversityEmeritus Professor at Maastricht University http://www.geerthofstede.nl/
Start at 2:36Start at 2:36
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Geert Hofstede (1928- )Geert Hofstede (1928- )
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Hofstede’s Dimensions of CultureHofstede’s Dimensions of Culture
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Masculinity versusFemininity (MAS)
Power Distance Index (PDI)
Long-Term versus Short-Term
Orientation(LTO)
Indulgence versusRestraint (IVR)
UncertaintyAvoidance (UAI)
Individualism versus Collectivism
(IDV)
Monumentalism(MON)
Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture - Explained Easily :http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gJzRS0I7tA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2YG6Wb3j0s&feature=youtube_gdata_player
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LuxembourgLuxembourg
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Unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchyUnitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy Grand Duke: HenriGrand Duke: Henri Prime Minister: Jean-Claude JunckerPrime Minister: Jean-Claude Juncker Official languages: Luxembourgish, French, GermanOfficial languages: Luxembourgish, French, German Capital Luxembourg (90,000 inhabitants)Capital Luxembourg (90,000 inhabitants) Size: 2,586 km2Size: 2,586 km2 Population total: 511,000Population total: 511,000 Motto: “Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn” Motto: “Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn” “We want to remain what we are” “We want to remain what we are”
Anthem: “Ons Heemecht” – “Our Homeland”Anthem: “Ons Heemecht” – “Our Homeland”
Queen Mary II and Marie-Astrid
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Hypothesis 1: Native Luxembourgers scores on PDI, UAI, IDV, MAS, LTO, IVR,
MON cultural dimensions are significantly different from the scores of non-Luxembourgers in Luxembourg
Hypothesis 2: There are significant differences between Hofstede et al.’s PDI, UAI,
IDV, MAS, LTO, IVR, MON cultural dimensions estimates for Luxembourg and the empirical values found in this study for
Luxembourgers with Luxembourgish Nationality
Hypothesis 3:Luxembourgers are happy because they Use their language as
identifier, are highly uncertainty avoidant, are long-term oriented,have low power distance, are highly collectivist
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Data Analysis: Data Analysis: ParticipantParticipant
ObservationObservation
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HRone
American Chamber of Commerce
Chamber of Commerce and Sacred Heart University Luxembourg
PaperJam Business Club European
Commission
Luxembourg prefers:Meeting in person; in a Hotel or Bank; over Cocktail with Champagne/Lunch or Dinner
LPRA – Luxembourg Professionals Recruiters Association
Brasseries, Restaurants,Hotels, Bars.
Femmes Leaders Luxembourg
POG – Personnel Officer’s Group
Libreria Italiana
BEE SECURE
Fairs‘Foires’
University Luxbg
26-29 June 2013EURAM Istanbul - Dr Ursula Schinzel
PDI = 35(mQVAL7 – mQVAL2) + 25(mQVAL23 – mQVAL26) + C (pd)PDI = 35(mQVAL7 – mQVAL2) + 25(mQVAL23 – mQVAL26) + C (pd) UAI = 40(m QVAL20 – mQVAL16) + 25(mQVAL24 – mQVAL27) + C (ua)UAI = 40(m QVAL20 – mQVAL16) + 25(mQVAL24 – mQVAL27) + C (ua) IDV = 35(mQVAL4 – mQVAL1) + 35(mQVAL9 – mQVAL6) + C (ic)IDV = 35(mQVAL4 – mQVAL1) + 35(mQVAL9 – mQVAL6) + C (ic) MAS = 35(mQVAL5 – mQVAL3) + 35(mQVAL08 – mQVAL10) + C (mf)MAS = 35(mQVAL5 – mQVAL3) + 35(mQVAL08 – mQVAL10) + C (mf) LTO = 40(mQVAL18 – mQVAL15) + 25(mQVAL28 – mQVAL25) + C (ls)LTO = 40(mQVAL18 – mQVAL15) + 25(mQVAL28 – mQVAL25) + C (ls) IVR = 35(mQVAL12 – mQVAL11) + 40(mQVAL19 – mQVAL17) + C (ir)IVR = 35(mQVAL12 – mQVAL11) + 40(mQVAL19 – mQVAL17) + C (ir) MON = 35(mQVAL14 – mQVAL13) + 25 (mQVAL22 – mQVAL21) + C MON = 35(mQVAL14 – mQVAL13) + 25 (mQVAL22 – mQVAL21) + C
(mo)(mo)
Culture Calculation FormulasCulture Calculation Formulas
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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension:Interviews’ and Questionnaires’ Results in Collaboration with Lindab Buildings Diekirch
Table 1 Comparison Luxembourg – Luxembourg with Luxembourgish nationality (Lux. Nat.) – Hofstede’s estimates on Luxembourg (On a scale from 1-100, 1 being the lowest and 100 the highest score)
Luxembourg Lux. Nat. Hofstede’s estimates on Luxembourg
PDI 36 29 40UAI 97 95 70IDV 51.5 34 60MAS 47 54 50LTO 69 65 64IVR 53.5 55 56MON 10 24 -
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Cultural dimensions in Luxembourg - Lux. Nat. – France – Germany – UK – Belgium FR – Belgium NL – Italy – the Netherlands NL – China – USA – Japan (on a scale from 0-100) (0=lowest, 100=highest)
Luxbg Lux.Nat.
