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  • Researchers: Aregmi Amigon, Samia Uddin, Lucy Royte ...… · Figure 2: Soil depth is posi/vely correlated with species richness in the Rocky Summit subplots, but the correlaon is
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Introduc)on Green roo’ops are possible solu/ons to many problems faced by urban environments. Water runoff, poor air quality, and high temperatures are only a few of the problems that plague New York City. With difficult growing condi/ons on roofs, it is important to ensure that green roofs are constructed in a way that will promote plant survivorship. The importance of soil depth has been shown to impact plant type and green roof effec/veness in allevia/ng these environmental problems. Deeper soil allows more room for roots to grow, thus taller plants, as well as the capacity to retain water, which provides access to plants and reduces storm runoff (Oberndorfer 2007). Nitrogen-fixing plants house rhizobium – a nitrogen-fixing bacterium – and can enrich the soil, which facilitates the growth of plants (Maron 1996). Harsh roo’op growing condi/ons emphasize the importance of nutrient rich soil. Our team was interested in how soil depth and the presence of nitrogen-fixers affect species richness and total cover. With our research we hope to contribute to the understanding of green roof technology and implementa/on in New York City. Materials and Methods In May of 2010, ten green roofs were constructed on NYC Parks Department buildings throughout the city. We studied and collected data from seven roo’ops located in Queens, ManhaYan, Staten Island, and the Bronx. Each roof had 24 split plots, twelve each of Hempstead Plains and Rocky Summit plant assemblages. Six of the plots on each roof had a growing medium of 4 inches, whereas the remaining six had a depth of 6 inches. Acknowledgments #Trueroofs would like to thank the Wildlife Conservation Society and Prospect Park Zoo for the use of their facilities and wonderful staff member Kimesha Reid-Grant, who helped us network and provided us with indispensable wisdom. We would also like to thank Fordham University for the use of Ram Vans and the Rose Hill and Calder campuses. Generous support was also provided by the National Science Foundation. Many thanks to Matthew Iannone, Acer Van Wallendael, Megan Henriquez, and Jason Aloisio for their generosity, guidance, plant identification skills, and putting up with our shenanigans. Finally, a big thank you to the NYC Parks Department for the use of their recreation centers. Discussion Originally, the green roof team hypothesized that beds with a greater soil depth would have a greater plant species richness. A’er analysis, however, the data collected did not fully support our hypothesis. As shown in figures 1 and 2, plots with greater soil depth had a minimal correla/on with species richness. We also hypothesized that beds that contain at least 25% nitrogen fixers would have a greater total percent cover. The data in Figure 3 supports this trend, although it’s rela/vely skewed with so many plots at 0% nitrogen-fixers. Despite a weak correla/on, the Rocky Summit did support our original hypothesis, as shown in Figure 4. The last hypothesis was supported, despite a weak correla/on between nitrogen-fixing plants and the mean sward height, visible in Figures 5 and 6. Overall, the data collected could not fully support our hypothesis due to the restricted /me alloYed on each roof, limited data, and outside factors. With more /me and data, the trends that we expected would most likely have been supported. Literature cited Aloisio, J.M. “Roo’op Plant: Community and Nutrient Dynamics of New York City Green Roofs.” Unpublished Disserta1on (2016) Maron, J.L. & Connors, P.G. “A na/ve nitrogen-fixing shrub facilitates weed invasion” Oecologia (1996) 105: 302. doi:10.1007/BF00328732 Oberndorfer, Erica. “Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Func/ons, and Services.” BioScience 57, no. 10 (2007): 823-33 Researchers: Aregmi Amigon, Samia Uddin, Lucy Royte, Malcolm Wansley, Mentors: Ma@hew Iannone, Acer VanWallendael, Kimesha Reid-Grant, and Jason Aloisio Hypotheses • Subplots with a greater soil depth will have greater species richness • Subplots that contain at least 25% nitrogen fixers will have a greater total percent cover • Subplots with at least 25% nitrogen fixers will have a greater average sward height Results Figure 1: Soil depth is posi/vely correlated with species richness in the Hempstead Plains subplots, but the correla/on is only marginally significant (r=0.195, p=0.088). Figure 2: Soil depth is posi/vely correlated with species richness in the Rocky Summit subplots, but the correla/on is not significant (r=0.072, p=0.530). Figure 3: The percent of nitrogen-fixing plants is posi/vely correlated with the percent of total living plant cover in the Hempstead Plains, and the correla/on is significant (r=0.235, p=0.041). Conclusions In conclusion, the data support our hypotheses, but we observed a high level of varia/on. In all of our correla/ons, there is indica/on of a trend, but it is likely that we have not accounted for all variables. Further tes/ng would be required in order to have a beYer understanding on how nitrogen fixing plants and soil depth affect green roof vegeta/on. Figure 4: The percent of nitrogen-fixing plants is posi/vely correlated with the percent of total living plant cover in the Rocky Summit, but the correla/on is not significant (r=0.075, p=0.515). Figure 5: The percent of nitrogen-fixing plants is posi/vely correlated with the mean sward height in the Hempstead Plains, but the correla/on is not significant (r=0.063, p=0.582). Figure 6: The percent of nitrogen-fixing plants is nega/vely correlated with the mean sward height in the Rocky Summit, but the correla/on not significant (r=-0.036, p=0.747). Materials and Methods (Cont.) We used a meter s/ck to measure 45 cm from the corner at a 45 degree angle. We then used the meter s/ck to es/mate the plant height at five points within each subplot. At each point we used a large nail to measure the soil depth (Aloisio 2016). We used plant guides to iden/fy Hempstead Plains and Rocky Summit plants, as well as colonizers. We visually es/mated total cover, species cover, bare ground, and dead material in each subplot. HP 6” RS 6” HP 4” RS 4”

