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Research Teaching Learning Letters

(An inter-disciplinary Research Journal)

Vol. 19, June 2018

St. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE (Autonomous)

Special Heritage Status Awarded by UGC,

Accredited at ‘A’ Grade (3rd Cycle) by NAAC,

College with Potential for Excellence by UGC,

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TIRUCHIRAPPALLI - 620 002, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

Tel: 0431-2700320 / 4226436 / 4226376, Fax: 0431-2701501

e-Mail: [email protected] / www.sjctni.edu

ISSN 0973-404X

mailto:[email protected]

©

The publisher / editor is not responsible for errors in the contents, for any

omission, copyright violation or any consequence arising from the use of

information published in RETELL. Authors are the sole owners of the

copyright of the respective articles.

Research Teaching Learning Letters

(An inter-disciplinary Research Journal)

ISSN 0973-404X

Vol. 19, June 2018

St. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE (Autonomous)

Special Heritage Status Awarded by UGC,

Accredited at ‘A’ Grade (3rd Cycle) by NAAC,

College with Potential for Excellence by UGC,

DBT-STAR & DST-FIST Sponsored College

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI - 620 002, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

Tel: 0431-4226536 / 2700320 / 4226376, Fax: 0431-2701501

e-Mail: [email protected] / www.sjctni.edu

mailto:[email protected]

___________________________________________

ReTeLL (June 2018), Vol. 19

From the Editors’ Desk

It is with great pleasure and enthusiasm that I invite you to read this issue of the

Journal - “RETELL”. An enormous amount of work has gone and efforts reflected

in this edition on various fields. It has been an interesting journey to discuss and to

improve more wide-ranging scientific theories through this journal.

As one looks at RETELL, it represents the collective thinking of a group of

innovative individuals. This is for the beginners in the field of research to address

queries. The focus is not on one particular issue rather from various fields of science

and humanities. This journal presents the current status of different issues in all the

fields and applies methods to solve them. This journal has emphasis on

interdisciplinary issues and broad research area involving different scientific

disciplines ranging from Arts to Science. Similarly, interdisciplinary researches are

often difficult to publish in specialized journals. This open-minded attitude toward

the scope of this journal allows the reader with a global view on the topic of interest.

The pinnacle of the success depends on the number of researchers who take pride in

publishing the article in this journal.

The core idea of RETELL is the articles freely available for anyone who wishes to

read them. This empowers researchers to do collaborative research on a global scale

and facilitates new ideas of scholarly research to be dispersed more rapidly and

widely and serves as an impetus for knowledge.

Dr. Y. Justin Koilpillai Dr. L. Arockiam

Associate Editor Editor in Chief

Epistle

I am happy to introduce and release the volume of RETELL 2018. This is an

interdisciplinary journal to assist the staff and scholars of our college to promote the

young scholars in the field of research. RETELL cultivates the habit of publishing

an article and provokes the scholars to critical thinking. My sincere appreciation goes

to Dr. L. Arockiam and Dr. Y. Justin Koilpillai who enthusiastically brings out this

journal on time. He has taken tremendous effort in bringing out the journal.

I appreciate the editorial team for their contribution and involvement in upholding

the standard of this journal.

With all good wishes to the scholars and authors.

Rev. Dr. M. Arockiasamy Xavier SJ

Principal

___________________________________________


ReTeLL

(Research, Teaching, Learning, Letters)

An Inter-disciplinary Refereed Research Journal

_________________________________________________________________________

PATRONS

Rev. Dr. Leonard Fernando SJ Rev. Dr. A. Antony Pappuraj SJ

Rector Secretary

St. Joseph’s College St. Joseph’s College

Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli

PRESIDENT

Rev. Dr. M. Arockiasamy Xavier SJ

Principal, St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli

ASSOCIATE EDITOR CHIEF EDITOR

Dr. Y. Justin Koilpillai Dr. L. Arockiam

Assistant Professor of Botany Associate Professor of Computer Science

St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli

EDITORIAL BOARD

Dr. T. N. Ananthakrishnan Dr. N. G. Ramesh Dr. J. Raja

Emeritus Scientist Dept of Chemistry Head, Inst. of Mgmt Studies

Nungambakkam Indian Inst. of Technol. National Inst. Technology

Chennai New Delhi Tiruchirappalli

Dr. R. Shankar Dr. M. V. Rao Dr. S. R. Senthilkumar

HoD, Dept of Sociology Dept of Plant Science Dean - Biological Sciences

Bharathidasan University Bharathidasan University St. Joseph’s College

Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli

Dr. S. V. Kasmir Raja Dr. D. Karunagaran Dr. F. Selvakumaran

Dean - Research Rajiv Gandhi Centre for HoD, Dept of Tamil

SRM Deemed University Biotechnology St. Joseph’s College

Chengalpattu Dt. Tiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli

Dr. I. Thiagarajan Dr. K. Raja Dr. LJ. Chaarlas

Dept of Economics Dept of Tamil HoD, Dept of Commerce

Loyol Inst. Buss. Admn. Bharathidasan University St. Joseph’s College

Loyola College, Chennai Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli

Dr. A. Nagoor Gani Dr. N. Rajendran Dr. S. Rajasekar

Dept of Mathematics HoD, Dept of History Department of Physics

Jamal Mohamed College Bharathidasan University Bharathidasan University


Dr. J. John Dr. M. Amaladasan Dr. S. Aruldoss, SJ

HoD, Dept of Botany HoD, Dept. of Chemistry HoD, Dept of History

St. Joseph’s College St. Joseph’s College St. Joseph’s College


___________________________________________


~4~

Research Teaching Learning Letters (ReTeLL), Vol. 19, June 2018

CONTENTS

1. An Enquiry into the Marketing of Flower Pavement Stall-holder

and Permanent Stallholder in Trichirappalli City

Dr. R. Arul ... 5

2. Genetic Algorithm for Optimal Travel Plan Preparation

Dr. C. Muthu & Mr. M. Arun Rajesh ... 13

3. Optimized Social Network Representation Using Simulated

Annealing Algorithm

Dr. C. Muthu & Mr. M. Arun Rajesh ... 20

4. Opinion Towards the Use of Digital Payment System:

A Field Survey in Tiruchirappalli District

Dr. M. Julias Ceasar ... 25

5. The Impact of GST on Elder Care Services in India

Ms. J. Jayashree Naiken & Dr. G. Iruthayaraj ... 35

6. Voice of the Voiceless - A Study of Maya Angelou’s

I know why the Caged Bird sings

Dr. R. Jayakanth ... 44

7. kNdhd;kzPak; czh;j;Jk; nkhopg;gw;W jpU. nu. Y}. irkd; ... 46

8. ghujpjhrd; ftpijfspy; ifk;ik Kidth; M.,uh[hj;jp ... 51

9. Mw;Wg;gilfspy; Nghh;f; fUtpfs; Kidth; k. jdnyl;Rkp ... 55

10. tPukhKdpthpd; jkpo;f;nfhil Kidth; gp. nry;tf;Fkhud; ... 60

11. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; vjph;fhytpay; rpe;jidf;$Wfs; Kidth; ,uh. Kusp fpUl;bdd; ... 68

12. Eò¨É±Éä·É®ú EòÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå ¨Éå ¨É½þÉxÉMÉ®ú ¤ÉÉävÉ

b÷Éì. ¸ÉÒnäù´ÉÒ.BºÉ ... 72

13. drX"O"u ZŒZpX"S"sG" X"`pQu{ðp@¡pY" S"X"# drZŒ{\"X"pS"X"o Dr. M. V. Madhavachari ... 74

_____

___________________________________________


~5~

An Enquiry into the Marketing of Flower Pavement Stall-holder,

Permanent Stallholder: Tiruchirappalli City

………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

Dr. R. Arul Assistant Professor

PG Department of Commerce Computer Application

St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous)

Tiruchirappalli

Abstract

According to “Aaron Neville” Be honest, be nice, be a flower not a weed. Self-

expression in some form of creative art is essential to human happiness. We

discover our own possibilities in hundred different ways. Not many can compose

or interpret music, write a poem, paint a picture. Love and concern are expressed

through flowers. In India flowers are needed from the cradle to the grave. Flowers

are used in our day-to-day life in strewn, or stringed or made into garlands,

bouquets or wreaths. Buying and selling of flowers for important social occasions

are necessary whatever the cost of the flowers. Flowers are beautiful to look at.

Some of them appeal not only to the viewers' eyes but also to the senses or

aesthetic sentiments. In this paper the researchers wish to Study on Marketing of

flower pavement stall holder, permanent stall holder in Trichirappalli city.

Introduction

According to “Aaron Neville” Be honest, be nice, be a flower not a weed.

Agricultural marketing is inferred to cover the services involved in moving an

agricultural product from the farm to the consumer. It is also the planning,

organizing, directing and handling of agricultural produce in such a way as to

satisfy the farmer, producer and the consumer. Numerous interconnected

activities are involved in doing this, such as planning production, growing and

harvesting, grading, packing and packaging, transport, storage, agro- and food

processing, distribution, advertising and sale. Effectively, the term encompasses

the entire range of supply chain operations. However, its key function is to help

direct these services, by providing competent and able market information,

thereby linking the other operations into an integrated service with targeted

outcomes (lectportal.net) Marketing of agricultural produce especially perishable

commodities involve many difficulties. Perhaps, the difficulties are far too many

in the case of highly perishable commodity like flowers. Flowers have to be

consumed within hours of their harvest. They lose their charm and freshness

within a few hours. Afterwards, they are useless and valueless. Apart from the

traditional uses, people have found out new commercial uses of flowers. And

flowers give a fair return to the growers. Production and marketing of flowers

deserve attention of planners and researchers.

___________________________________________


~6~

Scope of the Flower Business

The demand for flowers is on the increase in the urban areas of our country. The

reason for the boom in the trade of cut flowers is perhaps due to the growing

popularity of the flowers gifts. Indeed, there is an increasing demand for flowers

from hotels, companies, offices, public sector undertakings and particularly five-

star hotels.

The rise in growth of flower in India is due to the following major factors, viz.,

changes in social values of people, increase in income levels and changes in

urban-rural population mix and population increase in cities.

The gradual process of trade liberation across the globe has accelerated the world

trade. it has opened up immense opportunities for India to export all products in

general and agricultural products in particular. There is a tremendous scope to

export Indian flowers, especially to the European countries.

Rose, Carnation, Orchids, Anthurium, Tuberose etc. are some of the flowers with

high export potentials. These flowers can be grown under poly-house or

greenhouse in all the states in eastern India. Suitable environmental conditions

including warm temperature and bright sunshine in this part of the country

minimize greatly the cost in artificial warming and lighting that are necessary in

the Western countries. Amsterdam in the Netherlands is the chief international

auction for flowers.

Our low cost labour is an added advantage to make the flower price competitive

in the international market. Singapore is also emerging as an Important buyer.

Objectives

1. To study the sources of Supply of various kinds of flowers in Tiruchirappalli

Flower Market

2. To study the demand for various kinds of flowers in Tiruchirappalli District.

3. To study the channels of distribution operating in the flower marketing.

4. To analyze the pricing of flowers.

5. To determine the marketing costs and margin and the price spread in

different marketing channels

6. To identify the problems in marketing of flowers.

7. To offer policy options to solve the problems.

Sampling Details

Size of the Sample: The sample size is 142 respondents who are distribution

operating in the flower marketing

Sampling Technique: Systematic sampling technique was used to collect the

data from the respondents.

___________________________________________


~7~

The Producer-Farmers want the maximum possible price for their surplus

produce from the system. They want the marketing system to purchase their

produce without loss of time and provide the maximum share in the consumer's

rupee and supply them the inputs at the lowest price.

The Consumers of agricultural produce are interested in a marketing system that

can provide food and other items in the quantity and of the quality required by

them.

Marketing Middlemen and Traders are interested in a marketing system which

provides them a steady and increasing income from the purchase and sale of

agricultural commodities. This objective of marketing middlemen may be

achieved by purchasing the food grains from the farmers at low prices and selling

them to consumers at high prices (Kumar, 2015).

Another area of interest in encouraging the traditional flower industry is "floral

oils". There is a growing market for floral oils in the perfume industries of

developed countries. This industry needs strengthening by diversifying the

traditional products and also by involving non-traditional but indigenous flowers.

The traditional flower industry is a booming employment generation proposition,

particularly for women in semi-urban and rural areas since related activities like

growing, picking, marketing and value additions (making garlands, veni etc) are

all labour intensive. Added to this, essential oil industries can also create

employment opportunities (Acharya and Agarwal, 1987).

Yet another area in which traditional flowers show potential is the 'pigment'

industry. Traditional flowers like marigold and 'Bachelor's Button are used for

the extraction of pigments and used in multifarious items as natural colouring

substances.

This is an upcoming and growing industry and shall stimulate the production of

specific traditional flowers on a large scale. Corporate bodies are getting into this

new field through contract farming.

The major advantage of traditional flowers is simple. Production could be carried

out in outdoors like any other field crops unlike sophisticated structures and very

high capital costs involved in cut flower production. Growing traditional flowers

is also very lucrative and brings in handsome returns as compared to growing

other agricultural crops (Rajagopal, 1997).

Table-1: Types of retailers-wise classification of the Respondents

Retailers No. of

Respondents Percentage

Pavement Stall-holder 78 55

Permanent Stall-holder 64 45

Total 142 100

Source: Field Data

___________________________________________


~8~

It could be found from the Table-1 that 55 percent of the respondents are

pavement stall-holder and 45 Percent of the respondents are permanent stall-

holder.

Table-2: Jasmine Flower-wise Classification of the Respondents

Jasmine (kg) No. of


Less than 5 kg 22 15

6 to 10 kg 25 18

11 to 15 kg 29 20

16 to 20 kg 32 23

More than 21 kg 34 24

Total 142 100

Source: Field Data

It could be ascertained from the Table-2, 15 percent of the respondents are less

than 5 kg, 18 percent of the respondents are 6-10 kg, 20 percent respondents are

11-15 kg, 23 percent of the respondents are 16-20 kg, 24 percent of the

respondents are more than 21 kg. Hence, 24 percent of the respondents are more

than 21 kg for jasmine flower.

Table-3: Rose Flower-wise Classification of the Respondents

Rose (kg) No. of



6 to 10 kg 26 19

11 to 15 kg 29 20

16 to 20 kg 33 23


Total 142 100

Source: Field Data

It could be ascertained from the Table-3 that 16 percent of the respondents are

less than 5 kg, 19 percent of the respondents are 6-10 kg, 20 percent respondents

are 11-15 kg, 23 percent of the respondents are 16-20 kg, 22 percent of the

respondents are more than 21 kg.

Hence, 23 percent of the respondents are 16-20 kg for rose flower.

___________________________________________


~9~

Table-4: Crossandra Flower-wise Classification of the Respondents

Crossandra No. of



6 to 10 kg 32 22

11 to 15 kg 35 24

16 to 20 kg 26 18


Total 142 100

Source: Field Data

It could be ascertained from the Table-4 that 19 percent of the respondents are



respondents are more than 21 kg. Hence, 24 percent of the respondents are 11 to

15 kg for crossandar flower.

Table-5: Chrysanthemum Flower-wise Classification of the Respondents

Chrysanthemum No. of



6 to 10 kg 26 18

11 to 15 kg 23 16

16 to 20 kg 35 25


Total 142 100

Source: Field Data

It could be ascertained from the TABLE-5 that, 22 percent of the respondents are



respondents are more than 21 kg. Hence, 25 percent of the respondents are 16-20

kg for chrysanthemum

___________________________________________


~10~

Table-6: Occupant Classification of the respondents

Occupant No. of


Owner 78 55

Rental 64 45

Total 142 100

Source: Field Data

It could be found from the Table-6 that 55 percent of the respondents are owner

and 45 percent of the respondents are rental. Hence, 55 percent of the respondents

are owner for shop owner character.

Table-7: Decision taken by use the unsold flowers of the respondents

Way of using the unsold flowers No. of


Use as fertilzer 42 30

Local distribution 29 20

Donate to temple 37 26

None of these 34 24

Total 142 100

Source: Field Data

It could be ascertained from the Table-7 that, 30 percent of the respondents use

as fertilizer, 20 percent of the respondents are local distribution, 26 percent

respondents lare donate to temple, 24 percent of the respondents are none of these.

Hence, 30 percent of the respondents are use as fertilizer the unsold flowers.

Table-8: Customers-wise Classification of the Respondents

Repay Money No. of


Men 30 21

Women 33 23

Temples 29 20

Companies 24 17

Total 142 100

Source: Field Data

It could be ascertained from the Table-8 that, 21 percent of the respondents are

men’s, 23 percent of the respondents are women’s, 20 percent respondents are

___________________________________________


~11~

temples, 17 percent of the respondents are companies, 18 percent of the

respondents are others. Hence, 23 percent of the respondents are women’s for

customers.

Findings

• 24 percent of the respondents are more than 21 kg for jasmine flower.

• 23 percent of the respondents are 16-20 kg for rose flower

• 24 percent of the respondents are 11 to 15 kg for crossandar flower.

• 25 percent of the respondents are 16-20 kg for chrysanthemum

• 55 percent of the respondents are owner for shop owner character.

• 30 percent of the respondents are use as fertilizer the no sell flowers (unsold).

• 23 percent of the respondents are women’s customers.

Conclusion

Agriculture continues to be the backbone of Indian economy. Therefore, its

development is imperative to feed the increasing populaton of the vast country.

Flowers form a part of Indian heritage and culture. Flowers are used from cradle

to grave. The flowers are being cultivated on a commercial basis throughout

India. In India, flower cultivation has been confined largely to the fields around

major cities and pilgrimage centers to meet their day-to-day requirements.

Flowers easily surpass almost all agricultural crops in respect of the profitability.

In Tamil Nadu especially in Tiruchirappalli District, flowers like Jasmine, Rose,

Crossandra, Marigold etc are being cultivated mostly in and around

Tiruchirappalli villages. Production of flowers offers a very good source of

income and also generates employment to the rural people. The sources of supply

of flowers to the Tiruchirappalli Wholesale Flower Market are not uniform and

differ on the land holdings by the flower growers around the different blocks of

the District. The supply fluctuates by the seasons and the nature of land. The

supply of flower to the Tiruchirappalli Wholesale Flower Market for the year

2001 shows that the total supply of flowers is the highest in October.

The demand for flowers is also not uniform every day. The demand for flowers

varies during different hour in a day, during different days in a month, different

seasons in a year. Only 25% of the flowers are consumed by the local people of

the District and the other 75% are sent to meet the demand from other cities of

the Tamil Nadu state and other states of India. The demand for flowers is for

religious, social, cultural, and extraction industry purposes. Flowers are highly

perishable. The life of the flowers is only one day.

The flowers are distributed to the consumers through the following channels of

distribution - Commission Agents, Wholesalers, permanent Stall-holder

Retailers, Pavement Temporary Stall-holder Retailers and the Street Vendor

Retailers. Some times through the Contractors also the flowers are distributed.

The price spread in the flower marketing reveals the imperfection, which is

prevailing in the flower market. It is neither acceptable nor desirable, especially

___________________________________________


~12~

from the point of view of income distribution. The farmers who invest and spend

a large amount of money in flower cultivation are receiving a lower proportion

of the consumers' rupee, and contrary to this, the market intermediaries are taking

away a larger proportion from the consumer's rupee.

Unlike other commodities flowers do not have any stable market price. It

fluctuates violently depending on the time of the day, and the prevailing occasion.

Usually the highest price reigns during the early part of the day. It decreases the

day advances. In spite of these great fluctuations the growers get an average

income, which far exceeds the benefit from the other agricultural crops. However,

the market for flowers is now very much limited, though it is expanding fast in

recent years.

It is found that the price of most of the loose flowers was low during 2001. This

clearly cautions that flower crops require proper marketing channels and support

price and as well as cold storages to avoid middlemen and wastages of these

perishable goods. Due to Globalization, export potential is growing. India is

having natural advantage to go for cut flower cultivation and has the facility to

learn this emerging business from other countries like Holland, France and Italy.

There is wide scope for enlarging this flower based agro industry in India

particularly in Tiruchirappalli District.

References

1. https://www.lectportal.net/2018/07/agricultural-marketing.html accessed on

16.07.2017 at 9.45am

2. N. Kumar (2015). Introduction to Horticulture, 1st edition, Rajalakshmi

Publication, Nagercoil, pp. 1-25.

2. S. S. Acharya and N. L. Agarwal (1987). Agricultural Marketing in India,

Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi,

3. A. Rajagopal and Selvarasu (1997). Ornamental Plants Cultivation and

Methods, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Press, Coimbatore.

______

___________________________________________


~13~

Genetic Algorithm for Optimal Travel Plan Preparation

………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

Dr. C. Muthu Associate Professor & Head

Department of Computer Science

Loyola College, Chennai

&

M. Arun Rajesh Data Analyst, Shalom InfoTech,

Bharathidasan University Technology Park

Tiruchirappalli

Abstract

Stochastic Optimization Algorithms, such as the Genetic Algorithm, are often

used by the Business Organizations to obtain the best solutions for their business

problems. In this paper, a Genetic Algorithm is used to determine an optimal

travel plan for an entire Music Troupe.

Keywords: Stochastic Optimization Techniques, Genetic Algorithm

Introduction

The collaborative filtering techniques are now often used in the field of data

science.1 The business problems that are related to the big data analytics are at

present tackled with the help of the Hadoop Ecosystem.2 The Data Analysts now

use the KNN algorithm for the formulation of Price Predictors.3 Hierarchical

Clustering algorithms are at present used for getting valuable business insights

into the customer preferences.4 In this paper, a Genetic Algorithm, which tries to

intelligently modify the solutions in a way that is likely to improve them, is used

to determine an optimal travel plan for an entire Music Troupe.

Data Ingestion

In this paper, an optimal travel plan is determined for the members of a Music

Troupe, who are coming from all over the country by flight to Mumbai, where

they wish to conduct a grand Music Concert. They will all arrive on the same day

and leave on the same day, and they would like to share transportation to and

from the airport. There are dozens of flights per day to Mumbai from any of the

Music Troupe's members’ locations, all leaving at different times. The flights also

vary in fare and in duration.

Planning a trip for a group of people from different locations all arriving at the

same place is always a challenge, and it often requires an optimal solution. A lot

of different inputs are to be ingested by the Optimization Algorithm in order to

arrive at an optimal solution. Some vital inputs are required, such as what every

one’s flight schedule should be, how many cars should be rented, and which

___________________________________________


~14~

airport is easiest. Many outputs should also be considered, such as the total cost,

time spent waiting at airports, and time taken off work. Because the inputs cannot

be mapped to the outputs with a simple formula, the need for obtaining an optimal

solution arises in this case.

To begin, a new Python program file called tripOptimization.py is to be created

and the following code is to be inserted into it:

import time

import random

import math

troupe = [ (‘IlaiyaRaja’, ‘MAA’), (‘Yesudas’, ‘TRV’), (‘SubhaMudgal’, ‘BLR’), (‘SonuNigam’, ‘HYD’), (‘AnuShankar’, ‘DEL’), (‘ShreyaGhosal’, ‘CCU’)]

destination = ‘BOM’

The sample data for this study are stored as trip.txt and this data file contains

origin, destination, departure time, arrival time, and fare for a set of flights in a

comma-separated format:

DEL, MAA, 20:27, 23:42, 1690

MAA, DEL, 19:53, 22:21, 1730

DEL, BOM, 6:39, 8:09, 860

BOM, DEL, 6:17, 8:26, 890

DEL, BLR, 8:23, 10:28, 1490

BLR, DEL, 7:04, 9:11, 1280

These data are loaded into a dictionary with the origin and destination as the keys

and a list of potential flight details as the values. The following code to ingest the

data is to be added to tripOptimization.py:

flights = { }

for line in file (‘trip.txt.’):

origin, destination, departure, arrival, fare = line.strip( ).split(‘,’ )

flights.setdefault ((origin,destination), [ ])

#Details are added to the list of possible flights

flights [(origin, destination)].append ((departure, arrival, int (fare)))

The utility function getTimeInMinutes( ) is also defined, which calculates how

many minutes into the day a given time is. This makes it easy to calculate flight

times and waiting times. This function is added to tripOptimization.py:

def getTimeInMinutes(t):

x = time.strptime(t, ‘%H : %M’)

return x[3] * 60 + x[4]

___________________________________________


~15~

The challenge now is to decide which flight each person in the Music Troupe

should take. Even though keeping the total fare down is a goal, there are many

other possible factors that the optimal solution will take into account and try to

minimize, such as the total waiting time at the airport or total flight time. These

factors will have to be taken in to account through an appropriate Cost Function.

