research, scholarship and creative activity

S P R I N G 2 0 1 3EndeavorsR e S e a R c h , S c h o l a R S h I P a N d c R e a t I v e a c t I v I t y

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TCU professors tackle tough, important research problems every day. As scholars they contribute wisdom and knowledge to our collective understanding of the world, and as teacher-scholars, their research is influ-enced and shaped by questions that arise in the classroom. They must be excellent scholars and teachers, informed by the latest developments in their discipline, and ready mentors to promising student scholars. Many research projects involve undergraduate and graduate students as apprentice scholars.

In this issue of Endeavors, you will find a broad representation of the quality of research being conducted at TCU. Learn more about the ideas and inventions being explored by our professors at research.tcu.edu.

Bonnie Melhart, Ph.D. Associate Provost for Research,

Dean of Graduate Studies and University Programs

[email protected]

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When times are bad, women want to look good.

Dating back to the Great Depression, cos-metics companies have noticed that sales increase when the economy slides. For example, L’Oréal, one of the world’s largest cos-metic manufacturers, was somehow immune to the global recession of 2008, enjoying sales growth of 5.3 percent.

Journalists have dubbed it the “lipstick ef-fect” and Sarah Hill, assis-tant professor of psychol-ogy, dug deeper into the reasons women are willing

to splurge on beauty prod-ucts during a downturn.

Her findings, pub-lished recently in the Jour-nal of Personality and Social Psychology, confirmed that the lipstick effect is real, and is deeply rooted in fe-male mating psychology.

Hill says that our an-cestors regularly went through cycles of feast and famine that brought shifting strategies in re-production. For example, good times meant more leisure for personal de-velopment and postpon-ing parenthood, while bad times meant more pres-sure to reproduce before it was too late.

“For women, periods of scarcity also decrease

the availability of quality mates, and women’s mate preferences reliably pri-oritize resource access,” she says. “This preference stems from the important role that mates’ resources have played in women’s reproductive success.

“Because economic recessions are associat-ed with higher unem-ployment and minimal or negative returns on investments, news of a recession may therefore signal to women that fi-nancially secure men — those able to invest resources in rearing off-spring — are becoming scarce.”

That scarcity means

more competition among women, hence the drive to look their best.

While that may be true for our ancestors, does it still apply to young women today?

“Four separate ex-periments, along with real-world data, all say yes,” Hill says. “Our findings consistently supported the lipstick effect, as college-age women, when primed with news of econom-ic instability, reported an increased desire to buy attractiveness-enhanc-ing goods, along with a decreased desire to pur-chase goods that do not enhance one’s physical ap-pearance.”

The lipstick effectA recession brings increased sales of beauty products.

Insights

Spring 2013

Publisher: Bonnie MelhartAssociate Provost for Research, Dean of Graduate Studies and University ProgramsEditor: Nancy BartosekManaging Editor: Kathryn HopperArt Director: Tracy Sterling BristolWriters: Nancy Allison, Alison Rich, Robyn Ross and Mark Wright

Photographers: Carolyn Cruz and Amy Peterson

Endeavors is published twice a year by the Associate Provost for Research and the Division of Marketing & Communication.Stories represent a cross section of the research conducted at TCU. They were chosen to reflect the depth and breadth of inquiry in TCU’s eight colleges and schools.

Find us online at endeavors.tcu.edu, or call 817.257.6037. Send comments or address changes to: Editor, Endeavors, TCU Box 298940, Fort Worth, TX 76129

Copyright 2013 by Texas Christian University. Reproduction in whole

or part without permission is prohibited.

departments

Insights 3Research news briefs

Inspired 21Celebrating creative works

In Print 23Recent books by TCU faculty

Head winds 8

Five years after it was announced, the TCU-Oxford-NextEra Wind Initiative is providing new insight into how wind power is shaping Texas and the world.

Bonds of affection 12

The TCU Institute of Child Development is expanding with new initiatives that broaden its reach to serve more children, parents and professionals.

Professor as cybershrink 14

Criminal justice Professor Michael Bachmann tackles cybercrime by getting inside the heads of hackers.

Benefits of health care for the homeless 16

Data gathered by social work assistant Professor James Petrovich and students show how housing the homeless improves health care and the bottom line.

Managing complexity 18

How business Professor Tyson Browning is helping the U.S. Navy improve ship building.

An interview with John Harvey: Blogging meets Econ 101 20

His letter to the editor of Forbes magazine led to an ongoing blog explaining economics.

features

EndeavorsR e S e a R c h , S c h o l a R S h I P a N d c R e a t I v e a c t I v I t y


As newspapers continue to evolve in a changing media landscape, even Super-man’s Clark Kent has been driven from

his gig at The Daily Planet.In a comic book issue released in Octo-

ber, the super hero’s alter ego decries the state of journalism and its focus on celebrities, then quits in front of the newspaper’s staff.

Now, as reporters look for new heroes as the industry grapples with new pressures, TCU’s Center for Community Journalism has launched a new online journal that offers insights into how community newspapers are evolving to serve their readers in a world shaped by social media and the 24-hour-news cycle.

Tommy Thomason, publisher of the jour-nal and director of the Texas Center for Com-munity Journalism, said the journal has been established to encourage scholars to conduct research into the practices and issues of com-munity journalism.

“We noted that most of the research in this field centered on metro dailies, and the com-munity newspapers that make up the large ma-jority of the nation’s press had not been studied adequately,” Thomason says.

He also notes that of the approximately 600 newspapers in Texas, more than 550 of them are community papers.

“The news landscape is changing dramati-cally,” he said. “There are all kinds of devel-opments, like the use of social media to cover news and the growth of hyperlocal websites, that need to be examined more fully by re-searchers. Having this outlet should encourage scholars to take on projects related to commu-nity journalism.”

For more, go to journal.community-journalism.net.

