respiratory system 2 ppt - universitas...
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Respiratory System
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Outline
• Respiratory structures– Gills– Air-Breathing Animals– Amphibians and Reptiles– Mammals
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– Mammals– Birds
• Structures and Mechanisms of Breathing
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Fig. 44.19(TE Art)Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permiss ion required for reproduction or display.
O2CO2 O2CO2
Epidermis
Blood vessel
O2
CO2
Epidermis
Pap-ula
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Blood vessel
Spiracle
Alveoli
O2
O2
CO2
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
CO2
Trachea
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Gases
• Air is – 21% oxygen– 78% nitrogen– Less than 1% carbon dioxide and other
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gases• Nitrogen gas usually ignored because it is
not part of the respiratory process
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The Gill as a Respiratory Structure
• External gills provide a greatly increased surface area for gas exchange.
– disadvantages are that they must be moved constantly and are easily damaged
Gills of bony fish
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• Gills of bony fish– located between buccal cavity and
opercular cavity
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Bony Fish Respiration
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The Gill as a Respiratory Structure
• Buccal cavity can be opened and closed by opening and closing the mouth.
• Opercular cavity can be opened and closed by movements of the operculum.
– ram ventilation
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– ram ventilation� blood flows in an opposite direction to
the flow of water, thus maximizing oxygenation of blood
�gill arches� countercurrent flow
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Structure of a Fish Gill
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Respiration in Air-Breathing Animals
• Gills replaced in terrestrial animals because:– air is less buoyant than water– water vapor diffuses into the air through
evaporation• Two main terrestrial respiratory organs:
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• Two main terrestrial respiratory organs:– tracheae– lung
� Lungs use a uniform pool of air in constant contact with gas exchange surface.
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Respiration in Amphibians and Reptiles
• Lungs of amphibians are formed as saclike outpouching of the gut.
– Amphibians force air into their lungs creating positive pressure.� fill buccal cavity with air, and then close
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� fill buccal cavity with air, and then close mouth and nostrils and elevate floor of oral cavity
– Reptiles expand their rib cages by muscular contraction and take air into lungs via negative pressure breathing.
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Amphibian Lungs
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Respiration in Mammals
• Lungs of mammals packed with alveoli.– Air brought to alveoli through system of air
passages.� Inhaled air taken to the larynx, passes
through glottis into the trachea.
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through glottis into the trachea.�Bifurcates into right and left bronchi
which enter each lung and further subdivide into bronchioles that deliver air into alveoli.
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Human Respiratory System
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Mammalian respiratory systems
• Nose and mouth – air is warmed and humidified
• Mucus in the nose cleans the air of dust• Pharynx• Larynx – vocal cords
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• Larynx – vocal cords• Trachea – glottis (opening to trachea)
protected by epiglottis, rings of cartilage, cilia and mucus trap particles
• Lungs
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• Trachea branches into 2 bronchi• Bronchioles – surrounded by circular muscle
to dilate or constrict passage• Alveoli – site of gas exchange
– One cell thick
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– One cell thick– Coated with extracellular fluid for gases to
dissolve– Surfactant prevents alveoli from collapsing
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Respiration in Birds
• Bird lung channels air through tiny air vessels called parabronchi, where gas exchange occurs.
– unidirectional flowWhen air sacs are expanded during
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• When air sacs are expanded during inspiration, they take in air.
• When they are compressed during expiration, they push air into and through the lungs.
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Respiration in Birds
• Avian respiration occurs in two cycles.– Each cycle has an inspiration and an
expiration phase.� Cross-current flow has the capacity to
extract more oxygen from the air than a
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extract more oxygen from the air than a mammalian lung.
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How A Bird Breathes
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Structures and Mechanisms of Breathing
• The outside of each lung is covered by a visceral pleural membrane.
– Second parietal pleural membrane lines inner wall of thoracic cavity.
pleural cavity between the two
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� pleural cavity between the two membranes
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Fig. 44.28(TE Art)Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permiss ion required for reproduction or display.
Abdominal
ExpirationInspiration
Sternocleido-mastoidmuscles contract(for forced inspiration)
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Abdominal musclescontract (for forcedexpiration)
Musclescontract
Musclesrelax
Diaphragmcontracts
Diaphragmrelaxes
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Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport
• Hemoglobin is a protein composed of four polypeptide chains and four organic heme groups.
– iron atom at center of each heme groupHemoglobin loads up with oxygen in the
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• Hemoglobin loads up with oxygen in the lungs, forming oxyhemoglobin.
– As blood passes through the capillaries, some of the oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen and become deoxyhemoglobin.
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Carbon Dioxide Transport by the Blood
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