France Germany UK Belgium FR
Belgium NL
Italy NL China USA Japan
PDI 36 29 68 35 35 68 61 50 38 80 40 54UAI 97 95 86 65 35 93 97 75 53 30 46 92IDV 51.5 34 71 67 89 71 78 76 80 20 91 46MAS 47 54 43 66 66 60 43 70 14 66 62 95LTO 69 65 63 83 51 82 82 61 67 87 26 88IVR 53.5 55 48 40 69 57 57 30 68 24 68 42MON 10 24 16 10 35 - - 35 11 0 57 4.0
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What is What is Logistic Logistic
Regression?Regression?http://video.mynet.com/1982yucel/Arabic-Super-hits-Belly-Dance/1447061/
start at 1:02Logistic regression allows prediction of group membership, for example, prediction of whether someone is a belly dancer based on gender, occupational category, preferred type of reading material and age. Logistic regression allows to evaluate the odds (the probability) of membership in the group of belly dancers based on the combination of values of the predictor variables, 25 year old female sports professor, teaching hip-hop and reading dance books
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Logistic RegressionDefinition:
Logistic Regression is a statistical method used to model the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable – like for example ‘happiness’ – and a combination of independent variables – like for example ‘taking risk’, ‘free time for life’, ‘level of education’ ‘job level manager or non-manager’, ‘state of health’, ‘religion’
Logistic Regression is calculated in SPSS. SPSS is a computer program from IBM. SPSS means ‘Statistical Package for the Social Sciences’. Between 2009 and 2010 it was called PASW – ‘Predictive Analytics SoftWare’
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Logistic Regression
Regression Coefficients
Odds Ratios
Taking Risk 0.931 2.538Free Time for Life 0.974 2.647Level of Education -0.930 0.394Contradict boss 1.096 2.993State of health 1.485 4.416Importance of Religion
0.677 1.969
Constant -0.628 0.534
Dependent Variable: Being happy
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Correlation Matrix* Significant at .05
Taking Risk
Free Time for Life
Level of Education
Contradict boss
State of health
Importance of Religion
Taking Risk 1.000 -
Free Time for Life
0.214 1.000
Level of Education
0.054 -0.213 1.000
Contradict boss
-0.149 0.126 0.182 1.000
State of health 0.105 0.006 -0.279 -0.233 1.000
Importance of Religion
0.195 -0.101 -0.122 -0.065 0.086 1.000
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Constant -0.628
For a person who takes risks +(0.931)x1
And who takes free time for himself/herself
+(0.974)x1
Who has a high level of education +(-0.930)x1
Who dares to contradict the boss +(1.096)x1
Whose state of health is good +(1.485)x1
For whom religion is important +(0.677)x1
e = 3.605
z = 3.605 = 36.7817 + 1 = 37.7817logit = p
with z = with the constantp= p= p = 0.97 The probability for this person to be happy is 0.97. This is a very high probability,
near 1
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Logistic Regression: Logistic Regression: The probability of The probability of Luxembourgers of Luxembourgers of being happybeing happy
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Who does Not take risk
Probability of being happy =
0.97
Person 1
Person 2
Probability of being happy =
0.94
Who takes free time for life for him/herself
Who has a high level of education
Who dares to contradict the boss
Whose state of health is good
For whom religion is important
Who takes riskWho takes free time for life for him/herself
Who has a high level of education
Who dares to contradict the boss
Whose state of health is good
For whom religion is important
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Correlation among all variables in SPSSCorrelation among all variables in SPSS
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PDI UAI IDV MAS LTO IVR MON HAPPY
GENDER AGE EDUCATION
PDI -
UAI -.021 -
IDV .135 -.011 -
MAS .206* -.060 .517** -
LTO .138 .059 .030 .000 -
IVR .031 .043 .318** .272** .042 -
MON .068 .023 .245** .129 -.089 .244** -
HAPPY .038 .160 .045 .014 .268** .293** .001 -
GENDER -.030 .073 -.041 -.012 .004 -.029 -.105 .029 -
AGE -.117 .031 -.059 .022 -.076 .108 -.312** .040 -.128 -
EDUCATION.037 -.155 .106 .094 .119 .112 .060 .082 .120 -.025 -
RANK.