When approaching an optimization problem like this one, it is necessary to

determine how a potential solution will be represented. A simple representation

that is possible in this study is a list of flight numbers. In this case, each number

can represent which flight a troupe member chooses to take, where 0 is the first

flight of the day, 1 is the second, and so on. Since each Music Troupe member

needs an outbound flight and a return flight, the length of this list is twice the

number of troupe members. For example, the list

[3. 5, 4, 2, 3, 6, 3, 7, 2, 3, 4, 1]

represents a solution in which Ilaiya Raja takes the fouth flight of the day from

Chennai to Mumbai, and the sixth flight back to Chennai on the day he returns.

Yesudas takes the fifth flight from Trivandrum to Mumbai, and the third flight

back.

Cost Function Construction

The cost function is the key to solve any optimization problem. The goal of our

optimization algorithm is to find a set of flights that minimizes the cost function.

The cost function in our Group Travel Optimization problem will involve the

following variables:

Fare : The total fare of all the plane tickets.

Travel Time : The total time that everyone has to spend on a plane.

Waiting Time : Time spent at the airport waiting for the other members of

the troupe to arrive.

Departure Time : Flights that leave too early in the morning may impose an

additional cost by requiring travelers to miss out on sleep.

Car Rental Period : If the troupe rents a car, they should return it earlier in the

day than when they rented it or be forced to pay for a whole

extra day.

We have to now determine how much money that time on the plane or time

waiting in the airport is worth. The following tripScheduleCost( ) function takes

into account the total cost of the trip and the total time spent waiting at airports

for the various members of the troupe. It also adds a penalty of Rs.250 if the car

is returned at a later time of the day than when it was rented. The following

tripScheduleCost() function is to be added to tripOptimization.py:

___________________________________________


~16~

def tripScheduleCost (soln):

totalfare = 0

latestarrival = 0

earleistdeparture = 24 * 60

for d in range (len(soln)/2):

# Get the inbound and outbound flights

origin = troupe [d][1]

outbound = flights [(origin, destination)][int(soln[d])]

returnf = flights [(destination, origin)] [int(soln[d+1])]

# Total fare is the fare of all outbound and return flights

totalfare += outbound[2]

totalfare += returnf[2]

# Track the latest arrival and earliest departure

if latestarrival < getTimeInMinutes (outbound [1]):

latestarrival = getTimeInMinutes (outbound[1])

if earliestdeparture> geTimeInMinutes (returnf[0]):

earliestdeparture = getTimeInMinutes (return[0])

# Every person should wait at the airport until the latest person arrives.

# They also should arrive at the same time and wait for their flights.

totalWaitingTime = 0

for d in range (len(soln)/2):

origin = troupe [d][1]

outbound = flights[(origin, destination)] [int(soln[d])]

returnf = flights[(destination, origin)] [int(soln[d+1])]

totalWaitingTime += latestarrival – getTimeInMinutes (outbound[1])

totalwaitingTime += getTimeInMinutes (returnf[0] – earliest departure

# Check whether this solution requires an extra day of car rental

# That will be Rs. 250!

if latestarrival > earliestdeparture: totalfare += 250

return totalfare + totalwaitingTime

Here, the total waiting time is calculated based on the assumption that all the

Music Troupe members will leave the airport together when the last person

arrives, and will all go to the airport for the earliest departure. This

tripScheduleCost() function shall now be tried in the following Python session:

___________________________________________


~17~

>>> reload (tripOptimization) >>> tripOptimization.tripScheduleCost(s) 52830

Optimal Travel Plan Determination

The goal of our optimal travel plan determination problem is to minimize the cost

by choosing the correct set of flight numbers. Genetic Algorithms work by

initially creating a set of random solutions known as the population. At each step

of the optimization, the cost function for the entire population is calculated to get

a ranked list of solutions. After the solutions are ranked, a new population -

known as the next generation - is created. First, the top solutions in the current

population are added to the new population as they are. This process is called

elitism. The rest of the new population consists of completely new solutions that

are created by modifying the best solutions.

There are two ways in which the solutions can be modified. The simpler of these

is called mutation, which is usually a small, simple, random change to an existing

solution. In our study, a mutation can be done simply by picking one of the

numbers in the solution and increasing or decreasing it.

The other way to modify solutions is called crossover or breeding. This method

involves taking two of the best solutions and combining them in some way. In

this study, a simple way to do crossover is to take a random number of elements

from one solution and the rest of the elements from another solution. A new

population, usually the same size as the old one, is created by randomly mutating

and heading the best solutions. Then the process repeats - the new population is

ranked and another population is created. This continues either for a fixed number

of iterations or until there has been no improvement over several generations. The

geneticOptimization( ) function shall now be added to tripOptimization.py:

def geneticOptimization (domain, costf, populationSize = 50, step = 1, mutationProbability = 0.2, elite = 0.2

maximumIterations = 100): # Mutation Operation is performed

def doMutation (vec) :

i = random.randint (0, len (domain) – 1)

if random.random ( ) < 0.5 and vec[i] > domain[i][0] :

return vec[0:i] + [vec[i] – step] + vec[i+1:]

elif vec[i] < domain[i][1] :

return vec[0:i] + [vec[i] + step] + vec[i+1:]

# Crossover Operation is performed

def doCrossover(r1, r2):

i = random.randint(1, len(domain) –2)

return r1[0:i] + r2[i:]

___________________________________________


~18~

# The initial population is built

population = [ ]

for i in range (populationSize):

vec = [random.randint(domain[i][0], domain[i][1])

for i in range (len(domain))]

population.append(vec)

# To find the number of winners from each generation

topelite = int (elite * populationSize)

# Main loop starts here

for i in range (maximumIterations):

scores = [(costf (v), v) for v in population]

scores.sort ( )

ranked = [v for (s,v) in scores]

# Starting with the pure winners

population = ranked [0 : topelite]

# Adding mutated and breed forms of the winners

while len(population) < populationSize:

if random.random( ) < mutationProbability:

# Mutation is done

c=random.randint (0, topelite)

population.append(doMutation(ranked[c]))

else:

# Crossover is done

C1 = random.randint (0, topelite)

C2 = random.randint (0, topelite)

population.append (doCrossover(ranked[c1], ranked[c2]))

# Displaying current best score

print scores[0][0]

return scores[0][1]

In order to display all the flights that the Music Troupe members need to take in

order to ensure the above mentioned optimum cost, the following

displayOptimalSchedule( ) function is to be added to tripOptimization.py:

def dispalyOptimalSchedule(r) :

for d in range (len(r)/2):

name = troupe [d] [0]

origin = troupe [d] [1]

out = flights [(origin, destination)] [r[d]]

ret = flights [(destination, origin)] [r[d+1]]

___________________________________________


~19~

print ‘%10s %10s %5s – %5s $%3s %5s %5s $%3s’

% (name, origin, out[0], out[1], out[2], ret[0], ret[1], ret[2]) ’

The geneticOptimization() function shall now be executed in order to optimize

the group travel plan of the Music Troupe by using the Genetic Algorithm.

>>> reload (tripOptimization)

>>> s = tripOptimization.geneticOptimization (domain,

tripOptimization.tripScheduleCost)

>>> tripOptimization.tripScheduleCost(s)

22870

The optimal group travel plan for the entire Music Troupe obtained by using

the Genetic Algorithm shall now be displayed by executing the

displayOptimalSchedule( ) function in a Python session:

>>> tripOptimization.dispalyOptimalSchedule(s)

Ilaiya Raja Chennai 11:44-14:12 Rs 1090 10:53-12:23 Rs 7300

Yesudas Trivandrum 11:32-15:59 Rs 2900 11:54-15:19 Rs 2660

Shubha Mudgal Bengaluru 10:57-13:40 Rs 1890 10:42-13:26 Rs 1290

Sonu Nigam Hyderabad 10:29-13:41 Rs 2480 11:47-14:15 Rs 1800

Anu Shankar Delhi 10:54-12:27 Rs 1340 10:53-13:31 Rs 1220

Shereya Ghosal Kolkata 11:28-13:27 Rs 1750 14:17-16:31 Rs 1390

References

1. Jacques Bughin, “Big Data, Big Bang?”, Journal of Big Data, 2016,Vol.3,

Iss. 2, pp. 1-14.

2. Muthu, C. and Prakash, M.C., “Impact of Hadoop Ecosystem on Big Data

Analytics”, International Journal of Exclusive Management Research,

Special Issue, 2015, Vol. 1, Iss. 1, pp. 88-90.

3. Muthu, C. and Prakash, M.C.,“Building a Price Predictor for an Auctioning

Website”, ReTeLL, 2015, Vol. 15, Iss. 1, pp. 135-137.

4. Muthu, C. and Prakash, M.C., “Hierarchical Clustering of Users’

Preferences”, ReTeLL, 2016, Vol. 16, Iss. 1, pp. 135-136.

5. Muthu, C. and Prakash, M.C., “Matching the users of a Website using SVM

Technique”, ReTeLL, 2017, Vol. 17, Iss. 1, pp. 53-56.

6. Muthu, C. and Prakash, M.C., “Using Bayesian Classifier for Email

Sorting”, ReTeLL, 2017, Vol. 17, Iss. 1, pp. 57-60.

______

___________________________________________


~20~

Optimized Social Network Representation Using Simulated

Annealing Algorithm

………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

Dr. C. Muthu Associate Professor & Head

Department of Computer Science

Loyola College, Chennai

&

M. Arun Rajesh Data Analyst, Shalom InfoTech,

Bharathidasan University Technology Park,

Tiruchirappalli

Abstract

Several business problems have many possible solutions across many variables.

Their outcomes can vary drastically depending on the combinations of these

variables. Stochastic Optimization Algorithms, such as the Simulated Annealing

Algorithm, are often used for solving such business problems. In this paper, the

determination of the Optimized Social Network Representation by using the

Simulated Annealing Algorithm is discussed.

Keywords

Social Network Optimized Representation, Simulated Annealing Algorithm

Introduction

Business Organizations have recently started using several Machine Learning

Algorithms for getting great business insights.1 The successful implementation of

advanced Machine Learning Algorithms is now achieved by the Business

Organizations through the usage of Hadoop Ecosystem.2 The KNN Algorithm is

widely used at present for building Price Prediction Models.3 The Hierarchical

Clustering Algorithm is now used for getting useful insights regarding the

customer preferences.4 In this paper, the determination of the Optimized Social

Network Representation by using the Simulated Annealing Algorithm is

discussed. In a social network like MySpace, Face book, or LinkedIn, people are

connected because they are friends or have a professional relationship. Each

member of a social network chooses to whom they are connected, and collectively

this creates a network of people. It is interesting to visualize such social networks

to determine their structure, perhaps in order to find the Connectors, who know a

lot of people or who serve as a link between otherwise self-contained social

groups.

Optimized Representation of a Social Network

The optimized representation of a Social Network diagram shall be determined

by using the Simulated Annealing Algorithm. A full-fledged Python code file is

___________________________________________


~21~

gradually developed in this paper, which can take a list of facts about who is

friendly with whom and arrive at an optimized representation of the resultant

social network.

The determination of such optimal representation is usually done by using a

mass-and-spring algorithm. When such an algorithm is used, the different nodes

exert a push on each other and try to move apart, while the links try to pull

connected nodes closer together. Thus, the social network slowly assumes a

layout where unconnected nodes are pushed apart and connected nodes are pulled

close together - but not too close together.

Unfortunately, the mass-and-spring algorithm does not stop a line in a social

network diagram from crossing another line in that diagram. In a social network

that has a great number of links, this makes it difficult to view which nodes are

connected because visually tracking the lines as they cross each other can be

tricky at times. In order to arrive at a social network diagram with minimum

numbers of crossed lines, the simulated annealing optimization algorithm shall

be used, which is based on an appropriate cost function. In this study, a cost

function shall be formed so as to minimize the number of lines that cross each

other.

Cost Function

Every node in the social network representation has x and y coordinates. The

coordinates for all the nodes in the social network diagram can be represented as

a long list, as shown below:

soln = [110, 190, 240, 115, ... ... ...]

In the above solution, the first person is placed at (110, 190), the second person

is placed at (240, 115), and so on. The cost function that is used in this study will

count the number of lines that cross each other. It is necessary to calculate the

fraction of the line where each line is crossed. If this fraction is between 0 (one

end of the line) and 1 (the other end), for both lines, then they cross each other.

If the fraction is not between 0 and 1, then the lines do not cross.

The following doCrossCount( ) function loops through every pair of links and

uses the current coordinates of their end points to determine whether they cross.

If they cross, the function adds 1 to the total score. A new Python program file

called enhanceSocialNetwork.py is to be created and the following

doCrossCount( ) function is to be added to it.

def doCrossCount(v):

# The number list is converted into a dictionary of person: (x,y)

loc = dict ([(people [i], (v[i*2], v[i*2+1]))

for i in range (0, len (people))])

total = 0

___________________________________________


~22~

# Every pair of links is looped through

for i in range (len (links)):

for j in range (i+1, len(links)):

# The locations are determined

(x1, y1), (x2, y2) = loc[links[i][0], loc[links[i][1]]

(x3, y3), (x4, y4) = loc[links[j][0], loc[links[j][1]]

den = (y4–y3) * (x2–x1) – (x4–x3) * (y2–y1)

# den is equal to 0 if the lines are parallel

if den == 0 : continue

# In other cases, ua and ub are the freaction of the lines

# where they cross each other

ua = ((x4–x3) * (y1–y3) – (y4–y3) * (x1–x3)) / den

ub = ((x2–x1) * (y1–y3) – (y2–y1) * (x1–x3)) / den

# In case the fraction is between 0 and 1 for both lines

# then they cross each other.

if ua > 0 and ua < 1 and ub > 0 and ub < 1 :

total +=1

return total

The domain for the optimum solution search is the range for each coordinate. In

this paper, it is assumed that the social network diagram will be laid out in a

400400 size image. But, the domain will be a little less than that in order to

allow for a slight margin around the diagram. So, the following line of code is to

be added to the end of enhanceSocialNetwork.py :

domain = [(10, 370)] * (len(people) * 2)

Simulated Annealing Optimization Algorithm

The Simulated Annealing Optimization Algorithm begins with a random solution

to our optimized social network representation problem. There is a variable

representing the willingness to accept a worse solution, which starts very high

and gradually gets lower. In each iteration, one of the numbers in the solution is

randomly chosen and changed in a certain direction. It the new cost is lower; the

new solution becomes the current solution. However, if the cost is higher, the new

solution can still become the current solution with a certain probability. This is

done so as to avoid the local minimum problem.

In some cases, it is necessary to move to a worse solution before we can get to a

better one. Simulated Annealing Algorithm works well because it will always

accept a move for the better, and because it is willing to accept a worse solution

near the beginning of the process. As the process goes on, the algorithm becomes

less and less likely to accept a worse solution, until at the end it will only accept

___________________________________________


~23~

a better solution. The probability of a higher-cost solution being accepted is given

by the following formula:

p = e((–highcost–locost)/willingness to accept a worse solution)

Since the willingness to accept a worse solution starts very high, the exponent

will always be close to 0, so the probability will almost be 1. As the willingness

to accept a worse solution decreases, the difference between the high cost and the

low cost becomes more important. As a bigger difference leads to a lower

probability, the algorithm will favour only slightly worse solutions over much

worse ones.

The following function doAnnealingOptimize() is to be added to

enhanceSocialNetwork.py:

def doAnnealingOptimize (domain, costf, T=10000.0, coolingRate = 0.95, step = 1):

# The values are initialized randomly

vector1 = [float (random.randint (domain[i] [0], domain[i][1]))

for i in range (len(domain))]

while T > 1.0 :

# One of the indices is chosen

i = random.randint (0, len(domain) – 1)

# A direction to change the index is chosen

direction1 = random.randint (–step, step)

# A new list with one of the values changed is created

vectorb = vector1[:]

vectorb [i] += direction1

if vectorb [i] < domain[i][0] : vectorb[i] = domain[i][0]

elif vectorb[i] > domain [i][1] : vectorb[i] = domain [i][1]

# The current cost and the new cost are calculated

ea = costf (vector1)

eb = costf (vectorb)

p = pow (math.e, (–eb–ea) / T)

# Check whether it is better, or it makes the probability cutoff

if (eb < ea or random.random( ) < p) :

vector1 = vectorb

# The willingness to accept a worse solution is decreased

T = T * coolingRate

return vector1

To perform annealing, the above function first creates a random solution of the

right length with all the values in the range specified by the domain parameter.

___________________________________________


~24~

The willingness to accept a worse solution and the coolingRate are optional

parameters. In each iteration, i is set to a random index of the solution and

direction1 is set to a random number between –step and step. It calculates the

current function cost if it changes the value at i by direction1.

The line of code p = pow (math.e, (–eb–ea) / T) shows the probability calculation,

which gets lower as T gets lower. If a random float between 0 and 1 is less than

this value, or if the new solution is better, the function accepts the new solution.

The function loops until the willingness to accept a worse solution has almost

reached 0, each time multiplying it by the cooling rate.

The optimized social network’s nodes’ coordinates shall now be obtained by

using the Simulated Annealing Technique in the following Python session:

>>> import enhanceSocialNetwork

>>> soln=enhanceSocialNetwork.doAnnealingOptimize (enhanceSocialNetwork.domain, enhanceSocialNetwork.doCrossCount,

step = 50, coolingRate = 0.99)

>>> enhanceSocialNetwork.doCrossCount (soln)

1

>>> soln

[314, 180, 231, 319, 288, 227, 107, 171, 78, 96, 46, 10, 286, 360, 11, 302]

Here, the Simulated Annealing Technique has provided an optimum solution in

which only one pair of lines will cross each other. As per the above optimum

solution, the first person is placed at the position (314, 180), Augustus at (231,

319), and so on.

References

1. Jacques Bughin, “Big Data, Big Bang?”, Journal of Big Data, 2016,Vol.3,

Iss. 2, pp. 1-14.

2. Muthu, C. and Prakash, M.C., “Impact of Hadoop Ecosystem on Big Data

Analytics”, International Journal of Exclusive Management Research,

Special Issue, 2015, Vol. 1, Iss. 1, pp. 88-90.

3. Muthu, C. and Prakash, M.C.,“Building a Price Predictor for an Auctioning

Website”, ReTeLL, 2015, Vol. 15, Iss. 1, pp. 135-137.

4. Muthu, C. and Prakash, M.C., “Hierarchical Clustering of Users’

Preferences”, ReTeLL, 2016, Vol. 16, Iss. 1, pp. 135-136.

5. Muthu, C. and Prakash, M.C., “Matching the users of a Website using SVM

Technique”, ReTeLL, 2017, Vol. 17, Iss. 1, pp. 53-56.

6. Muthu, C. and Prakash, M.C., “Using Bayesian Classifier for Email

Sorting”, ReTeLL, 2017, Vol. 17, Iss. 1, pp. 57-60.

______

___________________________________________


~25~

Opinion Towards the Use of Digital Payment System:

A Field Survey in Tiruchirappalli District

………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

Dr. M. Julias Ceasar Associate Professor of Commerce


Tiruchirappalli

Abstract

Digital payment and Online payment is the one of the most important system of

payment where the customer or buyer makes his payment for the goods or

services purchased with the use of the internet connectivity through his / her

online accounts with the help of debit, credit cards and other digital means of

payments. Digital payment provides the greater freedom to individuals in paying

for their purchase and service transactions such as taxes, license fees, purchases

at any locations and at any time of 365 days. Success of digital payment system

depends on the customer preferences, ease of use, cost, authorization, security,

accessibility and reliability. Based on our review of these findings, it is clear that

the internet is playing a more and more important role in the field of digital

payment. By this study we came to know various strengths of digital payment

system such as quality, customer service, greater reach, time saving, customer

loyalty and easy access to information, 24 hours availability, reduce paper work

and no need to carry any cash.

Keywords

Digital payments, customer preference, accessibility

Introduction

Digital payment and Online payment is the one of the most important system of

payment where the customer or buyer makes his payment for the goods or

services purchased with the use of the internet connectivity through his / her

online accounts with the help of debit, credit cards and other digital means of

payments. “This type of payment lowers the costs for businesses as more

payments are made electronically (online or offline) and the less they spend for

paper and postage aspects. It also helps in improving customer retention as he /

she is more likely to return to the same e-commerce site where his or her

information has already been entered and stored”. With online payment, it is not

necessary for the payer to be in a long queue as payment is made in just a click

of mouse. Additionally, for example, almost all the banks have an online bill

payment service where it is offered free of charge and is available all days of the

week or 24*7. Digital payments save you from long queues of ATMs and banks.

If one pays digitally, he / she need not withdraw cash from the account as most

transactions are done through a digital mode or methods.

___________________________________________


~26~

Digital Payment

Digital payment is a way of payment which is made through digital modes. In

digital payments, payer and payee both use digital modes to send and receive

money which is otherwise called as electronic payment. There is no hard cash /

physical handling of cash is involved in the digital payments system as all the

transactions in digital payments are completed online. It is found to be an instant

and convenient way to make payments by the customer for all his purchase of

goods and services. It also refer to all payments that are completed using some

various forms of electronic communication technology with a range of payment

instruments such as debit or credit cards, internet payments, direct debiting of

accounts and the use of mobile phones. It also includes stored value, prepaid cards

and accounts, electronic money, click through transactions and the like.

Various Methods of Digital Payment

1. Credit card: A form of digital payment system which requires the use of

card issued by bank or financial institute to the card holder for making online

payment through an electronic device without use of cash. Credit cards are

primarily used for short term financing to the holder particularly for

purchases of goods and services. There will be a gap of 50 days for payment

and the maximum credit is fixed by the bank that is issuing the card based

on the capacity of the card holder.

2. Debit card: Debit card is a prepaid card with some store value. It is also

called ATM card. An individual has to open an account with a personal

identification number (PIN) when he / she makes a purchase; he / she has to

enter the PIN on shops PIN pad. The card may be either master card or VISA

card. In a debit card transaction, the amount of purchase is withdrawn from

the available balance in the card holder’s account. If the available funds are

insufficient the transaction is not completed.

3. E-Wallet: E-Wallet is a type of electronic card which is used for transactions

made online through a computer or a smart phone. It has mainly two

components. They are software component and information component. The

software component stores personal information and provides security and

encryption of the data. The information component is a data base of details

provided by the user which includes their payment method, passwords,

credit and debit card details, PIN and much more.

4. Smart card: Smart card is also called stored value card. A smart card is

about the size of a credit card, made up of a plastic with an embedded

microprocessor chip that holds important financial and personal information

of the holder. The microprocessor chip is loaded with the relevant

information and periodically recharged. In addition to these pieces of

information, systems have been developed to store cash into the chip. The

money on the card is saved in an encrypted form and protected by a password

to ensure the security of the smart card.