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Page 1: Researchers: Aregmi Amigon, Samia Uddin, Lucy Royte ...… · Figure 2: Soil depth is posi/vely correlated with species richness in the Rocky Summit subplots, but the correlaon is

Introduc)onGreenroo'opsarepossiblesolu/onstomanyproblemsfacedbyurbanenvironments.Waterrunoff,poorairquality,andhightemperaturesareonlyafewoftheproblemsthatplagueNewYorkCity.Withdifficultgrowingcondi/onsonroofs,itisimportanttoensurethatgreenroofsareconstructedinawaythatwillpromoteplantsurvivorship.Theimportanceofsoildepthhasbeenshowntoimpactplanttypeandgreenroofeffec/venessinallevia/ngtheseenvironmentalproblems.Deepersoilallowsmoreroomforrootstogrow,thustallerplants,aswellasthecapacitytoretainwater,whichprovidesaccesstoplantsandreducesstormrunoff(Oberndorfer2007).Nitrogen-fixingplantshouserhizobium–anitrogen-fixingbacterium–andcanenrichthesoil,whichfacilitatesthegrowthofplants(Maron1996).Harshroo'opgrowingcondi/onsemphasizetheimportanceofnutrientrichsoil.Ourteamwasinterestedinhowsoildepthandthepresenceofnitrogen-fixersaffectspeciesrichnessandtotalcover.Withourresearchwehopetocontributetotheunderstandingofgreenrooftechnologyandimplementa/oninNewYorkCity.

MaterialsandMethods InMayof2010,tengreenroofswereconstructedonNYCParksDepartmentbuildingsthroughoutthecity.Westudiedandcollecteddatafromsevenroo'opslocatedinQueens,ManhaYan,StatenIsland,andtheBronx.Eachroofhad24splitplots,twelveeachofHempsteadPlainsandRockySummitplantassemblages.Sixoftheplotsoneachroofhadagrowingmediumof4inches,whereastheremainingsixhadadepthof6inches.

Acknowledgments#Trueroofs would like to thank the Wildlife Conservation Society and Prospect Park Zoo for the use of their facilities and wonderful staff member Kimesha Reid-Grant, who helped us network and provided us with indispensable wisdom. We would also like to thank Fordham University for the use of Ram Vans and the Rose Hill and Calder campuses. Generous support was also provided by the National Science Foundation. Many thanks to Matthew Iannone, Acer Van Wallendael, Megan Henriquez, and Jason Aloisio for their generosity, guidance, plant identification skills, and putting up with our shenanigans. Finally, a big thank you to the NYC Parks Department for the use of their recreation centers.