.230** .210* -.001 .016 .080 -.043 .090 .006 .162 -.490** -.084
N=134; * p<.05; ** p<.001
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ConclusionConclusion
LuxembourgersLuxembourgers use their language as identifieruse their language as identifier are highly uncertainty avoidantare highly uncertainty avoidant
are long-term orientedare long-term oriented have low power distancehave low power distance
are highly collectivistare highly collectivist and are happyand are happy
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HAPPY
HIGH UNCERTAINTY
AVOIDANCE
LOW POWER DISTANCE
HIG
H C
OLLECTIVIS
M/
LOW IN
DIVID
UALISM
LANGU
AGE AS
IDEN
TIFIER
LONG-TERM ORIENTATION Hypothesis 1, 2,
3 are confirmed
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EXPLANATIONS EXPLANATIONS PDIPDI POWER DISTANCE INDICATORPOWER DISTANCE INDICATOR
PDILuxembourg is low with 36/100
PDILux.Nat.: 29/100
China: 80USA: 40
PDI (Power Distance Indicator)Luxembourg is small, hierarchy is not felt that much, boss and employees
meet in the same sport clubs, supermarkets, bars, evening events
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EXPLANATIONS EXPLANATIONS UAIUAI UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE INDICATORUNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE INDICATOR
UAI Luxembourg is
high 97/100
UAI Lux.Nat. 97/100
UK: 35USA: 46
UAI Uncertain and unknown situations are avoidedSecure, regulated, clear life without surprises,
is preferred
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EXPLANATIONS EXPLANATIONS IDVIDVINDIVIDUALISM VERSUS COLLECTIVISMINDIVIDUALISM VERSUS COLLECTIVISM
IDV Luxembourg is
medium 51.5/100
IDV Lux.Nat. low IDV
34/100USA: 91Italy: 76
IDV Lux.Nat. are highly collective people preferring
the well-being of the group and country
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EXPLANATIONS EXPLANATIONS MASMAS MASCULINITY VERSUS FEMININITYMASCULINITY VERSUS FEMININITY
MAS the characteristics of a masculine dominant country = competition and success, and those of a feminine dominant country = caring for others, quality of life, are equally distributed
MAS Lux.Nat. is
medium 54/100Japan: 95
NL: 14
MAS Luxembourg is medium 47/100
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EXPLANATIONS EXPLANATIONS LTO LTO LONG-TERM ORIENTATION VERSUS SHORT-TERM LONG-TERM ORIENTATION VERSUS SHORT-TERM
ORIENTATIONORIENTATION
LTO Luxembourg is
high 69/100
LTO Lux.Nat. is high
65/100 USA: 26
Germany: 83
LTO •LTO is characterized by foreseen, and planned events and by perseverance and thrift
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EXPLANATIONS EXPLANATIONS IVR IVR INDULGENCE VERSUS RESTRAINTINDULGENCE VERSUS RESTRAINT
IVR In general: indulge in life, love profiting from
the benefits of life, enjoy life
IVR Luxembourg is
medium 53.5/100
IVR Lux.Nat. is medium
55/100China: 24Italy: 30USA: 68
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EXPLANATIONSEXPLANATIONS MON MON MONUMENTALISMMONUMENTALISM
MON Luxembourg is
low 10/100
MONLux.Nat. is low
24/100USA: 54.2Japan: 4
MONLux.Nat. love their national traditions and
nationality, the Grand Ducal family, National Day, National Hymn and are living their national identity
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Language as IdentifierLanguage as Identifier
Assure national Assure national identityidentity
World War 1 World War 1 and 2and 2
Discriminating Discriminating factor for factor for
identificationidentification
NationalityNationality
Access to Access to advantagesadvantages
ImportanceImportance
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Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture in Luxembourg: in Luxembourg: Why are people in Why are people in
Luxembourg happy?Luxembourg happy?Luxembourgers are happy because they:
Use their language as identifierare highly uncertainty avoidant
are long-term orientedhave low power distance
are highly collectivist
Hypothesis 1, 2, 3 are confirmed
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Thank you for your attention