Using a high-powered telescope perched on a New Mexican mountaintop, TCU researchers are taking

a close-up look at distant stars. They are part of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evo-lution Experiment (APOGEE), a survey aimed at better under-standing thousands of red giant stars in the Milky Way galaxy. “We’re studying the chemistry of stars,” says Peter Frinchaboy, assistant professor of physics and astronomy. “Our goal (for APOGEE) is to get the chem-istry of 100,000 stars by the middle of 2014, to be able to understand the formation and evolution of our own galaxy and how that ties into other galaxies.” Frinchaboy made it a priority for TCU to join the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, which includes the APOGEE project, a collab-orative effort of more than 300 scientists from universities and research institutes around the world. The survey is an ongo-ing, comprehensive survey of the universe that is searching for extra-solar planets, exploring

galaxy formation and evolution, dark matter and dark energy. In June, Frinchaboy and graduate students Ben Thomp-son and Julia O’Connell traveled to Sunspot, N.M., home of the Apache Point Observatory, where they got the chance to col-lect data from the Sloan Founda-tion’s 2.5-meter telescope. It has four spectrographs that separate incoming light into a spectrum, like a prism, which is fed by optical fibers that measure spectra (distances and velocities) of up to a thousand stars, galax-ies or distant star-like objects called quasars in a single obser-vation. A custom-designed set of software pipelines keeps pace with the enormous data flowing from the telescope. “APOGEE has one fiber for each object we want to observe,” Frinchaboy says. “We have 300 fibers, so we can collect informa-tion on 300 different objects at a time. We can collect informa-tion on a few thousand targets a night, depending on the season. We can get more in the winter than the summer because of the length of the night.”

The telescope is housed in a building outfitted with rails that move the structure away at sunrise and sunset, exposing the telescope to the night sky. “The telescope sits on a rotator plate that spins around, depend-ing on where we want to look in the sky,” says graduate student O’Connell, pictured above on left. Frinchaboy says the project provides world-class, hands-on research opportunities for both graduate and undergraduate students. Thompson, now in his second year of graduate study, was excited to be part of such a pres-tigious project. “By mapping out the galaxy, we can tell distances, we can tell how fast the stars are moving and we can tell what they are made of,” says Thompson, pictured above on right. “By doing that, we can map the evolution of the galaxy, how it got built up, where stars were formed, where they mi-grated from. That’s the end goal, to determine how the Milky Way was born.”

For more, go to phys.tcu.edu.Comment at [email protected].

C o m m u n i C a t i o n

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A patient in his 50s used to be bi-lingual, but after suffering a stroke he lost much of his English speak-ing skills.

However, he did remember Span-ish, his native tongue, so would it be better to focus speech therapy us-ing the typical sentence structure of Spanish, with adjectives coming after the nouns and indirect objects lead-ing the verbs?

That was one of the questions explored by Maria Muñoz, associate professor of communication sciences in TCU’s Harris College of Nursing and Health Sciences. She partnered with Kindra Santamaria, assistant professor of French, in a study of bi-lingual stroke victims who suffered from aphasia, a speech disorder that occurs when a rupture or blockage in the brain deprives speech centers of oxygen.

Through their research, they hope to guide speech pathologists to better focus treatment for bilingual patients who have aphasia, which af-fects more than a million Americans.

Previous clinical studies have shown that bilingual patients benefit from assessment and treatment that takes both languages into account, says Muñoz. But this new research is showing how working in the patient’s native language can perhaps provide more rapid recovery.

For more, go to csd.tcu.edu.

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“Having this outlet should encourage scholars to take on projects related to community journalism.”

Tommy Thomason, director of the Texas Center for Community Journalism

New online academic journal highlights community journalism.

TCU astrophysics team is mapping the night sky.

TCU professors in Panama for the World Brahman Congress

TCU students at the Apache Point Observatory


Big loveProfessor studies how women’s body image relates to sexual satisfaction.

In the smash film Bridesmaids, Melissa McCarthy soared to fame and critical acclaim

as the bawdy bridesmaid Megan who doesn’t let her body weight affect her libido.

That kind of acceptance can help those who identify themselves as fat to have a richer romantic life, ac-cording to recent research by Jeannine Gailey, associate professor of sociology in the AddRan College of Liberal Arts. In her paper “Fat Shame to Fat Pride: Fat Women’s Sexual and Dating Expe-riences,” published earlier this year in the journal Fat Studies, Gailey writes that women who can accept and appreciate their bodies, embracing “fat pride,” can also positively affect their sex lives.

She interviewed women who identi-fied themselves as fat about their body image, ability to accept their size and re-lationship histories. She found that three-

fourths of those sur-veyed reported that when they embraced fat pride, they tended to experience an in-crease in confidence and better sexual re-lationships, whereas women who struggled to accept their body size tended to report

less sexual fulfillment and were more likely to report that they felt men used them sexually.

“Women who accept their bodies, or are beginning to, not only experience freedom from the pressure to diet or change their bodies, but also the freedom to be sexual. As the women experience less body shame and increased confi-dence, they also seek out or attract part-ners who treat them better and truly ap-preciate them,” she writes. “Participants who have begun to see their bodies as beautiful and desired seem to enjoy their sexual relationships and have better expe-riences than those who do not.”

of Note

Adding it upStudents who struggle with traditional classroom in-struction may find it easier to learn new math concepts by working at their own pace on a computer.

That’s the approach being researched by Lindy Crawford, the Ann Jones Endowed Chair in Special Education in the College of Education.

Crawford is the principal investigator of a $1.5 mil-lion federal grant studying the Math Learning Compan-ion, a computer program that provides individual in-struction for students with math learning disabilities.

The program covers math for grades 3 to 8, allow-ing students to go back and repeat instructions. It also

has interactive support, includ-ing a dictionary of key terms, Spanish translations, hints and other options like “need more help.”

“It really gives the stu-dent control over learning,” Crawford says. “I’ll go into the classroom and tell kids, ‘Have you ever wanted to stop and

rewind your teacher because you didn’t understand something? Well, with this, you can do that.’ They say, ‘Wow, that’s great.’ ”

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Project runway

Each year, TCU’s senior engineering students organize themselves into a small com-pany of 15 to 20 employees. On the first day of the fall se-

mester, they are given an engineering specification, a schedule of deliver-ables and a budget. Their job over one academic year is to design, build and test a product for an actual customer. Called the Capstone Design Project, it’s a unique hands-on opportunity for students to sharpen real-world skills in design, production and project management. The clients have included Alcon Laboratories, Bell Helicopter Textron Inc., RockBit Industries, Lockheed

Martin Corporation, Sandia National Labs, Oncor Electric Delivery and several others. Clients provide funding for the projects in hopes of solving a real-world problem or need. Last year’s seniors tackled a project titled “Investigation of a Cockpit Syn-thetic Display System” for Bell Heli-copter, a Textron Inc. company based in Fort Worth. With a total budget of $69,000, students were challenged to build a better cockpit display that would provide visual cues to helicop-ter pilots of potential hazards during flight, such as unseen buildings, fog and trees. The students were to create a transparent cockpit display with a

180-degree field of view, a feat never accomplished before. “The team delivered a work-ing system integrated into a 206-L4 helicopter cab loaned by Bell and their system satisfied 90 percent of a very challenging specification. The engi-neers at Bell were very impressed,” says Tayag. TCU’s senior design project has been active since 1995. In this year’s project, students are working with Corning Cable Systems to help develop a curing oven for fiber optic connectors.

