reserach design & methodology 2
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Research Methods
Assist. Prof. Dr. Sevinc KURT
Cyprus International University
![Page 2: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Research Methods
Research Methods and Statistics are tools.
Concern is:•How to use them?•When to use them?
![Page 3: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ways of Knowing (Kerlinger, 1986)
1. Method of Tenacity (Always Believed)
2. Method of Intuition (Feels Good)
3. Method of Authority (Respected Source)
4. Method of Science (Empirical/Objective
![Page 4: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Goals of Science?
1. Description
2. Explanation
3. Prediction
4. Control
![Page 5: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Scientific Methodology
Scientific Methodology = a systematic analysis of the rational and experimental principles which guide an inquiry.
![Page 6: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Scientific Method involves:
1. Theory = an integrated set of principles that explain and predict facts
2. Hypothesis = a prediction of what is the case (fact) based on theory
3. Observation = a comparison of hypothesis to what is the case
![Page 7: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What Research Is Not
Research isn’t information gathering:
- Gathering information from resources such books or magazines isn’t research. - No contribution to new knowledge.
Research isn’t the transportation of facts:
- Merely transporting facts from one resource to another doesn’t
constitute research.
- No contribution to new knowledge although this might make existing knowledge more accessible.
![Page 8: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What Research Is
Research is:
•“…the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.
•Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to QUESTIONS
![Page 9: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What is Research
Systematic inquiry directed toward to creation of knowledge (Groat Wang, p7)
Scientific, systematic or other approach used to study a problem
An acceptable approach to acquire dependable & useful information about our problem so we can then analyze the information
Regardless of the discipline, research is usually a systematic and objective search for reliable information
![Page 10: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Research Characteristics
1. Originates with a question or problem.2. Requires clear articulation of a goal.3. Follows a specific plan or procedure.4. Often divides main problem into
subproblems.5. Guided by specific problem, question, or
hypothesis.6. Accepts certain critical assumptions.7. Requires collection and interpretation of
data.8. Cyclical (helical) in nature.
![Page 11: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Research Projects
Research begins with a problem.
-This problem need not be Earth-shaking.
Identifying this problem can actually be the hardest part of research.
In general, good research projects should:
- Address an important question. - Advance knowledge.
![Page 12: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Research Project Pitfalls
The following kinds of projects usually don’t make for good research:
- Self-enlightenment.- Comparing data sets.- Correlating data sets.- Problems with yes / no answers.
![Page 13: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
High-Quality Research
Good research requires:
-The scope and limitations of the work to be clearly defined.
-The process to be clearly explained so that it can be reproduced and verified by other researchers.
-Highly ethical standards be applied.
-All limitations be documented.
-Data be adequately analyzed and explained.
![Page 14: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sources of Research Problems
Observation.
Literature reviews.
Professional conferences.
Experts.
![Page 15: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Stating the Research Problem
Once you’ve identified a research problem:-State that problem clearly and
completely.-Determine the process of the research.
Identify subproblems:-Completely researchable units.-Small in number.-Add up to the total problem.-Must be clearly tied to the
interpretation of the data.
![Page 16: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Hypotheses
Hypotheses are tentative, intelligent guesses as to the solution of the problem.
-There is often a 1-1 correspondence between a subproblem and a hypothesis.
-Hypotheses can direct later research activities since they can help determine the nature of the research and methods applied.
![Page 17: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Delimitations
All research has limitations and thus certain work that will not be performed.
The work that will not be undertaken is described as the delimitations of the research.
![Page 18: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Importance of the Study
Many research problems have a kind of theoretical feel about them. Such projects often need to be justified.
-What is the research project’s practical value?
Without this justification, it will prove difficult to convince others that the problem in question is worth study.
![Page 19: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Research Process and Design (Umbach)
19
The Research Process—Seven Phases
1. Select a general problem2. Review the literature on the problem3. Decide the specific research problem,
question, or hypothesis4. Determine the design and
methodology5. Collect data6. Analyze data and present the results7. Interpret the findings and state
conclusions or summary regarding the problem
![Page 20: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Research Spiral
![Page 21: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Research Process and Design (Umbach)
21
Select a general problem
Conduct literatur
e review
Exhaustive review
Preliminary search,
later expanded
Select specific problem, research
question, or hypothesis
Decide design and methodology
Collect data
Analyze and present
data
Interpret
findings
State conclusion/
generalization about problem
Integrative diagrams
Statistical tables
The Research Process (M & S, p. 11)
![Page 22: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22Research Design and Methodology (Kurt)
Research DesignResearch design describes how
the study was conducted
◦What is general plan ◦How research is set up◦What happens to the subjects◦What were methods of data
collection
Research Design
![Page 23: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Three Major Categories of Research Design
Quantitative◦Experimental (true, quasi, single-
subject)◦Nonexperimental (descriptive,
comparative, correlational, ex post facto)
QualitativeMixed Methods
![Page 24: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Common Methodologies
Methodologies are high-level approaches to conducting research.