___________________________________________


~27~

5. Pay-tm: Paytm is an Indian electronic payment system in India. It was

launched in august 2010. The acronym of Paytm is Payment Through

Mobile. Paytm is India’s largest mobile commerce platform. Paytm started

by offering mobile recharge and utility bill payment and today it offers a full

market place to consumers on its mobile apps.

6. E-banking: E-Banking is also called virtual banking. It is an e-payment

system that enables the customers of a bank or other financial institution to

conduct a range of financial transactions through the financial transaction

websites. It also enables the bank customers to handle account management

and perform account transactions directly with the bank through internet.

7. E-Cheque: An electronic payment process that resembles the function of

paper cheques but offers greater security and more features. Electronic

cheques are typically used in order to be processed online and are governed

by same laws that apply to paper cheques. Electronic cheques offer

protective measures such as authentication and digital signatures to

safeguard digital transactions.

Advantages of Digital Payment

1. Easy and convenient: Digital payments are easy and convenient. You do not

need to take loads of cash with you. All you need is your mobile phone or

Aadhaar number or a card to pay. UPI apps and E-Wallets have made digital

payments easier.

2. Pay or send money from anywhere: With digital payment modes, one can

pay from anywhere anytime. Suppose your close friend’s mother fell ill at

night. He called you at midnight and asked some money, you can send

money to your friend using digital payment modes such as UPI apps, USSD

or E-Wallets.

3. Discounts from taxes: Government has announced many discounts to

encourage digital payments. If you use digital modes to make a payment up

to Rs. 2000, you get full exemption from service tax. You also get 0.75 per

cent discounts on fuels and 10 per cent discount on insurance premiums of

government insurers.

4. Written record: You often forget to note down your cash spending. Or even

if you note, it takes a lot of time. But you do not need to note your spending

every time with digital payments. These are automatically recorded in your

passbook or inside your E-Wallet app. This helps to maintain your record,

track your spending and budget planning.

5. Less Risk: Digital payments have less risk if you use them wisely. If you

lose your mobile phone or debit/credit card or Aadhar card you don’t have

to worry a lot. No one can use your money without MPIN, PIN or your

fingerprint in the case of Aadhar. But it is advised that you should get your

card blocked if you lost it. Also call the helpline of your E-wallet to suspend

the wallet account to prevent anyone from using your wallet money.

___________________________________________


~28~

Disadvantages of Digital Payment

1. Every coin has two sides so as the digital payments. Despite many

advantages, digital payments have a few drawbacks also.

2. Difficult for a non-technical person: As most of the digital payment modes

are based on mobile phone, the internet and cards. These modes are

somewhat difficult for non-technical persons such as farmers, workers etc.

3. The risk of data theft: There is a big risk of data theft associated with the

digital payment. Hackers can hack the servers of the bank or the E-Wallet

you are using and easily get your personal information. They can use this

information to steal money from your account.

4. Overspending: You keep limited cash in your physical wallet. Hence, you

think twice before buying anything. But if you use digital payment modes,

you have all your money with you always. This can result in overspending.

Review of Literature

Nath (2014)1 discussed the implications of ICT in developed and marginal

economy of the world. In case of developed economy ICT is a demand but for

marginal economy ICT is the need. Due to lack of infrastructure support and

government intervention, ICT may not be implemented properly for the

development of the society. It is basically use for specific sections of the society.

But benefits should not be restricted to one segment only. The economic growth

should be viewed from each and every individual. Unless and until this objective

is not fulfilled the gap will remain as it is. So, there is a need to make necessary

changes in the policy implications so that the true benefits of ICT should be

availed by all the groups of people living within a territorial boundary of a

country.

Ahamad (2015)2 described the present condition of rural economy and its

subsequent impact on rural employment opportunities. Indian economy is

basically agrarian economy and most of the people are engaged in agricultural

activities. But with changing economic environment the demand for the new age

agricultural productive activities are in high demand. But slow implementation

of the process is hampering the growth in terms of production and employment

opportunities. This has also led to growing nature of rural to urban labour

migration. This movement of workforce leads to shortages of manpower in the

rural areas. There is an urgent need to upgrade the facilities in the agricultural

sector. Application of IT should be considered more relevant as it may lead to

create better income generating opportunities. The growth in employment

generation ultimately leads to push other sectors as well. The overall impact

should be seen from a long-term perspective.

Vinayagamoorthy (2015)3 discussed the perception of rural consumers towards

internet banking services. It is noticed that most of the banks trying to reduce the

operational costs with the help of various value added services and innovative

distribution networks. If we see the rural population distribution, it is very much

___________________________________________


~29~

scattered. As a result of which providing services to these group of customers

increasingly become difficult. There is a tradeoff exists which describes the

nature of the problem. On the one hand reach becomes difficult due to

infrastructural problems, on the other hand due to lack of banking facilities, they

become more dependent on local money lenders. The higher cost of operations

may be reduced with the help of adequate development of technology led banking

services, viz. mobile banking services and internet banking services. The modern

banking approach also depends heavily in the technology aspect. But the problem

lies elsewhere. Even if the banks are able to develop modern facility, it may not

be useable for the rural consumers unless and until the consumers are well aware

of the facility and usage of the same over the time period. This gap should be

removed by providing adequate training to new customers. Otherwise technology

may become burden for them.

Bhatnagar (2015)4 describes the awareness and adoption of new age banking

facilities by the rural poor. It has been witnessed that after reforms of financial

sector, most if the banking services are widened their operations by expanding

the banking operations in unbanked areas. But even after the initial momentum

most of the banks are not able to retain the expansion of the services due higher

cost of serving the rural customers. Since, the earnings are less, providing a basic

banking service is a challenge. The traditional banking services may not be able

to provide the services are often become more complicated. As the technology

started playing an important role, the costs of delivering the services are also

reduced drastically. But the system is not full proof. Lack of awareness and trust

on the system are the major hindrance for the proper implementation of the

system till date. As long as the consumers are not going to enjoy trust, it becomes

difficult for the service providers to adopt the technology based services which is

the new mechanism for financial inclusion and value added services. Serving

rural areas in a cost effective manner is surely and important and uphill task for

the service providers and this should be shorted out through proper

implementation mechanism.

Kak et al. (2015)5 Describe the role of ICT in developing socio economic aspect

of rural India. In a globalised environment the consumers are suppose to get better

service and facilities as compared to traditional product and services. As the

business opportunities increased the rural consumers also become the target

consumers. But due to wide application of technology based products and

distribution network, it is becoming inevitable for them to learn and understand

the usage and benefits of the facility. Since the cost of delivery is not that much

high, it is becoming more acceptable for the producers also. As the global market

is growing the nature of the business and consumer expectations is also changing.

This changing environment should be taken into consideration and ICT should be

implemented in a phased manner.

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Statement of the Problem

Digital Payments are growing at a higher rate and having card has become the

need of every person and almost all the products are offered through online. This

has paved the way for the use of digital payment by the users more effectively for

their purchases, as it is more convenient form of transaction, everybody wants to

use the online services. The technological development in the field of information

technology and the use of IT in the marketing has increased the use of online

services. The need of the study is to find out the purposes for which the digital

payment is being used, and the factors influencing the users to go for digital

payment. Hence the present study is designed as “A Study on Public Opinion

Towards Digital Payment System in Tiruchirappalli District” the study also

covers the problems faced by the digital payment users while using the online

services.

Objectives of the Study

1. To study the various mode of digital payment.

2. To assess the purpose for using digital payment services.

3. To identify the factors motivating the digital payment users.

4. To examine the problems in digital payment services.

5. To examine the satisfaction level of digital payment users.

Scope of the Study

The study is an empirical study it is undertaken to highlight the opinion of the

respondents regarding the digital payment activity. Though the study focuses on

the opinion of the respondents regarding, different purpose of using the digital

payment and the mode of payment used for digital payment, this study also

examines the factors which are influencing the users to opt for digital payment.

In addition to this the researcher has attempted to evaluate the problems faced by

the digital payment users and their level of satisfaction about the digital payment

services provided by the companies.

Mehodology

The study is an empirical study based on primary data and secondary data.

Questionnaire was developed for this purpose. It also presents the type of data

used, selection of samples, tools of analysis, period of study and other related

outcomes from the study.

Primary and Secondary Data

Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to the

users or the purpose of collecting the required data. The respondents were

interviewed at their purchase place for the collection of data.

Secondary source of data consists of existing information collected by the

researcher from different sources. The external sources include RBI reports,

magazines, research journals, websites of digital payment activity and other

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internet sources. The researcher has collected the required secondary sources of

data to understand the digital payment services initiated in India.

Selection of the Samples

Selection of the sample is an important part of the research work. The researcher

has selected 80 respondents for this research work through convenient sampling

method. The respondents were selected at the door steps of the bazaar street shops

after their purchases and clarified of the type of payment system followed. Having

found them potential respondents the structured questionnaire was distributed for

the collection of the required data for the research.

Statistical Tools Used

The collected data has been processed with the help of appropriate statistical

tools. The statistical tools are used on the basis of the objectives of the study and

also the nature of data included in the analysis. The details of statistical tools and

its relevance of application are summarized below:

1. Garrett’s Ranking Technique

2. Weighted average method

3. Percentage Analysis

4. Factor analysis

Period of the Study

This study was done by the researcher for a period of 6 months from August 2017

to January 2018.

Limitations of the Study

1. The researcher has conducted the survey in Tiruchirappalli only.

2. The researcher collected data from the digital payment users only.

3. The time available for this research is very limited. The study is conducted

on a small scale.

4. The sample size is limited to 80 respondents chosen for collecting data which

is less in number and hence there is no possibility for more accurate results.

Summary of Findings

The structured interview schedule helped the researcher to collect the data

required for the study. The collected data were analyzed with the help of

statistical tool Garrett ranking and weighted average method. Based on the

inferences the following findings were drawn.

1. Out of 80 respondents considered for the study a maximum of 57.5 percent

of the respondents are female.

2. Majority of 61.25 percent of the respondents are using digital payment in the

age group of 21 to 31 years which is found to be techno literate of the society.

3. Majority of 55 percent of unmarried respondents are using digital payment

activity.

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4. Majority of 46.25 percent of the respondents are qualified with PG degree.

5. Majority of 41.25 percent of the respondents are residing in rural areas.

6. Majority of 65 percent of the respondents belong to the family size of 3 to 4

members.

7. Majority of 36.25 percent of the respondents belong to the family income of

above Rs.50,000/-.

8. Majority of 42.5 percent of the respondents are earning more than

Rs.20,000/-.

9. Majority of 61.25 percent of the respondents are using digital payment on

their own.

10. Majority of 38.75 percent of the respondents are using mobile phones for

digital payment activity.

11. Majority of 32.5 percent of the respondents are using digital payment once

in a month.

12. Majority of 31.25 percent of the respondents are spending below 1,000 for

digital payment activity.

13. Majority of the respondents are using e-banking/internet banking mode of

payment for digital payment activity.

14. Majority of the respondents are highly motivated with the factor of time

saving for using digital payment activity.

15. Majority of the respondents are facing the problem of lack of awareness

about the digital payment activity.

Suggestions:

Suggestions are given to strengthen the digital payment:

1. Awareness should be created towards digital payment system invariability

of the gender, age, marital status, education level and the area of residence.

2. Small size families are found to use digital payment system in large numbers.

Large families also try to use the digital payment system in all their financial

transaction.

3. The use of mobile way digital payment appears to be less which needs to be

encouraged.

4. Nowadays the banker’s apps are very famous among young people. It is very

useful for online shopping. The customer has inability to adopt mobile apps

to access digital payment. Failure to understand exactly where and sensitive

account data is stored and transmitted can prevent organizations from clearly

defining and implementing data protection solutions.

5. Sometimes the bank website server does not accept final submission for

money transaction at the registration time and the registration process took

long time to finish the submission. This is frustrating the customer. At the

time, they do not know whether the process is completed or not. This is the

big issue in the registration.

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6. The rural area customers do not know about digital payment. Even the urban

area customers also do not have the awareness about digital payment. So the

concern banker should teach the customer how to use the digital payment.

Pamphlet may be circulated regarding this or awareness programme may be

conducted in the leading institutions, government office.

7. If the customer wants the refund of money, it takes a long time to get back

the refund. The bankers should take an action against this issue. Customer

does not know exactly how much fund will be refund and when the fund will

be refunded.

8. The customer faces problems regarding low internet speed especially during

the peak hours. Some bankers do not have the capability to withstand the

overload process. This leads to the customer to think about not use internet.

Customer fears about the low internet speed and they may doubt whether the

digital payment would be complete or not. So the customer needs high

internet speed from the provider.

Conclusion

Digital payment provides the greater freedom to individuals in paying their taxes,

license fees, fines and purchases at any locations and at any time of 365 days.

Success of digital payment system also depends on the customer preferences, ease

of use, cost, authorization, security, accessibility and reliability etc. Based on our

review of these findings, it is clear that the internet is playing a more and more

important role in the field of digital payment. By this study we came to know

various strengths of digital payment system such as quality, customer service,

greater reach, time saving, customer loyalty and easy access to information,

24 hours availability, reduce paper work and no need to carry any cash.

Endnotes

1. Shubam Chatterjeem and Asoke Nath (2015). The role of information and

communication technologies in rural development in India. International

Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, ISSN 2250-

2459, ISO 9001:2008 certified journal, 5(3): 251-259.

2. Tauffiqu Ahamad and Jitendra Kumar Pandey (2015). A study on

development of rural areas through industries in India. International Journal

of Applied Research, 1(4): 93-96. ISSN 2394-7500.

3. A. Vinayagamoorthy Ganesan (2015). A study on rural consumers

perception towards internet banking services in Salem district. International

Journal of Applied, 1(12): 726-732. ISSN 2394-7500.

4. Harshita Bhatnagar (2015). Awareness and adoption of technology in

banking especially by rural areas customers: A study of Udaipur rural belt,

Pacific Business Review International, Vol. 7, issue 11.

5 Sucheeta Kak and Sunita Gond (2015). ICT for service delivery in rural

India: Scope, challenges and present scenario, IOSR journal of Computer

Engineering, ISSN 2278-0661, pp 12-15.

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Books and Journals referred

1. Barker (1992). “Globalization of credit card usage: The case of a developing

economy”. International Journal of Marketing Vol. 32 B.No.5 pp. 98-162.

2. Natarajan and Manohar (1993). “Credit cards – an analysis”. Informatics and

Banking, Vol.13 No. 8 Pp. 85-96

3. George (1995). “The card majors lead the way”. The International Journal

of e-banking Vol. 4 issue 6, pp.64-98.

4. Worthington (1995). “The cashless society”. Marketing and e-banking, Vol.

6 No.5 pp.62- 105.

5. Ainscough and luckett (1996) “The internet for the rest of us: marketing on

the World Wide Web” Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 13, No. 2 Pp.

36-47.

6. Chan Ricky (1997). “Demographic and attitudinal differences between

active and inactive credit cardholders – the case of Hong Kong”.

7. Sathya, M. (1999) “Adoption of internet banking by Australian consumers:

an empirical study”. International Journal of Bank Marketing Vol. 17 No. 7

pp. 324-334.

8. IDRC Project Report (2000). “Assessment of impact of information

technology on rural areas of India”.

9. Easting. M. J. (2002). “Diffusion of e-commerce: an analysis of the adoption

of four e-commerce activities”. Telematics and Informatics, Vol. 19 No. 3

pp. 251-267.

10. Gerard and Cunningham (2003) “The diffusion of e-banking among

Singapore consumers”. International Journal of Bank Marketing. Vol. 21

No. 6 Pp. 16-28.

11. Edward J. Malecki (2003). “Digital development in rural areas: potentials

and pitfalls”. Journal of Rural Studies, Vol.19, pp. 201-214.

12. Kakern and Ahmad (2003). “Bankers perception of e-banking in Pakistan”.

Journal of Internet Banking Vol. 13, pp. 14-16.

13. Jiaqin Yang, Mike Whitefield and Rina Bhanot (2005). “Communications

of the IIMA”. Vol. 5, Issue 4, pp. 63-72.

14. Islam et al (2006). “Customer satisfaction of ATM service: a case study of

HSBC ATM” retrieved July 13, 2006.

15. Pepreya (2006) “Internet banking” the Indian banker- special issue on e-

payments and commerce Vol. 13, pp. 143-245

16. Srinivas (2006). “Analysis of the defaults in credit card payments”. Southern

Economists, Vol. 45, pp. 19-22.

17. Jia Loke Yiing (2007). “Determinants of merchant participation in credit

card payment scheme”. Review of Network Economics, Dec. 6(4).

18. Rajeshwarisrivatsan (2007) “Customer Perception and Usage of Internet

Banking”. Innovative Marketing. Vol. 34. pp. 67-77.

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The Impact of GST on Elder Care Services in India

………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

J. Jayashree Naiken Research Scholar

&

Dr. G. Iruthayaraj Associate Professor, Department of Economics


Tiruchirappalli

Abstract

India has the second largest elderly population in the world and according to the

United Nations (2017) India would be the most populous country in another seven

years. The proportion of the elderly population currently in India is 103.2 million.

An increasing elderly population has a significant impact on the country’s

economic growth, social security systems, labour markets and healthcare delivery

systems. The most profound impact would be on the existing health care delivery

system and elder care services because health needs of the elderly population is

growing to be the most important concern and the currently available healthcare

infrastructure in India will have to revamp itself to cater to the needs of the

healthcare needs of the elderly people. The public health care delivery system in

India is not adequately equipped to meet the geriatric (elderly health) needs and

therefore majority of the elderly population depend on private health care. Private

health care is out-of-pocket and is profit motivated rather than service motivated.

In a situation where the cost of health care is already very expensive and has to

be met from their own pockets, the elderly population in India and their families

will find the new goods and services tax system, the GST, an additional burden,

thereby putting the healthcare needs of the elderly people in jeopardy.

Keywords

Elderly population, healthcare, eldercare services, geriatrics, Goods and Service

Tax, residential care, retirement communities, health insurance, service

accounting code (SAC)

1. Introduction

The United Nations in its “Revision to World Population Prospects 2017” says

that India will be the most populous country in another 7 years with

approximately 1441.5 million people. At present India has the second largest

population of elderly people (103.2 million) in the world with 8.6 per cent of its

population aged 60 years and above. Increasing elderly population has a profound

impact on the social, economic and health status of a country. In India only 28.9

per cent of elder persons have a pension and 90 per cent of elders work in the

unorganised sector without any pension or provident fund according to the Global

Age Watch Index. Nearly 80 per cent of elders depend on others for their day to

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day maintenance (52nd Round of NSSO), which reveals a high economic

dependency ratio. Taking all these circumstances of the elderly population into

consideration, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) launched on 1st July, 2017, has

created an apparent impact on the elder care services in India. With the

implementation of the GST, the elderly people now have to pay more tax on

several products and services that they utilize.

2. Statement of the Problem

Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an indirect tax which was introduced in India

on July 1, 2017 and applicable throughout India replacing multiple cascading

taxes levied by the central and state governments. The amalgamation of various

indirect taxes into a single GST was done to eradicate double taxation.

Considering that, the services sector currently makes up for 60% of the GDP, the

GST is likely to have a deep impact on this sector. The life insurance industry

and the health industry form a part of the service sector, which, as a result, will

also be greatly affected by the GST. Health insurance currently sees a very low

penetration in India along with an increase in health care costs. Keeping in view

that the burden of indirect taxes is passed on to the end consumer, the increased

tax rates under GST is only likely to make health insurance as well as certain

health care services all the more inaccessible to a larger number of consumers,

especially the elderly people. Similarly, elder care services such as old age homes,

retirement communities, specific type of medical and health services meant for

the elderly will also be affected by the new GST regime. This study based on

secondary data throws light on the impact of GST on some of the most important

needs of the elderly population of India.

3. Indispensable concerns of the Elderly and the Impact of GST

3.1 Elder Care Homes

Elder Care Homes nomenclatured as Old Age Homes in India provide residential

care, assisted living, a home for destitute and abandoned elderly people. These

services were charged 12-15 per cent services tax prior to the GST. The cost of

residential care services as well as non-residential care services have increased

after the implementation of the GST. This has increased the economic burden of

not only the elder members but their families as well. The increase in taxation has

also affected the service providers who, as a result, have increased their charges

on the services provided by them. The table below gives a picture of the taxation

of elder care services under the GST.

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Table1-1: GST Rate for Medical, Hospital and Doctor Services with their

respective Service Accounting Code (SAC)

Heading No: 9993 – Human Health and Social Care Services

Group

99931

SAC Human Health Care Services GST

Rate

999311 Inpatient Services 18%

999312 Medical and Dental Services 18%

999314 Nursing and Physiotherapeutic Services 18%

999315 Ambulance services 18%

999316 Medical laboratory and diagnostic imaging

services

18%

999317 Blood, sperm and organ bank services 18%

999319 Other health services – homoeopathy, unani,

Ayurveda, naturopathy, acupuncture etc

18%

Group

99932

Social care services – Residential care

services for the elderly and disabled

999321 Residential health care services other than by

hospitals

18%

999322 Residential care services for the elderly and

persons with disabilities

18%

Group

99934

Social Services without accommodation for

the elderly and disabled

999341 Vocational rehabilitation services 18%

999349 Other social services without accommodation

for the elderly and disabled

18%

Group

99933

Other Social Services with accommodation

999333 Residential care services for adults suffering

from mental retardation, mental health illness

or substance abuse

18%

999334 Other social services with accommodation for

adults

18%

Source :https://taxguru.in/goods-&-services-tax/taxability-health-care-services-gst.html

From Table-1, it is evident that the GST is higher than the earlier levels of

taxation for all social and health related elder care services. This means that with

a GST of 18 per cent on such services, elderly people will have to pay more for

all kinds of care services provided by elder care homes even if they are charity

based.

https://taxguru.in/goods-and-services-tax/taxability-health-care-services-gst.html

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The cost of residential care services ranged from INR (Indian Rupee) 500 to INR

1200 per day and the cost of non-residential care services ranged between INR

400 and INR 900 per day. Now with 18 per cent GST being implemented on these

services, families utilizing these facilities will have to shell out INR 1400 per day

per elder person. Sailesh Mishra, the founder president of an elder care home

‘Silver Innings’ in Mumbai, says that these services are usually availed by

families that have elderly patients suffering from dementia, Alzheimer’s,

Schizophrenia and so on or whose children are abroad. He further adds that elder

care homes which are payment based will also come under 18 per cent GST. They

charge from INR 10,000 to INR 15,000 per month. As most of these facilities are

provided by private institutions, 18 per cent GST will make it near impossible for

the families to bear the costs of care. One must bear in mind that such elder care

homes are usually utilized by the poor and destitute elders.

To illustrate the payment structure in an elder care home, the basic pricing

structure of EPOCH Elder Care based at Gurgaon and Pune is provided below:

Source: compiled by author from EPOCH website

Residents will have to pay INR 2,00,000 as one time refundable security deposit.

Petty cash, travel, medical fees and other such expenses are not included and are

billed separately.

3.2 Retirement Communities (RCs)

Residential Communities are residential complexes designed specifically for

elder people who are generally able to take care of themselves – with assistance

from home care agencies. Single houses and flats are available inside such gated

communities. These facilities are utilized by elders who can afford to own such

properties and are left behind by children working abroad. The RCs catered to the

needs of middle and upper middle-income groups among elders. Some of these

RCs provide for care for elder persons as well as their children with disability

Type of Occupancy Duration

of stay Cost and GST

Single occupancy Short term INR 1,20,000 + 18% GST per month

Single occupancy Long term INR 90,000 + 18% GST per month

Double occupancy Short term INR 1,60,000 +18% GST per month

Double occupancy Long term INR 1,30,000 + 18% GST per month

Twin sharing Short term INR 85,000 + 18% GST per month

Twin sharing Long term INR 70,000 + 18% GST per month

Day time attendant 12 hours INR 15,000 + 18% GST per month

Day & night attendant 24 hours INR 30,000 + 18% GST per month

Night time attendant 12 hours INR 15,000 + 18% GST per month

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(Persons with Disability-PWDs). The PWDs are taken care of by the RC

management through a unique residential model, after the demise of the elder

parent/s until the death of the PWD. This unique concept is a Make in India

initiative not available elsewhere in the world.

