resilient urban edges: adaptive and mitigative strategies in chennai

13.0827° N 80.2707° E

rEsiliENt UrBAN EDGEs adaptive and mitigative strategies in Chennai

VAisHAli MArlENE ENOs

MsC ArCHitECtUrE AND ENVirONMENtAl DEsiGN 2015/16 UNiVErsitY OF WEstMiNstEr

El Nino mediated climatic disturbances cannot be reversed but recur.

What sort of design proposals would allow for adaptation and mitigation of extreme weather events whilst engaging the city

and local communities?

PrOBlEMs AND CHAllENGEs

Fig 1: tHE EFFECt OF El NiNO ON CHENNAisource: international research institute for Climate and society

Fig 2: FlOODs iN KOttUrPUrAM -12/2015 (MONsOONs)source: india.com/news/india

Fig 3: DrOUGHts iN CHENNAi - 2015 (sUMMEr - MAY)source: instablogs.com

Fig 4: tHE YEAr OF CliMAtE DEPArtUrE FOr WOrlD CitiEs / tHE tiMEs OF iNDiAsource: soc.hawaii.edu

Fig 1 : CliMAtE ANAlYsis - MONtHlY AVErAGE CliMAtE PArAMEtErs - iPCC scenario A1B 2050 showing a rise in temperatures by 2°C

45.00

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°CkW

/m2

m/s

DBt mean max DBt mean minDBt mean average

global horizontal radiation

wind velocity

summer

Monsoon

Jan

CliMAtE ANAlYsis

- North most favourable for openings while East is the sea breeze direction - East and West to be shaded yet open (monsoon direction) - south shaded for monsoon and mid season - potential of downdraught and stack systems of ventilation - use of water and vegetative screens to arrest humidity??

Fig 2 DirECtiON OF sOlAr rADiAtiON

Fig 3 CUMUlAtiVE rAiNFAll

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Cumulative Rainfall

Rainfall

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DEsiGN sKY illUMiNANCE OF : lONDON - 4000 lUX CHENNAi - 22797 lUX

5km 5km

CONtEXt

Fig 1: CHENNAi : riVEr sYstEMs AND sitE OF EXPlOrAtiON

1

2

3

45

Chennai metropolitan area and water bodies - 1) Kortalaiyar river; 2) Cooum river; 3) Adyar river (chosen for investigation); 4) Buckingham canal; 5) Bay of Bengal sea

Fig 2: NAtUrAl systems - CHENNAi PlACEs AND ElEVAtiON MAP tHE sitE - 02-09 m ABOVE sEA lEVEl . source: thenewsminute.com

Fig 3: MOBilitY systems - rADiOCENtriC with new Mrts systems currently built

Fig 4: lAND use systems - sOCiAl and ECOlOGiCAl DisPAritY

rAPiD UrBANisAtiON - CONCrEtizAtiON- iMPErMEABilitY Disconnect between hydrology + urban planning - 650 water bodies encroached - for every 1 feet reduction of ground water, 7-9 feet of sea water moves into aquifers -solid waste dumping, entering and blocking water resources -lack of infrastructure + housing

90% of green cover replaced by non vegetative developments 89% peak flow of surface run off water-reduced water holding capacity + impermeable surfaces increase in the number of hot spots (Urban Heat island) in the city due to increase in urban builtup. 90% of respondents said the city center is 3-4 C hotter than surburban areas.

CONtEXt

Fig 1: CHENNAi : riVEr sYstEMs AND sitE OF EXPlOrAtiON

Fig 3 : GrOWtH OF CHENNAi MEtrOPOlitAN ArEA source: Visualization of Urban Growth Pattern in Chennai Using Geoinformatics and spatial Metrics. Journal of the indian society of remote sensing, 44(4), pp 617-633.

