respiratory system
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.CHAPTER 10 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: EXCHANGE OF GASESPowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Robert J. Sullivan, Marist CollegeHuman Biology
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Human Respiratory SystemFigure 10.1
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Components of the Upper Respiratory TractFigure 10.2
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Passageway for respirationReceptors for smellFilters incoming air to filter larger foreign materialMoistens and warms incoming airResonating chambers for voiceUpper Respiratory Tract Functions
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Components of the Lower Respiratory TractFigure 10.3
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Functions:Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound productionTrachea: transports air to and from lungsBronchi: branch into lungsLungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchangeLower Respiratory Tract
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Gas Exchange Between the Blood and AlveoliFigure 10.8A
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Respiratory CycleFigure 10.9
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Measurement of Lung CapacityFigure 10.10A
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Regulation of BreathingFigure 10.13
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Carotid and aortic bodies: sensitive to carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen levelsConscious control: resides in higher brain centers; ability to modify breath is limitedRegulation of Breathing: Nervous System Involvement
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Reduced air flow: asthma, emphysema, bronchitisInfections: pneumonia, tuberculosis, botulismLung cancerCongestive heart failureCystic fibrosisDisorders of Respiratory System
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Breathing disordersOne breathing disorder: Asthma or BronchitisOne possible cause Prevention Treatment
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Inspiration/Expiration: air in/air outCycle:Relaxed state: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relaxedInspiration: diaphragm contracts, pulling muscle down, intercostal muscles contract elevating chest wall and expanding volume of chest, lowering pressure in lungs, pulling in airExpiration: muscles relax, diaphragm resumes dome shape, intercostal muscles allow chest to lower resulting in increase of pressure in chest and expulsion of airProcess of Breathing: Pressure Gradient
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Lung volumes and vital capacityTidal volume: volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a single breathDead space volume: the air that remains in the airways and does not participate in gas exchangeVital capacity: the maximal volume that can be exhaled after maximal inhalationInspiratory reserve volume: the amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volumeMeasurement of Lung Function
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Lung volumes and vital capacity (continued)Expiratory reserve volume: the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volumeResidual volume: the amount of air remaining in the lungs, even after a forceful maximal expirationMeasurement: spirometerMeasurement of Lung Function (cont.)
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Gases diffuse according to their partial pressuresExternal respiration: gases exchanged between air and bloodInternal respiration: gases exchanged with tissue fluidsOxygen transport: bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells or dissolved in blood plasmaCarbon dioxide transport: dissolved in blood plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or in the form of plasma bicarbonateGas Exchange & Transport: A Passive Process
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Respiratory center in the medulla oblongata: establishes basic breathing patternChemical receptors: monitor carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and oxygen levelsMedulla: sensitive to hydrogen ions in cerebrospinal fluid resulting from carbon dioxide in bloodRegulation of Breathing: Nervous System Involvement
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Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out of lungsExternal respiration: gas exchange between air and bloodInternal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissuesCellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as wasteFour Respiration Processes