Prior to the GST, 15 per cent service tax was levied for maintenance charges

towards provision of labour for house-keeping, security, catering, gardening,

medical care and so on, along with the maintenance charges for commonly used

amenities within the RC. There was no service tax on the food provided. Now

along with the levy of 18 per cent GST for maintenance charges, another 5 per

cent is charged for catering services with a turnover of less than 75 lakh rupees

and 12 per cent for those with a turnover of more than 75 lakh rupees.

Consequentially, on an average, an elder inmate will have to pay an additional

INR 600 per head per month. Under the GST system, elder inmates will now have

to pay more for themselves and for the care of their PWD children along with

saving additionally for the lifetime of the PWD/s.

3.3 Health Care Services

Health care is the most important, unavoidable need of all elder people. The GST

has led to an increase in the prices of some essential drugs, cost of surgeries has

gone up, cost of diagnostic imaging services and medical equipment and devices

have also increased causing concern on their impact on the elderly population

who are the most inevitable users of these health care services. It must be

remembered that all the elderly people are vulnerable to health issues that require

the purchase or utilization of healthcare and medical services that are brought

under GST. Despite services by way of healthcare by clinical establishment, an

authorised medical practitioner or paramedics being fully exempted from the

GST, the higher levels of taxation on other healthcare services through the new

tax system has led to an escalation of healthcare costs. This increase in healthcare

costs will certainly affect the healthcare spending of the elderly population.

A high rate of morbidity and mortality prevails due to infections and non-

communicable diseases among the elderly population, which require life-long

drug therapy and long term rehabilitation. Lack of availability, accessibility and

affordability plagues the healthcare system currently in place for the elderly,

especially for the elderly belonging to the lower rungs of society. A list of few

medical equipment, hospital and diagnostic services under the GST has been

tabulated to get a bird’s eye view of the situation after the adoption of the GST.

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Table1-2: Taxation before and after GST for medical equipment, hospital

and diagnostic services (in Percentage)

Sl.

No. Item of Taxation

Prior to

GST (%)

Post GST

(%)

1. Blood clotting bag 0.0 12.5

2. Blood carrying bag 0.0 12.0

3. Platelet carrying bag 5.5 12.0

4. Haemoglobin kit 5.5 18.0

5. Glass slide 14.0 18.0

6. Test tab 14.5 18.0

7. Tracer tape 5.5 12.0

8. Banded 5.5 12.0

9. Hospital and diagnostics 12-15 18.0

10. Hospital bed charge 11-16.5 18.0

11. Oxygen cylinder 5-6 18.0

12. Disposables, drugs and reagents for surgery 2-5.5 12.0

13. Dialysis 5.0 12.0

14. Heart treatment with pacemaker 5.5 12-18.0

15. Heart treatment with ICDs 5.5 12-18.0

16. Eye treatment (lens alone) 9.0 12-18.0

17. Eye treatment with lens + surgery 9.0 12-18.0

18. Orthopaedics (support devices) 5.0 12-18.0

19. Orthopaedics (surgery) 7.0 28.0

20. Cancer treatment (other than blood cancer) 5.0 7-12.0

21. Surgical products 5.5 12.0

22. Wing scale 5.0 28.0

23. Hot water bag 5.5 28.0

24. Wheel chair 5.0 18.0

25. Some essential drugs 9.0 12.0

26. Select medicines like insulin 12.0 5.0

Source: Compiled by author from saginfotech.com

Table-2 is just an illustration of the pre and post GST scenario on the medical

equipment, hospital and diagnostic services. It is not an exhaustive list of items

for which GST is higher than the earlier taxes. Yet it is noticed that of the 26

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~41~

items listed in the table only item number 26 (select medicines like insulin) is

made cheaper by the application of GST, with the reduction of tax from 12 per

cent to 5 per cent. This means that with the increase in the taxes for these and

such similar items that are used in delivering healthcare treatment has gone up

thereby raising their prices and in turn making healthcare costlier than before the

GST. Higher taxes in the form of GST will therefore lead to the increase in the

cost of dialysis, surgeries, medical equipment and therapeutic drugs which are an

inevitable part of elder health care.

3.4 Health Insurance for the Elderly

Protection against health hazards is very vital for an elder person because as

person ages, one becomes more and more susceptible to various diseases related

to lifestyle changes, infections and non-communicable diseases that tend to

become chronic in nature. Therefore, to provide for future costs of healthcare all

the elderly people need to be insured. Health insurance gives an opportunity to

protect and provide for future healthcare needs. In India health insurance

penetration among the elderly population is significantly very low. It is estimated

that the cost of healthcare is rising at 20 per cent per annum (Economic Times

Online, June 30,2017). A Deloitte study on insurance penetration among the

elderly in India shows that only 1.6 per cent elderly are covered by health

insurance. The report also states, "This low insurance penetration amongst the

elderly is further exacerbated by inadequate coverage provided to the insured, in

terms of both amount and type of services covered." (Times of India online, Dec

6, 2014). Insurance penetration both public and private for the elderly population

is estimated to be between 0.5-0.8 per cent according to an Insurance Information

Bureau official (Times of India, March 1, 2017).

Health insurance for the elderly comes at a high premium and increases with

increase in age as well as with disease vulnerability. Even before the GST came

into practice, the insurance companies had increased the rate of premiums due to

two reasons – (1) withdrawal of 15 per cent discount offered on no-claim

premiums during a policy year and (2) withdrawal of a family discount of 10 per

cent given to a minimum of 2 family members seeking insurance cover. So, a

total of 25 per cent discount to policy holders in terms of premium was

discontinued in 2016 following an Insurance Regulatory and Development

Authority (IRDA) ruling in 2013. The ruling stated that policy holders who had

made claims on their policies should not be charged greater premiums. This ruling

applies to all ages including elderly policy holders. Now with a GST rate of 18

per cent charged on health insurance in the place of 15 per cent taxed earlier, the

elderly people will find it all the more difficult to access and afford an insurance

cover for their health needs. For example, if an elderly person spends INR 40,000

in a year on insurance, excluding service tax, the current premium would be taxed

at 18 per cent GST – INR 7,200 instead of the earlier 15 per cent – INR 6,000.

This means that an additional amount of INR 1,200 has to be paid from the elder’s

pocket.

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4. The Union Budget 2018

Credit must be given to the Government for announcing the world’s largest

government-funded healthcare programme – an insurance scheme that would

provide a cover of INR 5 lakhs per year for 10 crore families (40 per cent of

India’s population).

The national budget for 2018 has given some relief for the elderly population

through tax deductions and insurance covers. The following are the concessions

given to the elderly citizens –

1. The limit under Section 80 D of the Income Tax (IT) Act relating to

deduction in respect of health insurance premium has been increased from

INR 30,000 to INR 50,000.

2. Deductions under Section 80 DDB of the IT Act relating to medical

treatment is proposed to be raised to INR 1 lakh.

3. Tax exemption limit for interest income from banks and post offices has

been raised from INR 10,000 to IN R 50,000 for the elderly depositors.

All said and done, according to Kamesh Goyal, Chairman, Digit Insurance, “The

challenge is that as people are growing older, premium goes up dramatically.”

(Times of India, Feb. 2, 2018). Compared to the previous year’s (2017) revised

estimate, the healthcare hike in the budget has been a mere 2.4 per cent according

to Dr. Ravi Duggal, Country Coordinator for International Budget Partnership

(Times of India, Feb. 2, 2018). According to the Father of Geriatrics in India,

Dr.V.S. Natarajan, these announcements will benefit only those who pay tax,

those who have an insurance (Times of India, Feb. 2, 2018). The budget does not

have much for the elderly belonging to the lower socio-economic strata of society

who neither pay tax nor have an insurance cover.

5. Conclusion

The budgetary announcement for the elderly citizens made on Feb. 1, 2018 is a

welcome move envisaged by the Government. Hopefully, if these announcements

fructify in the coming years, certainly atleast a portion of this population would

stand to gain. With a GST of 18 per cent levied on almost all elder care services

right from social care, economic benefits and healthcare, the deductions

announced in the Budget of 2018 may get eroded and the burden of high GST

would still weigh down upon the financial resources of the elderly people and

their families. In the present day, context of nuclearization of families, elders are

left alone to fend for themselves on all counts – be it social, economic or

healthcare. “Most of the elderly care centres are run by private institutes. And 18

per cent tax will make it almost impossible to manage costs for the family,”

explained Sailesh Mishra, founder- president of Silver Innings. Therefore, the

government needs to understand the true needs of the elders and reconsider the

current levels of GST on elder care services so that the elders in India can live a

dignified life for the rest of their lives in peace and harmony and not in penury.

___________________________________________


~43~

References

1. www.mymedicalmantra.com/18-gst-on-elderly-care-services-unacceptable-

doctors-activists/

2. www.epocheldercare.com/# pricing

3. https://blog.saginfotech.com/gst-impact-on-healthcare-industry-india

4. https://taxguru.in>elderly-citizens-are-disadvantages-by-gst-and-taxes

5. www.financialexpress.com

6. www.bankbazaar.com/insurance/life-insurance-for-seniors.html

7. www.covaicare.com/effects-rera-gst-retirement-communities-india/

8. www.gstindia.com

9. Health World, The Economic Times, July 2017

10. The Economic Times Online, June 22,2017

11. Finapp.co.in/gst-hospital-medical-service

12. www.narnolia.com>blog>health

13. www.moneycontrol.com>news

14. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Study-shows-a-dismal-1-6

elderly-are-covered-by-health-insurance-plans/articleshow/45391831.cms

15. The Economic Times Online, Feb 2, 2018.

_____

http://www.epocheldercare.com/

https://blog.saginfotech.com/gst-impact-on-healthcare-industry-india

http://www.financialexpress.com/

http://www.bankbazaar.com/insurance/life-insurance-for-seniors.html

http://www.covaicare.com/effects-rera-gst-retirement-communities-india/

http://www.gstindia.com/

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Study-shows-a-dismal-1-6-elderly-are-covered-by-health-insurance-plans/articleshow/45391831.cms

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Study-shows-a-dismal-1-6-elderly-are-covered-by-health-insurance-plans/articleshow/45391831.cms

___________________________________________


~44~

Voice of the Voiceless - A Study of Maya Angelou’s

I know why the Caged Bird sings

………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

Dr. R. Jayakanth Assistant Professor, Department of English


Tiruchirappalli

Maya Angelou, the African- American poet and a civil rights activist is widely

regarded as the ‘Black woman’s poet laureate’. Her reflections on the society and

the times she lived in are vividly expressed in her poetry. The poem as a whole

can be seen as a reflection on social disparity in racism, and the ideals of freedom

and justice. Using the metaphor of birds, she vividly portrays the inequality of

justice seen in the society of her time which differentiates between the African-

American community and its white American counterpart.

Angelou uses the metaphor of a bird struggling to escape its cage. The caged bird

represents Angelou’s confinement resulting from racism and oppression. She

describes a bird with clipped wings. Its feet have been tied and it has been placed

in a cage that prevents it from flying away. Despite its fear, the caged bird

continues to sing of freedom. She describes the joy that a free bird takes in soaring

through the sky.

She also explicates the nature of both freedom and captivity by creating a sharp

contrast between the two using birds as the metaphor. She puts greater emphasis

on the lamentable stage of the caged bird, and contrasts this with that of the free

bird.

Angelou originally decided to write this poem because not enough had been

written for young black girls in America. She wanted to remind her fellow

African Americans that in spite of the obstacles and the pain they endured, there

was much love and humour to be found in the African American community.

But despite her original intentions, she found that when she began writing, her

ideas and audience changed: “I saw it was not just for black girls but for young

Jewish boys and old chinese woman” (Julianelli 124).

The poem became much popular not only because of continues to be instructive

on matters of race and gender, but also because it is universal in its appeal. The

poem addresses both the specific and the universal elements. It traces Angelou’s

journey from a lonely and insecure child to an adolescent who survives many

hardships and emerges as a self-reliant and mature young woman.

The study reveals the fact that the poem is not an isolated story of a single

individual. It is rather a multi layered chronicle that can offer insight about the

history and culture of a people at a particular time and place and that raises issues

___________________________________________


~45~

of profound and universal significance. It also throws lighter and illustrates the

historical content of the work and helps the readers to understand more fully the

issues it raises.

Works Cited

1. Angelou Maya, "Conversations with Oprah: Maya Angelou". The Oprah

Winfrey Show, December 6, 1993. (Original Airdate: July 13, 1993.)

Transcript produced by Burrelle's Information Services.

2. Duff Catherine et al., "Maya Angelou". Alternative Law Journal, June, 1995.

3. Julianelli Jane, "Maya Angelou". Harper's Bazaar, November, 1972.

_____

___________________________________________


~46~

kNdhd;kzPak;; czHj;Jk;; nkhopg;gw;W ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

nu. Y}. irkd; Kidth;gl;l Ma;thsh;> jkpoha;Tj;Jiw

J}a tsdhh; jd;dhl;rpf; fy;Y}hp jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp

KfTiu

“ehl;Lg; gw;Wk; nkhopg; gw;Wk; mw;wtHfs; tho;e;J nropj;jjhf tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Ng ,y;iy” vd;fpwhH jkpo;j; njd;wy; jpU.tp.f. mtHfs;. fdT thdj;jpy; gwe;J ftpijfis tiue;jhYk; ftpQdpd; ghu;it G+kpapNyNa ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F Vw;g jkpo;r; r%fj;ijg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;J ,Us; kz;bf; fplf;Fk; jkpo; neQ;rq;fspy; nkhopg;gw;iwAk; mwpT ntspr;rj;ijAk; gha;r;rpAs;shu; Re;judhH. Kjd; Kjypy; jkpo; nkhopapd; rpwg;igr; Re;judhu; kl;LNk flTs; tho;j;jhfg; ghbAs;shu;. jkpo;nkhop> jkpo; czu;T ,tw;wpd; rKjhag; gpujpgypg;ghf tpsq;FfpwJ jkpo;j; nja;t tzf;fk;. ,d;W tsu;e;J tUk; ehlfj;jpw;F vy;yhk; xU Kd;Ndhb Re;judhu; Mthu;.

vk;nkhopAk; <lhfh jpk;nkhopf; nfd;Wyfk; nrk;ikAwf; fz;L njspe;jplNt - ek;kpdpa nre;jkpopd; nja;tr; rpwg;ngy;yhk; ahUiuj;jhH Re;juidg; Nghyj; njhFj;J.1

vd;W tho;j;Jfpd;whH ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;.

tlnkhop Mq;fpy Nkhfk;

NguhrpupaH Re;judhH 1855-1897 fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Gk; mtH fhyj;jpYk; tlnkhopg; gw;Wk; jhfKk; fw;NwhupilNa Ntfkhf Ml;nfhz;bUe;jJ. mjw;Fk;;; NkNy Mq;fpynkhopNa Ml;rpnkhopahfr; nrq;NfhNyhr;rpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. jkpo; nkhop kPJ gw;WilNahH rpyH tho;e;J nfhz;bUe;jhYk; mtHfs; Ngr;R rpwg;Gngwtpy;iyÉ mtHfs; vOj;Jk; kjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

jkpoH tho;tpy; jkpo;j; jhapd; tho;T xU %iyapy; Klq;fp eyq;Fd;wpaike;jpUe;jJ. ngw;w gps;isfNs jhiag; Ngzhj NrhfepiyNa Kw;wpYk; gutpapUe;jJ. tlnkhopapNy vOJtNj ngUik; Mq;fpyj;jpNy NgRtNj rpwg;G vd;w ,opepiyfisNa jkpoH fz;%bg; gpd;gw;wp tho;fpd;wdu;. ,e;j epiyapNy jhd; NguhrpupaH Re;judhH kNdhd;kzPa ehlfj;jpy; flTs; tho;j;jhfj; jkpo;j; nja;t tzf;fk; ghLfpwhH.

kNdhd;kzPak; ehlfkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> mjDs; fhg;gpaf; $Wfs; mike;Js;sd. vdNt> fw;wtupilNa ey;y tuNtw;G ,e;E}Yf;F vd;Wk; cz;L. xU fhg;gpak; vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jz;bayq;fhuk; vd;w mzpapyf;fz E}y; tiuaWj;Jf; $wpAs;sJ.

ngUq;fhg;gpaepiy NgRq; fhiy tho;j;J tzf;fk; tUnghU sptw;wpdhd; ... ... ...

fw;Nwhu; GidAk; ngw;wpa njd;g2

vd;gJ fhg;gpa ,yf;fzkhFk;.

jkpopy; E}y; nra;thH jhk; topgL flTis tzq;Fjy;> tho;j;Jjy; neLq;fhykhfg; gpd;gw;wp tUfpd;w KiwikAk;> E}Yf;F Vw;Gila ,iwia njhOjYk; cz;L. NguhrpupaH Re;judhH ,UKiwiaAk; jOtp Kjd; Kiwahfj; jkpo;j; nja;t tzf;fk; ghLfpd;whH. jkpo; nkhopia ehk;

___________________________________________


~47~

nghJthfj; jhnad Nghw;Wfpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy;> NguhrpupaH ek; nkhopiaj; nja;tkhfNt nfhs;fpd;whH. jkpo;j; nja;tj;ij tzq;Ftjpy;> tho;j;Jtjpy; vy;iyapy;yh ,d;gk; ngWfpd;whH. “jkpo;NtW; nja;tk;NtW” vd;w Nfhl;ghL Re;judhHf;F ,y;iy. ,jidf; fhZq;fhy; NguhrpupaH ek;iktplj; jkpo;j;jhaplk; vt;tsT gw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;shH vd;gJ njspthf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

Mq;fpyk; fw;w NguwpQuhd NguhrphpaH Re;judhH; mtHfs;> fw;w fy;tpapdhy; ngw;w gad; rpwg;Gw mikaj; jkpo;j;njhz;by; <LgLfpwhu;. NguhrphpaH Re;judhH cUtfk; thapyhf czHj;jpa cz;ik cyfk; xg;g Kbe;jjhf mikfpwJ. jkpo; nkhop gw;wp>

thdkse;j jidj;Jk; mse;jpLk; tz;nkhop thopaNt Vo;fly; itg;gpDk; jd;kzk; tPrp ,irnfhz;L thopaNt3

vd;W $Wk; ghujpapd; nkhopfSk; “vj;jpirAk; Gfo; kzf;f ,Ue;jngUe; jkpozq;Nf” vd;w Re;judhH thpfSk; xj;Jr; nry;tijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

jkpopd; jdpj;jd;ikiaf; fz;L jkpio xU nkhopahf kl;Lk; $whky; jhahf kl;Lk; cUtfg;gLj;jhky;> guk;nghUNshL xg;gpl;L kfpo;fpd;whH NguhrpupaH

gy;YapUk; gyTyFk; gilj;jspj;Jf; Jilf;fpDk; XH vy;iyaW guk;nghUs; Kd; ,Ue;jgbNa ,Ug;gJNghy;

jkpo;j; jhAk; ,Uf;fpd;whs; vd vz;zpg; G+upg;giltNjhL. NguhrpupaH jkpopd; ngUikAzHe;J jd;id kwe;J tho;j;Jfpd;whH NguhrpupaH.

njd;nkhopNa fiykfs; tyf;fz;

tlnkhop njd;nkhop vd;w ,uz;lDs; jkpo; gytifapYk; caHe;jJ. jpirapy; tlf;F njw;F Nghy tlnkhop njd;nkhop jk;Ks; xj;jd vd;gjpy; xj;jf; fUj;JilatH NguhrpupaH. tlnkhopahsH rpyH jkpioj; jho;e;jJ vd;Wk; tlnkhop caHe;jJ vdg; Ngrp te;jdH. tlnkhopahsH tyf;fz; Nghd;wJ tlnkhop vd;Wk; ,lf;fz; Nghd;wJ njd;nkhop vd;Wk; $wpte;jdH.

fpof;F Nkw;Fj; jpir njhpahjtH

,jidf; Nfs;tpAw;w Re;judhH jFe;j Kiwapy; fhuz fhhpaq;fhl;bj; jkpo; nkhopNa tyf;fz; vd;W epWTfpd;whH. fiykfs; kuGg;gb fPo;j;jpir Nehf;fpNa tPw;wPUf;fpd;whs;. fPo;j;jpir Nehf;fp ,Uf;Fk; fiykfspd; tyf;fz; njd;gf;fNk ,Uf;Fk;. ,lf;fz; tyg;gf;fNk ,Uf;Fk;. tyg;gf;fk; njd;jpirahf tUk;nghOJ mj;jpir toq;Fk; njd;nkhop tyf;fz;zhf mikANkad;wp ,lg;gf;fkhf mikahJ vd;gij nka;g;gpj;Jf;; fhl;Lfpd;whH.

fpof;F Nkw;F jpirawpahjtHfs; jhk; tlnkhop tyf;fz; vd;W $WtH. nkhopfSf;F ,ilNa Vw;wj;jho;T fw;gpf;Fk; mtHfspd; mwpahikiag; gyg;gLj;jpj; jk; Ez;zwpthy; tpsf;fk; jUfpd;whH NguhrpupaH.

jha;nkhop gopj;Jg; NgRe; jWjiy vtDe; Njhd;wpd gha;Gyp ahtH vq;fs; ige;jkpo; kwtH vd;W $a;tUk; nkhopiaf; Nfl;Lf; FspHe;jnjd; Ds;s nky;yhk; eha;fspd; thiyr; rw;W eWf;fpj;jhd; itf;f Ntz;Lk; (jha;nkhop fhg;Nghk;> g.66)4

vd;fpwhH ftpQH Kbaurd;.

___________________________________________


~48~

tlnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fistplj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; rpwe;jitnad vLj;jpak;Gfpd;whH NguhrpupaH. “gj;Jg;ghl;lhjp kdk; gw;wpdhH gw;WtNuh vj;JizAk; nghUl;fpirAk; ,yf;fzkpy; fw;gid” E}y;fshfpa tlnkhop E}iy vd vLj;NjhJj; jkpoH tpUk;gkhl;lhH vd KbT nra;fpwhH.

jpUf;FwSk; kDePjpAk;:

“ehjNkJ NgjNkJ ehw;Fyq;fs; Vjlh” vd;w rptthf;fpahhpd; thpfSf;F Vw;g rhjp> kjk; ,y;yh xLf;Fjy;fs; ,y;yhj rkj;Jt tho;f;ifiar; Re;judhH jkpo;j; nja;t tzf;fj;jpy; $WfpwhH.

NguhrpupaH ts;Std; nra; jpUf;Fwis kwtw ed;FzHe;jtHfs; xU Fyj;jpw;F xU ePjpNgRk; kDjUkrhj;jpuq;fis Vw;fkhl;lhH. kf;fl; gpwg;gpy; midtUk; rkk; vd;gJ jkpo; mwk; kD jUk; rhjpNtWghLfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ.

jpUthrfj;jpy; cUfpepw;NghH jhb> ril> vd;W cUNtw;W fz;%bf; fjWk; nghUsw;w thrfq;fs; xUNghJk; Vw;fkhl;lhHfs; vd;W $WfpwhH. NguhrpupaH tlnkhopf;Fk;> njd;nkhopf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; fUj;jpYk; cs;s Vw;wj; jho;Tfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjpy; Nguhrpupaupd; xg;gw;w jkpo;g;gw;iw ed;F fz;Lnfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.

