researching free/libre open source software communities
DESCRIPTION
Keynote Speech given at the CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, BostonTRANSCRIPT
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Researching Free/Libre Open Source Software Communities
Yuwei Lin
UK ESRC National Centre for e-Social Science, University of Manchester
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
What is FLOSS? (I)
Richard Stallman's freedoms and definition of free software
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
What is FLOSS? (II)
Open Source Initiative (OSI) Open Source Development Method
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
What is FLOSS? (III)
Analogy to other peer-production activities in today's information society: open science (Science 2.0), Web2.0, Perpetual Beta, user-driven, user-created content)
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
What is FLOSS? (IV)
Hacker culture – amateur expertise (similar to astronomers, farmers, photographers...)
Professionalisation and institutionalisation
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
A Snapshot of FLOSS Communities
Stakeholders: Industry (IBM, Novell, HP, Microsoft, Google...) + Governments (local and central) + research funders (JISC) + NGOs/NPOs
Distributions (Debian, RedHat, Ubuntu, SuSE, Fedora GNU/Linux...)
Linux User Groups around the world Development projects: GNU, Apache,
OpenOffice.org, Linux Kernel, Firefox, MediaWiki & Wikipedia...
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Social Worlds Theory
For observing practicebased communities and interactions between different actors
Diagram taken from A. Clarke (1991)
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
6 Principles
Characteristics of FLOSS communities: Diversity Dynamics Materiality
Methodological Engagement Mutuality Reflexivity
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Diversity
Distributed communities -> Members from different socio-cultural backgrounds, residing at different time and space
Different opinions are given as to development ranging from what is a bug and how to fix a bug
Workplace studies: orderliness How diversity is managed? Leadership?
Mechanisms? Instruments?
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Dynamics
Open membership Multiple memberships Mobilities Logitudinal perspective: from a novice
learner to a key contributor in the centre of the community
Biographical life plan How do we catch these dynamics?How do we catch these dynamics?
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Materiality
It's all about technologies Materiality of ICT: Affordance Technology defines the interests of the
people involved (who they are). ≠ Technology-deterministic Mediated interactions How do we capture the complexity emerge
from the adoption and development of advanced ICT?
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Why Go Qualitative?
Fixed categories from the quantitative surveys that tried to capture indivisuals' motivations of participating in FLOSS:
Just for fun
Reputation
Mutuality
Gratification
Job required
Self-help: to fix a bug at hand
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Why Go Qualitative?
Fixed categories from the quantitative surveys that tried to capture indivisuals' motivations of participating in FLOSS:
Just for fun
Reputation
Mutuality
Gratification
Job required
Self-help: to fix a bug at hand
God told me soGod told me so
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Hacking for Christ
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Methods
Mixed methods (or e-Social Science methods)
Qualitative in-depth interview with developers and users (semi-structured and unstructured)
Ethnographic observation online Biographical Time-consuming and demanding
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
6 Principles
Characteristics of FLOSS communities: Dynamics Diversity Materiality
Methodological Engagement Mutuality Reflexivity
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Engagement
Engage respondents/the researched: they might know it better than you. Get their intelligence. (Both the researcher and the researched are 'knowing subjects', or bear a hybrid role as both a subject and an object.)
Be part of the community? Distance from the field? Without 'going native'?
Engage with technology: Get experienced. Autoethnography
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Mutuality
'Participatory Action Research' or 'Collaborative Research' The positioning of researcher and researched as
knowing subjects, rather than as the knower and the known, accords dignity to research participants. [T]he voices and interpretations of research participants themselves actively contribute to new understanding. (Gunzenhauser, 2006: 643)
Contribute back to the community Intervention – get our hands dirty Taking action and making a difference
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Mutual Critique
[T]he efficacy of mutual critique is inescapable. Increasingly readers are becoming skilled at amateur deconstruction of research texts and expect to explore
intertextuality in qualitative research texts. Possibilities for understanding are multiplied through the
researcher’s exploration of multiple mutual critiques. Researchers in these studies learned the most from expanding the boundaries of their subjectivities.
(Gunzenhauser, 2006: 644)
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Reflexivity
Self-aware and self-critical -> challenge 'the ideology of objectivity and distance in ethnographic research. Researchers are not unbiasedor impartial observer.
Have I overlooked anything? Have I generalised too much? What have I learned? What can I contribute? It's not just about doing/researching; it's
about mutual learning.
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Case Studies
Glocalisation of FLOSS Women in FLOSS Usability Studies UK National Centre for e-Social Science
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Glocalisation of FLOSS
Linux Migration and Implementation in governments and schools (e.g., Spain, Germany, Italy, UK, Norway, Peru, Brazil...)
Accessibility and disability Customisation, localisation and
internationalisation User-driven, User-led, User-centered Glocalised understandings and makings of
FLOSS
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Women in FLOSS
Why there were so few women in FLOSS?
Barriers: lack of models, sexist language... Number is not the issue; The fundamental issue
lies in what labour is valued more by the communities. What's recognised? * RTFM*
Activist group: Gender Changer Academy, KDE-Women, Debian-Women (now we have Gnome-Women, Ubuntu-Women)
Goals: mutual help & network
How FLOSS culture is embodied & performed
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Whose Wonder Woman?Whose female hacker?
Global or Local versions?
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Usability Studies
myExperiment.org: agile approach for developing a “Perpetual Beta”
How to manage a distributed project How to gather requirements given the
dispersed communities? How to draw the boundary of an emerging
user community? (fostering community or building community?)
Design choice: Performance or usability?
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
National Centre for e-Social Science
Major ESRC investment Distributed structure: co-ordinating hub at
Manchester and research nodes and small grant projects distributed across the UK
To help social scientists make the best use of e-Infrastructure to address key social science research challenges
To simulate the uptake of e-Infrastructure To advise on the future strategic direction
of e-Social Science
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
What is e-Social Science?
Who are the e-Social Scientists?
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Conclusion
Freedom Openness Networking
Collaboration
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Conclusion
Freedom Openness Networking
Collaboration
Equity Diversity Mutuality Democracy
Yuwei Lin | CITASA Pre-Conference 2008, 31st July 2008, Boston
Thank you.
http://www.ylin.org
http://www.ncess.ac.uk