reservoir lab report

8/18/2019 RESERVOIR LAB REPORT

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RESERVOIR LAB REPORT

Ariele Tanyan Pinso [email protected]

Christian a!rien Al!rin "ee #[email protected]

$% Lin &hi n%[email protected]

Bon% "oei Shen 'on%[email protected]

S(PP )*31

SECTIO$ +3 ,RO-P

E/PERI0E$T

12 0ar#h )+1

mailto:[email protected]










1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (Christian Hadrien Aldrin Wee)

This e4periment 5as #on!u#te! to !etermine the %as permea'ility o6 se7eral #ore samples

usin% the ,as Permeameter. The main o'8e#ti7e o6 our e4periment 5as to 'e a'le to measure

the a'solute permea'ility o6 a ro#9 sample usin% %as an! un!erstan! the (lin9en'er% e66e#t.

The main #on#ern 6or us 5as %ra'in% the i!ea o6 ho5 to !etermine a ro#9 permea'ility usin%

ro#9 properties measurements an! relate! ar#y E:uations. At the same time; 5e also

i!enti6y ho5 (lin9en'er% Corre#tion is use! to o7er#ome the slippa%e phenomena. In or!er

to stu!y the permea'ility o6 ro#9; 3 #ore samples are use! in the e4periment. There are some

pro'lems an! minor errors !ete#te!. <or e4ample; the lo5 pre#ision o6 %as permeameter

5hi#h may #ause paralle4 error 5hen ta9in% the rea!in%s. <rom the result 5e #an #on#lu!e

that permea'ility o6 sample 3 is hi%hest 5hile sample ) is lo5est.

2.0 ITR!"UCTI! (Christian Hadrien Aldrin Wee)

In this e4periment; !i66erent #ore samples are permeate! 5ith nitro%en %as to measure the

a'solute permea'ility o6 ea#h #ore samples. By !eterminin% the a'solute permea'ility o6 ea#h

#ore samples; 5e #an relate an! un!erstan! more a'out the (lin9en'er% E66e#t. The results

#an 'e e4presse! in terms o6 in7erse a7era%e pressure; 1=Pm; 6lo5 rate; > an! permea'ility; 9.

By measurin% the permea'ility o6 !i66erent #ore samples; it #an 'e !etermine! that ea#h

samples ha7e !i66erent permea'ility 7alue. In this #ase; sample ) re#or!e! the hi%hest

permea'ility amon% all the samples. The results o'taine! are #onsistent 5ith the !ata in

literature; 5ithin e4perimental error.

#.0 EX$ERIMETA% (& %in 'hi)

The e4periment 5as #arrie! out 5ith a ,as Permeameter. The outlet pressure o6 nitro%en %as

5as set at 1 atm throu%hout the e4periment. 3 #ore samples 5ere teste! on their permea'ility.

Vernier Caliper 5as use! to measure the len%th an! !iameter o6 ea#h #ore in or!er to

#al#ulate the #ross?se#tional area an! permea'ility o6 ea#h #ore. A #ore 5as put into the

ru''er stopper an! then into the #ore hol!er an! ti%hten it. Varia'le 7al7e is turne! to lar%e

position throu%hout the e4periment as 5ell to permit nitro%en %as to 6lo5 throu%h the sample

#ore to test its permea'ility. The pressure re%ulator is a!8uste! slo5ly until +.) atm. Pressure

%au%e rea!in% in!i#ate! the pressure !i66erent. O'ser7e! an! re#or!e! the %as 6lo5 rate at

6lo5meter. $ote! that the inlet pressure o6 nitro%en %as is 7aries 6or 6i7e !i66erent 7alue. The

!ata 5ere sa7e to !is9 an! 5ere su'se:uently analye! 5ith a sprea!sheet pro%ram; in this

#ase; 0i#roso6t E4#el.



