respiratory system. respiration external respiration : exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between...
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Respiratory System
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Respiration External Respiration:
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the cells of the lungs.
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Respiration
Internal Respiration: exchange of gases between body cells and blood
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Respiration Cellular respiration: chemical
reactions in cells that use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide
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Respiration
Breathing or ventilation: the process by which air enters and leaves the respiratory organs
Always involves a moist, thin membrane
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Lower Animals Single celled and smaller
animals can use diffusion alone: ‘breathe’ through their moist skin or membrane
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Lower Animals
Fish breathe using gills: put moist membrane inside, high surface area
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Humans
And terrestrial animals use lungs
also high surface area, moist
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Anatomy Nasal
chambers –Air is filtered, warmed, moistened by hairs, mucous and sinus cavities
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Anatomy
Oral cavity: second entryway for air
Larger opening, less filtering,
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Anatomy
Both nasal and oral cavities open to the pharynx
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Anatomy
The epiglottis
prevents foodfrom entering
thetrachea.
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Anatomy
The trachea (windpipe) is lined with rings of cartilage for support
Lined with cilia to sweep debris away
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Anatomy
Membranes of the upper respiratory passages are ciliated
This helps to remove particles as they enter
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Anatomy
The larynx (voicebox) – contains vocal cords
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Anatomy
Trachea branches into two bronchi
These branch into smaller bronchioles
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Anatomy No cartilage in bronchioles
Contain smooth muscle that contracts and expands with each breath
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Anatomy Asthma is the over -constriction
of these muscles
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AnatomyAlveoli (sing. Alveolus) are air
sacs at ends of bronchioles Single cell thick, moist surrounded by a capillary bed-
site of gas exchange
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AnatomySurfactant – a
lipoprotein secreted by lung tissue to prevent collapse of alveoli
A premature infant with respiratory distress syndrome
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Anatomy
Pleural membranes surround the lungs
Fluid between reduces friction
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Gas Exchange gas moves from areas of high
pressure to low pressure
pleural pressure = pressure in the lungs
atmospheric pressure = air pressure outside lungs
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Gas Exchange
inspiration occurs when pleural pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
expiration occurs when pleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
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Muscles Involved in Breathing
Diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle at base of ribcage
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Muscles Involved in Breathing
Intercostal muscles are between ribs
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Inspiration diaphragm contracts and moves
downward
intercostals move ribcage up and out
the net result is an increase in lung volume and a decrease in pleural pressure
Air moves into the lungs
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Expiration diaphragm relaxes and domes up
intercostal muscles relax
the net is result is a decrease in lung volume and an increase in pleural pressure
gas moves out
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Regulation of Breathing
Chemoreceptors in medulla detect carbon dioxide
most
important
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Regulation of Breathing
As carbon dioxide levels increase, nerves from brain send messages to respiratory muscles to increase breathing rate
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Regulation of Breathing
Oxygen receptors:
- in aorta and carotid arteries
-are a back up for when CO2 stays normal but oxygen is low
ex) high altitude
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Oxygen Transport Oxygen binds with hemoglobin to
form oxyhemoglobin
Fact: every RBC carries 265 million molecules of hemoglobin!
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Oxygen Transport
Each Hb molecule can carry four oxygen molecules
Hb + O2 Hb(O2 )4 Oxyhemoglobin
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Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation
Hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen decreases as the acidity (carbon dioxide levels) increase
Oxygen delivery increases to tissues in need
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Carbon Dioxide Transport 20 times more soluble than oxygen
Carried in three ways:1. some is dissolved in blood plasma
(about 10%) 2. Combines with hemoglobin to form
carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)-competes with oxygen
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Carbon Dioxide Transport
3. Most carbon dioxide(70%) combines with water in the plasma to form carbonic acid which then breaks down into bicarbonate ions.
Reaction is catalysed by carbonic anhydrase enzyme
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Carbon Monoxide
Competes with oxygen for sites on hemoglobin – carboxyhemoglobin
200X more affinity for Hb than oxygen
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Carbon Monoxide Hemoglobin combined with CO is
called carboxyhemoglobin Colorless, odorless Skin turns bright pink
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Nonrespiratory Air Movements
Coughing and sneezing: contraction of diaphragm with sudden
opening of glottis Dislodges particles on membranes
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Nonrespiratory Air Movements
Hiccuping: sudden diaphragmatic contractions
Many causes; may be related to stomach activity
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Nonrespiratory Air Movements
Laughing: epiglottis half-closes the larynx, so
that air intake occurs irregularly, making you gasp
A social signal – often initiated by group leaders
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Nonrespiratory Air Movements
Yawning: Inspiration with stretching of facial muscles
Contagious, not due to gas levels in blood
Also is a social signal, wolves
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High AltitudeBody adapts by:
Short term – increasing force and rate of breathing
Increasing production of RBC’s using hormone erythropoeitin (EPO)
Increases lung capacity
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Breathing Disorders
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Hyperventilation
Disorder caused by stress, etc. – lowered carbon dioxide levels due to overbreathing
Causes oxygen chemoreceptors to increase in sensitivity
Causes excessive breathing, which further decreases carbon dioxide levels- vicious cycle!
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The ‘Bends’ When scuba diving,
nitrogen dissolves in blood – due to increased pressure
When ascending, the pressure drops and the nitrogen gas forms bubbles in blood vessels
Treatment – raise pressure and release it slowly – allowing gas to be diffused out of blood
Hyperbaric Chamber
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Bronchitis Inflammation of the airways due
to infection
May be chronic, especially in smokers
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Pneumonia Due to infection, lungs produce
fluid Can cause ‘drowning’
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Emphysema
Now called COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Alveoli lose elasticity and can expand but not contract
Eventually lose surface area in lungs
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Often due to smoking or mining
May need supplemental oxygen
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Lung Cancer
Virtually always due to smoking Takes on average 20 years Usually begins on bronchioles Not diagnosed until spread Poor prognosis