-The individual steps within the methodology might vary based on the research being performed.
Two commonly used research methodologies:
-Quantitative.-Qualitative.
(Lately Mixed research methodology is also used)-
![Page 25: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Are the data primarily in the
form of Numbers or Words
STARTWords Numbers
QUALITATATIVE
QUANTITATIVE
Does the researcher have control over an
independent variable?No
Nonexperimental
YesExperimental
is random assignment
used?
YesTrue
experimental
No
Quasiexperiment
al
is the study investigating how variables
change together?
Yes
No
Correlational
Survey
Research Design: Qualitative or Quantitative?
![Page 26: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Methodology Comparison
Quantitative
Explanation, predictionTest theoriesKnown variablesLarge sampleStandardized instrumentsDeductive
Qualitative
Explanation, description
Build theoriesUnknown variablesSmall sampleObservations,
interviewsInductive
![Page 27: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Methodology Comparison
![Page 28: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Methodology Comparison
![Page 29: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Quantitative Research
![Page 30: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Qualitative Research
![Page 31: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Mixed Methods Research
![Page 32: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Identifying a Research Problem
![Page 33: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What is a Research Problem
![Page 34: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 35: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 36: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 37: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 38: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 39: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 40: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 41: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 42: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 43: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 44: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 45: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 46: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 47: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The Research Problem
![Page 48: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 49: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 50: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 51: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 52: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 53: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 54: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 55: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 56: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 57: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 58: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 59: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 60: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 61: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Reviewing The Literature
![Page 62: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Types Of Research Design
• experimental• survey• case study• comparative• grounded theory• ethnography• action research• cross-sectional and longitudinal
![Page 63: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Rare in Social Studies, has been used in social psychology.
Method of the natural sciences = positivist
63
Experimental Design
![Page 64: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Experiment
64
Involves:• the definition of a theoretical hypothesis;• the selection of samples of individuals from known populations;• allocations of samples to different experimental conditions;• introduction of a planned change on one or more of the variables;• measurement on a small number of the variables;• control of other variables.
Sir Isaac Newton
Experimental Design
![Page 65: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Survey
Cross sectional design.Data collected by questionnaire
or structured interview from a sample of respondents
Looking for patterns of association / correlation.
65
Survey
![Page 66: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Surveys
66
• Allied to the deductive approach;
• Are economical but you need time to design and pilot the questionnaire;
• Often involve q’aires but can also involve structured observation.
Survey
![Page 67: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Research questions appropriate for a survey
6710
1. Behaviour.
2. Attitudes /Beliefs / Opinions.
3. Characteristics.
4. Expectations.
5. Self-classification.
6. Knowledge.
Survey
![Page 68: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Main advantages of survey
68
• ability to collect large amounts of data;
• the relatively cheap cost at which these data may be collected;
• perceived as authoritative by some;
Survey
![Page 69: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
The more structured the techniques...
69
A) The more respondents can be involved
B) The easier coding and pre-coding becomes
C) The easier quantification, comparisonand measurement becomes
Survey
![Page 70: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
D) The easier it becomes to analyse statistically
E) The greater reliability likely
reliability is about accuracy, consistency, precisionand lack of error- the ability to produce results which are dependable, repeatable.
The more structured the techniques...
Survey
![Page 71: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
A) The less possibility for understandingrespondents meanings and motives
B) The greater the possibility of validity problems arising e.g. do all respondents interpret q’s the same way?
But, the more structured the techniques...
Survey
![Page 72: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
C) The more the richness of qualitative accounts is lost
D) The less it tells us about the subjective worldof the respondents……hence the need for a‘phenomenological /naturalistic ’ inquiry.
But, the more structured the techniques...
Survey
![Page 73: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Detailed / Intensive analysis of a single case. School, Community, Family, Organisation.
Can be both quantitative and qualitative.
If qualitative likely to use inductive approach.
73
Case Study
![Page 74: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Issue of Generalisability, how can a single case be representative.
Case study offers intensive examination of a single case, key issue is not Generalisability but development of ideas / theory = inductive.
74
Case Study
![Page 75: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Comparison, learn more about social phenomena = welfare state, impact of legislation if we compare to a different setting
75
Comparative Research
![Page 76: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
Barney Glaser GTI
• Data collection starts without any formal theoretical framework.
• Theory is developed from data by a series of observations, which leads to• the generation of predictions that are• tested in further observations, which may• confirm or otherwise the predictions.
Theory is grounded in continual reference to the data.
.
Grounded theory
![Page 77: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
• Firmly rooted in the inductive approach.
• Developed out of field work in anthropology.