Njtu; FwSk; jpUehd; kiwKbTk; %tu; jkpOk; KdpnkhopAk; - Nfhit jpUth rfKk; jpU%yu; nrhy;Yk; xUth rfnkd; Wzu;5

vd;w ghlYf;F Vw;g ts;Stf; FwsKij tOtwg; gapd;wtHfs;> xt;nthU Fyj;jpw;Fk; tUzj;jpw;Nfw;wthW xt;thj gy ePjpfisAiuf;Fk; kD Kjypa E}y;fis epidT $u;fpwhu;. vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJ ePjp GfYk; Fws; mwj;jpd;Kd; Ntnwe;j mwE}Yk; epw;gjw;fpy;iynad;gNj MrphpaH fUj;J.

Mztk;> fd;kk;> khia vd;Dk; Kk;kyq;fs; capHfisg; gw;wpf; nfhz;L capHfspd; mwpit tpsq;fr; nra;ahky; jLj;J epw;git. ,it ePq;f> capHfs; Qhdk; ngw;W tPL NgwilAk;.

vd;gJ irt rkaf;fUj;J.

irtj;jpd; xOf;fq; fhl;b rkaq;fs; fle;J epw;Fk; nja;tj;jpd; tpUg;gq; fhl;bj; njspahUk; xg;gNtz;b itaj;jpd; tof;fq; fhl;b tFj;jey; Yiuiaf; fz;Nlk; ifnahj;Jj; njhOJ nry;Ntk; fjpu;kzp tpsf;fk; tho;f6

vd;w fjpHkzpg; ghly; jUk; irt tpsf;fj;ij xg;GNehf;fj;jf;fJ.

Mjypd; Kk;kyq;fisAk; vspNj ePf;fty;yJ jpUthrfk;. jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhjtHfs; xU thrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfg;Nghtjpy;iy. jpUthrfj; NjdUe;jpNahH GwNtle;jhq;fp tlnkhop Ntjj;ij cUNtw;wpf; fz; %bf; fjwkhl;lhHfs; vd;W $Wk;NghJ> MrphpaH Re;judhH jpUthrfg; ngUikiaj; jkpo;g; ngUikahfr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whH.

jkpo;nkhop jkpofj;Nj epd;W juzpnay;yhk; Gfo;kzf;fr; nra;fpd;wJ. jkpo; MSikf;Fl;gl;lNj itak; vd;gJ NguhrphpaH fUj;jhFk;. ,jidNa ghujpjhrd;>

jhnaopw;wkpio> vd;wd; jkpohpd; ftpijjd;id Mapuk; nkhopapy; fhz ,g;Gtp mthtpw;nwd;w NjhAWk; kJtpdhW njhlHe;njd;wd; nrtpapy; te;J ghAk; ehs; ve;j ehNdh ahhpijg; gfHthhpq;Nf7

vd;W Nfl;fpd;whH.

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~49~

tlnkhopiaAk; njd;nkhopiaAk; ruprkhdkhfNt ghHj;Jg; ghuhl;b te;j ftpQHfs; ahUk; NguhrphpaH Re;judhiug; Nghd;W rPHJ}f;fpg; ghHj;J xU Kbtpw;F tutpy;iy. tlnkhopia tplr; rpwe;jJ caHe;jJ jkpo; vd;W jkpo;j; nja;t tzf;fj;jpy; $wpa ngUik NguhrphpaH Re;judhiuNa rhUk;.

tlnkhop ke;jpuk;

nghUs; Ghpahky; tlnkhop ke;jpuj;ijf; Nfhapy;fspy; XJtijr; Re;judhH 'thHj;ij fj;Jk; thjpaH kd;widj;Jk; twpa" vdr; rptfhkp nrhw;fisg; gpd;gw;wpNa ghujp gpw;fhyj;jpy; Ntj KzuhJ NtW nkhopfis cr;rhpg;gtHfis kiof;fhyj;J kilj; jtisfspd; ,iur;rYf;F xg;gpLfpd;whH “cUNtw;wpf; fz; %bf; fjWtNuh” vd;w nrhw;nwhlH ,j;jifa Ntfj;ijj; je;Js;sJ

nkhopr;rpe;jid

NguhrpupaH cyfpNyNa jiyrpwe;j ,lkhfj; jkpofj;ijf; Fwpj;J mjpy; gpwe;J jkpo;nkhop cyfpw;nfy;yhk; kz%l;b ,dpik jUfpd;w xU nghUshf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;W $Wk;nghOJ mtH jkpopw;F vt;tsT Vw;wq; nfhLj;Jg; Nghw;Wfpd;whH vd;gijAk; mwpaKbfpwJ.

nkhopg;gw;W - jkpo; nkhopf;F N[> N[!:

ehl;Lg;gw;Wld; nkhopg;gw;Wk; gpize;Nj Re;judhhpd; cs;sj;jpy; ,Ug;gij tPuHfsplk; ehl;Lg;gw;W gw;wp ciuahw;Wifapy; fhzyhk;.

tpe;jk; mlf;fpNdhd; je;jew; wkpo;nkhop jw;Rje; jukWk; mw;gHtha;g; gLNkh?

vd;W ,ak;g> gilapdH> 'jkpo; nkhopf;F N[> N[!" vdj; jha;nkhopia tho;j;Jfpd;wdH.

gioNahH ngUikAk; fpoikAk; fPHj;jpAk; kd;dpa md;gpd;Ek; md;idaH ghb epj;jpiu tUk;tif xj;jWj;J ckJ njhl;by; jhyhl;l mt; ,l;lkhk; Kd;NdhH jPuKk; nra;ifAk; tPuKk; ghpTk; vz;zp ,UfZk; fz;zPH epiwaf; fz; JapyhJ ePH fdpTld; Nfl;l tz;jkpo; nkhopahy; kwpj;J,f; fhyk; Mw;wyk; Mz;ikAk; chpikAk; xUq;Nf Njhw;wdk; vdr;nrhyj; JzpgtH ahtH?

vd;W rPtfd; jkpo;nkhopapd; rpwg;igg; giltPuHfsplk; $wp tPuTiu Mw;Wfpwhd;.

jha;nkhop jkpopd; xU ngUik

jkpopdhl;rp nrq;NfhNyhr;rpdhy; jkpopd; rpwg;G juzpnaq;Fk; Xq;Fk; vd;gjpy; IaNk ,Uf;f KbahJ. ghujpjhrDk; mf;fUj;jpid xl;bNa

kzf;ftUk; njd;wypNy Fspuh ,y;iy Njhg;gpy; epoyh ,y;iy jzg;ghpjhk; Jd;gkpJ! jkpofj;jpd; jkpo;j; njUtpy; jkpo;jhd; ,y;iy8

vd;W kdk; nehe;J ghLfpwhu;.

njhFg;Giu

gwitfs; jk; FQ;Rfisr; rpwpJ fhyNk fz;Zq;fUj;Jkha;f; fhj;J tUfpd;wd. tpyq;Ffs; jk; fd;Wfis> Fl;bfisr; rpwpJ ehs;fNs ehthy;

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~50~

ef;fpg; ghY}l;bf; fhj;J epw;fpd;wd. ngw;w jha; $lr; rpy Mz;Lfs; gps;isfisf; ftdpj;J tUfpd;whs;. Mdhy; jkpo;j;jha; jk; kf;fisf; filrp tiu Ngzp Mjhpj;Jf; fhj;JtUfpwhs;. vtuhYk; khw;w Kbahj ngUikf;Fhpats; jkpod;id xUj;jpNa Mthu;. ehk; cz;Zk; czit khw;wyhk;; ehk; cLj;Jk; cilia khw;wyhk;; gpd;gw;wpa fl;rp murpaiy khw;wyhk;> tpUk;gpa Nghw;wpa jiytiu khw;wyhk;> gpwe;j Ciu khw;wyhk;> ngw;NwhH ,l;l ngaiu khw;wyhk;> kjk; khwyhk;> nfhz;l khHf;fk; NtWglyhk;> cld; gpwe;jhiuf; $l kwe;J Nghfyhk;> cw;w ez;gHfisg; gphpe;J Nghfyhk;> fhjypj;J kze;J nfhz;l md;G kidtpiaf; $l kwf;fTk;> tpyf;fTk; Nrhjid tuyhk;. Mdhy; khw;wNt KbahjJ jha;nkhop xd;Nw. gpwe;j ehs; njhlq;fp ,wf;Fk; ehs; tiu capUld; fye;J clDiwtJ jha;nkhop xd;Nw.

jkpowpQu; itahGhpahH “Re;judhhpd; jkpo;j; nja;t tho;j;Jjhd; ekJ nkhopia xU nja;tkhf;fp xU GJr; rkaj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; tFj;Jj; je;jJ. Gjpjha;j; Njhd;wpa topghl;bNy jkpo; kf;fs; xUKfkha; cioj;J <LgLthuhapd; jq;fspilNaAs;s NtWghLfis nfhLiknay;yhk; xope;J xw;WikNahL tho;tH vd;gJ jpz;zk;” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb Re;judhH:

Mhpak; Nghy; cyf tof;F mope;J xope;J rpijah cd; rPhpsikj; jpwk; tpae;J> nray; kwe;J tho;j;JJNk

vd;W Fwpg;gjd; %yk;> jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fj;jpw;Ff; fhy;Nfhs; ,l;ltH NguhrphpaH Re;judhH vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu thapyhf mwpayhk;.

rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;

1. fof ntspaPL - ftpkzp ftpijfs; g. 106 2. fof ntspaPL - jz;bayq;fhuk; g 24 3. fof ntspaPL - ghujpahH ftpijfs; g 48 (Njrpa ftpijfs;) 4. tre;jh - Kbaurd; ftpijfs; g 36 5. itahGhpahH v]; - ew;wpiz g 571 6. khzpf;fk; m - kNdhd;kzPak; g 49 7. fof ntsPapL - ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs; g 128 8. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhH e.K - Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; g 87 9. fof ntspaPL - ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs; g 19

JizE}w; gl;bay;

1. ,NaRjh];> j.> kNdhd;kzPak;> rp.v];.I. mr;rfk;> khHj;jhz;lk;> fd;dpahFkhp> Kjw;gjpg;G 1990

2. J}a tsdhH fy;Y}hp ntspaPL> kNdhd;kzPak;> jkpo;j;Jiw ntspaPL> jpUr;rp-2> Kjw;gjpg;G 2005.

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___________________________________________


~51~

ghujpjhrd; ftpijfspy; ifk;ik ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

Kidth; M. ,uh[hj;jp cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpoha;Tj;Jiw J}a tsdhh; jd;dhl;rpf; fy;Y}hp

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp

ngz; fy;tpia czh;j;jpath; khA+uk; Ntjehafh;;> ngz;zpd; ngUikiag; giwrhw;wpatH jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh;> ngz;zpd; Kd;Ndw;wk; Fwpj;Jg; ghbath; ghujpahh; vdpy;> ngz;zpd; ifk;ikf; nfhLikfis vLj;Jiuj;jth; ghujpjhrd; vd;gNj nghUj;jkhd xd;whFk;. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jkpo; mwpQh;fSk; ftpQh;fSk; mtuth; Nehf;fpy; ngz;fSf;fhd epiyg;ghl;bid vLj;Jiuf;f mr;rg;gl;ljpy;iy vd;gjw;F mtuthpd; gilg;GfNs rhd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ghujpapd; ftpij top te;jth; ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd;. ,th; ‘ngz;’ xUehs; KOtJk; FLk;gj;jpy; nra;Ak; gzpfis ‘FLk;g tpsf;F’E}ypy; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;. ngz; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ‘,Uz;ltPL’ vd;Dk; fijg;ghl;by; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. jhk; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; jkpo;r; rKjhag; ngz;fspd; epiyapidAk; ngz;zpd; NjitfisAk; ftpijfshff; fhjiyj; jPa;j;jfl;Lg;ghL> ifk;ikg; gop> ifk;ikf; nfhLik> ifk;ngz; epiy> ,we;jtd;Nkw; gop> ifk;ikj; Jah;> ifk;ikePf;fk; Nghd;w jiyg;Gfspy; ngz;fs; milAk; ifk;ikj; Jauq;fshff; $Wfpd;whh;.

kdpjg;gpwtpahf cs;s MZk; ngz;Zk; ,aw;ifj; jj;Jtj;jpYk;> rKjha tho;f;ifj; jd;ikapYk; xUtUf;nfhUth; jho;e;jth;fs; my;yh;. cly; mikg;gpy; MZk; ngz;Zk; NtWgl;lth;fNs. ,ijkWf;f ,ayhJ. Mdhy;> mwpTj;jpwdpNyh> tPuj;jpNyh NtWghL fhz ,ayhJ vd;W $w KbAk;. Mz;fspYk; rhp> ngz;fspYk; rhp mwpthspfSk; Mz;ikAilNahUk; mwptpypfSk;> NgbfSk; fye;Nj fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,t;thW ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; fhyq;fhykhf Mz;fs; ngz;fis xLf;fpAk;> jho;j;jpAk;> ,opTgLj;jpAk; elj;jpte;Js;sdh;. ngz;fs; rKjhak; fle;Jte;j tuyhw;iw Nehf;FfpwNghJ ,f;fUj;Jf;F rhpahdtpiliaf; fhzKbfpwJ.

ngz;fSf;Fvjpuhd mlf;FKiwfs; Ntjfhyj;jpNyh> rq;ffhyj;jpNyh kpfg; nghpamstpy; epfotpy;iy vd;gJk; cz;ikNa. khwhf xUrpy NtWghLfs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. Mdhy;>rq;ffhyj;jpw;Fk; ,f;fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s ,ilg;gl;lf;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fSf;fhd mlf;FKiwfs; kpFjpahf toq;fg;gl;Lte;Js;sd. Fwpg;ghf> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fk; tiu fztidg; gwpnfhLj;j ngz;kzpfisf; fztDld; itj;Jf; nfhSj;jpr; rhk;gyhf;fptpLjy; tof;fkhapUe;jJ. ,f;nfhbatof;fj;ij mg;NghJ ek; ehl;il Mz;l rpyntspehl;Lf;fhuh;fSk; ,q;Fs;s mwpthh;e;j kdpj NeaKilath;fSk; ngUk; Kaw;rpnra;J mf;nfhbatof;fj;ij khw;wpdh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; Mq;fpNya tzpff; $l;lj; jiytuhapUe;j thud;N`];bq;> Rthkp jahde;jru];tjp> ,uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; Nghd;Nwhh; rjp vd;Dk; nfhLikia xopf;fg; ghLgl;Ls;sdh;. mjd; gadhfNt‘rjp’vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; xopf;fg;ngw;wJ. Mdhy;>rjp vd;Dk; tof;fk; xope;jTld; ngz;fs; vy;NyhUk; Rje;jpuj;Jld; jd; tpUg;gj;jpd; gb RakhpahijAld; tho;e;jduh? vd;why; mJjhd; ,y;iy. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf NtWgy tof;f Kiwfis ,r;rKjhak; toq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;epiyapy; fztid ,oe;j ngz;iz tpjit vd;wdh;. ,e;jf; Nfhyk; vg;gb ,Ue;jpUf;Fk; vdpy; cld;fl;il VWjy; vd;gJ xUehs; typ vdpy;> tpjitahf tho;tJ fhyj;Jf;Fk; Ntjid jUk; epiyahFk;. ngz;fs; kWkzk; vd;gijj; jk; tho;ehspy; epidj;Jf; $l ghh;f;ff; $lhJ.

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~52~

G+>nghl;L>jhyp ,oe;J>nkhl;ilabf;fg;gl;L> nts;isr;Nriy cLj;jptPl;by; Klq;fpf; fplf;Fk; epiycUthdJ. ,aw;if czh;Tfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp thoNtz;Lnkdf; fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;jdh;. jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpy; ,e;Jrkak; ngz;fis ,t;thW elj;jpapUg;gij czuKbfpwJ. ghujpjhrd; ftpijfspy; $wg;ngw;Ws;s ifk;iff; fUj;Jf;fs; ,q;F Muhag;ngwTs;sd.

fhjiyj; jPa;j;jfl;Lg;ghL

‘fhjiyj; jPa;j;j fl;Lg;ghL’ vd;w ftpijapy; Mz;fspd; kdijg; Ghpe;Jnfhz;l rKjhak; ngz;fspd; kdij Vd; Ghpe;J nfhs;shky; tpl;ldh; vd;w fUj;jpid

Mlthpd; fhjYf;Fk;> ngz;fs; $l;lk; milfpd;w fhjYf;Fk; khw;w Kz;Nlh? Nglfd;w md;wpiyg; Nghy>kidtp nrj;jhy; ngUq;fpotd; fhjy; nra;a ngz; Nfl;fpd;whd;! thlhjG+g; Nghd;w kq;if ey;yhs; kzthsd; ,we;jhy; gpd; kzj;jy; jPNjh? ghlhj NjdPf;fs;> cythj; njd;wy;> grpahj ey;tapW ghh;j;jJz;Nlh?

vd;W $Wfpd;whh;. MZf;F tajhd fhyj;jpYk; kidtp ,we;J tpl;lhy;>kWkzk; nra;Jnfhs;s rKjhak; chpik nfhLj;Js;sJ. Mdhy; ,sk; tajpNy fztid ,oe;Jtpl;lhy; ngz;Zf;F kWkzk; vd;gJ kWf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,f;fUj;jpidNa ghujpjhrd; ngz; kWkzk; nra;tJ jPikNah? vd tpdTfpwhh;. capNuhL ,Ue;Jnfhz;L czh;Tfis vg;gbrhfbf;f KbAk;? ghlhjNjdP cz;lh? njd;wy; tPrhky; ,Uf;Fkh? tapWgrpf;fhky; ,Uf;Fkh? vd;Wntl;l ntspr;rkpLtij czuKbfpwJ. rkj;Jtk; ,y;yhj rKjhar; #oypid ,f;ftpijf; fhl;LfpwJ. MZf;F xUePjp> ngz;Zf;FxUePjp epfo;e;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;gijNa ftpQh; vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shh;. .,aw;ifapy; xt;nthU nghUSf;Fk; xU jd;ikAk; gz;Gk; cz;L. mjidj; jLf;fNth khw;wNth nra;ahky; mjid mtw;wpd; topapy; nray;gl tpLtNj ey;yjhFk;.

ifk;ikg; gop ‘ifk;ik’ vd;wnrhy; ngz;Zf;F kl;Lk; #l;lg;gl;l ngauhfj;jhd; cs;sJ. nkhop flTspd; gilg;gd;W. mJ kdpjh;fshy; cUthf;fg;ngw;wJ. fhye;NjhWk; tsh;j;njLf;fg;gLtJ. Mzhjpf;f rKjhak; jd; Njitf;F Vw;g tsh;j;Js;sJ. Foe;ij ,y;iy vd;why; ‘kyb’ vdTk; fztDld; Nrh;e;J thotpy;iy vdpy; ‘thohntl;b’ vdTk; fztid ,oe;jhy; ‘ifk;ngz’; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,f;ifk;ik epiyia Nthpy; gOj;Jf; fplf;Fk; gyhtpNdhL xg;gpLtijg; ghh;f;fKbfpwJ.

Nfhhpf;if mw;Wf; fplf;Fjz;Nz ,q;F Nthpw; gOj;jgyh - kpff; nfhbanjd;W vz;zplg; gl;ljz;Nz Fsph; tbfpd;w tl;lepyh

Nfhhpf;ifaw;Wf; fplf;fpwJ ngz;fspd; epiy vd;W ftpQh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mlf;fg;gLfpwNghJ ngz;fs; mlq;fpNa nrd;Ws;sdh;. jd; epiyf;F jd;idNa nehe;Jnfhz;ldNu jtpu> rKjhaj;jpy; jd; gf;f epahaq;fis vLj;Jiuj;jpl Kd;tutpy;iy.

jd; fztd; nrj;Jtpl;lhd; khJ jiyapw; ifk;ik vdXh; - ngUe; Jd;gr; Rikjidj; tpf;fpitj;jhh;; gpd;G JizNjlNtz;lhk; vd;whh;

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~53~

rKjhaj;jpy; ,JNghd;w fl;Lg;ghLfis> rl;ljpl;lq;fis tpjpg;gJ ahuhf ,Ue;jpUf;f KbAk;? ngz;Nz ,g;gb jdf;fhd nfhLikfis tpjpj;Jf; nfhz;lduh? mt;thW ,Ue;jpUf;f tha;g;gpy;iy vd;Wjhd; fUjKbfpwJ. jiyikj;Jt epiyapy; ,Ue;Jnfhz;L nghUshjhuj;ijf; ifapy; itj;Js;sth; vtNuh> mth;fNs ,t;thwhd rKjha KiwikfisAk; tpjpj;jpUf;fKbAk; vd ek;g Ntz;bAs;sJ.

khz;ltd; khz;lgpd;dh; - mtdpd; kidtpapd; csj;ij Mz;ilah; fhz;gjpy;iy - IaNfh> mbikg; ngz;fjpNa

vd;W fztd; Nghd gpd;G kidtp vd;gts; mbikahf;fg;gLfpwhs;. jParFdk; cilatshfg; ghh;f;fg;gLfpwhs;. jiuapy; gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;;;;; czT Fiwj;jy; Ntz;Lk;; jhypaw;wts; Nky; mOj;jpLk; mf;fpukq;fis vy;yhk; ,e;j cyfk; vg;gb nghWj;jpLk;? vd;Wk; FKWtijg; ghh;f;fKbfpwJ. ngz; kWkzk; nra;tJ ‘rpWik’ vd;W $Wgth; FWfpa kjpAilath; Mth;. fLk;gpzpahsd; ,we;Jtpl;lhy;> ifk;ngz;zha; tUj;jg;gl Ntz;lhk;. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf Mirf;F chpatidj; Njbkzk; nra;Jnfhz;L kfpo;NthL thoKw;gL vdTk; ghij fhl;Lfpwhh;.

fw;fz;L Nghd;wngz; fztid ,oe;jhy; fre;jngz; MtJ tpe;ijjhd; GtpNky; nrhw;fz;L kiyf;fhNj cd; gFj;jwpthy; Jizgpbg;gha; - gak; tpLg;gha;

vd;W ngz;zpd; tho;f;iff;Fg; Gjpa top fhl;br; nry;Yfpwhh;.

ngz;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwiag; ghh;f;fpwNghJ jpUkzj;jpw;F Ke;ija tho;f;if vd;gJNtW> jpUkzj;jpw;F gpd;G tho;tJ vd ntt;Ntwhf cs;sJ. fztDld; tho;tJNtW> mNj fztd; ,we;jgpwF thOk; KiwNtW. ,g;gb Kiwfis khw;wpkhw;wp thOk; #oy; ngz;fSf;Filajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,f;nfhLikiaf; ftpQh; ,t;thW Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

vid kze;jhh; ,we;jhh;; vd; Fw;wky;y ,we;jTld; kq;fyehz;>ey;yhilfs;> Gidkyh; Fq;Fkk; mzpfs; NghdJz;L: nghd;DlYk; ,d;DapUk; NghdJz;Nlh?

vd;gjpypUe;J fztd; ,we;jgpd;G ngz;fs; thOk; Kiwapidf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,d;wsTk; ,f;nfhLikf;F Kl;Lf;fl;il Nghlg;ngw;Ws;sjh? vd;why;> KOtJk; jPh;e;Jtpl;lJ vd;Wgjpy; nrhy;y Kbatpy;iyNa? ngz;fis ,t;thW cUthf;fpajpy; ,q;F ahUf;Fk; ntl;fkpy;iy vd;W rhLfpwhh;. MfNt ,e;epiy khwNtz;Lk;. Gjpa rpe;jid gpwe;jplNtz;Lk;. Jiztd; ,we;jgpd; NtWJiz Njlr; nrhy;ypLNthk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtJ> ghujpjhrdplk; fhzg;gLk; ngz; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpe;jidahf cs;sJ.

ifk;ngz; vd; nwz;zq; nfhz;Nl fyq;fpdhNahfw; fz;Nl? fhLNtFtijxUnkhopapdpy; %L NghlKbANkhciuab?

vd;W ‘ifk;ikePf;fk;’ ftpijapy; gjpTnra;fpwhh;. khw;wk; tUfpwNghJ mtw;iw ahuhYk; jLj;jpl ,ayhJ. ifk;ikf; nfhLik vd;gJ goq;fhyj;jpw;FhpaJ

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~54~

,d;W ,e;epiy ,f;fhyj;jpw;F Njitapy;yhj xd;W vd;W fUj KbahJ. vj;jidNah epiyfspy; Kd;NdwpapUf;fpNwhk;. ,d;Dk; ,JNghd;w rpy Jd;gf;nfhLikfis tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fhky; ,Wf;fpg; gpbj;J itj;Js;Nshk;. ngz;fspy; gyUk; fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndwpath;fshf> nghUshjhuj;jpy; tsk; fz;lth;fSkhf ,Ue;Jk;> njspthd KbntLf;fhkYk; mr;rg;glf; $bath;fshfTNk ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ‘Foe;ij tsh;g;G’ vd;gJ KOtJk; ngz;izr; rhh;e;jhf ,Uf;Fk; kl;Lk; ,q;F vJTk; rhj;jpakpy;iy. ifk;ikf; nfhLikfs; khWtjw;F MZf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; muRf;Fk; nghWg;G ,Uf;Fkhdhy; xUNtisrhj;jpag;glyhk;.

ftpijfspy; fz;l cz;ikfs;

gy epiyfspy; ngz;fs; Kd;NdwpAs;sdh;. Fwpg;ghf ,d;W fy;tp fw;Nwhh; vz;zpf;if $bAs;sJ. fy;tp vd;w rpwg;gpidg; ngw;wjhy; gy jsq;fspy; gzpnra;fpd;wdh;. nghUshjhu epiyapYk; XusTf;F epiwtile;Js;sdh;. ftpijfspd; top ftpQh; czh;j;JtJ ahnjdpy;>

• nghUe;jhj kzk; jtph;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. • fztd; ,we;j gpd; ,Uf;Fk; ifk;ik epiy khw Ntz;Lk;. • ifk;ik vd;w ngahpy; gopfisr; Rkj;jf; $lhJ. • ngz;fspd; csf;fUj;ijg; Ghpe;J elj;j Ntz;Lk;. • ngz;fSk; rKjhaj;jpdh; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs; vd;wpy;yhky;

gFj;jwpNthL nray;gLk; mwpT ngw Ntz;Lk;.

