resource efficient bioenergy for bc
DESCRIPTION
Fischer Tropsch Liquid Fuels from biomass including hybrid approaches using coal with CCS to gain economies of scale.TRANSCRIPT
Resource Efficient
Application of Biofuels in
British Columbia
Part 1: Fischer-Tropsch
Drop-in Fuels
Thomas Cheney
Bioenergy is limited
BCs Bioenergy
Resources are
limited
Efficient utilization is
required
Using bioenergy right
The Right Fuel • Compatible with the infrastructure
• Cost effective
• Clean-burning
• Distribution
• Range
The Right Process • Energy Efficiency
• Cost effective
• Allows use of non-food
feedstock
• Scalable
Co-Benefits: Carbon Capture, improved soil
Why Resource Efficiency Matters
BC Biomass
resources are
limited
• Equivalent to 40% of
BC fossil fuel use
• Mountain Pine Bettle
fibre supply spike
• 300 PJ sustainable
potential
Not all biofuels are created equal
• Some biofuels produce far more fuel\hectare
than others
BC Energy Use
BC Energy Use breakdown
Biomass can meet 25-
30% of Provincial
energy demand
Sector PJ PJ
Transportation 404
Industry 362
Agriculture 18
Residential 136
Comm., Instit. & Public Admin 105
Power Generation 35
Total 1060
Biomass Capacity 250-300
An American Perspective
• Biomass is not a panacea
“If all biomass were used in CBTL-CCS systems
designed to maximize liquids output, 5.9 million
bbl/day transport fuels could be produced. ≈ U.S.
domestic crude oil production. ≈ ½ of U.S. oil
imports” This assumes that the process with driven
with coal with biomass providing the carbon atoms!
BC’s GHG
emision
Of total
Marine 3.96%
Off-Road 5.40%
Rail 0.72%
Air 2.52%
Passenger Vehicles 14.04%
Heavy Duty Vehicle 9.36%
BC Transportation
• 300 Petajoules of energy use
• Assuming conversion efficiency rate of 40%, 120 PJ of fuel
could be realized. This however leave very limited
bioenergy resources available for sectors other than
transportation fuel
Electric vs. Biofuel Vehicles
• Vast electric
supplies
• Limited Range
• Limited liquid fuel
supplies
• Long range with
simple refuelling
empr.gov.bc.ca
We need both
Apply the right
technology in the
right place
• Electricity should be seen as the dominant
prime mover in B.C
• Biofuels\ hydrogen for range extension
The “Algaeus” biofuel plug-in
How do we get biofuels?
• Thermochemical Pathway
o Fischer-Troposch
o Di-Methyl ether (DME) and Methanol
Green Gasoline
o Biomass Synthetic Natural Gas
o Hydrogen
• Biochemical Pathways
o Ethanol
o Others based on proprietary organisms (LanzaTech)
Thermochemical Process can
produce many energy products
Thermochemical Fuel Cycles
• Gasification, Gas Cleaning, Chemical
Synthesis
One Option is FT-Biofuels
CHOREN Biofuels Plant in Germany
FT FUEL
• CO + H2 CH2 + H2O
• Used for coal since 1930s
Biomass-Based FTFuels
• Clean syngas is essential
• Entrianed flow gasifiers are considered
to be the most mature technology
• Biomass feeding is a challenge
• Similar technologies used in Coal to
Liquids
FT Advantages
• 40% efficiency
• Drop-in fuel!
• Established for coal
and gas to liquids
• Biomass specific
technology pre-
commercial
Coal to Liquids Plant in South Africa
http://s2.hubimg.com/u/5090925_f260.jpg
FT Compared to the Cellulosic
ethanol
<2.5 units of biomass are required per unit of
fuel.
http://mitei.mit.edu/system/files/kreutz-fischer-tropsch.pdf
Economics of FT b
Competitive with oil at $115 per barrel gasoline withoug
carbon price
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/liquid_trans_tech.pdf
Biomass injection
Particular challenges to BtL
o Use of coal based systems have energy use
challenges
biomass grinding to 100 um uses 8% of energy
in biomass
o Coal-based systems use a lock hopper
o Biomass based systems using screw injection
leads to greater energy efficiency Less pressurisation needed
Less dilution
Piston Feeding of Biomass
• Biomass specific feeding system appear best
rather than the systems adapted for coal. o Greater efficiency
o Van der Drift et al. 2004 covers these issues in detail o “ENTRAINED FLOW GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS: Ash behaviour, feeding issues, and system analyses”
Van der Drift Syngas Preparation
Preliminary gasification (option D) offers highest
efficiency approach.
Choren
• Low temperature gasification followed by high-
temperature gasification to clean gas.
• Pre-treatment low-temperature gasification to resolve
challenges with biomass gasification of woody biomass
Solar Assisted Fuels
• Uses solar energy to drive
endothermic reaction for
biofuels.
• Hydrogen created from
solar energy avoiding loss
of carbon through reverse
gas shift
Hertwich, E. G. and Zhang, X (2010) “Concentrating-Solar biomass gasification process for
a 3rd generation biofuel
Solar fuels
• Solar cogeneration for electrolysis and
gasification heat to increase process carbon
efficiency
Cost Analysis for solar fuel
analysis
• 7.5$ per GJ of fuel produced (2001 $)
Input costs $2.5 per GJ
• 60% Less land total
• 67% less land for biofuels
• Assumes a $100 /tC
Indicators Solar-
Biomass Fuel
Bomass Coal
Fuel Productivity
(kg fuel/100 kg resource)
121.0 39.9 62.2
Cost ($2001/GJ) $7.5 $8.9 $10.8
Efficiency 60.9% 42.0% 36.5%
Coal Biomass FT Fuels
• Coal with carbon capture
and storage can leverage
the biomass
1.5 units of coal + 1 unit biomass = 1
unit fuel + 1.5 units sequestered
CO2
565 liters gasoline equivalent with
coal +CCS versus 25l lge!
http://mitei.mit.edu/system/files/kreutz-fischer-tropsch.pdf
Remember This:
• Coal with CCS allows for low- mitigation cost
very low CO2 fuels
Carbon-Neutral Coal Based biofuel
• 38% biomass +
CCS leads to
carbon neutral
biofuel.
• Coal cheaper than
biomass, reduces
fuel production
costs even with
CCS costs included http://mitei.mit.edu/system/files/kreutz-fischer-tropsch.pdf
canindia.com
Economics
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/liquid_trans_tech.pdf
CBTL with CCS costs less than BTL without CCS!
Conclusions
• Look at combining biomass and coal or
biomass with solar to maximize carbon
utilization
• Ethanol is a distraction!
• Electrify has much as possible
• Next SNG fuels using compressed
biomethane and liquified biomethane
THANK YOU!
://puregreencars.com/files/SunDiesel-Choren.jpg