reserch methodolgy - research design
TRANSCRIPT
Like an architect prepares a blue print
before he approves a construction – in the
same way researcher makes or prepares
a plan or a schedule of his own study
before he starts his research work.
This helps the researcher to save time
and also save some of his crucial
resources. This plan or blue print of
study is referred to as the research
design.
According to Russell Ackoff, research
design is the process of making decisions
before a situation arises in which the
decision has to be carried out. It is
actually a process of deliberate
anticipation directed towards bringing an
unexpected situation under control.
INTRODUCTION AND MEANING
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Research design is also called as the research strategy and the
various steps or stages that a research design may include can be
summarized as follows –
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1) What is study about?
2) Why is study being made?
3) Where will the study be carried out?
4) What type of data is required?
5) Where Can The Required Data Be Found?
6) What period of time will the study include?
7) What will be the sample design?
8) What techniques of data collection will be used?
9) How will the data be analysed?
10) In what style will the report be prepared?12/23/2014 ITFT COLLEGE CHANDIGARH
Keeping in view above stated design decisions, one may
split the overall research design into following parts:
Sampling design: it deals with the method of selecting items to
be observed for the given study.
Observational design: it relates to the conditions under which
the observations are to be made.
Statistical design: it is concerned with the question of how
many items are to be observed and how the information and data
gathered are to be analyzed.
Operational design: it deals with the techniques by which the
procedures specified in the sampling, statistical and observational
designs to be carried out.
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1.Consumes less time.
2. Ensures project time schedule.
3. Helps researcher to prepare
himself to carry out research in a
proper and a systematic way.
4. Better documentation of the
various activities while the project
work is going on.
5. Helps in proper planning of the
resources and their procurement in
right time.
6. Provides satisfaction and
confidence, accompanied with a
sense of success from the
beginning of the work of the
research project.
ADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
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A Classification of Research A Classification of Research
DesignsDesigns
Single Cross-
Sectional Design
Multiple Cross-
Sectional Design
Research Design
Conclusive
Research DesignExploratory
Research Design
Descriptive
Research
Causal
Research
Cross-Sectional
Design
Longitudinal
Design
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EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
The exploratory research design, as the name suggests,
involves getting a feel of the situation and emphasizes a
discovery of ideas and possible insights that may help in
identifying areas of further rigorous study. Exploratory
research is usually conducted when the researcher does
not know much about the problem and needs additional
information or desires new or more recent information.
USES OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
a) Formulate a problem or define a problem more
precisely
b) Identify alternative courses of action
c) Isolate key variables and relationships for further
examination
d) Gain insights for developing an approach to the
problem
e) Establish priorities for further research.
METHODS OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
Pilot surveys
Survey of experts
Secondary data analyzed in a qualitative way
Qualitative research12/23/2014 ITFT COLLEGE CHANDIGARH
CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH
Provides information that is useful in reaching
conclusions or decision-making. Can be sub-divided into
two major categories:
1. Descriptive (statistical) research: describe the
characteristics of the population under study. It is
undertaken to provide answers to questions of who,
what, where, when, and how.
Use of Descriptive Research
To describe the characteristics of relevant groups, such
as consumers, salespeople, organizations, or market
areas.
To estimate the percentage of units in a specified
population exhibiting a certain behavior.
To determine the perceptions of product
characteristics.
To determine the degree to which marketing variables
are associated.
To make specific predictions12/23/2014 ITFT COLLEGE CHANDIGARH
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCHCROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN
• A cross-sectional design is used
for research that collects data on
relevant variables one time only
from a variety of people, subjects,
or phenomena.
• The cross sectional study is aimed
at taking a one time stock of the
situation or the phenomenon in
which the decision maker is
interested.
• Cross sectional designs give the
picture of the situation at a given
point of time. The data are
collected all at the same time (or
within a short time frame).
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
• A fixed sample (or samples)
of population elements is
measured repeatedly on the
same variables over two or
more distinct time periods.
• This allows the researcher to
measure change in variables
over time.
• A longitudinal design differs
from a cross-sectional design
in that the sample or samples
remain the same over time.12/23/2014 ITFT COLLEGE CHANDIGARH
D/F B/W EXPLORATORY AND DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Research
design
Exploratory Descriptive
Overall Design Flexible Design Rigid Design
Sampling design Non-probabilitysampling design
(purposive or judgment sampling
Probability Sampling (random sampling)
Statistical Design
No Pre-Planned design for analysis.
Pre-Planned design for analysis
ObservationalDesign
Unstructured Instrument for
collection of data.
Structured and well thought instruments for
collection of data
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2) Causal Research Design
In causal research, the emphasis is on specific
hypotheses about the effects of changes of one
variable on another variable. It deals with cause-
effect relationship. It involves experiment where
an independent variable is changed or
manipulated to see how it affects a dependent
variable by controlling the effects of extraneous
variables.
Uses of Casual Research
1) To understand which variables are the cause
(independent variables) and which variables are
the effect (dependent variables) of a
phenomenon
2) To determine the nature of the relationship
between the causal variables and the effect to
be predicted
Method of causal research
Experiments12/23/2014 ITFT COLLEGE CHANDIGARH