respiratory system
TRANSCRIPT
Respiratory TractGas Exchange
BreathingDisease
Respiratory System
Respiratory Tract
Nasal (or oral) cavity
PharynxLarynxTracheaBronchiBronchioleAlveoli
Nasal Cavity
3 main functions: Cleans the air –
nostrils contain tiny hairs that trap dirt particles
Warms the air – capillaries carrying warm blood
Moistens the air – membranes that secretes mucus
Pharynx (throat)
The place where the nasal cavity, esophagus (digestive tract) and trachea (respiratory tract) meet
Epiglottis is the door that allows food down to go down the esophagus (digestive tract) and air down the trachea (respiratory tract)
https://www.cdli.ca/courses/biol2201/unit03_org03_ilo02/8_12_cap.jpg
Larynx (voice box)
Houses the vocal cords Vibrations of the cords produces sound
Larynx (voice box)
http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/309652/530wm/P4960012-Resting_larynx-SPL.jpg
Trachea (windpipe)
Composed of cartilage (soft bone)
Helps maintains rigidity to prevent the respiratory passage from collapsing
Trachea (windpipe)
Lined with ciliated epithelial cells
Cells secrete mucus which traps foreign particles
Cilia brush the mucus up the respiratory tract
We sneeze or cough to expel mucus that has trapped foreign particles
Bronchi
The trachea branches into 2 bronchi leading to the left and right lung
Bronchi branch into smaller bronchiole eventually ending at the alveoli
Structures are reinforced with cartilage
Alveoli
Spherical hollow cavities increase surface area
Walls are only 1 cell thick making it easy for rapid diffusion
Capillaries line the alveoli for gas exchange
Gas Exchange
Alveoli:Gas Exchange
Oxygen goes into the blood vessel.
Carbon dioxide (a waste product) leaves the blood vessel into the alveolus.
Breathing
Process Inhalation: taking air into the lungsExhalation: breathing out air
MusclesDiaphragm (between lung and
stomach)Ribcage muscles
Breathing
Breathing
ProcessRib
MusclesRib
CageDiaphrag
mVolume
Internal Pressur
eAir
Inhalation
Contract
Expand
(up and out)
Contract(moves down)
Flattens
IncreaseDecreas
eMoves
in
Exhalation
Relax
Reduce
(down and in)
Relax(moves
up)Dome-shaped
Decrease
IncreaseMoves
out
Breathing
InvoluntaryCan override system temporarily
(e.g. hold our breath)Breathing rate determined by
amount of carbon dioxide detected in blood
When carbon dioxide increases, breathing rate increases, heart beats faster to let in more oxygen
Respiratory Diseases
LaryngitisBronchitisAsthmaPneumoniaEmphysemaTurberculosis (TB)SARS
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the vocal cords.
Caused by overuse, irritation, infection
Laryngitis Left: inflamed larynx (v-shaped flaps) Right: thickening of vocal cords in response to
chronic irritation (white, centre) Swollen vocal cords lose ability to vibrate. Voice becomes husky or is lost completely. Treatment: rest, remain in warm moist
environment
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/259305/enlarge http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/259306/enlarge
Bronchitis
Inflammation of bronchi.
Caused by: Microorganisms
: virus, bacteria Environment:
pollution, dust, smoke
Irritation causes bronchi to swell.
Bronchitis
Cilia immobilized
Respiratory passage clog with debris
Heavy mucus formed resulting in a cough
http://nursingcrib.com/wp-content/uploads/acutebronchitis1.jpg?9d7bd4
Asthma
Chronic, inflammatory disease resulting in obstructed airflow.
Inflammation and swelling of bronchiole walls produces extra mucus
Constriction of muscles around bronchiole
Asthma
http://www.h2oclinic.ca/image/image_gallery?uuid=493f1463-6906-44b4-b518-8a4c0ad01456&groupId=11922&t=1318259516955
Asthma Allergies and air
pollution can trigger asthma.
Condition is usually reversible
Short term treatment: puffers that contain bronchiodilators
Long term treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-allergy shots
Pneumonia
Infection of the lungs, leading to fluid in the alveoli.
Caused by a microorganism
Treated with antibiotics
Smoking
Injures the cilia of the trachea so that they cannot remove foreign particles as effectively.
Tar, a black sticky sooty material, a by-product of burning tobacco, coats the lungs.
Key cause of lung cancer.
Emphysema
Alveoli become brittle
Alveoli walls fuse together
Reduces the surface area for gas exchange
Lung loses elasticity
Emphysema
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6KVgA73rT1s/TWUCABgY_DI/AAAAAAAAAMs/DsPuXUxrMRI/s1600/smokinglungs.jpg
Emphysema
http://www.diagnosisaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/COPD.jpg
Tuberculosis (TB) Infectious disease caused by a
bacteria that grows in the lung
Conceptual image of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis bacteria on a cellular surfacehttp://www.sciencephoto.com/image/143129/530wm/C0080175-Conceptual_image_of_TB_bacteria-SPL.jpg
Tuberculosis (TB)
Symptoms are general: fever, cough, chest pain, tiredness
Bacteria can remain dormant in body for decades and can also recur in patients who have had TB before
Diagnosis: chest x-ray, swab
.Coloured X-ray (front view) of the chest in a 50 year old male patient, showing fibrosis in the lungs from old tuberculosis (orange, at upper left) and an infection of new tuberculosis (green, at right). TB can recur at periods when the patient's immune system is weakened.
Tuberculosis (TB)
Chest x-ray of a 25 year old male patient with TB.
Lung (dark areas) show grainy white patches which are the affected areas.
http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/415340/530wm/C0103593-Tuberculosis,_X-ray-SPL.jpg
Tuberculosis (TB)
Chest x-ray (left: traditional, right: coloured) in a 14 year old male patient with TB Inflamed lymph nodes (left: centre right, right: blue) Fluid collected between the lung lobes (left: pale line at left, right: yellow)
SARS
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Epidemic gripped Toronto in 2003
Spread from a region in China
44 deaths in Canada of 438 cases
SARS Outbreak
http://tnpgallery.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/sars-outbreak.jpg
SARS
Symptoms: flu like, high fever, shortness of breath, dry cough, sore throat, headache, muscle pain, exhaustion
Diagnosis: chest x-ray, swab
SARS Fashion makes
things less frightening. It is able to take the focus away from the potentially lethal infectious airborne disease.
These folks are all in Hong Kong where they were protecting themselves against the SARS epidemic.
http://cellar.org/2003/maskfashion.jpg