2000 2010 2026 2013 20131990

Fig 4: HEAt islANDs where red represents ‘sEVErE’ (42-45°C day / 32-33.5°C night - MAY) source: the Hindu

Fig 2 : FlOOD WAtEr lEVEls -December 02, 2015source: nrsc.gov.in

Fig 1 : FlOOD WAtEr lEVEls -December 02, 2015source : reuters

Fig 5: Chennai Metropolitan Area vegetative index source: NDVi

>0

0.1-0.20-0.1

0.2-0.3

tHE CitY tUrNs its BACK tO its riVErs - why this river and site? - pollution, social polarisation, concretisation and extreme weather events - potential for redevelopment in urban, riverfront and building scales

CONtEXt

1

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Fig 6: CHENNAi - riVErs

Fig 1: riVErFrONt NEAr tHE sitE

Fig 2: BriDGEssource: 500px.com

Fig 3: rOADs BECOME CANAlssource: thefrontline.com

Fig 4: tENEMENt BlOCK ViEWsource: thehindu.com

Fig 5: EVACUAtiONsource: therediff.com

Fig 7: OriGiN OF tHE riVEr ADYArsource: Optimisation model for management of water quality (2012)

1) Kortalaiyar river, 2) Cooum river, 3) Adyar river, 4) Buckingham canal, 5) Bay of Bengal, 6) Chembarakkam lake

Fig 8: EXtENt OF FlOODiNG - DEC 01,2015

lACK OF OWNErsHiP - the housing is not designed for them, their livelihoods change - introduce a steady source of income and alternate professions - PrEViOUslY used to rECYClE waste material NO CONNECtiON to river - NO NAtUrAl construction material

extremely hot - 98%

sleep on floor, hang damp clothes to induce cooling, stay outside during the night

4-6 people /flat, 32 flats in a building, 100 buildings

COMFOrt

WOrK

NEEDs

FlOOD rEMEDiEs

source of stable income

water shortage

children have no place to play

stays at home, nothing to do! runs a local side eating shop irons clothes student domestic help repairs vehicles sells vegetables

difficulties in travel

clean + desilt river

too small windows no cross ventilation

MAY 02, 2016 - 42 C

FiElD WOrK

river inaccessible

filthy river

Fig 1: tENEMENt AND sUrrOUNDiNGs

Fig 4: NArrOW tYPiCAl strEEtFig 2: COMPOUND + OPPOsitE strEEt Fig 3: G+3 APArtMENts AND WiDEr strEEt

Fig 5: ViEW FrOM BriDGE tO tHE tENEMENt

Fig 6: tHE NOrtH EDGE - riVEr + VEGEtAtiON

sitE - MOVEMENt PAttErNs

Fig 2: MOVEMENt PlAN WitHiN tHE tENEMENt

26m

108 m

124 m

8m 40m

16mPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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liNEAr tYPE

WiDE tYPE

ClUstEr tYPE

BOX tYPE

Fig 3: G+3 HiGH risE + AsPHAltED rOADsFig 1: G lOW risE BlOCKs AlONG rOADsource: alamy.com

ANAlYtiC WOrK

G

G

G+3

G+3

EAst-WEst CANYON

NOrt

H-sO

UtH CANYO

N

sECti

ON

1

sECtiON 2

iNDOOr - UNit ANAlYsis - tAsOUtDOOr - strEEt ANAlYsis - lADYBUG , rHiNO, ENViMEt

Fig 1 : Issues - Sections 1 and 2 showing heat island (summer - red) and flooding (monsoons - blue) due to concretisation and urbanisation of the city

G+3

G+3

G+3

G+3

G

GFuture flood line

Future flood line

OUtDOOr stUDiEs

garbage clogging riverlow water levels unsitled river bed

approx 2m - difference between groundplinth and river

EXtrEME WEAtHEr AND its EFFECt ON liFEstYlE - sUMMEr (MAY)

HiGH tEMPErAtUrEs

after 5:30 pm before 5:30 pm

partially shaded East-West facing canyon with completely shaded south Higher radiation on exposed roofs, ground and East facades

tHErMAl BEHAViOUr OF tHE strEEt sCAPE in CHENNAi

impermeable surfaces increased stored heat

warmer °C

anthropogenic heatanthropogenic heat

anthropogenic heat

minimal wind

absorption of solar radia-tion and low reflectance

thermal storage

2.7 m 32 m 10.6 m 2.4 m 33 m

5.53 kWh/m²

5.53 kWh/m²

2.77 kWh/m² 2.77 kWh/m²

2.77 kWh/m²

0-.55 kWh/m² 0 kWh/m²

3.87 kWh/m²

0.55-1.11 kWh/m²

3.32 kWh/m²

3.32 kWh/m²

1.11 kWh/m²

.55-1.11 kWh/m²

3m

14m 17m 12m

ANAlYsis OF strEEt tYPOlOGiEs iN sUMMEr (MAY)

sOlAr rADiAtiON DAilY AVErAGE ANAlYsis (lADYBUG)