For more, www.engr.tcu.edu.

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GReG MaNSUR, a professor in the College of Communi-cations’ Film Televi-sion Digital Media (FTDM ) Department received an Award of Merit for his short film Adrift from The Accolade awards competition. The international com-petitition recognizes filmmakers who dem-onstrate exceptional achievement in craft and creativity. The film tells the story of a 36-year-old wife and mother reassessing her life.

TCU’s Center for Ur-ban Education in the College of Education, headed by cecIlIa SIlva, won the prestigious Exemplary Culturally Responsive Teacher Prepara-tion Award from the American Associa-tion of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE) and the Southern Poverty Law Center. The award recognizes universi-ties that best prepare future teachers for the challenges of working in diverse settings.

The Tarrant County branch of the Na-tional Association of Social Workers select-ed lINda MooRe, professor of social work in the Harris College of Nursing and Health Sciences, as the 2012 Life-time, Achievement Award recipient and nominated her for the National Association of Social Work, Texas Chapter, Lifetime Achievement Award. This prestigious award recognized and honored her 30 years of leadership and contributions, which have influenced the quality and direction of social work prac-tice and education at the local, state and national levels.

lINda hUGheS, Addie Levy Professor of Literature in the AddRan College of Liberal Arts, has been selected as the 2012 winner of the 18th- and 19-Century British Women Writ-ers Association Award for Contributions to the Study of British Women Writers. This award is given to eminent scholars whose work is inter-nationally recognized as pioneering and integral to the study of women writers, and who also provide mentorship to both graduate students and faculty in the field.

The Neeley School of Business has named KeIth hMIeleSKI the Robert and Edith Schumacher Faculty Fellow in Entrepre-neurship and Innova-tion in honor of his impressive teaching and research in the field of entrepreneur-ship.Named one of the top 10 entrepreneur-ship educators in the nation by the Acton Foundation, Hmieleski teaches undergraduate and graduate courses on entrepreneurial op-portunity recognition and has been honored with Neeley’s under-graduate teaching award.

RhIaNNoN MayNe, assistant professor of mete-orites and planetary science in the School of Geology, Energy and the Environment, is a recipient of the Antarctica Service Medal of the United States of America for her service in Antarc-tica. In 2011, she was part of a team that collected hundreds of meteorites on the icy continent. The medal is one of four medals that the U.S. govern-ment has authorized in recognition of Antarctic expedition-ary service, and it is the only one currently awarded.

alaN ShoRteR, associate professor of theatre in the College of Fine Arts, presented “Teach-ing Music Theory to Musical Theatre Stu-dents” at the national conference of The Association for The-atre in Higher Educa-tion in Washington, D.C. in August. He also composed five songs and provided musical coaching for The Merry Wives of Windsor for the Trinity Shakespeare Festival at TCU last summer.

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Senior engineering students working on the Capstone Design Project


Texas is in the midst of an energy boom, but it’s not just oil and natural gas powering the resur-gence, it’s the mighty winds that whip through the high plains from Amarillo to Abilene.

Energy companies are fun-neling millions into building and operating wind farms. Even

search engine Google is getting into the act, in-vesting more than $200 million to buy a stake in a West Texas wind farm. Favorable tax treat-ment plus the switch to greener energy options have propelled the growth of wind energy, which now generates 3 percent of the nation’s electricity and 7 percent in the state of Texas.

For the last five years, TCU professors and students have been researching the impact these massive wind farms have on the local en-vironment, economy and our national energy equation. The research is part of a multi-mil-lion-dollar partnership with NextEra Energy Resources, one of the world’s largest generators of wind power, and Oxford University that was announced in March 2008.

“This grant has put TCU at the forefront of renewable research,” says Michael Slattery,

director of TCU’s Institute for Environmen-tal Studies and a professor in the School of Geology, Energy and the Environment. “Not from an engineering standpoint, but in terms of understanding the social, environmental, economic impacts.”

Along the way, the research has expanded to include other states and countries and added more institutional firepower as more universi-ties and governmental agencies join in the ef-fort. In addition to TCU and Oxford, the ini-tiative now includes researchers from UCLA, Texas A&M University, the University of Okla-homa, Oklahoma State University, Kansas State University, the University of Minnesota, the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Oce-anic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Renewable Energy Lab in Boulder, Colo.

“TCU, because of our size and our teacher-scholar model, can do some things very well, but we can’t do everything well,” Slattery says. “There are things that we don’t have the exper-tise on, so we find collaborations in those areas and that has really helped us along, put us on the map.”

Now five years into the process, the data is

being crunched and Horned Frog researchers are publishing the results of multiple studies in journals as diverse as Energy Policy, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review and Southwestern Naturalist and presenting their findings at con-ferences from Cairo to Abu Dhabi.

“We’re at a really fruitful period here where we’re just writing papers, collating data from various research clusters and writing them up,” Slattery says.

The initiative has also given TCU re-searchers a place at the table with industry and governmental officials as they formulate regu-lations over the nation’s growing wind industry.

“This research isn’t just about writing pa-pers,” he adds. “It’s driv-ing policy on Capitol Hill. Lobbyists are using the research to get more renewable energy into our way of life.”

here’s a rundown of the major research findings in three areas of the Wind Research Initiative:

socioeconomics

Led by Slattery and Becky Johnson, professor of professional practice in TCU’s School of Geology, Energy and the Environment, the so-cioeconomic team has conducted research in

West Texas and Iowa on public perception and the economic impacts of large wind farms. Ini-tial studies were conducted in ru-ral Sterling and Cooke counties, which were then used to develop a protocol for more complex regions.