Jizepd;w E}y;fs;;;;;;;

1. ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;> G+k;Gfhh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id-8 2. je;ijnghpahh;> ngz; Vd; mbikahdhs;? nghpahh; Rakhpahijg;

gpur;rhuf;fofk;> Ntg;Nghp> nrd;id-17. 3. m];tNfh~;> ngz;fs; r%fk; kjpg;gPLfs;.

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~55~

Mw;Wg;gilfspy; Nghh;f; fUtpfs; ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

Kidth; k. jdnyl;Rkp cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpoha;Tj;Jiw J}a tsdhh; jd;dhl;rpf; fy;Y}hp

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; mfk;> Gwk; vd;W ,U tiffshfg; ghFgLj;jg; ngw;Ws;sd. mfk; vd;gJ fhjiy cl;gLj;jpAk; Gwk; vd;gJ Nghiu ikag;gLj;jpAk; vOe;jd. rq;ffhy kf;fs; Ntl;ilahLjypd; NghJk; fhLfspYk;> kiyAr;rpfspYk;> nfhba topfspYk; nry;Yk; NghJk; Vw;gLk; ,lu;fisj; jLf;fTk;> mjpypUe;J jk;ikg; ghJfhf;fTk;> gy;NtW fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. mj;Jld; tPuu;fsha;j; jpfo;e;jpUe;j gz;ilaj; jkpou;fs; gifkd;du;fSld; Nghu;Gupa gy;NtW tifahd fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. ,f;fUtpfs; Mw;Wg;gilapy; ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gij tpsf;FtJ ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

Nghu; - nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk;

‘Nghu;’ vd;Dk; nrhy; ‘nghU’ vd;Dk; Ntu;r;nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpajhFk;. ‘nghU’ my;yJ ‘nghUT’ vdpy; ‘xj;jpUj;jy;’ vd;gJ nghUs;. jkpou;fs; mf;fhyj;Nj xj;j jpwDk; xj;j gilAk; cilahuplk; rz;ilapLjiyNa Nghu; vdf; nfhz;ldu; vd;gjw;F mr;nrhy;Ny MjhukhFk;. gz;ilf;fhyj; jkpofj;jpy; gy Nghu;fs; ele;Js;sd. ,g;Nghu;fs; Fwpj;J ‘Nghu; njhLg;gij mwptpf;Fk;’ nra;jpahf Mepiu ftu;jYk;> NghupLk; ehs; Fwpj;Jg; Nghu; Kurbj;jYk; Nehahu;> KjpNahu; midtUk; ,lk;tpl;Lr; nry;f vd mwptpj;jYk; nfhiyf;Fupa NghupYk; jkpou;fs; nfhz;bUe;j mwj;ijNa fhl;LfpwJ.

kdpj ,d tho;tpy; Nghu; vd;gJ capupay; Njit m/J xOf;fq;fis newpepWj;jp tifg;gLj;Jk; ,d;wpaikahj fUtp1

vd;gu; mwpQu; nghd;fPu;j;jp.

kdpj tuyhw;wpidg; Gul;bg; ghu;j;jhy; typa capupdq;fs; ,t;Tyfpy; epiyngw Nghuhbf;nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd. me;jg; Nghuhl;lk;jhd; fhye;NjhWk; Nghuhf cUkhwpaJ.

kdpj ,d tuyhNw Nghu; gw;wpaJ. mjpy; rpw;rpy FWfpa fhy ,ilntspfs; jtpu mikjp epytpajpy;iy2

vd;ghu; tpd;nrd;l; ru;r;rpy;.

fp.K. 1496 Kjy; fp.gp. 1861 tiuapyhd 3357 Mz;L tuyhw;wpy; 3130 Mz;Lfs; cyfpy; vq;Nfh Xuplj;jpy; Nghu; ele;J nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ vd;W Nghupay; fzf;nfLg;G xd;W GfYfpwJ. ,f;fUj;jpd;gb kdpjd; Xuhz;L mikjpia milaTk;> mij mDgtpf;fTk; gjpdhd;F Mz;Lfs; Nghupy; <Lgl Ntz;bapUe;jJ vd;gu;.

Nghu;f;fUtpfs;

njhy;fhg;gpau; Nghupd; ntw;wpf;Fg; gad;gl;l thSf;Fr; nra;Ak; ths;kq;fyj; jpidf;>

FilAk; thSk; ehs;Nfhs; md;wp kilail Vzpkpir kaf;fKk; fil,r; Rw;Wmku; xopa ntd;W iff;nfhz;3

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~56~

vdf; $Wtjd; topAk;> fiz (mk;G)> Nty; Kjypad Jizahff; nfhz;L giftiu mopg;gjidf;>

fizAk; NtYk; JizAw ngha;j;jypd; nrd;w capupd; epd;w ahf;if ,Uepyk; jPz;lh mUepiy tifNahL ,Ughw; gl;l xU rpwg;gpd;Nw4

vd;Wiug;gjd; topAk; goe;jkpou;fs; Nghu;f;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpaij mwpaKbfpwJ. gilf;fUtpfspd; tiffisj;>

jhid fLKs; Rjdk; gilNa Jg;G fKKs; Vjp fhu;j;jpif $u;j;jpif MAjg; nghJg;ngau;5

vd;W Nre;jd; jpthfuKk;

jhid gilNa gilf;fyq;fUtp na/fpit ahAjk; NtY kpak;Gtu; Jg;g NkjpAQ; RjDK khFk;6

vd;W gpq;fy epfz;Lk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

ifNty; fspw;NwhL Nghf;fp tUgtd;

nka;Nty; gwpah eFk;7

vd;Dk; jpUf;Fws; jd; Nky; nfhiy Gupa te;j fspw;wpd; new;wpapy; jd;Dila ifNtiyr; nrYj;jpa tPud; mLj;J tUfpd;w ahid kPJ vwptjw;fhfj; jd; khu;gpy; gjpe;J epd;w Ntiyg; gwpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl kfpo;thd; vd;W $Wtjpy; Nghupy; Ntiyg; gad;gLj;jpaik njupatUfpd;wJ. rq;fj; jkpou; gad;gLj;jpa Nghu;f;fUtpfis va;jw;fUtp> vwpjw;fUtp> Row;Wjw;fUtp vdg;gpupf;fyhk;. tpy;> mk;;G Nghd;wd va;jw;fUtpfs; MFk;. Nty;> v/fk; Nghd;wd vwpjw; fUtpfs; MFk;. ths;> Nflak; Nghd;wd Row;Wk; fUtpfs; MFk;.

Mw;Wg;gilfspy; Nghu;f; fUtpfs;

‘Nghu;’ vd;w nrhy; Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fspy; ‘jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy;’ %d;W ,lq;fspYk; ‘ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilapy;’ Xuplj;jpYk; ‘kiygLflhkpy;’ Xuplj;jpYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. “Nghu;j; njhopy; mupjhfpa thapypidAk;” (jpUKUF. 69) vd;Wk; “ntw;wpiaj; jUfpd;wtSk; nty;Nghiur; nra;jtSkhd Ju;f;iff;Fg; Gjy;tNd” (jpUKUF. 258) vd;Wk; “Nghupy; ty;y tPuNd” (jpUKUF. 276) vd;Wk; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy; NghUf;F Kf;fpag; gilj;jiytdhd KUfd; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghlg;gl;Ls;shd;. NkYk;> “gythfj; jpuz;l jd;ikapidAila Nghu;fspDila ngupa mbia thq;fp” (ngUk;ghz;. 237) vd;Wk; “kiyia nahj;j Nghu;fis mbapNy tpo mopj;Jf; flhtpl;L” (kiygL. 461) vd;Wk; Nghu;f;fsj;jpidg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. Mw;Wg;gilfspy; ,lk;ngWk; Nghu;f;fUtpfis Nty;> tpy;> mk;G> Nflak;> ths;> fiz vd;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

Nty;

Rlu;tpLfpd;w ,iytbtkhf cs;s neLNtiyf; nfhz;L KUfd; #ugj;;kid mopj;jhd;. ,r;nra;jp fe;jGuhzj;jpy; tpupthff; $wg;gl;lhYk; jpUKUfhw;Wg; gilapy;>

#u;Kjy; jbe;j Rlupiy neLNty; (jpUKUF.46)

vd;w Fwpg;Gs;sJ. ,NjNghy;>

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~57~

#u;kUq; fWj;j Rlupiy neLNty; (mfk;.49:10)

vd;W mfehD}W Rl;LtJ ,q;F xg;G Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. NkYk;> xUtuhYk; mse;jwpaKbahj neba nre;epwKila nrt;Ntypidg; gytpjkhd Nghu;f; fUtpfSs; xd;whf KUfd; ifapy; itj;jpUe;jhd; vd;w nra;jp cs;sJ.

va;ah ey;,ir nrt;Nty; Nrva; (jpUKUF.61)

Nty; nfO jlf;ifr; rhy;ngUQ; nry;t! (jpUKUF.265)

,jd;top ngUk; gifiaj; jhq;Fk;; ,ay;G cs;sJ Nty; vd mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,d;iwa fhyf;fl;lj;jpYk; KUfd; vd;w flTspd; milahskhf Ntypid itj;J topgLtJk;> KUfd; ifapy; Nty; itj;jpUg;gJ Nghd;w milahsk; ,LtJk; tof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ. rpWghzhw;Wg;gilapy;> NtypdJ Edp Nghd;w Kd;gFjpia cila Mk;gy;> jhkiu Kjypa ePu;g;G+f;fspd; mUk;Gfs; G+j;Js;s Nfzp vd;w Fwpg;gpy; Nty; gw;wpa nra;jp cs;sJ.

jpwy; Nty; Ejpapw; G+j;j Nfzp tpwy;Nty; ntd;wp> NtY}u; va;jpd; (rpWghz;.172>173)

,jw;F ciu$Wk; er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau;> ey;ypaf;Nfhld; jd; gif kpFjpf;F mQ;rp KUfid topgl;lnghOJ> mtd; mq;Fs;s Nfzpapy; cs;s G+it thq;fpg; giftiu vwpnad;W fdtpy;$wp> mg;G+itj; jd; Ntyhf khw;wpaikj;jhu;. mjdhy;jhd; mt;T+u; NtY}u; vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ vd;ghu;. filNaO ts;sy;fspy; xUtuhd fhup> gilf;fyd;fspy; nfhw;wit tPw;wpUg;ghs; vd;gjhy; ,utyu;f;Ff; FjpiuAld; NtiyAk; nfhilahff; nfhLj;Js;shd;.

moy;jpfo;e;J ,ikf;Fk; mQ;RtU neLNty; (rpWghz;.94)

vapduJ muzpy; giftu; mQ;Rk;gbahf> mtu;fisf; Fj;jpf; $upa Kid kOq;fp> Gyhy; ehWk; thiaAila Nty;fis tupirahf itj;Js;sdu;.

xd;dhj; njt;tu; eLq;f> Xr;rp ite;Ejp kOq;fpa GyTtha; v/fk; (ngUk;ghz;.119)

tpy;

gz;ilf; fhyg; Nghu;fspy; midj;J tiff; fUtpfSs; Kjd;ikahf tpsq;fpaJ> tpy;nyd;Dk; Nghu;f; fUtpNa MFk;. kd;dd; ngUk;ghYk; tpw;gil> Ntw;gil> thl;gil> kw;gil Kjypa ehy;tifg; gilfisg; ngw;wpUe;jhd;. gz;ilf; fhyj; jkpou;fs; tpw;fiyapy; Kjd;ik ngw;wpUe;jdu;. kd;du;fSf;F tpy;tpj;ij Fytpj;ijahfNt ,Ue;jJ. Mifahy;> Nruehl;Lf; nfhbapy; tpy; tbtNk rpd;dkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,j;jifa tpw;gilapy; if Nju;e;j tPuu;fs; tpw;fiyQu;fs; vdg; ngau; ngw;wdu;. Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fspy; tpy;ypd; gad;ghl;bidg; Gytu;fs; jk; tho;f;ifNahL ,izj;Jf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. Rq;fr; rhtbfs; epiwe;j ngupa topfisg; ghJfhf;f tpw;gilfs; ,Ue;Js;sd.

cy;Filg; ngUtopf; ftiy fhf;Fk; tpy;Yil itg;gpd; tpad;fhl;L ,atpd; (ngUk;ghz;.81-82)

Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; jd;Dila ntw;wpf;F milahskhf tl,kaj;jpy; tpy; ,yr;rpidiag; nghupj;jij rpWghzhw;Wg;gil Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

tlGy ,kaj;J> thq;Ftpw; nghwpj;j vOcwo; jpzpNjhs;> ,ay;Nju;f; Fl;Ltd; (rpWghz;.48-50)

mk;G

va;jTld; ,yf;F Nehf;fpr; nrd;W mg;gpf; nfhs;tjhYk;> mofpa G+ tbTilajhYk; mk;G vdg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ ‘mg;Gjy;’ mk;G MFk;. mk;G gy cWg;Gfis cilaJ. mk;Gtpd; jiyia> cL vd;Wk; mk;gp> Fg;gp> GOF

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~58~

vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLtu;. fiz vdpy; jpul;rp. fizf;fhy; vdpy; jpuz;lfhy;. fz; +I=fiz vd;whFk;. mofpa fz;izAila jpuz;l gpbAila mk;G fiz vdg;gLk;. cg;G tzpfu;fs; thzpgj;jpw;fhfr; nry;Yk;nghOJ Mwiyf; fs;tu;fs; mk;G njhLj;Jg; Nghu; nra;a tupd; mtiu vjpu;f;Fk; typik gilj;jtu;fsha; tpsq;fpdu; vd;W ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil $WtjpypUe;J Nghupd; nghOJ mk;G vd;w MAjj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpaik njupfpd;wJ.

nghUfiz njhiyr;rpa Gz;jPu; khu;gpd; (ngUk;ghz;. 70)

mNjNghy; vapduJ muzpy; tpy;Yld; mk;Gk; giftiuf; nfhd;w GyT ehw;wj;Jld; mLf;fp itj;jpUg;gu; vd;gij>

tbkzpg; gyifnahL epiu,> Kbehz; rhgk; rhu;j;jpa fizJQ;R tpay;efu; (ngUk;ghz;.120-121)

jd; fiz xd;wpdhy; fhz;lt tdj;ijj; jPf;F ,iuahf;fpa tpy;yhw;wypy; ty;ytd; mUr;Rzd; vd;w Guhzr; nra;jpapy; mk;G gw;wpa Fwpg;G cs;sJ.

fhvup A+l;ba ftu;fizj; J}zpg; (rpWghz;.238)

ths; Nghu;f;fUtpfSs; Kf;fpakhd Row;Wjy; fUtp ths; MFk;. goe;jkpofg; Nghu;fspy; kd;du;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp kwtu;fSk; this kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. giftu;fis ntl;b tPo;j;jTk;> jd; tPuj;jpd; ngUikia kpFtpf;fTk; this Kd;Djhuzkhff; nfhz;L Nghupl;Ls;sdu;. vdNt> Nghupy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mw;wy; kpF fUtpfSs; ths; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ. cg;G tzpfu;fs; jq;fs; Foe;ijfSld; ke;jpiaAk; tz;bapy; nfhz;L tUk;nghOJ mjd; ifapy; tpisahl;Lg;nghUshf cs;s fpspQ;rypd; tha; ths; NghYs;sJ vd;w Fwpg;G rpWghzhw;Wg;gilapy; cs;sJ. ,jpypUe;J giftiuf; nfhy;Yk; jd;ikAila thshdJ $upa KidAlDk; fpspQ;ry; Nghy ,Ugf;f thl;bYk; $upa jd;ik cilajhf cs;sJ.

ths;tha; vUe;jpd; tapw;wfj;J mlf;fp (rpWghz;.58)

giftiu khu;gpDk;> Kfj;jpYk; thshy; ntl;b nty;Yk; jd;ikia cila ey;ypaf;Nfhld; GypNghd;w Xtpau; Fbapy; Njhd;wpatd; vd;w Fwpg;gpd;top giftiu ntl;btPo;j;j thisg; gad;gLj;jpaik njupfpd;wJ.

kW,d;wp tpsq;fpa tL,y; tha;ths;> cWGypj; Jg;gpd;> Xtpau; ngUkfd; (rpWghz;.121-122)

ths;kPf; $w;wj;J tatu; Vj;j (rpWghz;.212)

Nflak; Nflak; ePs; tl;lKk;> ePs; nrt;tfKk; nfhz;l mikg;GilajhFk;. ,J khu;igAk;> mbtapw;iwAk; ghJfhf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Rkhu; 3 mb cauKk; 2 mb mfyKk; nfhz;L tpsq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njhyhfpa Nflfj;ij ,LF vd;W $Wfpd;wdu;. Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; tPuu;fspd; jiy> khu;G> mbtapW Mfpa gFjpfisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> giftu; vwpAk; Nty;> mk;G Mfpatw;iwj; jLg;gjw;Fk; gad;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid> Nghupd;nghOJ KUfd; xUifapy; NtiyAk; kw;nwhU ifapy; Nflaj;ijAk; Row;wpg; Nghupl;lhd; vd;W jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil Rl;Lfpd;wJ.

... ... ,Uif I,U tl;lnkhL v/Ftyk; jpupg;g (jpUKUF.110-111)

Kbthf Nty;> tpy;> mk;G> ths;> Nflak; Mfpait Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; Rl;Lk; Nghu;f;fUtpfshFk;. ,f;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp gz;ilaj; jkpou;fs; tPuk; kpf;f kwtu;fshf tho;e;Js;sdu; vd;gJ ngwg;gLfpwJ.

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~59~

rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;

1. mupkjp njd;dfd;> GwehD}W fhl;Lk; GJikfs;> g.40 2. mupkjp njd;dfd;> GwehD}W fhl;Lk; GJikfs;> g.40

3. ,sk;G+uzu;> njhy;fhg;gpak;> g.384

4. ,sk;G+uzu;> njhy;fhg;gpak;> g.382

5. Nre;jd; jpthfuk;> g.140

6. gpq;fy epfz;L> g.1604

7. gupNkyofu;> Fws; vz;. 774

JizE}y; gl;bay;

1. mupkjp njd;dfd; GwehD}W fhl;Lk; GJikfs;> ,yf;Fkp epiyak;> 10> fhrpj; njU> ,uhag;Ngl;il> nrd;id.

2. ,sk;G+uzu; (c.M) njhy;fhg;gpak; - nghUsjpfhuk;> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> jpUty;ypf;Nfzp> nrd;id. Nk-2005.

3. Rg;gpukzpad; r.Nt. rq;f ,yf;fpak; %yKk; njspTiuAk; (gj;Jg;ghl;L) kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;> 31> rpq;fu; njU> ghupKid> nrd;id - 2010.

4. gupNkoyfu; (c.M)> jpUf;Fws;> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2009.

5. gupNkoyfu; (c.M)> Nre;jd; jpthfuk;> fof ntspaPL> jpUney;Ntyp> 1950.

6. gupNkoyfu; (c.M)> gpq;fy epfz;L> fof ntspaPL> nrd;id> 1968.

______

___________________________________________


~60~

tPukhKdpthpd; jkpo;f;nfhil ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

Kidth; gp. nry;tf;Fkhud; ,izg;Nguhrphpah; kw;Wk; jkpoha;Tj;Jiwj; jiyth;

J}a tsdhh; jd;dhl;rpf; fy;Y}hp jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp

cyfk; jOtpa kjq;fSs; fpwpj;JtKk; xd;W. 15Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; Nkiy ehl;Lf; fpwpj;JtHfs; tzpfj;jpd; nghUl;L jkpofk; te;jdH. mtHfNshL fpwpj;Jt rkaj;ijg; gug;Gk; Nehf;fpy; ghjphpkhHfSk; tUif juyhapdH. gy;Jiw mwpTk; rPhpa gz;Gk; kpf;f ,tHfs; jkpo; kf;fsplk; jq;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L> Nehf;if epiwNtw;w jkpo;nkhop mwptjd; Njitia czHe;J jkpiof; fw;wdH. mjd; gpd; rkaf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gpdH. mjd; tpisthfj; jkpo; gy Jiwfspy; jdpr; rpwg;nga;jp Vw;wk; ngw;wJ.

fpwpj;JtHfspd; tUifAk; jkpopd; tsHr;rpAk;

1. jkpopd; ngUikiar; rpwg;ig ,yf;fpa tsj;ijg; ghl;lhYk;> ciuahYk; jkpo; kf;fs; czUkhW nra;jdH.

2. gok;ngUk; jkpo;f; fUT+yq;fis vy;yhk; Njbf; fz;Lgpbj;Jg; gbf;fpd;w MHtj;ijj; jkpoupilNa tsHj;jdH.