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partially shaded East-West facing canyon with completely shaded south Higher radiation on exposed roofs, ground and East facades

2.7 m 32 m 10.6 m 2.4 m 33 m

3 m/s 1 m/s 2m/s 3m/s >1m/s 4m/s 0.5m/s 2.7m/s 1.3m/s m/s m/s

4.00 kWh/m²

4.00 kWh/m² 0.8-1.6 kWh/m²

2.8 kWh/m²

1.6 kWh/m²

1.60 kWh/m²

0-2.4 kWh/m² 0 kWh/m²

4 kWh/m² 0.4-0.8 kWh/m²

1.2-2.8 kWh/m²

3.32 kWh/m²

3.32 kWh/m²

0.8 kWh/m² 0.4 kWh/m²

0-0.4kWh/m²

3m

14m 17m 12m

ANAlYsis OF strEEt tYPOlOGiEs DUriNG MONsOON (NOVEMBEr)

sOlAr rADiAtiON DAilY AVErAGE ANAlYsis (lADYBUG)

WiND ANAlYsis (CFD - static)


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shaded + windy East-West facing canyon with turbulent edges - potential of creating wind scoops Higher radiation along North-south facing canyon

humidity and flood waters

OUtDOOr MiCrOCliMAtE CONClUsiONs

90% open sky 30% open sky52% open sky 28% open sky

less sky view ratio- more cooler 180° orientation allows wind 90° blocks are wind breakers More edges = more turbulence Open courts increase pressure but have to be vegetated to reduce temperatures Water modifies temperatures extensively

Air tEMPErAtUrE 15 May - 8:00 hours

28°C 32°C 31°C 29°C

27°C 39°C

40°C26°C 36°C 28°C 27°C


WiND sPEED 15 May



2.7 m 32 m

44°C 40°C

38°C

38°C

2

1

section 2 section 1 44°C

10.6 m 3m

14m

8m

14m


ENViMEt - Existing morphology + river on one side + asphalt + concrete construction

sKY ViEW FACtOr

iNDOOr stUDiEs

tYPOlOGY stUDY

Fig 3 : liNEAr tYPE

Fig 7 : sECtiON 1 Fig 8: sECtiON 2 Fig 9: sECtiON 3 Fig 10: sECtiON 4

1 2 3

4

Fig 4: WiDE tYPE Fig 5: ClUstEr tYPE Fig 6: BOX tYPE

8m 8m4m

12m

6.5m 3m

1.5m

8m4.5m5m 1.9m

6.5m

9.4m9.4m 10.6m2.4m

15m


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fig 1 : G+3 HIGH RISE fig 2 : G LOW RISE source: alamy.com

9m 0-6mFuture flood line 2015 flood line

this section deals with the study of the different units. Below is a summary of the properties of the units- GROUND + 3 HIGH RISE (fig 1) GROUND + LOW RISE (fig 2) LINEAR (fig 3) WIDE (fig 4) CLUSTER (fig 5) BOX(fig 6) MAtEriAls: CONCrEtE CONstrUCtiON WOOD + MUD + MEtAl sHEEt CHArACtEr: PErMANENt tEMPOrArY OrGANisAtiON:liViNG CUM BEDrOOM MUltiPUrPOsE rOOMs (2) KitCHEN COOKiNG ArEA BEDrOOM tOilEts (2) ClUstEr tYPE HAs A tOilEt FlOOD WAtErs: G+1 iNUNDAtED UNits WAsHED AWAY (Fig 7,8) (fig 9,10)

G

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G+3

G+3

CONClUsiONs

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140, 13

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External Temperature (°C) Living Radiant Temp (°C) Kitchen Radiant Temp (°C)

Room Radiant Temp (°C) Bath 1 Radiant Temp (°C) bATH 2 Radiant Temp (°C)

140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

+2°C

stack ventilation + night time ventilation

+3°C

fig 1 1 liNEAr BlOCK _ EDGE UNit

fig 2 2 WiDE BlOCK _A) EDGE UNit B) MiDDlE UNit

fig 5 2 WiDE BlOCK _A) EDGE UNit sUMMEr _ MAY 20-27

AB

fig 3 3 ClUstEr tYPE

fig 4 4 BOX tYPE_ A) NiGHt OCCUPANCY B) DAY OCCUPANCY

fig 6 - OUT OF COMFORT HOURS

iNDOOr UNits (62%) HAVE DOUBlE tHE tENDENCY tO BE OUt OF COMFOrt WHEN COMPArED tO COMFOrt lEVEls OUtDOOrs (31%).