As the proj-ect has pro-gressed, the study

sites have grown to encompass additional ar-eas. The intent is that by end of the research, this movement from a more basic region of study to a more diverse and complex environ-ment will allow the team to develop a protocol for studying the socioeconomic impacts of the wind industry not only in Texas but in other regions as well.

“The work we’ve done so far has focused on Texas, but now we’re involved in two other studies — one in Oklahoma and one in Kan-sas,” Slattery says. “We’re moving up the wind corridor.”

The team has developed a cross-section-al study that uses a multi-methodological ap-proach that includes surveys, focus groups and secondary data analysis methods. Surveys have been used in communities in proximity to wind farms for evaluation of their opinions of wind energy. Focus groups have been used to gain specific details from specialized individu-als, as well as general public opinions used to enhance survey questions. The secondary data analysis methods are used to review govern-ment and wind farm documents about eco-

tcU’s five-year-old partnership with

oxford University and Nextera energy Resources

has put the university at the forefront of

research examining the environmental and

economic impacts of wind energy and its role

in reducing carbon emissions.

t C u - o x f o r d - n e x t e r a e n e r g y W i n d r e S e a r C h i n i t i a t i v e

by Kathr yn Hoppe r

Continued on page 10


nomic and demographic information in the communities.

Texas A&M and UCLA have joined as partners in the socioeconomic research. The team of scientists have used several data sets to investigate how investments in wind farms affect community demographics, wealth and local school quality.

“If you’re the mayor of a town with a population of 5,000 and you’ve got a wind farm nearby, what does it mean to your town, to your schools, to the broader region and the state as far as jobs and economic growth?” Slattery says. “The news is good. These proj-ects generate jobs, certainly during the con-struction phase, but they also generate long-term income for the surrounding community.”

The team has also surveyed public opin-ion and found that, by and large, local resi-dents in Texas are supportive of the wind farms, adds Slattery.

“What we’ve found is a very, very strong acceptance of these wind turbines,” he says. “There’s not a very vocal opposition that you find in other areas.

“For the most part, (the residents) say they hope these wind farms will reinvigorate economies that are struggling.”

Birds and Bats

Led by Amanda Hale, assistant professor of biology at TCU, the over arching goal of the bird-bat team is to assess how wind power can coexist with bird and bat populations. In addi-tion to investigating direct mortality from the wind facility, the team also explores issues relat-ed to habitat fragmentation and displacement.

The TCU team initially focused on bird-bat populations at Wolf Ridge Wind Energy Center, a 75-turbine wind farm owned by NextEra in Cooke County.

The species they found to be most im-pacted by the turbines were Eastern Red Bats and Hoary Bats, followed by a small num-ber of Evening Bats and Tricolored Bats. The number of bat bodies found at the base of the turbines peaked between mid-July and September, which is when the Eastern Red Bats and Hoary Bats make their way south from the northern United States and Canada to spend the winter in the southwestern Unit-ed States and Mexico.

When they get too close, the nocturnal creatures can get swiped by the blades, which at the tips can reach speeds upwards of 120 miles per hour. Some bats appear to be killed by the blades while others may be sucked into a low-pressure area behind the spinning blades, rupturing the bats’ tiny lungs and caus-ing internal bleeding.

Using their research and findings from similar studies, Hale hypothesized that reduc-ing turbine usage during key migration times of the bats would help curtail mortalities. The good news is that the times of high bat activ-ity tended to also be nights with low winds.

Based on the TCU team’s research, Next-Era is reducing turbine usages during key times of bat migration in order to mitigate potential fatalities, Slattery says.

“The company has supported curtailment efforts, agreeing to shut down the turbines during the migration season to see if that mit-igates against bat fatalities,” Slattery adds.

Carbon and ecology

The carbon team, headed by researchers at Oxford University in the United Kingdom, is exploring the carbon footprint created by wind energy as compared to other energy sources.

They have been exploring the following issues:

1) How wind and solar power can best be integrated into the power grid

2) The transmission and generation capac-ity required to support large-scale renewables

3) The spinning reserves required to sup-port a clean energy grid

4) The cost of integrating renewables and whether there is a maximum threshold where renewables become uneconomical

5) Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions from renewable and conventional generation technologies.

“It’s really trying to inform the public how a wind farm, how several wind farms, inte-grate and operate and how we deal with things like intermittency and uncertainty in the wind and controlling how much wind gets in the grid and all that,” Slattery says.

So far, the research has found that even using massive carbon capture and sequestra-tion would not be enough to keep carbon emission levels at the desired targeted level, which is those of the early 1990s. He says the only way to significantly reduce the global car-bon footprint is to use a combination of re-newable sources, such as wind and solar, and tapping the growing sources of natural gas.

“If you try to cut away all the political bias and the spin and the lobbying groups, everything that is associated with climate change, the reality is that, on a utility scale, a combination of wind and some solar plus nat-ural gas is the only way we can reach our car-bon reduction targets,” he adds.

For more go to wind.tcu.edu.Comment at [email protected].

“ If you try to cut away all the political bias and the spin and the lobbying groups —

everything that is associated with

climate change — the reality is that, on a utility scale, a

combination of wind and some solar

plus natural gas is the only way we can

reach our carbon reduction targets.”

Michael Slattery, director of TCU’s Institute for Environmental Studies

and a professor in the School of Geology, Energy and the Environment.

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Students studying bird populations at Wolf Ridge Wind Energy Center.


e y e b r o W h e a d

What is TBRI?Developed by Professors Karyn Purvis and David Cross at the TCU Institute of Child Development, Trust-Based Relational Interventions (TBRI®) is an emerging intervention model for a wide range of childhood behavioral prob-lems. It has been applied successfully in a variety of contexts, and with many children for whom numerous other inter-ventions have failed (e.g., medications, cognitive-behavioral therapies.) TBRI is based on a solid foundation of neu-ropsychological theory and research, tempered by humanitarian principles. It is a family-based intervention that is designed for children who have experi-enced relationship-based traumas such as institutionalization, multiple foster placements, maltreatment, and/or ne-glect. The primary goal of the training is to present research-based interven-tions models for professionals that help at-risk children reach their full potential. Pragmatic and intensive application of research-driven intervention is the fun-damental focus of this training, with the goal of empowering professionals to become healers for at-risk children on a micro and macro level.