3. Vl;Lr;Rtbfsha; ,Ue;j jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fis midtUk; mwpAk; tifapy; mr;rhf;fk; nra;J ,yf;fpa cyfpy; kl;Lkpd;wp gpw JiwfspYk; kyHr;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdH.

4. rpyUf;F kl;Lk; cupajhf ,Ue;j jkpio vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJthf;fpr; nra;As; nra;As; jkpio ciueilj; jkpohf khw;wpg; Gjpa Nghf;if Vw;gLj;jpdH.

5. chpa ,lk;tpl;L milahsg;gLj;jpj; jkpio vspikg;gLj;jpdH.

6. kw;w ehl;ltHfs; jkpo;r; nrhw;fspd; nghUis mwpAk; tz;zk; mfuhjpfis cUthf;fpg; GJ ,yf;fpa tifiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdH.

7. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fis Nkiy ehl;bdHf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpdH. ,yf;fpaq;fis nkhopngaHj;J nkhopngaHg;Gj; Jiwia tsHj;jdH.

8. ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz E}y;fs; gytw;iwg; gilj;jspj;J jkpio tsk; ngwr; nra;jdH.

9. mwptpay; jkpo; tsHr;rp ngWtjw;Fhpa tpijapid tpijj;jdH.

10. jkpioj; jpwdha;Tg; ghHitapy; mZfpj; jpwdha;Tj; Jiwapd; tsHr;rpf;Fj; Jiz nra;jdH.

11. ,jo;fspd; top ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gug;Gk; kfj;jhd gzpiar; nra;jdH.

12. gonkhopfisj; jdp ,yf;fpa tifahf Vw;wk; ngwr; nra;jdH.

13. Gj;jpyf;fpa tiffshd Gjpdk;> rpWfij> ehlfk;> Nghd;wit ,d;W ngUk; tsHr;rp ngw;wikf;F ,tHfSila gq;fspg;G rpwg;G tha;e;jJ.

14. fpwpj;Jth;fspd; tuT jkpo; ,yf;fpa tsHr;rpf;Fk; vOr;rpf;Fk; Gjpa ghHitf;Fk; top tFj;jJ.

jkpoUf;Fj; njhz;L nra;J jkpo; tsHj;j fpwpj;Jtj; jkpo; mwpQHfspd; ,yf;fpag; gzpapy; Nkiy ehl;Lf; fpwpj;JtHfspd; ,yf;fpa gzp ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. Fwpg;ghf tPukhKdptH> [p.A.Nghg;> fhy;Lnty;> ,uhgHl; Nj nehgpyp> rPfd; ghy;F> vy;yP];> Nudpa]; yhru]; Nghd;Nwhhpd; ,yf;fpag;

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~61~

gzpiar; nrhy;yyhk;. ,tHfspy; tPukhKdptupd; jkpo;f;nfhilia Muha;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

tPukhKdptH Njhw;wk; (1680 -1746)

,j;jhyp ehl;bYs;s NfRjpypNahd; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; etk;gH 8> 1680,y; gpwe;jhH. ,thpd; ,aw;ngaH fhd;];ld;ild; Nrhrg;G ng];fp vd;gjhFk;. ,tH ,NaR rigiar; NrHe;j FU MthH. fpwpj;Jt kjj;ijg; gug;Gk; Nehf;fpy; 1709 Mk; Mz;L ,NaR rig FUthd gpd; 1710 Mk; Mz;L jkpofj;jpw;F te;jhH.

ngaH khw;wk;.

kiw gug;Gk; Kaw;rpf;fhf Kjypy; jkpiof; fw;Wf; nfhz;l ,tH jkpopy; tpaj;jF Gyikg; ngw;W ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;> mfuhjp Mfpatw;iwg; gilj;J jkpOf;Fr; nrOikA+l;bdhH. jkJ ngaiu ‘ijhpaehjH’ vd;W khw;wpf; nfhz;lhH. gpd;dH mg;ngaH tlnkhop vd;gjhYk;> ed;F jkpo; fw;wjhYk;> jkJ ,aw;ngahpd; nghUisj; jOtp nre;jkpopy; ‘tPukhKdptH’ vd khw;wpf; nfhz;lhH. ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;fk;> Pg;U> ,j;jhyp> ghurPfk;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa nkhopfspy;; Gyik kpf;ftH.

tPukhKdpthpd; jkpo;g;gzp

vOj;Jr; rPuikg;Gg; gzp. jkpopy; Fwpy;> neby; vDk; tbtj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Fog;gj;ijg; Nghf;fpdhH. tPukhKdpthpd; vOj;Jr; rPuikg;Gf;F Kd;dH ‘v’ vd;Dk; vOj;J nebiyAk;> mjd; Nky; Gs;sp ‘v;’ vd;Dk; vOj;J FwpiyAk; Fwpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,t;tbt Kiwapy; Vw;gl;l Fog;gj;ij czHe;j gpd; ‘v’ vd;gJ Fwpy;> ‘V’ vd;gJ nebiyAk; czHj;Jk; Gjpa vOj;J tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.

epWj;jg;Gs;sp> Kw;Wg;Gs;sp Nghd;w FwpaPLfisj; jkpOf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jp vdpikahf;fpa ngUik ,tUf;F cz;L.

mbfshuJ gilg;Gfs;

nra;As; VLfs; - 11

• Njk;ghtzp> • jpUf;fhtY}Hf;fyk;gfk;> • fpj;Njhpak;khs; mk;khid> • milf;fy khiy md;id • mOq;fy; me;jhjp> • milf;fy ehafp>

• ntz;fypg;gh> • fUzhk;gug;gjpfk;> • Njthug; gjpfk;> • tz;zf fiyfs;> • Njtkhjh me;jhjp>

G+k;ghtzp Mfpa gjpNdhU nra;As; E}y;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

ciueil E}y;fs;

• gukhHj;j FUfij • thkd; fij • Ntj tpsf;fk; • NtjpaH xOf;fk; • Y}j;jhpd;jpay;G • Ngjf kWj;jy;

• jpUr;rigf; fzpjk; • jpUf;flT+H ehl;Lj; jpUr;rigf;F

vOjpa jpUgk; • Qhdf;fz;zhb • Qhdk; czHjy;

mfuhjpfs; MW vd;Wk;> ,yf;fzq;fs; ehd;F vd;Wk;> kUj;Jt E}y;fs; ehd;F vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLtNjhL jpUf;Fws; nkhopngaHg;igAk; Rl;Lfpd;whH.

nra;As; E}y;fs; gjpd;%d;Wk;> ciueil E}y;fs; xd;gJ vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,yf;fz E}y;fSs; njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> ,yf;fzj; jpwTNfhy;> nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; Mfpa gilg;Gfs;.

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~62~

mfuhjpapaypy; rJufuhjp> jkpo; - ,yj;jPd; mfuhjp> NghHj;;Jf;fPR - ,yj;jPd; - jkpo; mfuhjp Mfpa gilg;Gfs;. jpUf;Fws; ,yj;jPd; nkhopngaHg;Gk; mbfshuhy; Mf;fk; ngw;wd.

• nra;As; E}y;fs; - 8 • ciueil E}y;fs; - 6 • ,yf;fzq;fs; - 4 • mfuhjpfs; - 3 • epUgk; - 1 • nkhopngaHg;G - 1 • ehl; fzf;fPL - 1 • nkhj;jk; 24 gilg;Gfs; fpilj;Js;sd.

mbfshH Mw;wpa njhz;L

gy;NtW rkaj;jpdH Nghw;Wtjw;Fk;> ghuhl;Ltjw;Fk; fhuzk; mtuJ gzp gue;Jg;gl;ljhf mike;jNjahFk;. mg;gzpapidr; rkag;gzp> rKjhag;gzp> jkpo;g;gzp vdg; ghFghL nra;ayhk;.

Y}j;jhpd; rigapdH mr;R ntspaPLfspd; topahf kiwgzp Mw;wpdH. jkJ kiwf; nfhs;iffis epiy epWj;j Kw;gl;lhH. mjd; gadha; vOe;jNj Ntj tpsf;fk;. Ntj tpsf;fj;jpw;F kWg;G E}yhf Yj;jhpd; rigapduhy; jpUr;rig Ngjfk; vd;Dk; E}y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mjw;F vjpH kWg;ghfNt Ngjf kWj;jy;> Y}j;jhpd; ,dj;jpay;G Mfpa E}y;fs; vOe;jd.

rpw;wpyf;fpa tsHr;rp – md;id milf;fy ehafp

mbfshH Vyhf;Fwpr;rpapy; tho;e;j ehl;fspy; mg;gFjp tho; fj;Njhypf;fHfs; gLk; Jd;gq;fisf; fz;L kdk; nehe;jhH. mtHfsJ Ntjidiag; Nghf;f md;idaplk; Ntz;bdhH. jhk; ruz; mile;j md;idia milf;fy ehafp vd;wioj;jhH. mtSf;F Myak; xd;nwOg;gp> mt;tplj;jpw;F> md;idapd; fhty; vd;nwd;Wk; cz;nld;w vz;zj;jpy; jpUf;fhtY}H vdg; ngahpl;lhH. md;idf;fhfTk;> md;idapd; ngUikfisg; giwrhw;wTk; gilf;fg;gl;litNa jpUf;fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfk;> milf;fy khiy> md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp. kf;fspd; Jah; Jilf;f rkag;gzpiaAk;> rkag; gzp thapyhf ,yf;fpag; gzpiaAk; Mw;wpAs;shH. ek; ehl;L Ntj rhl;rpahd Gdpj fpj;Njhpak;khs; kPJ kf;fSf;Fg; gf;jp Vw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W vOjpaNj ‘fpj;Njhpak;khs; mk;khid’ MFk;.

mbfshH Vyhf;Fwpr;rpia tpLj;J ntspNa gzpahw;wpa ,lq;fSs; xd;W tpUj;jhr;ryj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s ‘NfhdhH Fg;gk;’ vd;Dk; rpw;W}h; MFk;. mq;F xH Myak; vOg;gpdhH. mtuJ Kjy; Myak; mJNt. md;idapd; jpUTUitj; jkpo;g; ngz;zhf cUtfpj;Jj; jk; ifg;gl Xtpakhf tiue;jhH. mjid kzpyhtpw;F mDg;gp mjw;nfhj;j jpUTUtr; rpiyia mq;fpUe;J jUtpj;Jf; Nfhdhd;; Fg;gj;jpy; jhk; fl;Ltpj;j Nfhtpypy; vOe;jUs;tpj;jhH. mt;td;idapd; ngaH> ‘nghpa ehafp mk;khs;’. mt;td;idapd; Jiz nfhz;Nl ‘Njk;ghtzp fhg;gpak;’ Gide;jhH.

mwpQH jdpehafk; mbfs;> “Njk;ghtzp fpwpj;Jt ePjp E}yhf tpsq;FfpwJ> ,f;fhg;gpak; jpUkiwapd; Nfhl;ghLfSk;> tuyhWfSk;> jj;Jtq;fSk;> ePjpfSk;> topghl;L KiwfSk; mlq;fpa ngUq;fsQ;rpak;” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.

Njk;ghtzpapy; fhg;gpa kuGfs;

,yf;fpa tiffSs; fhg;gpaj;jpw;F jdp,lk; cz;L. fhg;gpak; vd;gJ njhlHepiyr; nra;As; vd;Nw Kd;G Fwpg;gplg;gl;L cs;sJ. fhg;gpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; Nfhl;ghLfSk; rKjha khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g fhye;NjhWk; khw;wk; ngw;W

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~63~

te;Js;sd. Njk;ghtzp fhg;gpaj;ijf; fhZk;NghJ Nkiyehl;L fhg;gpa kuGfSk;> fPioehl;L fhg;gpa kuGfSk; fye;j gilg;ghf fhz KbfpwJ.

Njk;ghtzp – Gwepiyf; fhg;gpak;

jz;bayq;fhuk; $Wk; fhg;gpak; ehy;tifg; nghUs;fshd mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL Mfpa NgWfSs; ‘,d;gk;’ gw;wpa $Wfs; jiy khe;jHfsplk; ,y;iy. khwhf jPa vz;zk; nfhz;l fpis khe;jHfsplk; ,d;g ehl;lk; nfhz;ljhff; fhl;bAs;shH. ,ij ‘mfg;nghUs;’ ePq;fpa Gwg;nghUs; fhg;gpakhff; nfhs;syhk;.

Njk;ghtzp Njhd;wpa #oy;

Njk;ghtzp> fijaikg;gpy; xU jOty; fhg;gpak;. 17Mk; E}w;whz;by; ];ngapd; ehl;by; tho;e;j ngz; MfpHjhs; khp. ,tH md;id khpapd; mUs; ngw;W tsdpd; fijia ];ghdp~; nkhopapy; ‘flTspd; efuk;’ (City of God) vd;w ciueil E}iy vOjpAs;shH. fpwpj;Jtf; fhg;gpaq;fSs; KOKjw;fhg;gpak; MFk;.

‘,NaRtpd; tsHg;Gj; je;ij #ir vd;Dk; ‘tsd;’ fhg;gpaj; jiytd;. ‘md;id khp’ fhg;gpaj; jiytp. ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; tsdpd; gpwg;G> jpUkzk;> ,wg;G> Kbr;#bg; Nghw;wg;gLjy;> ,iwkfd; ,NaRtpd; gpwg;G> capHg;G> gioa Vw;ghLf; fhyj;jpy; eilngw;w tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; rka epfo;r;rpfs; fijg;nghUshf ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. 3615 ghly;fs; 36 glyq;fshf mike;Js;sd.

fhg;gpaf; Fwpf;Nfhs;

Njk;ghtzpapy; fpwpj;Jt rka newpia typAWj;JtNjhL mwnewp Gfl;Ltjd; thapyhf kdpj tho;it Nkk;gLj;j Kay;fpwJ. ,iwtDf;Fk;> kdpjDf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s cwTKiwia tw;GWj;JtJ> vy;iyaw;w md;ig epiyepWj;JtJ xOf;f newpfspy; kdpjDf;F topfhl;LtJ> gpwHf;Fg; gad;jUk; tho;it thor; nra;AkhW kdpjidj; J}z;LtJ fhg;gpaf; Fwpf;Nfhshf mikfpwJ.

jpUr;rpYitapd; kfpik

jpUe;je;ij nghd;ndOe;J}H vd;gtH Qhd xspf;Fk;> md;gpw;Fk; Cw;whd jpUr;rpYitapypUe;Nj jd;Dila E}y;fspy; fhzg;gLk; mwpTiufisg; ngw;wjhff; $WfpwhH. Gdpj ngyNte;jpuUk; jpUr;rpYitapy; kfpikiar; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WfpwhH. rpYitapdhy; nja;tPfj; J}z;Ljy;fisAk;> typikiaAk; ngw;W tho;e;j gy GdpjHfis kdj;jpw;; nfhz;l KdptUk; A+jHfspilNa mtkhdkhff; fUjg;gl;l rpYit kuk; ‘fpwpj;Jtpd; rpYitr; rthy;’ kfpik ngw;wJ vd;fpwhH. thdtH fhl;ba rpYitiaf; fhZk; jpUkfd; Jd;gk; ePq;fp kdk; kfpo;e;J>

VuzpNa vd; md;Ng vd; md;gpw;F ,ujkpNj rPuzpNa caHtPl;ilj; jpwf;Fk; NfhypNj jhuzpNa vq;fDk; ehd; Mz;Nlhr;Rk; nra;NfhNy NguzpNa vdJapupd; NgUapNu thopaNt (Njk;: 30:119)

vd;W nrhy;yp rpYitiaj; jd; khHNghL mizj;Jf; nfhz;ljhff; $WfpwhH.

vUrNyk; - efHr;rpwg;G

nka; newpfis tpl;L tpyfpa kf;fisf; fhj;J <Nlw;w ,iwtd; njhpe;J nfhz;l Gfo;kpf;f efuk; vUrNyk; vdpy;> ,NaR gpuhd; me;efuj;jpd; mtjhpj;jikahy; thdtH ,wq;fp tuTk; kdpjH thDyF VwTk; topahAs;sJ. ,e;efuk; mj;jifa rpwg;GilaJ vd;gij>

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~64~

gadpdhy; kiwE}y; xf;Fk;> gfhpid kzpahy; xf;Fk; tpadpdhy; cyfk; xf;Fk;> Ntypahw; fd;dp xf;Fk; Kaypdhy; miyia xf;Fk;> Kdp KwpT xd;dhh;f;F xf;Fk; eadpdhy; caph;tpl xf;Fk; efhpid xf;Fk; tPNl

vUrNyk; efuk; mq;F thOk; kf;fSf;F ey;y gaidj; jUtjdhy; Ntj E}Yf;F xg;ghFk;. mq;F epiwe;J fplf;Fk; ,uj;jpdq;fspd; xspahy; #hpaDf;Fk; xg;ghFk;. kpfTk; gwe;J tpsq;Fk; jd;ikahy; cyfj;J xg;ghFk;;. mopahj kjpypd; fhtw; rpwg;gpdhy; mopahj fd;dpg; ngz;Zf;F xg;ghFk;. kf;fspd; ,iltplhj Kaw;rpapd; fhuzkhf vOk; Muhthuj;jhy; flYf;F xg;ghf tpsq;Fk; giftUf;F mopT jUk; jd;ikahy; Kdpthpd; Nfhgj;jpw;F xg;ghFk; mq;F tho;gtHf;Fg; gytif ed;ikfisAk; jUjyhy; caHe;j Nkhl;r tPl;bw;F xg;ghFk;. me;j efuk; KOikf;Fk; xU nghUis xg;Gf; $w Ntz;Lkhapd; Nkhl;rj;ij kl;LNk $wyhk;. ,NaRtpd; (gpwg;ghy;) thDyfpDk; rpwg;GilaJ.

ngj;jNyfk; mUfpy; ,Ue;j kiyf;Fifapy; khHfopj; jpq;fs; ,Ugj;ije;jhk; ehs; eLr;rhk Ntisapy; fd;dp khpahspd; jpUtapw;wpypUe;J gpwe;j ,iwkfd; ,NaRit ehw;gJ ehl;fs; fopj;J gpwF gpjhthfpa ,iwtDf;Ff; fhzpf;ifahff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; ngU Ntl;ifahy; ce;jg; ngw;w khjt; Kdptuhfpa tsdhUk;> Njt md;idahfpa khpak;ikAk;> nrUrNyk; Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gl;lhHfs;. mdpr;r kyH Nghy; nky;ypa ghjq;fisAila fd;dpj; jhAk; khjtuhfpa tsdhUk;> Nkfj;jpd; tbthfpa Njt kfid Ve;jp nfhz;L top ele;jhHfs; vd;fpwhH.

fhd;NjaH kyHNky; Njd; JspNah ... ... ...

kDtpd; cly; Njha;e;J cjpj;jgpuhd;

kzk; epiwe;j kynuhd;wpy; Njd; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikNghy; Njtghyd; Njtjhapd; moFkpspH jpUf;fuj;jpy; nghUe;jpapUe;jhH. xsp kpFe;jr; rq;fpd; Nky; moFjpfo; Kj;jpUf;Fk; khl;rp NghYk;> Njd; gutpa nre;jhkiu G+tpd;Nky; md;df; FQ;rpUf;fhk; moF NghYk; nghd;dhyhfpa nghypTld; tpsq;Fk; nghw;fyj;jpd; Nky; gtsr; nrg;gpaUf;Fk; rpwg;G Nghy Njtjhahhpd; jpUf;fuj;jpy; nja;tf;Fkhud; jpfo;e;jhH.

Njk;ghtzpapy; khKdptH jhtPJ> Nfhypahj; Nghypid tpsf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;FfpwhH.

fy;iy Vw;wYk; ftzpidr; fow;wYk; mf;fy; xy;iy xl;lYk; xUtUk; fhz;fpyH ,bf;Fk; nry;iy xj;jd rpiyEjw; gha;jdk; md;dhs; vy;iy ghe;jpUs; ,hpe;njd tPo;jYq; fz;lhH

vd;W tPo;e;jij kl;Lk; kf;fs; fz;ldH. jhtPjpd; tPuk; ntspg;gl;l epiyia tpiuthd epiyapy; fhl;Lfpd;whH. Njk;ghtzpapy; ehL efH tUzidfs; vy;yhk; fhg;gpaj;jpw;F Vw;wthW mikfpwJ. rpy ,lq;fspy; fhg;gpaj;jpd; rpy $Wfs; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. (,e;E}ypy; fly; tUzid> kJf;fspj;jy;> Gytpapy; <Lgly; Nghd;wit ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. fijj; jiytDf;F tPuf;fhg;gpaf; $Wfs; rpy $Wfs; mikj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Njk;ghtzpapy; ,lk;ngw;w jkpo; kuGfs;

,iwtdpd; KO tbitg; Nghw;Wjy; Nkiyf; fpwpj;JtH topghl;L Kiw> ,iwtdpd; jpUtbfis kl;Lk; jdpj;Jg; Nghw;wp tzq;Fjy; jkpoH kuG ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy;.

“Nthpa fky ghjk; tpizia ew;gzpe;J Nghw;wp” vd;gjd; thapyhf mtdJ jpUtbf;Ff; fky kyh; cUtfkhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,iwtDf;Ff;

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~65~

nfhbNah> thfdNkh> gz;zNkh> Rl;bf; fhl;Lk; jkpoH khJ> Nkiy ehl;Lf; fpwpj;Jt topghl;L Kiwapy; ,y;iy. Mdhy;> ,e;E}ypy; jpUkfidg; kpd;idf; fhl;ba tPukzp “Nkf thdj;jhd;” vdf; fhl;bAs;sJ. Njk;ghtzpf; fhg;gpak;; jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyfpw;F Kdpthpd; mauh Kaw;rpf;Ff; fpilj;j ;,yf;fpaf; nfhil’ vd;gjhy; kpifapy;iy.

rpw;wpyf;fpa cUthf;fk; milf;fykhiy

jkpopy; gy tif ,yf;fpaq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; xU tif ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ‘khiy’ vd;gJ ngauhFk;. ,J rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffSs; ‘khiy’ vd;gJ xU tif rpw;wpyf;fpakhFk;. jkpopy; khiy E}y;fs; kpFjpahf cs;sd. ,ul;il kzpkhiy> Kk;kzp khiy> ehd;kzp khiy> gz;kzp khiy> etkzp khiy> gyre;j khiy vdg; gy khiy E}y;fis ehk; fhz;fpNwhk;.

khiy ,yf;fpa tifia> ,d;d ghtpy; jhd; ghl Ntz;Lk; vd;w tiuaiw ,y;iy. gy;tif gh> ghtpdq;fspy; ghbAs;sdH. tPukhKdpth; milf;fy khiyapy; ntz;ghg; gFjpiaf; $wp ntz;ghtpy; ghbAs;shH. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fofk; ntspapl;Ls;s E}ypy; ntz;gh xd;Wk; 60 fd;dpfSk; cs;sd.

milf;fy khjhtpd; ngUikfSk;> jpUtbtg; ngUikAk; md;idia milf;fykhf mile;j ftpQUf;F msg;gwpa kfpo;r;rpiaf; nfhLj;Js;sd.

xU E}iyj; njhlq;Fk;NghJ flTis tho;j;jpj; njhlq;FtJ kughFk;? tPukhKdptH %TyFk; Vj;Jk; xOF KjNyhd;’ vdg; guTfpwhH.