% O

F O

Ut-

OF

CO

MFO

rt H

OU

rs

1 2A 2B 3 4A 4B0

102030405060708090

100

Living Kitchen Room Bath 1 Stairwell In-between External

External temperature

living resultant

Kitchen resultant

room resultant

Bath 1 resultant

iN B

EtW

EEN

stA

irW

Ell

EXt

ErN

Al

fig 7 VENTILATION

CrOss stACKs

NiGHt tiME VENtilAtiON

stAirWEll As stACK sHADiNG + PAssiVE COOliNG

rOOF lAYErs DAYliGHt CUt OFF

PriNCiPlEs FOr iNDOOr COMFOrt

fig 8 SOLAR RADIATION fig 8 DAYLIGHT

HYPOtHEsEs

HYPOtHEsis AND sCOPE OF WOrK

fig 1 CONstrUCtiON DEBris

fig 4 - NiNGBO MUsEUM, CHiNA- rECYClED stONE, tilEs AND BriCK - WANG sHU source: uk.archinect.com

fig 5 -OPEN Air liBrArY, KArO - PiECEs OF OlD FACADE source: openbuildings.com

fig 6 -rECYCliNG BOttlEs AND CrAtEs - Y PANDYA source: worldarchitecture.org

fig 7 PErMEABlE sUrFACEs - rOOF, FACADE + GrOUND and sUstAiNABlE DrAiNGE

River flood plain

Urbanisation

fig 2 OrGANiC WAstE

fig 3 PlAstiC WAstE

fig 8 MAKOKO FlOAtiNG COMMUNitY source: nleworks.com

Hypothesis 1 - Mitigative strategy:

What proposals can be introduced in the urban fabric to address issues of El Nino mediated climate disturbances?

the hypothesis is that layers of permeable surfaces derived from the recycling economy that are proposed to be introduced in the urban fabric will rethink landscape in cities, mitigate the heat island effect and provide a sense of belonging and ownership to the locals who create it.

Hypothesis 2 - Adaptive strategy:

What proposals can be introduced in the building fabric to address temperatures that are out of comfort 95% of the year?

the hypothesis is that layers of transitions spaces, buffers and screens will aid in achieving temperatures within the comfort band.

Hypothesis 3 - Participative strategy:

How can a river front be utilized to integrate the city and promote ecological awareness?

the hypothesis is that a river can be more than just a connection point from A to B but as a mobility infrastructure, as productive channels, as a public realm and a climate mediator.

UrBAN strAtEGY

fig 2 DEVElOPMENt AUtHOritY’s PrOPOsitiON source:skyscrapercity.com

fig 1 UrBAN PlAN

tENEMENt AND iNFOrMAl sEttlEMENts AlONG riVEr source: Associated Press

rOADs=CANAls source: thefrontline.com

FlOOD MAP = 4-6M 02.12.2016

UrBAN riVEr MOBilitY strAtEGY

iNtErVENtiONs = PErMEABlE strEEt AND FlOAtiNG tYPEs

EDGEs=CANAls source: Associated Press

strEEts=CANAls source: Associated Press

OCCUPANCY sCHEDUlEs AND NEW sPACEs

WHAt DO tHEY WANt? - comfortable indoor and outdoors - housing according to lifestyle - shared and more outdoor space - ownership and community engagement - additional income to sustain their families

WOMEN

ENtrEPrEUNErs

domestic help

homemakers

autodriversunemployed

unemployed

school / college going

nurses

local eatery, iron service, metal workshop, vegetable vendors

MEN

ElDErlY

CHilDrEN / tEENAGErs

weekday

weekday

weekday

weekday

weekday

weekday

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

weekend

weekend

weekend

weekend

weekend

sECONDArY ECONOMiEs - spaces for recycling - workshops for self build

-play areas, education, it and activity areas

-collaborative farming

-services for the surrounding areas

sitE strAtEGiEsFig 1 strAtEGiC PlAN ArCHitECtUrAl DEsiGN iNtErVENtiONs

fig 4 EXistiNG strEEtsCAPE

application of principles

VENtilAtiON

NEW FlOOrs

NEW HOrizONtAl

fig 5 FlOAtiNG tYPE

fig 2 iNtErVENtiONs

fig 7 OrGANisAtiON

a) b) c)