• Purpose : to interpret the world the way the ‘locals’ interpret it.
• Is time consuming./ problems of access.
• Linked to participant observation.
Etnography
![Page 78: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Ethnography
Listens to and engages in conversations
Interviews informantsCollects documentsDevelop understanding of culture
and people’s behaviour within the context of that culture.
78
Etnography
![Page 79: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Action researcher and client = school, hospital, prison collaborate in the definition of a problem and development of a solution.
Emphasis is on problem solving / practical solutions which are validated through practise
79
Action Research
![Page 80: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Usually associated with social survey.
Research data is collected at a single point of time.
Select a number of cases for study and thus allow for an explanation of variation.
80
Cross Sectional Design
![Page 81: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Interested in looking at relationships between variables = draw causal inferences.
Can be both qualitative and quantitative
81
Cross Sectional Design
![Page 82: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Involves time / costs.Occurs over a period of time thus
more able to draw causal inferences.
Panel Study is based on a random sample.
82
Longitudinal Designs
![Page 83: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Cohort study, a sample of people who share a certain characteristic = age, unemployment.
Problems of this approach are◦Sample attrition◦Panel conditioning affects how
respondents behave.
83
Longitudinal Designs
![Page 84: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84
Approaches and strategies can be mixed and matched
e.g. Qualitative and quantitative, Primary and secondary data.e.g. Interviews can be part of exploratory work –
Which method??? No easy answers.
Bear in mind your research objectives first.
Multi-method approaches
![Page 85: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
85
Triangulation:
refers to the use of different methods within onestudy in order to ensure that the data are telling youwhat they think they are telling you.
e.g semi-structured interviews alongside q’ares to ensuregreater confidence in your conclusions.
Multi-method approaches
![Page 86: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Four Criteria for Evaluation of Research
ReliabilityReplicationValidityGeneralisability (External
Validity)
86
Evaluation of Research
![Page 87: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
87
· Reliability: were your work to be repeated by another researcher, would the same result be produced?
· If so then your research may be judged as reliable
Interpreting Data
![Page 88: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Close to reliability, someone may wish to replicate your research.
Thus need to spell out in detail definitions, steps you undertook in doing the research.
88
Replication
![Page 89: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Do your methods actually measure the issues you have been researching.
This relates to the integrity of your conclusions
89
Validity
![Page 90: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90
Also known as external validity.
Are your findings generalisable to other contexts, e.g. otherorganisations?
Particularly applies to single case studies.Be clear about your claims - if you do not claim that it ispossible to generalise to other settings then say so.
Generalisability
![Page 91: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Summary
91
The main research strategies are experiment, survey, case study, grounded theory, ethnography and action research. Again, you should not think of these as discrete entities. There may be a combination of some of these in the same research project.
Research projects may be cross-sectional or longitudinal.
Multi-method approaches to research mean that differentPurposes may be served and that triangulation of results is facilitated.
![Page 92: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Summary
92
You should take care to ensure that your results are valid and reliable.
You should always think carefully about the ethical issues impliedby the choice of your research strategy.
![Page 93: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Architectural Research MethodsLinda Groat & David Wang
Interpretive –Historical Research Qualitative Research Correlational Research Experimental and Quassi Experimental
Research Simulation and Modelling Research Logical Argumantation Case Studies and Combined Strategies
![Page 94: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
How to Define Your Project
You must take time to think about your research as this will save you problems later.
When you’re thinking about your research, ask yourself the five ‘Ws’:
– What is my research?– Why do I want to do the research?– Who are my research participants?– Where am I going to do the research?– When am I going to do the research?
Sum up your research project in one sentence. Discuss your sentence with your tutor and revise if
there is any confusion.
![Page 95: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
How to Decide Upon aMethodology
The research methodology is the philosophy or general principle which guides the research.
Research methods are the tools you use to gather your
data.
Qualitative research explores attitudes, behavior and
experiences.
![Page 96: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
How to Decide Upon aMethodology
Examples of qualitative methodologies include action research, ethnography, feminist research and grounded theory.
Quantitative research generates statistics through the use of large-scale survey research.
Neither qualitative nor quantitative research is better –
they are just different. Both have their strengths and weaknesses.
![Page 97: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
How to Decide Upon aMethodology
Your own intuition and the words you use will give
pointers to whether qualitative or quantitative researchis more appropriate for your chosen project.
The term ‘triangulation’ is used when a combination of
qualitative and quantitative forms of inquiry are used.
![Page 98: Reserach Design & Methodology 2](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102621/55203ce7497959842f8b4914/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
How to Choose YourResearch Methods
Your own intuition and the words you use will give
pointers to whether qualitative or quantitative researchis more appropriate for your chosen project.
The term ‘triangulation’ is used when a combination of
qualitative and quantitative forms of inquiry are used.