.0 RESU%T (Ariele)

Sample 1

Len%th o6 the #ore sample; L1:3.040 ±0.001cm

Core !iameter; d1:2.522±0.001cm

Area o6 the #ore sample;

2.522

¿¿¿2π ¿

A1: π d

2

4=¿

Ta'le 1 The 6lo5 rate an! permea'ility o6 sample 1

P1Datm

Pinlet

Pm Datm

Pa7era%e

1=Pm

D1=atm

>

D##=min

>

D##=s

Permea'ility;9

Dm!

1.1++ 1.++ +.F) 1G +.)+ 1).H2

1.)++ 1.1++ +.F+F 3*G +.H1* 1.F3

1.3++ 1.1+ +.2*+ FG +.F23 1.1*

1.++ 1.)++ +.233 *HG 1.)H* 1.+

1.++ 1.)+ +.2++ FG 1.H* 13.3

<i%ure 1 The %raph o6 permea'ility 7ersus 1 ⁄ Pm o6 sample 1

1 ⁄ Pm



Sample )

Len%th o6 the #ore sample; L2:2.562±0.001cm

Core !iameter; d2:2.468±0.001 cm


2.468

¿¿¿2π ¿

A2:

π d2

4 =¿

Ta'le ) The 6lo5 rate an! permea'ility o6 sample )

P1Datm

Pinlet

Pm Datm

Pa7era%e

1=Pm

D1=atm

>

D##=min

>

D##=s

Permea'ility;9

Dm!

1.1++ 1.++ +.F) 1*G +.)23 1).H3

1.)++ 1.1++ +.F+F +G +.HH* 1.)1

1.3++ 1.1+ +.2*+ H+G 1.+++ 13.2

1.++ 1.)++ +.233 *2G 1.3++ 1).HF

1.++ 1.)+ +.2++ FG 1.23 11.2*



0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98

10.5

11

11.5

12

12.5

13

13.514

14.5

f(x) = 7.43x + 6.52

R² = 0.24

kgas versus 1/ Pm

sample 2

Linear (sample 2)

<i%ure ) The %raph o6 permea'ility 7ersus 1 ⁄ Pm o6 sample )

Sample 3

Len%th o6 the #ore sample; L3:2.440 ±0.001 cm

Core !iameter; d3: 2.510±0.001 cm


2.510

¿¿¿2π ¿

A2: π d

2

4=¿

Ta'le 3 The 6lo5 rate an! permea'ility o6 sample 3

P1Datm

Pinlet

Pm Datm

Pa7era%e

1=Pm

D1=atm

>

D##=min

>

D##=s

Permea'ility;9

Dm!

1.+) 1.+1 +.F2* 11G +.123 31.1F

1.++ 1.+) +.F*H )FG +.23 +.H*

1.+* 1.+32 +.FH3 G +.*+ 1.F

1.1++ 1.++ +.F) HHG 1.1++ .)+

1.1) 1.+H3 +.F1 2+G 1.333 3.31



0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

f(x) = - 248.23x + 279.64

R² = 0.7

kgas versus 1/ Pm

sample 3

Linear (sample 3)

i&*re # + The &ra,h - ,er/eailit ers*s 1 ⁄ Pm - sa/,le #

. "ISCUSSI! (& %in 'hi)

Base! on the result o'taine!; 5e #an say that the a'solute permea'ility o6 samples #an

'e o'taine! 'y plottin% %raphs an! thus 6in!in% the y?inter#ept. The y?inter#ept is the a'solute

permea'ility 6or the sample. <urthermore; !i66erent sample has !i66erent permea'ility 'e#ause

they ha7e !i66erent e66e#ti7e porosity. E66e#ti7e porosity is the ratio o6 inter#onne#te! pore

spa#e to the 7olume o6 the sample. The hi%her the e66e#ti7e o6 porosity the hi%her the permea'ility as %as #an 6lo5 throu%h the sample easier. Lo5est a'solute permea'ility means

%as or li:ui! is har! to 6lo5 in the sample. <rom our e4periment; sample ) has the lo5est

permea'ility. This in!i#ates that the %rain in sample ) is pa#9e! #losely to ea#h other limitin%

the 6lo5 o6 %as.