Fig 3: rOOM FOr tHE riVEr - Different measures to enlarge the conveyance capacity of the river a) siDE CHANNEls , b) lOWEriNG FlOOD PlAiN, c) DiKE rElOCAtiON, d) rEMOViNG OBstAClEs, e) BYPAss, f) EMErGENCY FlOOD stOrAGE ArEAsource: BEEKMANs (2002)

d) e) f) BiOsWAlEs - temporary storage, infiltration

GrEEN-BlUE rOOFs + FACADEs - retention, recycling

COllECtiVE WAtEr GArDEN- retention, recycling

UNDErGrOUND WAtEr stOrAGE - temporary storage, drainage,retention, recycling

WAtEr sQUArE- temporary storage, de-layed drainage,

OPEN WAtEr- storage and quality

lEss PAViNG - delayed infil-tration

WAtEr COllEC-tiON- retention, recycling

FACADE GArDENs- delayed infiltration

WAtEr rO-BUst DEsiGN- water reten-tion, infiltration

Fig 6: COMPACt CitY PriNCiPlEs iNtEGrAtiNG sPAtiAl PlANNiNG AND PErMEABilitYsource: www.urbanisten.nl/wp/?portfolio=rotterdam-adaptation-strategy

rEVitAlisAtiON OF EXistiNG strEEt_BAsED tYPOlOGiEs

iNtErVENtiONs FOr EXistiNGsOlAr rADiAtiON

A

C

B

fig 2 EXistiNG

fig 3 A Floors lifted 6m from ground = urban public space and flood respite

B Jagged roofscape = Create wind scoops in urban fabric

fig 4 C Double layered roof = Protection from solar access + COOl OUtDOOs

tOOl - sOl Ar rADiAtiON DAilY AVErAGE ANAlYsis (lADYBUG)

2.77 kWh/m2

5 kWh/m2

0.55 kWh/m2

0.55 kWh/m2

0.55 kWh/m2

0.55 kWh/m2

1.6 kWh/m2

5 kWh/m2

1.11 kWh/m2

0.55 kWh/m2

0.55 kWh/m2

fig 1 Section 1 - used for figs 1,2,3

1

2

iNtErVENtiONs FOr EXistiNG

WiND ANAlYsis

EXistiNG

rAisiNG tHE GrOUND BY 6 m

DiFFErENt GrOUNDsfig 1 Section 1 - used for figs 1,2, Section 2 - used for fig 3

1

2

tOOl - AUtODEsK CFD

ENiViMEt


25°C 29°C 25°C

25°C 24°C

25°C

25°C26°C

26°C

30°C

31°C

30°C

26°C 25°C




28°C 32°C 31°C 29°C

27°C 39°C

40°C26°C 36°C 28°C 27°C

WiND sPEED 15 May

EXistiNG with asphalt ground concrete construction river to the North

PrOPOsED with raised 6 m ground earth ground and rows of vegetation brick and wet roof construction river to North and East