“We’re creating an army of fiercely passionate advocates who are changing the world for children.” Karyn Purvis, director of the

TCU Institute for Child Development

by Kathr yn Hoppe r

Professor Karyn Purvis with TCU students and children during Camp Hope and, below, at the Only Make Believe ceremony


Michael Bachmann is tall. Even in Texas, where large seems to be the natural order of things, the native German takes

up a lot of headroom. Asked to guess his occupation, you might hazard something physically demanding, like ranger or sher-iff, and in a way, he’s both of those. But in-stead of rugged cliffs or city streets, TCU’s assistant professor of criminal justice keeps a watch on the virtual world.

As a kid, he fell in love with computers. In high school, he worked part-time to buy parts then built his own. But he was also interested in what made humans tick. At the University of Mannheim, Germany, he studied sociology, and was stunned in December 2000 when a hacker in Sweden hijacked servers at the nearby University of Kaiserslautern.

Bachmann was both fascinated and appalled that classified software for U.S. missile guidance systems in a “secure” office in Washington could be hacked via Germany by one guy manipulating code in his living room. He realized that cyber-space had fundamentally changed human interac-tions. The incident pointed him directly toward his future.

Pursuing doctoral studies in criminal sociol-ogy in the U.S. a few years later, he set out to un-derstand the hacker mind-set.

“Michael was a self-starter,” says then-head of University of Central Florida’s sociology de-partment, Jay Corzine. “He excelled at research methods, and devised his own instrument to profile the underground hacking community. He then asked organizers of a well-known hacker conference to distribute it to their participants.”

Bachmann fielded the first-ever quantitative survey of hackers in 2007 at SchmooCon, the second-largest hacker conference in the country. The result not only won UCF’s Outstanding Dis-sertation Award but also garnered Bachmann in-

terviews with a Washington-based think tank. “Mysterious and sinister basement dwell-

ers, clever, yet lonesome male adolescents whose computer wizardry compensates for social short-comings,” is how most people tend to stereotype hackers, says Bachmann.

But when hackers are mounting attacks on digital infrastructure with ever more frequency, solid profiling — not stereotyping — is crucial, both to help anticipate and to deter cybercrime. Bachmann found hackers to be sociable, creative risk-takers, with many of the most prolific at-tackers well past their teens. His survey examined hackers’ preferred targets, methods and success levels, as well as their personalities.

“Hackers are typically thrill-seekers who de-rive pleasure and excitement from the chase, from overcoming barriers, and from gaining ac-cess to all kinds of areas where they’re not sup-posed to go.”

Think outside the box? “Hackers would rather burn the damn box and have a party around it,” Bachmann says.

When he’s not traveling to hacker conferences, taking training courses on identifying global terror-ist threats, or leading study abroad trips to Germa-ny, Bachmann teaches courses in crime-mapping, research methods, and deviance and crime.

Ask his wife Brittany to describe Bachmann, and you begin to see why he’s so good at this stuff.

“Michael never accepts ‘no’ or ‘you’re not al-lowed to do that or go there.’ He always wants

to find a more direct route to get into the guts of a problem or system. He is never satisfied until he has found a way to achieve access, so he can understand how something functions and then he wants to tear it apart and build it back his way, which is invariably more sys-tematic and more logical than the origi-nal.”

This isn’t surprising. Bachmann has the passionate curiosity and persever-

ance of an original hacker: Like those über-smart guys from MIT who started it all, he sees tech-nology as a way to reach the heights of artistic and intellectual creativity and improve the qual-ity of life.

But, as he explains, the more we’ve moved our lives online, the more opportunities have arisen for “black hat” hackers to undertake tech-nological crime, “for which computers, be it the ones on your desk, in your cellphone, or in your car, will be the agent, facilitator or victim.”

That’s why it’s necessary to have ethical hackers, also called “penetration testers.” Hired by government agencies and corporations to try their best to hack into systems to make them more secure, many of these “white hat” hackers are former cybercriminals.

This brings up the question of punishment, and whether we should make use of their skills or lock them away. But first, we have to catch them.

Bachmann’s other research may be able to help with that, too. While his SchmooCon survey relied mainly on psychological profiling, there’s a much more common type being used by law en-forcement, and Bachmann is an expert.

“In geospatial crime analysis we use com-plex, map-based applications in combination with knowledge about criminological theories to identify likely offender residencies or to predict where a serial offender will strike next,” he says. Comment at [email protected].

Regularly update your software.

Install some kind of firewall and virus scanner.

Use common sense when connecting to public or unknown networks.

Don’t use a password that can be found in a dictionary.

Create individual passwords for different accounts.

Change passwords from time to time.

Ensure that your email passwords are different from any other (Facebook, especially) passwords.

If you use your credit card for online purchases, consider paying a trusted identity theft

protection service a small monthly fee, which includes insurance against any potential

financial losses.

CyBershrink Professor attacks cybercrime by

profiling the hackers.

by Nanc y Al l i s on

the average computer user doesn’t think much about

cybercrime. Bachmann offers some easy and quick safety routines that

can go a long way toward protecting your data, finances,

and identity.

1/5 don’t check links before shAring.

1/3 of sociAl mediA users

don’t log out After eAch session.

1/6 hAve no ideA if their settings

Are public or privAte.

risky BehAViOron sOCiAL MeDiA


Social Work study shows perks of permanent housing for those in need.

a 36-month research study on the chronically homeless and medically vulnerable in Fort Worth revealed that providing housing to this cohort not

only gives them safe shelter but also helps lessen their overall use of medical services and cuts the community’s cost to serve them.

The data, gathered by social work Assistant Professor James Petrovich and students, will supply community leaders and others with a uniquely granular snapshot into the effectiveness of providing permanent, supportive housing to the homeless in Fort Worth.

Working in tandem with the City of Fort Worth, the research team began in 2009 to recruit 100 local previously homeless people now living in city-funded housing in sites scattered across the city. The researchers then received permission to access the participants’ records at JPS Health Network, MedStar, Mental Health Mental Retardation of Tarrant County (MHMR) and the Fort Worth Police Department.

“We knew the date they went into hous-ing and looked 18 months on either side of it, evaluating their use of these different service sectors: Did they go, how often did they go and how much did it cost?” Petrovich explains. “We

wanted to make sure that this intervention, this housing approach, is benefitting the people who are going to live in the apartments, as well as helping the community.”