But; the !ata o'taine! mi%ht 'e sli%htly !i66ers !ue to some errors that mi%ht o##ur

alon% #on!u#tin% the e4periment. The ma8or error is paralla4 error. Paralla4 errors mi%ht

o##ur 5hen ta9in% the rea!in% o6 !iameter an! len%th o6 #ore samples 'y usin% 7ernier



#aliper an! 5hen ta9in% rea!in% o6 6lo5 o6 %as 6rom 6lo5 meter sin#e our eyes are not on

same le7el 5ith the rea!in% line. The !ata also mi%ht 'e ina##urate !ue to es#ape o6 %as 6rom

#ore hol!er. This happene! 5hen it is not ti%hten properly. "e #an #he#9 either the #ore

hol!er is ti%ht properly 'y #he#9in% the pressure 5hether it #han%es or not



3.0 "ISCUSSI! 4UESTI!S (Ariele)

1. Cal5*late /ean ,ress*res and its re5i,r-5al (16 Pm ).

Su'stitute !atas 6rom results o'taine! into e:uation o6 mean pressures Pm= P

1+ P

2

2 an!

e:uation o6 mean re#ipro#al 1= Pm .

Sample 1 Sample ) Sample 3

Pm1 1.100+1.000

2

1.++atm

1= Pm1 1=1.++ +.F)atm

?1

Pm1 1.100+1.000

2

1.++atm

1= Pm1 1=1.++ +.F)atm

?1

Pm1 1.025+1.000

2

1.+13atm

1= Pm1 1=1.+13 +.F2*atm

?1

Pm2 1.200+1.000

2

1.1++atm

1= Pm) 1=1.1++ +.F+Fatm?1

Pm2 1.200+1.000

2

1.1++atm

1= Pm) 1=1.1++ +.F+Fatm?1

Pm2 1.050+1.000

2

1.+)atm

1= Pm) 1=1.+) +.F*Hatm?1

Pm3 1.300+1.000

2

1.1+atm

1= Pm3 1=1.1+ +.2*+atm?1

Pm3 1.300+1.000

2

1.1+atm

1= Pm3 1=1.1+ +.2*+atm?1

Pm3 1.075+1.000

2

1.+32atm

1= Pm3 1=1.+32 +.FH3atm?1

Pm4 1.400+1.0002

1.)++atm

1= Pm 1=1.)++ +.233atm?1

Pm4 1.400+1.0002

1.)++atm

1= Pm 1=1.)++ +.233atm?1

Pm4 1.100+1.0002

1.++atm

1= Pm 1=1.++ +.F)atm?1

Pm5 1.500+1.000

2

1.)+atm

1= Pm 1=1.)+ +.2++atm?1

Pm5 1.500+1.000

2

1.)+atm

1= Pm 1=1.)+ +.2++atm?1

Pm5 1.125+1.000

2

1.+H3atm

1= Pm 1=1.+H3 +.F1atm?1



2. Cal5*late &as ,er/eailit *sin& a,,r-,riate e7*ati-n.

Su'stitute the !atas 6rom results o'taine! into e:uation o6 %as permea'ility; 9

QμL

A ( P1

2− P2

2).

Sample 1 Sample ) Sample 3k 1

0.250 x 0.0175 x3.040

4.996 x(1.1002−1.0002)

k 1=¿ +.+1)H2!

1).H2m!

k 1

0.283 x0.0175 x2.562

4.784 x (1.1002−1.0002)

k 1 +.+1)H3! 1).H3m!

k 1

0.183 x 0.0175 x2.440

4.948 x(1.0252−1.0002)

k 1 +.+311F! 31.1Fm!

k 2

0.617 x0.0175 x3.040

4.996 x(1.2002−1.0002)

k 2 +.+1F3! 1.F3m!

k 2

0.667 x0.0175 x2.562

4.784 x (1.2002−1.0002)

k 2 +.+1)1! 1.)1m!

k 2

0.483 x 0.0175 x2.440

4.948 x(1.050 2−1.0002)

k 2 +.++H*! +.H*m!

k 3

0.983 x 0.0175 x3.040

4.996 x(1.3002−1.0002)

k 3 +.+11*! 1.1*m!