Kjypy; Njtd; ,t;Tyiff; fhg;ghw;w kz;Zyfpy; mtjhpj;jijr; nrhy;yj; njhlq;FfpwhH. mg;NghJ ,t;Tyifj; Njhw;Wtpj;j ,iwtd; jd; msg;ghpa fUizapdhy; capHf;$l;lj;ijf; fhj;J mUSk; nghUl;Lf; fd;dp khpapd; #ypy; fUthfp cUthfpj; jpUthfp ntspg;gLfpwhs;. mt;,iwtdpd; kdpj cUtpy; ntspg;glj; Jiz epw;fpd;w khjhNt jpUfd;dpahfj; jpfo;fpwhH. ,f;fhl;rpia>

vt;TyFk; Njhw;Wtpj;Nj vt;TyFk; Ms; ,iwNahd; ,t;TyFk; jhq;fp ,dpjspg;g mt;TyF ... ... ...

cz;zh ,lh; nfhz;L cjpj;jiyfhy;

vdr; nrhy;Nyhtpakhff; fhl;bAs;shH.

khjhtpd; jpUtapw;wpy; cjpj;j NjtNdh> vy;yh cyfq;fisAk; jd; %d;W tpuYs; mlf;fp MSk; xspkpF jpUKfdhtH> mtH thdj;jpy; gwe;J thOk; gwit ,dq;fSf;F tPLfspy; ,Ue;J thOk; kdpj $l;lj;jhHf;F kz;Zyfpy; jphpe;J thOk; tpyq;F Kjyhd caphpdq;fSf;F md;Gfhl;b mutizj;J cznty;yhk; jUk; ,iwkfdhthH. mj;jifa ,iwkfw;Fj; jd; tPLNgW ngWk; nghUl;L mKjk; mspj;j milf;fy khjhtpidf; fhl;LfpwhH.

jpUf;fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfk;

jpUf;fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfk; fj;Njhypf;f rkaj; jj;Jtg; ghHitapy; tho;f;if tpsf;fk; ngw Ntz;Lnkd typAWj;JfpwJ.

cyfk;> cly;> Nga;

kz;Zyf tho;itf; fjpnad nfhz;lhLtJ fz;%bj;jdk; vd;gJ KdptH fUj;J. cz;ikf; fpwpj;Jt tho;tpy; cyfg;gw;W jhkiu ,iyj; jz;zPuhfj; jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

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~66~

nebJ ciyg;gd JaH maHT mw mUe;j Mwepiy gag;gd ,Us; fL eprp kWg;gd gop mopT xop ju thnay;yhk; fb cijg;gd ,twpa eir mir fly; milg;gy maUk; eiotd epfhpy ehk; cyf Mu fjp jpwg;gd

vd;w ghlypy; cyfk;> cly;> Nga; Mfpait Md;khtpd; vjphpfs;. cyfk; epiyapy;yhjJ. cyfg; nghUs; mopaf; $baJ. Mjyhy; mjid nka;g;nghUs; vd;W Fwpj;Js;shH. rpdKk;> NfhgKk;> fhkKk; clypd; J}z;Ljyhy; cz;lhfpd;wd vd;W mtH fUjpdhH. tho;tpy; kdpjidj; njhlHe;J Jd;GWj;Jk; mr;rq;fshfg; grp> gpzp> gif Mfpad ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. rka cz;ikfis tpsf;Fk; FwpaPlhf KdptH ,tw;iw vOj;jhz;Ls;shH.

kdpj kd tpfhuq;fs;

,d;iwa cyfpy; kdpjd; tPzhd vz;zq;fshy; CLfpwhd;. mjid thba khp neQ;R vd;w nrhw;nwhlH Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. kdpj clYk;>capUk; ,ope;jit vd;gij ‘,op csk; caph;’ vd;W Neubahff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

,iwtidj; J}kyH J}tpj; JjpahNj tPo;e;j th tpidNad; neLq;fhyNk

vd;W mg;gH ghLtijg; Nghy KdptH>

fple;Njd; tpidffly; %o;fp (ghly;-37)

vd;Wk; jPTiz mow;Wk; vd; kdk;

vd;Wk; nkhopfpd;whH. MapDk; jpUf;fhtY}H NrHe;jhy; jPtpid ePq;Fk; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; Mfpad jhNd fpilf;Fk;. tPLNgWk; vspjha; tha;f;Fk; vd;nwy;yhk; ek;gpf;if cz;lhf;FkhW gf;jp mDgtj;Jld; ghbAs;shH. ,jid>

tpidf;fly; %o;fp eP J}f;fff; fpisj; JaH fple;Njd; eP Ms; jpUf;fhtY}H NrHe;Njd; fhpkyH fh ehq;Njd; mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; vjpHnfhz;Nld; ez;zp cd;jhs; mile;Njd; ,dp tPL milNad; cd; capHMH xspNa (gh.37)

vd;w ghly; thapyhf tpsf;FfpwhH. NjdpDk; ,dpa ghf;fNshL jpj;jpf;Fk; fyk;gfkhfj; jpfo;tJ jpUf;fhtY}h; fyk;gfk; MFk;.

fpj;Njhp mk;khs; mk;khid

jw;fhyj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tiffSs; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tsHe;J tUk; xU JiwahFk;. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj; jd;ikapd; ikakhf itj;J fijg; ghlyhd mk;khid ,yf;fpaq;fSs; xd;whff; fpj;Njhpak;khs; mk;khid ,lk; ngWfpwJ.

‘mk;khid’ vd;gJ ngz;fs; tpisahl;by; Njhd;wp fhyNthl;lj;jpy; rpw;rpy khw;wk; ngw;W gpw;fhyj;jpy; fijg; ghlyhf kyHe;jJ. mk;khid ,yf;fpak;> mk;khid vd;w nrhy; fijf; fhtpak; vd;gjidf; Fwpf;f te;Js;sJ. fpj;Njhpak;khs; mk;khidapy; nghUs; tpsf;fj;jpw;fhf ctikfisf; ifahz;Ls;shH.

vd;wputp ifg;glNt Vltpo; nre;jhkiu Nghy; md;wputpd; mt;Tiuf; Nfl;L mr;rpiw jdha; jpwe;J

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~67~

(,aw;ifNahL ,ize;jtw;NwhL gy;NtW ctikfs; ifahSfpwhH.) vd;w fd;dp #hpaDila fjpHfs; gl;lTlNdNa nre;jhkiu kyH jd; ,jo;fis tphpg;gJ Nghy; thd J}jdpd; ciu Nfl;L rpiwf;fjT jhdhfj; jpwe;jJ vd;W ctkpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fhiyr; RlHNghy; fj;njOe;jhs; jhuif #O; khiyr; RlH Nghyk; khjH gyH Moe;Njfp

vd;W tpLfpd;w fz;zpap;y; fhiyf; fjputdpd; vOr;rpiag; Nghd;W kfpoe;J vOe;jhs;. fpj;Njhp vd;w nra;jpiaAk;> khiyapy; xsp tPRfpd;w re;jpuidr; Rw;wp tpz;kPd;fs; #o;e;J ,Ug;gJ Nghy; fpj;Njhpiag; gyH #o;e;J nrd;w fhl;rp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nfha;j kyNuhNa nfhb tPo;e;jhw;Nghy; clYk; nga;jjiy NahL tpog; NgUapH Nky; VwpdNj

nfha;j kyNuhL nfhbAk; tPo;e;jJNghy fpj;Njhpapd; clYk; jiyNahL tPo> mts; capH thDyfk; GFe;jJ. fpj;Njhpapd; ntl;Lz;l jiyf;F kyiuAk;> mtUila ntl;Lz;l jiyapy;yhj clYf;F nfhbiaAk; ctikahff; $wpAs;shH.

ifapuz;Lk; fhypuz;Lk; fz;ld Neha; Ja;apuz;L thd;RlH Kd; Njhw;wtpLs; NghyNYhopa

vd;w thpfs; xUtDf;Ff; ifapuz;bYk;> fhypuz;bYk; fz;l Neha;fs; vy;yhk; #hpad; tUifahy; ,Us; kiwtijg; Nghy; fpj;Njhpapd; mUs;jpuj;jhy; gQ;rha;g; gwe;jd.

tPukhKdpthpd; ,yf;fzg; gzp

,yf;fpaq;fs; gy; gilj;j ,tH ,yf;fz E}y;fisAk; gilj;Js;shH. Ntw;W ehl;ltH ,yf;fpak; gilg;gJ vspJ. ,yf;fzk; gilg;gJ mhpJ. Mdhy; tPukhKdptH ,ij vspjhfr; nra;jhH. mtH ,aw;wpa ,yf;fz E}y;fs;>

• nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; • nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; • njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; • jpwTNfhy;

fpNuf;fk;> vgpNuak;> yj;jPd;> gpnuQ;R> Nghh;j;Jf;fPR Nghd;w nkhopfis fw;w ,tH jkpo; nkhopf;Fj; jdp ,yf;fzk; nfhLj;Js;shH.

nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; - nkhop tsHr;rp

nre;jkpio Nkdhl;lhH gapy nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> fpshtp]; vd;gtw;iw ,aw;wpa mtH Ngr;Rj;jkpio Nkdhl;lhH mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhff; nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; ,aw;wpdhH. tPukhKdptH gy E}y;fs; gile;jpUe;jhYk;> mtH tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; mr;rhfp te;j E}y; ,/J xd;NwahFk;.

jkpopy; ,Utif tof;Ffs; toq;fp tUfpd;wd. xd;wpid capHj; jkpnod;Wk;> gpwpnjhd;iwg; nghJj;jkpnod;Wk; ehd; fUJfpNwd;.

nghJj; jkpopdpd;W gpwe;jpUg;gijr; rpyH nra;As; tof;nfdf; Fwpg;gpLjy; nghUj;jkhfhJ. Vnddpy; mbtiuaiwAld; $ba me;j caHnkhopia ciueilapYk;> rpwg;ghfr; nra;As;fspd; ciufspYk; gad;gLfpd;wdH.

_____

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~68~

jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; vjph;fhytpay; rpe;jidf;$Wfs; ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

Kidth; ,uh. Kusp fpUl;bdd; cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpoha;Tj;Jiw J}a tsdhh; jd;dhl;rpf; fy;Y}hp

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp

xt;nthU nkhopAk; fhy khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g Nkiyehl;L ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghLfis cs;thq;fpf;nfhz;L xU GJikiag; gilg;Gfspd; top ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. mNjNghy; ehSk; tsh;fpd;w jkpo;nkhopAk; fhy khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g gpwehl;L Nfhl;ghLfis cs;thq;fpf;nfhz;L> mijg; gilg;Gfspd; thapyhff; fl;likj;Jf;nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. jhd; fz;l nra;jpfis vz;zj;jpDs; nfhz;Lnrd;W mjidr; rpwe;j ftpijahfNth> rpwe;j GidthfNth gilf;fpd;w Mw;wiyg; gilg;ghsh;fs; ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;fs;.

rq;ffhyk; gz;gl;l fhyk;. Md;Nwhh;fSk;> rhd;Nwhh;fSk; tho;e;j fhyk; rq;f ,yf;fpak; kdpjh;fs; ehfhpfj;NjhL tho;e;j rKjhaj;jpd; gpujpgypg;G. ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; khz;G> ghLnghUs;> tbtk;> mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; tho;tpay; Nfhl;ghLfs; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; vjph;fhyr; rpe;jid ,lk; ngWtijf; fhzyhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; vjph;fhyr; rpe;jidfis Ma;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. mtw;iwj; jpl;lkpl;l tho;f;if Kiw> xUikg;ghL> fy;tp> el;G> kWikr;rpe;jid> topj;Njhd;wy;> vjph;fhyf; fzpg;G Nghd;w jiyg;Gfspy; ,jidf; fhzyhk;.

jpl;lkpl;l tho;f;if Kiw

rq;ffhy kf;fs; jpl;lkpl;l Xh; xOf;fkhd tho;it tho;e;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. mj;jifa jpl;lkpLjyhy; vjph;fhy re;jjpapdUf;F ey;y tho;f;if KiwiaAk; xOf;fj;jijAk; tpl;Lr;nrd;wpUf;fpwhh;fs;. jpl;lkpl;l tho;f;if Kiw kf;fspd; vjph;fhyj;ij tsKilajhf;Fk; vd;gijg; nghd;Kbahh; ghly; topahf mwpayhk;.

<d;W Gwe;jUjy; vd;jiyf; flNd rhd;Nwhdhf;Fjy; je;ijf;Ff; flNd (Gwk; 312)

vd;w ghlypy; xt;nthUtUf;Fhpa filikfs; jpl;lkplg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa jpl;lkpLjyhy; mth;fSila nray;ghLk; mq;F tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

xUikg;ghL

xUikg;ghL vd;gJ tho;fpd;w kf;fSf;F kl;Lkd;W> ehl;il Ml;rp nra;fpd;w kd;dh;fSf;Fk; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. %Nte;jh;fSk; xUq;Nf $bapUe;jijf; fz;l xsitahh;> mth;fsplk; xUikg;ghL epyt Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;Jfpwhh;. ehfj;jd ghfh; kz;byk; Nte;jh;f;F chpajhapDk;> mt;Nte;jh; mopAk;NghJ cld; moptjpy;iy. me;epaNuahapDk; typikAilNahiuNa nrd;W NrUk;. vdNt> murpaiy mwnewpapy; elj;jp nghUsPl;b ,utyh;f;F <ifnra;J tho;jy; Ntz;Lk; (Gwk; 367) vd;W vjph;fhy Nehf;fpy; mwpTiu $Wfpwhh;.

fy;tp

rq;f fhyj;jpy; fy;tp rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpaJ. fw;Nwhh; rpwg;G ngWth; vd;w fUj;J epytpaJ. ,jid>

cw;Wop AjtpA KWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk; gpw;iwepiy KdpahJ fw;w dd;Nw (Gwk; 183: 1-2)

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~69~

vd;w ghz;ba kd;dd; Mhpag;gil fle;j neLQ;nropad; ghbAs;s ghly; fy;tpapd; rpwg;igj; njspthf tpsf;FfpwJ. fy;tpapdhy;jhd; xUtDf;F rpwg;G Vw;gLk;> Fyj;jhy; my;y. mwpTilatd; $wpa newpia murd; Vw;ghd; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; fy;tpapd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. vjph;fhyj;jpy; fy;tpjhd; xUtid cah;j;Jk;É mjdhy;> midtUk;k fy;tp fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,g;ghly; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

el;G

el;G vd;gJ kdpjg; gz;ghl;Lld; fye;Jtpl;l xU tho;f;ifnewp. rKjhaj;jpy; kdpj Neak; kyh;tjw;F xU topfhl;bahf vy;NyhUlDk; el;G nfhs;Sjy; mikfpwJ. vdNt Muha;eJ ey;ytiu ez;guhff;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; fUj;jpid ,yf;fpaq;fs; typAWj;Jfpd;wd. ,jid>

ehb el;gpdy;yJ

el;L ehlhh;jk; xl;bNahh; jpwj;Nj (ew;wpiz 32:7-9)

vd;W ew;wpizg; ghly; el;gpd; jpwj;ij typAWj;JfpwJ. jd;dyNk Fwpf;Nfhshf cilath; Gwq;$WNthh;> kiwnghUis ntspapLNthh; MfpNahUld; el;G nfhs;sw;f vd;W fypj;njhif 25tJ ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ey;y el;Ng vd;nwd;Wk; eyk; gaf;Fk; vd;gij ,yf;fpaq;fs; ekf;F mwpTWj;Jfpd;wd.

kWikr; rpe;jid

kdpj caphpd; tho;f;if gy gpwtpfs; njhlUk; vd;w ek;gpf;if vy;yh kf;fsplj;jpYk; cz;L. jkpoh;fSf;Fg; gpwtpapd; gad; ,g;gpwtpiaj; jhz;b mLj;j gpwtpapy; kl;Lky;yhJ> VNoO gpwtpapYk; mjd; tpisT njhlUk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifAz;L vd;gjidr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd/

,k;ik cyfj;J ,irnahLk; tpsq;fp kWik cyfKk; kWtpd;wp va;Jg nrWeUk; tpioAk; nraph;jPh;f; fhl;rpr; rpWth;g; gae;j nrk;kNyhh; vdg; gy;Nyhh; $wpa gonkhop (mfk; 66)

vd;w mfehD}w;Wg; ghliyr; rhd;whff; fhl;lyhk;. FWe;njhifapy; ,g;gpwtp jhz;b mLj;j gpwtpapYk; ePNa vd; fztuhf tuNtz;Lk;. ehd;> eP tpUk;Gfpd;w ngz;zhfg; gpwf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jiytp $Wtjhf mikAk; ghly; ,jid njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ. ts;StUk; ,jid>

vOik vOgpwg;Gk; cs;Sth; jq;fs; tpOkk; Jilj;jth; el;G (Fws; 107)

vd VO gpwg;G tiu ePl;br; rpe;jpg;gjpy; jkpoh;fs; tPuKk; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. el;Gk;> fy;tpAk; vjph;fhy eyDf;F kpfj;Njitahd xd;W vd;gJ ,q;F njspthfpwJ. kWikr; rpe;jid rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYk; njhlh;e;J tUtij Nfhtyidg; gphpe;J epd;w fz;zfpaplk; Njhop Njte;jp>

NrhkFz;lk; #hpaFz;lk; Jiw %o;fp fhkNts; Nfhl;lk; njhOjhh; fztnuhL

jhkpd;GWth; cyfj;Jj; ijayhh;

Nghfk; nra;G+kpapDk; Ngha;g; gpwg;gh; (rpyk;G 9: 57-61)

vdf; $Wtijf; fhl;lyhk;. ,d;iwa #oypy; vjph;fhytpay; vd;gJ ,d;iwa kdpjdpd; kWikiag; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> mth;fsJ topj;

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~70~

Njhd;wy;fisg; gw;wpNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; top mwpayhk;.

topj;Njhd;wy; gw;wpa rpe;jid

vjph;fhytpay; rpe;jidfspy; topj;Njhd;wy; gw;wpa rpe;jid ,d;wpaikahjJ. mth;fspd; topj;Njhd;wy;jhd; vjph;fhyr; r%fkhf cUthtjhy; mth;fSila eyDk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. goe;jkpoh; jk; topj;Njhd;wy; kl;Lkpd;wp mth;fSila eyd;gw;wpAk; rpe;jpj;Js;sdh; vd;gij>

nrg;gk; cilatd; Mf;fk; rpijtpd;wp vr;rj;jpw;F Vkhg;G cilj;J (Fws; 112)

vd;w Fws; top fhzyhk;.

vjph;fhyf; fzpg;G

vjph;fhyf; fzpg;gpd; ,U ,ay;GfisAk; goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ. ,d;iwa nray;fspd; ehisa tpisTfisf; fzpj;Jiuf;Fk; ,ay;gpid ‘Mw;Wg;gil’ E}y;fspy; fhzyhk;. Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; tlf;fpUe;J caph;tplj; Jzpe;jnghOJ> jd;idf; fhzhJ el;Gf; nfhz;bUe;j gprpuhe;ijahh; jd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; cWjpahf tUthh; vd;Wk;> mth;f;Fk; ,lk; xJf;fNtz;Lk; vd typaWj;Jtij>

Nfl;ly; khj;jpiu my;yJ: ahtJk; fhz;ly; ,y;yhJ ahz;L gy fopa

... ...

fhjw; fpoikAk; cilad;É mjd; jiy ,d;dJ Xh; fhiy epy;yyd;É ,d;Nd tUFtd;É xopf;f mtw;F ,lNk (Gwk; 216)

vDk; Gwg;ghlypy; gprpuhe;ijahh; jd; ez;gd; vz;zk;Nghy; mq;F te;J nka;g;gpj;jijf; fhzyhk;.

ehisa vjph;ghh;g;gpw;Nfw;g ,d;iwa nray;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L mikg;gJ vDk; ,ay;gpid>

cs;sJ rpijg;Nghh; csnudg; glhmh; ,y;Nyhh; tho;f;if ,utpDk; ,spntd;g (Fws; 283)

vd;w ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;.

epiwthf

jkpopyf;fpaj;jpy; vjph;fhytpaiy ,Uepiyfspy; mZfyhk;. xd;W> vjph;fhy ,aiyf; fUthff;nfhz;l ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa Ma;T jkpopyf;fpaj;jpd; vjphfhyk; vg;gbapUf;Fk; vdf; fhz;gJ> kw;nwhd;W ghLnghUs;> ahg;G> ghl;wiyik> tbtk; vdg; gy epiyfspy; khw;wKk;> Gj;njOr;rpAk; nfhz;Ls;s jkpopyf;fpak; vjph;fhyj;jpy; vg;gbapUf;Fk; vdf; fhz;gJ jdpj;j> tphpe;j Ma;Tf;FhpaJ.

tUq;fhyr; rpe;jidf; fUj;Jf;fSld; ek; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfis ehk; kPz;Lk; Nehf;fpdhy;> ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Xh; GJikiaf; fhzyhk;. gy GJikf; fUj;Jf;fs; Njhd;Wk;. tho;e;j fhyj;ij mit glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd vd;gJ xU epiyÉ rw;W cWjpaw;w epiy. mit tUq;fhyf; fditf; fhl;Lfpd;wd vd vz;zp Muha;e;jhy; mtw;wpd; GJj;jpwd;> GJikj; jpwd; ntspahFk; vd;gJ cz;ik. ,yf;fpa Ma;tpd; tsh;r;rpf;F ,J ngUk; Jiz nra;Ak; vd;gJ cWjp.

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~71~

vDk; Nj. My;gh;l; mth;fspd; fUj;Jk; ,jDld; ,izj;J Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. gilg;ghshpd; vt;tif> ve;jf; fw;gidfs;> fdTfs; edthfpd;wd vdf; fhz;gJk; Ritkpf;f Ma;thf mikAk;.

Jizepd;w E}y;fs;

1. GwehD}W> GypA+h; Nfrpfd; (ciu)> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. Kjw; gjpg;G> brk;gh;> 2010.

2. ew;wpiz> GypA+h; Nfrpfd; (ciu)> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. Kjw; gjpg;G> 2012.

3. mfehD}W> GypA+h; Nfrpfd; (ciu)> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> gjpg;G> 2012.

4. jpUf;Fws;> ghpNkofh; ciu> fq;if Gj;jf epiyak;> nrd;id> gjpg;G 2008.

5. FWw;njhif> GypA+h; Nfrpfd; (ciu)> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. gjpg;G> 2012.

6. rpyg;gjpfhuk;> GypA+h; Nfrpfd; (ciu)> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. gjpg;G> 2012.

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~72~

Eò¨É±Éä·É®ú EòÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå ¨Éå ¨É½þÉxÉMÉ®ú ¤ÉÉävÉ

………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

b÷Éì. ¸ÉÒnäù´ÉÒ.BºÉ

+ÊºÉº]äõx]õ |ÉÉä¡äòºÉ®, ºÉèx]õ VÉÉäºÉ}ºÉ EòÉì±ÉäVÉ ÊiÉ¯ûÎSSÉ®ú{{ÉÎ±±É, iÉÊ¨É±É xÉÉbÖ÷, ¨ÉÉä¤ÉÉ<±É : 9495243814

<Ç-¨Éä±É : [email protected]

Eò¨É±Éä·É®ú EòÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå ¨Éå ¨É½þÉxÉMÉ®ú ¤ÉÉävÉ Eäò nùÉä ºiÉ®ú Ê¨É±ÉiÉä ½éþ =xÉEòÒ |ÉÉ®ÆúÊ¦ÉEò Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå ¨Éå ´ªÉHò

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~73~

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~74~

drX"O"u ZŒZpX"S"sG" X"`pQu{ðp@¡pY" S"X"# drZŒ{\"X"pS"X"o ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

Dr. M.V. Madhavachari

Assistant Professor,

Hon Department of Sanskrit

St. Joseph's College Trichy-2

[email protected]

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~75~

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~76~

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research teaching learning letters (an inter-disciplinary ... · rose, carnation, orchids,...

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