Of the 100 people who started with the study, 83 remained in housing for the full 18 months after.

Petrovich notes that it is important to note that the lack of a randomly assigned control group does not allow for a causal relationship to be established between the changes in service use and the housing.

the Major findings

Participants’ use of the JPS Health Network after being housed fell by 24 percent, with actual charges incurred dropping 40 percent.

“Overall, the difference between the charges they incurred before housing and after housing was $1 million,” Petrovich notes.

As for MedStar usage, it declined 28 per-cent, with charges incurred down 34 percent.

“That’s a good thing,” Petrovich says of the reduction in ambulance services. “It takes a little bit of burden off an already stressed system.”

The homeless did tap one service more, post-housing: MHMR, which jumped 28 percent. “Before they got housing and case management, they were probably receiving inadequate or inappropriate care,” Petrovich explains, noting that this population includes the persistently mentally ill who suffer from such debilitating conditions as schizophrenia and major depression. “Now they’re likely getting the kind of care they actually need.”

All told, the results didn’t surprise Petrovich and his team.

“If you look at all four sectors, it really worked out the way we expected — not just for the homeless but for the community as well,” Petrovich says.

Some of the most interesting data they extracted, he noted, involved the newly housed participants’ interactions with the local police department.

“What we found is that in the 18 months after people went into housing, misdemeanor citations (jaywalking, drinking in public, loiter-ing, public camping and such) went down 78

percent,” he says. Arrests, as well, tumbled 70 percent.

“So in terms of police interactions before housing, these folks were arrested, booked and/or cited 203 times in the 18 months prior to housing,” Petrovich says. “In the 18 months after, they were only arrested, booked and/or cited 52 times.”

The only issue that raised researchers’ hack-les involved participants’ crime victimization. Those numbers, he said, didn’t plunge as much as they’d hoped.

“The only thing we were disturbed to see is that the number of police reports filed because the person was a victim of some kind of crime went down just 14 percent,” Petrovich says. He reasons that it’s because many of the partici-pants’ apartments are located in higher-crime areas of Fort Worth, which may increase their chances of victimization.

the ramifications

Although city budget cuts may stop the funding for their evaluations in 2013, Petrovich says he is pleased with the progress he and his team made during their tenure.

“What I feel good about is that we gave [the city] some solid data, which to me says it’s in the best interest of this community to fund support-ive housing for the homeless,” he says. “It costs a considerable amount more to leave people on the street than it does to leave them in a home.”

Beyond the numbers, of course, there is the human factor. Petrovich and his team asked participants how the newfound security and safety of being able to lock their door and the independence and freedom gained from living in an apartment changed their lives.

The response, he says, was overwhelmingly positive.

“It’s not just about putting people into an apartment — it’s about helping people regain their own dignity,” Petrovich says. “These people have inside of them everything they need to be successful in life and re-orient themselves. What housing does is give them that base to start working from.”

Comment at [email protected].

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tyson Browning is an expert in a model-ing technique that engineers and busi-nesses in a broad

range of industries are increas-ingly turning to in order to simplify complex processes and product designs.

What Browning, associate professor of operations man-agement in the Neeley School

of Business, knows about Design Struc-ture Matrix (DSM) analysis just might help the U.S. Navy build a better boat.

In 2011, Brown-ing received a grant from the Office of Naval Research to use DSM to help de-fine and streamline the process the Navy

uses for designing a ship. What are all the decisions involved in ship design? What are all the ac-tivities? And how do these re-late to each other? Answering those questions using traditional

charting methods might require a King Kong-sized PowerPoint presentation.

“This would look like an enormous flow chart on the side of a wall,” Browning says. “It would probably cover the side of a building. Ship design is per-haps even more complex than aircraft design, which is where my background is mainly.”

But DSM lays out all the relevant information on a small square grid that could easily fit on an eighth-grade geometry student’s sheet of graph pa-per. The elements of a system are represented by cells on the upper-left to lower-right diago-nal, and off-diagonal cells in-dicate the relationships among elements.

And unlike node-link dia-grams, which begin to look like a puzzling plate of spaghetti and meatballs when more and more elements are added, the DSM model maintains its clean, easy-to-read appearance no matter how many elements it displays, Browning says.

“This technique is really about managing complexity,” Browning says. “It’s about taking

a bunch of complex elements that relate to each other and boiling it all down and showing it in a square matrix.”

Browning in his new book, Design Structure Matrix Meth-ods and Applications (MIT Press, 2012), which he co-wrote with MIT management Profes-sor Steven D. Eppinger, shows numerous examples of how NASA, Kodak, Mozilla and oth-er companies and agencies are using DSM to model processes, products and organizations.

“Once things get big and complex, it’s too much for someone to understand all at once,” says Browning, who has been using DSM analysis for nearly 20 years. “So you need someone to give you the big pic-ture all in one snapshot.”

In addition to his exper-tise in modeling the ship-design process, Browning is also using this matrix technique to help the Navy design its ships to be more modular and adaptable. The Navy, which wants to regain its capability to design ships after outsourcing it to prime contrac-tors starting in the early 1990s, faces problems when it tries to

incorporate a new technology into an existing product design. The Navy might have a new way to power a ship or it might have a new weapon, a new con-trol system or a new electrical system, but the way Naval ves-sels are currently constructed re-quires a massive overhaul to add or swap out a new element.

“It’s really hard to go in and refit or remodel a ship,” Brown-

ing says. “So they want to design ships so it’s easier to plug and play with modules of technolo-gy. But to make that easier to do, you have to design your ship with that in mind in the first place.”

Browning plans to use DSM to analyze the Navy’s products to see if they are successfully employing modular designs. A modular ship would allow a spe-

cific component group to be eas-ily segregated from the rest of the design. That way, a particu-lar feature of a design could be swapped out easily without mess-ing with the overall design.

“Can we design almost a ge-neric Navy ship that could be repurposed for disaster relief or combat or coast guarding — dif-ferent missions that a ship could

have?” Browning says. “Right now it’s designed for a specific purpose.”

Browning, who characteriz-es his Navy grant as very loosely defined and open-ended, has be-gun his latest project: a survey of recent academic work on the subject of DSM and how it ap-plies to some issues the Navy is dealing with.