k 3

1.000 x0.0175 x2.562

4.784 x (1.3002−1.0002)

k 3 +.+132! 13.2m!

k 3

0.750 x 0.0175 x2.440

4.948 x(1.0752−1.0002)

k 3 +.+1F! 1.Fm!

k 4

1.267 x 0.0175 x 3.040

4.996 x (1.4002−1.0002 )

k 4 +.+1+! 1.+m!

k 4

1.300 x0.0175 x2.562

4.784 x (1.4002−1.0002)

k 4 +.+1)HF! 1).HFm!

k 4

1.100 x 0.0175 x 2.440

4.948 x(1.100 2−1.0002)

k 4 +.+)+! .)+m!

k 5

1.567 x0.0175

x3.040

4.996 x(1.5002−1.0002)

k 5 +.+133! 13.3m!

k 5

1.583 x0.0175

x2.562

4.784 x (1.5002−1.0002)

k 5 +.+112*! 11.2*m!

k 5

1.333 x0.0175

x2.440

4.948 x(1.1252−1.0002)

k 5 +.+331! 3.31m!

#. $l-t k gas ers*s 16 $/.

Sample 1



0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98

11

11.5

12

12.5

13

13.5

14

14.5

15

15.5

f(x) = - 1.99x + 15.77

R² = 0.01

kgas versus 1/ Pm

sample 1

Linear (sample 1)

Sample )

0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98

10.5

11

11.5

12

12.5

13

13.5

14

14.5

f(x) = 7.43x + 6.52

R² = 0.24

kgas versus 1/ Pm

sample 2

Linear (sample 2)

Sample 3



0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

f(x) = - 248.23x + 279.64

R² = 0.7

kgas versus 1/ Pm

sample 3

Linear (sample 3)

. "eter/ine li7*id ,er/eailit ( k l ) 8 as-l*te ,er/eailit sa/,le.

Base! on the %raph plotte! D:uestion num'er 3; the a'solute permea'ility is the y?inter#ept

5here;

A'solute permea'ility 6or sample 1 1.** m!

A'solute permea'ility 6or sample ) H.1 m!

A'solute permea'ility 6or sample 3 )*F.H m!

3. What is the di/ensi-n -r ,er/eailit (9): Sh-; 5learl the deriati-n - the

di/ensi-n.

ar#y e:uation #an 'e 5ritten as Q=kA ( P1− P2)

µL; to %et the !imension 6or permea'ility

D9; 5e rearran%e! the e:uation as k = QμL

A ( P1− P2).

"here;

J > K L3 T?1



J µK 0 L?1 T?1

J L K L

J A K L)

J P K 0 L?1

T?)

k =( L

3

T x

M ¿ x L)

L2 x

M

L T 2

k = L2

<. Meas*re/ent - ,er/eailit *sin& &as ;ill *s*all &ies ,er/eailit al*e that

is dierent 5-/,ared t- the -ne *sin& li7*id. "es5rie the reas-n -r this ,hen-/ena.

This is !ue to (lin9en'er%s e66e#t 5hi#h is also 9no5n as %as slippa%e.

In li:ui! laminar 6lo5; the layer o6 mole#ules a!8a#ent to an! #onta#tin% the soli! 5alls o6 the

pores or tu'es is stationary. The 7elo#ity pro6ile o6 the li:ui! is ma4imum at the #enter o6 the passa%e5ay an! ero at the 5all. o5e7er; 5hen usin% %as in the same 6lo5 system; the %as

7elo#ity pro6ile is not ero at the 5alls; 'ut has a 6inite 7elo#ity in the !ire#tion o6 6lo5.

,as mole#ules are in #onstant motion; #olli!in% 5ith one another a6ter tra7elin% an a7era%e

!istan#e e:ual to the Mmean 6ree path.M At lo5er pressures; the mean 6ree path is %reater; an!

the !istan#e 'et5een mole#ular #ollisions is in#rease!. Internal resistan#e to 6lo5 is pro7i!e!