ArCHitECtUrAl PrOPOsitiONs

lEVEl 1 + 2

lEVEl 3 + 4

lEVEl 5 + 6

stAirWEll As A stACK

NEW HOrizONtAl

EXistiNG FlOOrs + iNtErVENtiONs

EXis

tiN

G B

lOC

K H

EiG

Ht

= 1

2-14

M

iNt

ErV

ENt

iON

BlO

CK

HEi

GH

t =

18

-22M

NEW FlOOrs ADDED ABOVE

rOOFsCAPE

lEVEl 7

fig 3lEVEl 3+4 EXistiNG

fig 2 lEVEl 3+ 4 PrOPOsitiONs FOr EXistiNG

fig 1 lEVEls 5+6 - NEW FlOOrs

kitchen stairwells warm air cooler air

EXistiNG AND NEW

fig 1 EXistiNG G+3 UNit

G

G

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

rOOF

rOOF

5

fig 2 NEW sPACEs

fig 3 PlAN OF rEOrGANisAtiON

fig 4 sitE PlAN

fig 4 sitE PlAN

sECtiON during sUMMEr - MAY

WO

rK

sHO

Ps /

GA

rD

EN

WO

rK

sHO

Ps /

liV

iNG

NEW

rEs

iDEN

tiA

l

rED

EsiG

NED

rEs

iDEN

tiA

l

WO

rKsH

OPs

- U

rBA

N r

EAlM

32˚C

PV panels + Ceramic tiles (white finish) on filler roof

Broken pieces of stones + tiles + CsEB blocks

green roof / walls

shading - louvers - bamboo mat

30˚C at 1.5 m

30˚C at 1.5 m

sECtiON during MONsOONs - NOVEMBEr

temporary roofed shelters for people stranded during the flood

vegetation increases the permeability of the ground surface

shading rolled up to allow mon-soon winds to enter the units

FlOAtiNG

ArCHitECtUrAl PrOPOsitiONs

fig 1 DEsiGN DEVElOPMENt

fig 2 sPACEs

fig 3 ViEWs

rEstriCtiNG sOlAr ACCEss

sOlAr ACCEss

WiND ACCEss

sCrEENs

PrOtECtiVE BUFFEr rOOF

sHADED sUrFACEs

FlOOD MitiGAtiVE

VENtilAtiON

10m

8m

3m

3m

1mOPEN sPACE

split levels

OPEN sPACE

FACADE stUDiEs

MAY - sUMMEr

sOlAr rADiAtiON

high radiation on roof = reflective material + solar potential

Fig 1 sUN PAtH MAY 15

Fig 1 sUN PAtH NOV 15

0 kWh/m²

8 kWh/m2

8 kWh/m2

0 kWh/m2 0 kWh/m2

14 kWh/m2

37 kWh/m2

37 kWh/m2

0-3 kWh/m2

0-3 kWh/m2

0-3 kWh/m211 kWh/m2

14.8 kWh/m2

25 kWh/m2

36 kWh/m2

West = vegetation + protection

NOrtH = sHADED iNNEr rOOF lAYEr

fig 5 WEst FACADE

fig 6 NOrtH FACADE

fig 7 EAst FACADE

fig 8 sOUtH FACADE

DAilY AVErAGE GlOBAl sOlAr rADiAtiON ANAlYsis - MAY (sUMMEr)(lADYBUG)

fig 2 rOOF PlAN

fig 3 ViEW FrOM WEst

fig 4 ViEW FrOM NOrtH

VENtilAtiON

Cross and stack ventilation

south facing single sided stack ventilation

fig 1 sECtiON A

fig 2 sECtiON B

fig 6 PlAN OF lEVEl 2

May, 12 noon - 34°C- DBt - indoor - 37°C 2x1.2m window, 2m2 stack area and 1.5m stack height - room dimensions = 3 x 3 x 5.5m - Heat gains = 20 W/m2

(equipment) + 10 W/m2 (lighting)

May, 12 noon - 34°C- DBt - indoor - 37°C 2x1.2m window - 1.5 m stack height - room dimensions = 3 x 3x 5.5m - Heat gains = 20 W/m2 (equipment) + 10 W/m2

(lighting)

AC

H

required for fresh air

required for cooling

Achieved

0

10

20

AC

H

required for fresh air

required for cooling

Achieved

0

20

40

fig 4 Elevation Window 3

fig 3 section Window 2 + 4

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3

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B

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1

fig 5 WiNDOW = DEtAil At 1,2,3

sUMMEr ADAPtAtiON: Coconut fibre insulation that slides to cover window opening to prevent heat from entering the indoors

MONsOON ADAPtAtiON : lantana windows top rung to enjoy monsoon breeze and rain - the projection blocks the entry of rain into the units

9m

12m

UrBAN lAYOUt

5m12m

9m

fig 2 stAGGErED tYPE PlAN At 3M

AUtODEsK CFD ANAlYsis (WiND) lAYDBUG - DAilY AVErAGE GlOBAl sOlAr rADiAtiON ANAlYsis - MAY (sUMMEr)

fig 3 sECtiON A

fig 4 sECtiON B

fig 5 sECtiON C

fig 6 sECtiON D fig 7

sECtiON E

0 kWh/m2

0 kWh/m2

0 kWh/m2

0 kWh/m2

1.1 kWh/m2

1.1 kWh/m2 1.1 kWh/m2

1.1 kWh/m229 kWh/m2

5 kWh/m2

5 kWh/m2

5 kWh/m2

30 kWh/m2

36 kWh/m2

C

ABfig 1 liNEAr tYPE PlAN At 3M

C

D

E

lEVEl 1

Organisation of Floating type

lEVEl 2

sHOEBOX Construction (inner-outer):a) Ceiling - wood chip board (50mm ) + light weight support (50mm) b) roof - wood chip board (50mm)+ light weight support(50mm) + insulation (cork - 50mm) + solar panel (6mm)c) Ground - wood (50mm) +insulation (cork-50mm) + support (150mm) + PEt(polystyrene + cavity + wire)d) Walls - wood (50mm) + light weight support (150mm) + insulation (coconut fiber sheet - 50mm)