“In this age of the U.S. Navy not being able to afford many ships, each one needs to be a little more versatile,” Brown-ing says. “And they’re being very thoughtful in how to do that, and this technique helps.”


Professor Tyson Browning is helping the U.S. Navy build a better boat

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Inspiredwith John Harvey

Last year, after economics professor John T. Harvey sent an impassioned essay to Forbes.com,

an editor there invited him to write a blog for the website. Harvey is of the mind that regular folks need to understand economics. Unfortunately, he says, many of us, and the politicians representing us, don’t. He tries through his teaching, writing, the Forbes blog, and even this Q&A to make economics make sense.

If you were given the power to do what you think is needed to rescue the economy, what exactly would you do first? Intro-duce a jobs program to get help to those who are most hurt as quickly as possible. Note such programs are expected to a) in-clude training for new careers, b) be in lieu of most unemploy-ment assistance, and c) be at wages slightly below the mar-ket equivalent so that once the economy is in expansion again, workers could exit the public sector. And then I’d implement tax reform to help address the income disparities and a rein-troduction of regulations that curb speculative excesses in the financial industry.

What should the govern-ment’s role in the economy be? To supplement demand so that everyone who wants a job has one and to undertake those activities that are of social ben-efit but aren’t profitable.

What are the three most important factors to

track (and over what time frame) to gauge if the economy has finally turned the corner? Unemployment is without ques-tion the big one and that would be within the year. Then middle class incomes over the next sev-eral years, and finally the income distribution in general over the decade.

Politics aside, would high marginal tax rates be an ef-fective check on excessive executive compensation? Of course it would depend on how high they were, but I am skeptical. I would rather focus more attention on the low lev-els of compensation for every-one else.

Are you pessimistic about prospects for the U.S. economy in the near and medium term? Yes, I am. The Obama administration has not displayed a desire to engage in the sort of economic reforms necessary and, with those they have attempted, they have been blocked by the Republicans. I am hoping the second term brings something new.

In a recent post you used charts showing unemploy-ment as well as deficit spending by year and presi-dential administration. You went all the way back to 1920. What can we learn by past economics and ad-ministrations to help us to-day? That deficit spending can and has solved unemployment and did not lead to any fiscal cliff or burden on future gen-erations. In addition, we have already seen how trying to bal-ance the budget in the midst of an economic downturn can be disastrous.

You say on your blog: “I am a firm believer that eco-nomics can and must be made understandable to

the general public, but that our discipline has done a very poor job in this re-gard.” You remedy that to a degree with your blog, but what else would you like to see being done? Within the discipline of economics, we need to spend more time talk-ing about the real world and less simply playing with math. I al-ways think of my PhD-level in-ternational trade class. I remem-ber standing in line at a store not long after I had finished it, and a terrible thought struck me: The very things people in this line would expect me to know — with whom we trade, what we trade, how that has evolved over time, etc. — I couldn’t even begin to tell them. The class was basically matrix algebra. This is not the least bit uncommon and it has caused terrible problems for economic theory, the teach-ing of economics, and economic policy. In fact, economists bear some of the responsibility for the financial crisis.

How would you complete these sentences: Stop gov-ernment spending and …watch unemployment rise again.

Run government like a busi-ness and … be forced to shut down the unprofitable enti-ties like police forces, fire de-partments, public libraries, the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, the Marines, the Coast Guard, national parks, child and family welfare, public schools, etc., etc.

Raise taxes on the rich, and … have no impact on economic growth but see a correction in the income distribution.

Over twelve million unem-ployed Americans need …the government to generate the demand necessary to get them jobs.


In November, Theatre TCU presented Born on a Sunday, an original work written and directed by T.J. Walsh about the prolific Swedish writer August Strindberg.

The play investigates Strindberg’s “Inferno Crisis” in Paris in 1896, when he ex-perienced a psychotic episode and felt his life was guided by “special powers.”

The production drew critical raves for the cast and Walsh, associate professor of theatre at TCU and cofound-

er and artistic director of the Trinity Shakespeare Festival.

“Born on a Sunday is an amazing accomplishment in and of itself,” noted D Magazine critic M. Lance Lusk. “The fact that Walsh is able to fashion a produc-tion of such superior quality with non-professional actors in training is mind blowing. They handle this difficult and unconventional material with artistic ease.”

Q&A

Find Harvey’s blog, Pragmatic Economics, at: blogs.forbes.com/johntharvey/

T.J. Walsh

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Student performance of “Born on a Sunday”


china’s energy Relations with the developing World

By MANOCHEHR DORRAJ, PROFESSOR OF POlITICAl SCIENCE

EDITED By CARRIE lIU CURRIER, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF POlITICAl SCIENCE AND DIRECTOR OF ASIAN STUDIES

coNtINUUM

China, now the second largest oil-consuming country after the U.S., has a growing need for re-sources that will affect its development

as well as that of its neighbors and other developing countries. China’s Energy Relations with the Developing World examines China’s access to the energy resources of the developing world and its impact on Chinese foreign relations through a series of essays.

The essays, contributed by experts in international relations and Chinese politics, look at China’s expanding relations with the Middle East, Africa, Central Asia, Latin America and India; the security implications of China’s quest for energy resources; and, its impact on relations with world powers such as the U.S.

The book also asks whether China’s competition for energy resources will foster cooperation or conflict with other energy-consum-ing great powers. It has accessible text that will appeal to students, faculty, and policy makers seeking to understand Chinese politics, energy policy and the factors that may lie beneath key future geopo-litical and security issues.

the Slaves’ Gamble

By GENE SMITH, PROFESSOR OF HISTORy

PalGRave MacMIllaN

Long before the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, the War of 1812 provided an opportunity for slaves to throw off their chains. In this crisply told story, Smith recre-ates the growing conflicts between the fledgling U.S., Great Britain, Spain and various Native American groups, and shows how each, “tried to mobilize the free black and slave populations in the hopes of defeating the other.” Many slaves saw this jostling for their loyalties as, “an avenue to freedom,” and consequently joined armies or com-munities of Native Americans or mulattoes on the fringes of society.