DiscussionOriginally,thegreenroofteamhypothesizedthatbedswithagreatersoildepthwouldhaveagreaterplantspeciesrichness.A'eranalysis,however,thedatacollecteddidnotfullysupportourhypothesis.Asshowninfigures1and2,plotswithgreatersoildepthhadaminimalcorrela/onwithspeciesrichness.Wealsohypothesizedthatbedsthatcontainatleast25%nitrogenfixerswouldhaveagreatertotalpercentcover.ThedatainFigure3supportsthistrend,althoughit’srela/velyskewedwithsomanyplotsat0%nitrogen-fixers.Despiteaweakcorrela/on,theRockySummitdidsupportouroriginalhypothesis,asshowninFigure4.Thelasthypothesiswassupported,despiteaweakcorrela/onbetweennitrogen-fixingplantsandthemeanswardheight,visibleinFigures5and6.Overall,thedatacollectedcouldnotfullysupportourhypothesisduetotherestricted/mealloYedoneachroof,limiteddata,andoutsidefactors.Withmore/meanddata,thetrendsthatweexpectedwouldmostlikelyhavebeensupported.

LiteraturecitedAloisio,J.M.“Roo'opPlant:CommunityandNutrientDynamicsof

NewYorkCityGreenRoofs.”UnpublishedDisserta1on(2016)Maron,J.L.&Connors,P.G.“Ana/venitrogen-fixingshrub

facilitatesweedinvasion”Oecologia(1996)105:302.doi:10.1007/BF00328732

Oberndorfer,Erica.“GreenRoofsasUrbanEcosystems:EcologicalStructures,Func/ons,andServices.”BioScience57,no.10(2007):823-33

Researchers:AregmiAmigon,SamiaUddin,LucyRoyte,MalcolmWansley,Mentors:Ma@hewIannone,AcerVanWallendael,KimeshaReid-Grant,andJasonAloisio

Hypotheses•  Subplotswithagreatersoildepthwillhavegreaterspecies

richness•  Subplotsthatcontainatleast25%nitrogenfixerswillhavea

greatertotalpercentcover•  Subplotswithatleast25%nitrogenfixerswillhaveagreater

averageswardheight

Results

Figure1:Soildepthisposi/velycorrelatedwithspeciesrichnessintheHempsteadPlainssubplots,butthecorrela/onisonlymarginallysignificant(r=0.195,p=0.088).

Figure2:Soildepthisposi/velycorrelatedwithspeciesrichnessintheRockySummitsubplots,butthecorrela/onisnotsignificant(r=0.072,p=0.530).

Figure3:Thepercentofnitrogen-fixingplantsisposi/velycorrelatedwiththepercentoftotallivingplantcoverintheHempsteadPlains,andthecorrela/onissignificant(r=0.235,p=0.041).

ConclusionsInconclusion,thedatasupportourhypotheses,butweobservedahighlevelofvaria/on.Inallofourcorrela/ons,thereisindica/onofatrend,butitislikelythatwehavenotaccountedforallvariables.Furthertes/ngwouldberequiredinordertohaveabeYerunderstandingonhownitrogenfixingplantsandsoildepthaffectgreenroofvegeta/on.

Figure4:Thepercentofnitrogen-fixingplantsisposi/velycorrelatedwiththepercentoftotallivingplantcoverintheRockySummit,butthecorrela/onisnotsignificant(r=0.075,p=0.515).

Figure5:Thepercentofnitrogen-fixingplantsisposi/velycorrelatedwiththemeanswardheightintheHempsteadPlains,butthecorrela/onisnotsignificant(r=0.063,p=0.582).

Figure6:Thepercentofnitrogen-fixingplantsisnega/velycorrelatedwiththemeanswardheightintheRockySummit,butthecorrela/onnotsignificant(r=-0.036,p=0.747).

MaterialsandMethods(Cont.)Weusedameters/cktomeasure45cmfromthecornerata45degreeangle.Wethenusedthemeters/cktoes/matetheplantheightatfivepointswithineachsubplot.Ateachpointweusedalargenailtomeasurethesoildepth(Aloisio2016).Weusedplantguidestoiden/fyHempsteadPlainsandRockySummitplants,aswellascolonizers.Wevisuallyes/matedtotalcover,speciescover,bareground,anddeadmaterialineachsubplot.

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