+ VENtilAtiON iNPUts - + windows, + zones-Big windows (2x1.2m, 0.9 m sill) to the North-south added.-stack windows (at 5m and 2.1m), each of 1.5x0.5m-Doors (0.8x1m) with louvers in the shuttersAll opening were enabled to function between 19-32°C, 90% open.

+ sHADEs + CUts iN FlOOr to further induce a greater movement of air, cuts in the First floor level and roof are simulated. In addition, the schedules of openings are changed to increase night time

ventilation.

+ iNtErNAl GAiNs 75W (sensible) and 85W (latent) at work and 65W (sensible) and 50W (latent) at rest at 24°C2 people in each-9m2 in living, kitchen and bath liViNG : lighting - 10w/m2 (18-23hrs)Occupancy sensible - 14.4 W/m2 (20-6hrs)Occupancy latent - 2.0 W/m2 (20-6hrs)Equipment sensible - 5 W/m2 (20-23hrs)Equipment latent - 2 W/m2 (20-23hrs)

+ MEzzANiNE

Maximum occupancy of 4 people in 33m3 (3mx3mx5.5m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

140

, 114

0, 6

140

, 11

140

, 16

140

, 21

141,

214

1, 7

141,

12

141,

17

141,

22

142,

314

2, 8

142,

13

142,

18

142,

23

143,

414

3, 9

143,

14

143,

19

143,

24

144

, 514

4, 1

014

4, 1

514

4, 2

014

5, 1

145,

614

5, 1

114

5, 1

614

5, 2

114

6, 2

146

, 714

6, 1

214

6, 1

714

6, 2

2

External Temperature (°C) Living Resultant Temp (°C)

Kitchen Resultant Temp (°C) Bath Resultant Temp (°C)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

140

, 114

0, 5

140

, 914

0, 1

314

0, 1

714

0, 2

114

1, 1

141,

514

1, 9

141,

13

141,

17

141,

21

142,

114

2, 5

142,

914

2, 1

314

2, 1

714

2, 2

114

3, 1

143,

514

3, 9

143,

13

143,

17

143,

21

144

, 114

4, 5

144

, 914

4, 1

314

4, 1

714

4, 2

114

5, 1

145,

514

5, 9

145,

13

145,

17

145,

21

146

, 114

6, 5

146

, 914

6, 1

314

6, 1

714

6, 2

1



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

140

, 114

0, 6

140

, 11

140

, 16

140

, 21

141,

214

1, 7

141,

12

141,

17

141,

22

142,

314

2, 8

142,

13

142,

18

142,

23

143,

414

3, 9

143,

14

143,

19

143,

24

144

, 514

4, 1

014

4, 1

514

4, 2

014

5, 1

145,

614

5, 1

114

5, 1

614

5, 2

114

6, 2

146

, 714

6, 1

214

6, 1

714

6, 2

2

External Temperature (°C) Living 1 Resultant Temp (°C)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

140

, 114

0, 6

140

, 11

140

, 16

140

, 21

141,

214

1, 7

141,

12

141,

17

141,

22

142,

314

2, 8

142,

13

142,

18

142,

23

143,

414

3, 9

143,

14

143,

19

143,

24

144

, 514

4, 1

014

4, 1

514

4, 2

014

5, 1

145,

614

5, 1

114

5, 1

614

5, 2

114

6, 2

146

, 714

6, 1

214

6, 1

714

6, 2

2



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41

45

49 53 57 61

65

69 73 77 81

85

89 93

97

101

105

109

113

117

121

125

129

133

137

141

145

149

153

157

161

165

External Temperature (°C) Living 1 Resultant Temp (°C)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