Drawing on myriad archival materials, Smith chronicles the stirring stories of individuals like Prince Whitten, who escaped slavery in South Carolina and fled with his family to Florida, where he gained freedom and a place in the Spanish colony. Yet the War of 1812 did not create these kinds of opportunities for all slaves, and Smith demonstrates that, for the most part, slaves fled or joined militias only when hospitable troops were in the area. Smith’s first-rate study is a gripping tale of the evolution of race relations in early America.

contemporary dance in cuba: técnica cubana as Revolutionary Movement

By SUKI JohN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF CONTEMPORARy DANCE

McFaRlaNd PReSS

The lens of dance can provide a multifaceted view of the present-day Cuban experience. Cuban contem-porary dance, or tecnica cubana as it is known throughout Latin America, is a highly evolved hybrid of ballet, North American modern dance, Afro-Cuban tradition, flamenco and Cuban nightclub cabaret. Unlike most dance forms, x+ was created intentionally with government back-ing. For Cuba, a dancing country, it was natural — and highly effective — for the Revo-lutionary regime to link national image with the visceral power of dance.

John traveled and worked in Cuba from the 1970s to the present, so the book also provides an inside look at daily life in Cuba. From watching the great Alicia Alonso, to describing the economic trials of the 1990s “Special Period,” John uses history, humor, personal experience, rich description and extensive interviews to reveal con-temporary life and dance in Cuba.

People who are interested in politics and America’s foreign policy, who are interested in what’s hap-pening to Cuba, will be interested in this book because it combines a lot of personal experiences with what it’s like to live and work in Cuba. “It looks at the importance of art — especially dance and music — in a country where there is almost no material wealth but where there is huge cultural wealth,” John says.

the cIa in hollywood: how the agency Shapes Film and television

By TRICIA JENKINSASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF FIlM-TElEvISION-DIGITAl MEDIA

UNIveRSIty oF texaS PReSS

Shows such as 24, Alias and, most recently the Emmy-winning Home-land, show the thrilling exploits of agents involved in American espionage.

But just as interesting is the relationship the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has forged with Hol-lywood to craft a positive image. That’s the topic of a new book written by Tricia Jenkins, assistant professor of film, television and digital media (FTDM) titled The CIA in Hollywood: How the Agency Shapes Film and Television, published by the University of Texas Press.

The CIA was actually late to the Hollywood scene, Jenkins notes. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) opened a Hollywood office in the 1930s to improve and control its image in film, radio and television shows such as G-Men, which aired in 1935 and The FBI, which ran from 1965 to 1974. In 1947, the Department of Defense opened a Hollywood office and was soon joined by all the branches of the armed services.

“What’s interesting to me about the CIA is, despite the fact that it’s existed since 1947, it actu-ally didn’t start working with Hol-lywood until the 1990s and it didn’t hire its own entertainment liaison officer until 1996,” Jenkins says.

She examines why the CIA waited and what changed in the 1990s to get it engaged. She also looked at the nature of the rela-tionship and the ethical and legal ramifications of collaborations.

International women faculty mem-bers encounter two distinct sets of challenges — one based on culture, one on gender — as they acculturate to U.S. universities and pursue equity in academia. The result is the “double jeopardy” of overlapping sets of obstacles to navigate in establishing a career. In Bridging Cultures: International Women Faculty Transforming the U.S. Academy, coedited by TCU’s Sarah Robbins, the Lorraine Sherley Profes-sor of Literature, six essayists relate

their transitions to American higher education, and five respondents offer reflections. Robbins wrote the pref-ace and coauthored the introduction, and TCU’s Rosangela Boyd, director of Community Involvement and Service Learning, contributed one of the response essays. While the essayists come from all over the world, including Africa, the Caribbean and East Asia, their transitions to the U.S. share common themes. International faculty must adapt to the less-formal relation-ships between American students and professors and shift from lecturing to a more conversational and project-oriented teaching style. They learn that American students may view themselves as consumers of a commodity that professors are contracted to deliver. Non-native speakers of English find that students may equate less knowledge of English with less knowledge of their field. Amid all these cultural adjustments, international women

faculty face the same challenges as all academic women in America, includ-ing pay equity, child-care availability and a tenure clock that supports work-life balance. The project emerged from a roundtable presentation by interna-tional women faculty at Kennesaw State University in Georgia, where Robbins taught before coming to TCU. Robbins and her two coeditors saw in the presentation the potential for a book that would help both women in the essayists’ position and the institutions that hire them. As more universities, including TCU, focus on global education, the pres-ence of international faculty adds a global dimension to the academic experience, even for students who don’t study abroad. Understanding the challenges faced by interna-tional women faculty can help their institutions not only provide support but also engage them as a valuable resource for all students. — RR

shanghai connectionAn original score by emeritus music Pro-fessor Robert Garwell was the highlight of a concert in the prestigious Shanghai Concert Hall last summer.

It was performed by Artist-in-Resi-dence José Feghali and Yuan Xiong Lu, associate professor of double bass and director of chamber music. The score, “Shanghai Legend,” was originally com-posed as a concerto for double bass and orchestra, then revamped for double bass and piano for the Shanghai performance.

It was enthusiastically received by the sold-out audience and broadcast live on Shanghai radio’s weekly classical music se-ries and webcast internationally. The hour-long performance included selections from composers Nazareth, Debussy, Schubert, Shostakovich, Koussevitzky, Liansan and Chopin. The faculty also presented a lecture to the Shanghai Concert Hall Music Appreciation Club.

Building bridges for international women faculty

leGeNdaRy PeRFoRMaNce Professor Emeritus Robert Garwell, left, Associate Professor yuan Xiong lu (center) and TCU Artist-in-Residence José Feghali (right) at the prestigious Shanghai Concert Hall. Their July 22 concert featured the world premiere of Garwell’s “Shanghai legend,” which was originally scored as a concerto for double bass and orchestra and revamped for double bass and piano for the performance.

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TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIvERSITy TCU BOX 297024FORT WORTH TX 76129

leGeNdaRy PeRFoRMaNce Jacques d’Amboise, founder of the National Dance Insitute, spent a week in September in the TCU School for Classical & Contemporary Dance as the Cecil H. and Ida Green Chair Professor of Dance teaching workshops, giving lectures and directing a performance of Horned Frog dance majors.

EndeavorsR e S e a R c h , S c h o l a R S h I P a N d c R e a t I v e a c t I v I t y

research, scholarship and creative activity

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