'y %as mole#ular #ollisions 5ith the 5alls. At any lo#ation on a 5all; there 5ill 'e some

perio!s 5hen no %as mole#ule is in #onta#t 5ith the 5all; yet the #on%re%ation o6 %as

mole#ules is #ontinuin% its mo7ement throu%h the pore !ue to mole#ular !i66usion Dslip an!

not pressure !i66erential. urin% these perio!s o6 no 5all #onta#t; 6lo5 is 'ein% a#hie7e!

5ithout the normally e4pe#te! 6ri#tion loss at the 5all. The result is that the %as mole#ules %et

throu%h the porous me!ium more easily than e4pe#te!. As mi%ht 'e e4pe#te!; %as 6lo5 at

hi%her pressures re!u#es the mean 6ree path 'et5een mole#ular #ollisions; an! the #al#ulate!

permea'ility more #losely appro4imates the true a'solute permea'ility o6 the ro#9.



v=Q

A NNNDH an! ρQ= ρb Qb NNND* an! ρ= ρb(

P

Pb

) NNND2

Su'stitute e:uation H into e:uation

ρQ

A =

− ρK

μ(dP

dx )

NNNDF

Su'stitute e:uation * an! 2 into e:uation F

ρQ

A =

− ρK

μ(

dP

dx )

ρbQb

A =

− ρb( P

Pb

) K

μ(dP

d x)

Q b

A =

−kPdP

μ Pb dx

Qb μ Pb dx=−kAPdp

Qb μ Pb∫0

L

dx=−kA∫ P

1

P2

P dp

Qb μ Pb L=−kA ( P2

2− P1

2)

2

Qb=kA ( P1

2− P2

2)

2 μ Pb L

Qa= kA ( P1

2

− P2

2

) μL

NNNDsho5n



<.0 A$$E"ICES (-n& W-ei Shen)

Cal#ulations

E4ample o6 #al#ulation D ata ta9en 6rom sample 1

Inlet pressure; P1

P%au%e Patmosphere

D+.1++ 1++ atm

1.1++ atm

A7era%e pressure; Pm

Pinlet + Potlet

2

1.100+1.0002

1.++ atm

1=A7era%e pressure; 1= Pm

D1.++?1 atm?1

+.F) atm?1

Volume 6lo5 rate; >

15 cc

min x 1min

60 s

0.250 cc

s

Sample permea'ility; 9

QμL A ( P1

2− P2

2)



Ima%e ) The e4ample o6 #ore sample that 5e use! 6or e4periment



Ima%e 3 The result that 5e o'taine!



=.0 C!C%USI! (Christian Hadrien Aldrin Wee)

In three !i66erent samples that are teste!> Sample ) has the lo5est a'solute permea'ility that

is 11.2*m!. "e also #on#lu!e that the !i66erent ro#9 samples ha7e the !i66erent permea'ility.

The #on#lusion that #an 'e ma!e 6rom this e4periment is that sample ) has the hi%hest

permea'ility amon% all the samples. I6 li%hter %as is use! as 6lui! throu%h the ro#9; the

slippa%e e66e#t 5ill 'e %reater an! nee! (lin9en'er% Corre#tion 6or permea'ility 7alue.

B.0 REERECES (-n& W-ei Shen)

1. onarpour; 0. an! (oe!erit; L. D1F2H. Relati7e Permea'ility o6 Petroleum

Reser7oirs. Bo#a Raton; <la. CRC.

). ran#hu9; P. 0. an! Sa!i:; S. D1FH. The Interpretation o6 Permea'ility

0easurement. ournal o6 Cana!ian Petroleum Te#hnolo%y. D); 13+?133.

3. assler; ,.L. D1F. 0etho! an! Apparatus 6or Permea'ility 0easurements.

"ashin%ton; C - S Patent an! Tra!emar9 O66i#e.

. Amy4; ames ". D1FH+. Petroleum Reser7oir En%ineerin%? Physi#al Properties.

0#,ra5 ill Boo9 Company.

. ,eor%e <. R. Q .C.. arley. D1FH3. Composition An! Properties O6 Oil "ell

rillin% <lui! ?th E!ition. ouston; Te4as ,ul6 Pu'lishin% Company.

reservoir lab report

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