140

, 114

0, 5

140

, 914

0, 1

314

0, 1

714

0, 2

114

1, 1

141,

514

1, 9

141,

1314

1, 1

714

1, 21

142,

114

2, 5

142,

914

2, 1

314

2, 1

714

2, 2

114

3, 1

143,

514

3, 9

143,

13

143,

17

143,

21

144

, 114

4, 5

144

, 914

4, 1

314

4, 1

714

4, 2

114

5, 1

145,

514

5, 9

145,

13

145,

17

145,

21

146

, 114

6, 5

146

, 914

6, 1

314

6, 1

714

6, 2

1

External Temperature (°C) Living 1 Resultant Temp (°C) Kitchen Resultant Temp (°C)

Bath Resultant Temp (°C) m1 Resultant Temp (°C)

External temperature living resultant Kitchen resultant Bath resultant Mezzanine resultant

B K

l l

l

M M

l

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Wunderground Temperature - 41 / 26.3˚C Wind speed - 1.6 m/s (east , south-west)

sUMMEr MAY 20-26tAs ANAlYsis

lEVEl 3 -MEzzANiNE

living

living storage living

living

lEVEl 4 - slOPED rOOF


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Fig 2 : PlanFig 1 : typical section through the unit

Fig 3 : View from the North

Fig 4 : Plan of streetscape type Fig 5 : section

0

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20

25

30

35

40

45

50

140

, 1

140

, 514

0, 9

140

, 13

140

, 17

140

, 21

141,

114

1, 5

141,

914

1, 1

3

141,

1714

1, 2

1

142,

114

2, 5

142,

9

142,

13

142,

17

142,

21

143,

1

143,

514

3, 9

143,

13

143,

17

143,

21

144

, 1

144

, 514

4, 9

144

, 13

144

, 17

144

, 21

145,

1

145,

514

5, 9

145,

13

145,

17

145,

21

146

, 114

6, 5

146

, 914

6, 1

3

146

, 17

146

, 21

147,

114

7, 5

147,

9

147,

13

147,

17

147,

21

External Temperature (°C) Living Resultant Temp (°C) m Resultant Temp (°C)

Living 1 Resultant Temp (°C) m1 Resultant Temp (°C)

+ Context and vegetation + outdoor - Context and vegetation + outdoor


sUMMEr

MAY 20-26

fig 6 : Performance of the floating type - STAND ALONE and in CONTEXT

sECtiON A - tYPiCAl DAY

Extra shading on south and West if unit is stand alone

stack ventilation

low level cool inlets

Vegetation / water in the center

PEt bottles

shading on North to restrict air being heat by radiation

Adjustable + foldablemezzanines

top hung summer and monsoon shutters

OUtCOMEs

Fig 8 : Outdoor analysis - Air temperature - Envimet (15 May -14:00 hrs)- A - existing (asphalt ground, concrete construction and river to North) and B - proposed (permeable ground + vegetation, brick construction with wet roof, river to North and East

B

FlOAtiNG

strEEtsCAPE32°C

29°C

30°C

32°C

39°C

42°C

36°C

A

0102030405060708090

100


0102030405060708090

100


0102030405060708090

100


% O

F O

Ut-

OF

CO

MFO

rt H

OU

rs

G+3 G

0102030405060708090

100


iN B

EtW

EEN

stA

irW

Ell

EXt

ErN

Al

FlO

At

iNG

stA

irW

Ell

iNBE

tW

EEN

EXt

ErN

Al

strE

EtsC

APE

Fig 7 : Percentage of OUt OF COMFOrt HOUrs : indoor and outdoor spaces of existing and interventions (tAs)

living resultant

Kitchen resultant

room resultant

Bath 1 resultant

0102030405060708090

100


100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

30°C

31°C

32°C

28°C

30°C

COMMUNAl BUilDiNG + liVE-WOrK

A

B

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A - NOrtH-sOUtH CANYON

B - EAst-WEst CANYON

shaded East-West canyon

shaded work spaces

vegetated walls provide evapo-rative coolingstack windows shut during day

insulation ap-plied to windows @ 3m during day

shading for roof for types without a taller context

shaded North-south canyon

liV

iNG

Kit

CH

EN

WO

rKsP

AC

E /

CO

MM

UN

itY

DO

UBl

E rO

OF

VEr

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DA

H

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EtA

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N O

N t

HE

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MONsOON + sUMMEr sECtiONs

PEt bottle ground struc-ture allow units to float on water

more indoor activities

windows open 90%

semi-outdoor work

30°C

31°C

32°C

28°C

30°C

tYPiCAl DAY, sUMMEr + MONsOON sECtiONs

resilient urban edges: adaptive and mitigative strategies in chennai

Design